Resumo O ácaro da tamareira, Oligonychus afrasiaticus (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae), é uma praga grave das tâmaras no Médio Oriente e Norte de África, causando graves danos econômicos se não for controlado precocemente. Como os ácaros predadores são conhecidos por serem potenciais agentes de biocontrole contra diversas pragas, também a capacidade de predação, tabela de vida, reprodução e sobrevivência de Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot e Neoseiulus cucumeris (Oudemans) (Acari: Phytoseiidae), coletados em fazendas de tamareiras em Qassim Arábia Saudita, foram estudados em condições de laboratório (25 °C, 30 °C, 35 °C e 50 ± 5% UR) contra todos os estágios móveis de O. afrasiaticus. Para ambos os predadores, o tempo médio de desenvolvimento, o período de oviposição e a longevidade foram inversamente relacionados à temperatura de 25 °C a 35 °C. Vários parâmetros foram estudados para A. swirskii e N. cucumeris a 25 °C, 30 °C e 35 °C, ou seja, o tempo de desenvolvimento feminino, 9,37, 7,29, 5,56 e 10,67, 8,38, 6,45 d; período de oviposição, 19,77, 16,18, 13,94 e 15,90, 13,84, 10,64 d; longevidade, 29,39, 24,79, 20,64 e 25,42, 21,94, 17,39 dias; fecundidade, 31,91, 37,10, 42,16 e 21,75, 26,84, 30,56 ovos por fêmea, respectivamente. A taxa máxima de predação diária para ambos os predadores foi registrada a 35 °C durante o período de oviposição. A predação total de fêmeas de A. swirskii e N. cucumeris foi de 370,86, 387,54, 405,83, 232,14, 263,32, 248,85 presas a 25 °C, 30 °C e 35 °C respectivamente. A taxa máxima de reprodução de A. swirskii e N. cucumeris (3,02; 2,87 ovos/♀/dia) foi registrada a 35 °C, enquanto a mínima (2,00; 1,36 ovos/♀/dia) foi registrada a 25 °C. Os parâmetros da tabela de vida foram estimados como taxa reprodutiva líquida (Ro) 21,68, 25,94, 29,52 e 18,95, 20,25, 22,78; o tempo médio de geração (T) 24,92, 21,82, 18,24 e 26,30, 23,60, 20,56 d; a taxa intrínseca de aumento (rm) 0,181, 0,232, 0,248 e 0,170, 0,185, 0,196; a taxa finita de aumento (λ) 1,365, 1,551, 1,706 e 1,126, 1,324, 1,428 para A. swirskii e N. cucumeris a 25 °C, 30 °C e 35 °C respectivamente. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que as duas espécies de fitoseídeos são promissores agentes de controle biológico de O. afrasiaticus em uma ampla faixa de temperaturas. tamareira McGregor (McGregor Acari (Acari Tetranychidae, Tetranychidae , Tetranychidae) África precocemente pragas AthiasHenriot Athias Henriot Oudemans (Oudemans Phytoseiidae, Phytoseiidae Phytoseiidae) Saudita (2 C 3 5 UR 2 N seja feminino 937 9 37 9,37 729 7 29 7,29 556 56 5,5 1067 10 67 10,67 838 8 38 8,38 645 6 45 6,4 d 1977 19 77 19,77 1618 16 18 16,18 1394 13 94 13,9 1590 15 90 15,90 1384 84 13,84 1064 64 10,6 2939 39 29,39 2479 24 79 24,79 2064 20 20,6 2542 42 25,42 2194 21 21,94 1739 17 17,3 dias fecundidade 3191 31 91 31,91 3710 37,10 4216 42,1 2175 75 21,75 2684 26 26,84 3056 30,5 fêmea respectivamente 37086 370 86 370,86 38754 387 54 387,54 40583 405 83 405,83 23214 232 14 232,14 26332 263 32 263,32 24885 248 85 248,8 3,02 302 02 (3,02 287 87 2,8 ovos/♀/dia ovosdia dia 2,00 200 00 (2,00 136 1 36 1,3 Ro (Ro 2168 68 21,68 2594 25,94 2952 52 29,5 1895 95 18,95 2025 20,25 22,78 2278 22 78 T (T 2492 92 24,92 2182 82 21,82 1824 18,2 2630 26,30 2360 23 60 23,60 2056 20,5 rm (rm 0181 0 181 0,181 0232 0,232 0248 0,24 0170 170 0,170 0185 185 0,185 0,196 0196 196 λ (λ 1365 365 1,365 1551 551 1,551 1706 706 1,70 1126 126 1,126 1324 324 1,324 1428 428 1,42 temperaturas ( 93 9,3 72 7,2 55 5, 106 8,3 4 6, 197 19,7 161 16,1 139 13, 159 15,9 138 13,8 10, 293 29,3 247 24,7 206 20, 254 25,4 219 21,9 173 17, 319 31,9 371 37,1 421 42, 217 21,7 268 26,8 305 30, 3708 370,8 3875 387,5 4058 40 405,8 2321 232,1 2633 263,3 2488 248, 3,0 (3,0 28 2, 2,0 (2,0 1, 216 21,6 259 25,9 295 29, 189 18,9 202 20,2 22,7 227 249 24,9 218 21,8 182 18, 26,3 236 23,6 205 018 0,18 023 0,23 024 0,2 017 0,17 0,19 019 155 1,55 70 1,7 112 12 1,12 132 1,32 142 1,4 9, 7, 8, 19, 16, 15, 24, 25, 21, 31, 37, 26, 370, 387, 405, 232, 263, 3, (3, (2, 22, 23, 01 0,1 0, 1,5 11 1,1 (3

Abstract The date palm mite, Oligonychus afrasiaticus (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae), is a serious pest of dates in the Middle East and North Africa, inflicting severe economic damage if not controlled early. As predaceous mites are known to be potential biocontrol agents against several pests, so predation capacity, life table, reproduction, and survival of Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot and Neoseiulus cucumeris (Oudemans) (Acari: Phytoseiidae), collected from date palm farms in Qassim Saudi Arabia, were studied under laboratory conditions (25 °C, 30 °C, 35 °C and 50 ± 5% RH) against all motile stages of O. afrasiaticus. For both predators, mean developmental time, oviposition period, and longevity were inversely related to temperature from 25 to 35 °C. Various parameters were studied for A. swirskii and N. cucumeris at 25 °C, 30 °C and 35 °C, i.e. the female developmental time, 9.37, 7.29, 5.56, and 10.67, 8.38, 6.45 d; oviposition period, 19.77, 16.18, 13.94 and 15.90, 13.84, 10.64 d; longevity, 29.39, 24.79, 20.64 and 25.42, 21.94, 17.39 d; fecundity, 31.91, 37.10, 42.16 and 21.75, 26.84, 30.56 eggs per female, respectively. The maximum daily predation rate for both the predators was recorded at 35 °C during the oviposition period. The total predation of A. swirskii and N. cucumeris female was 370.86, 387.54, 405.83, 232.14, 263.32, 248.85 preys at 25 °C, 30 °C and 35 °C respectively. The maximum reproduction rate of A. swirskii and N. cucumeris (3.02, 2.87 eggs/♀/day) was recorded at 35 °C while the minimum (2.00, 1.36 eggs/♀/day) was recorded at 25 °C. The life table parameters were estimated as net reproductive rate (Ro) 21.68, 25.94, 29.52 and 18.95, 20.25, 22.78; the mean generation time (T) 24.92, 21.82, 18.24 and 26.30, 23.60, 20.56 d; the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) 0.181, 0.232, 0.248 and 0.170, 0.185, 0.196; the finite rate of increase (λ) 1.365, 1.551, 1.706 and 1.126, 1.324, 1.428 for A. swirskii and N. cucumeris at 25 °C, 30 °C and 35 °C respectively. The results of this study suggested that the two phytoseiid species are promising biological control agents of O. afrasiaticus at a wide range of temperatures. mite McGregor (McGregor Acari (Acari Tetranychidae, Tetranychidae , Tetranychidae) Africa early pests capacity AthiasHenriot Athias Henriot Oudemans (Oudemans Phytoseiidae, Phytoseiidae Phytoseiidae) Arabia (2 C 3 5 RH O period 2 A N ie i e i.e 937 9 37 9.37 729 7 29 7.29 556 56 5.56 1067 10 67 10.67 838 8 38 8.38 645 6 45 6.4 d 1977 19 77 19.77 1618 16 18 16.18 1394 13 94 13.9 1590 15 90 15.90 1384 84 13.84 1064 64 10.6 2939 39 29.39 2479 24 79 24.79 2064 20 20.6 2542 42 25.42 2194 21 21.94 1739 17 17.3 fecundity 3191 31 91 31.91 3710 37.10 4216 42.1 2175 75 21.75 2684 26 26.84 3056 30.5 respectively 37086 370 86 370.86 38754 387 54 387.54 40583 405 83 405.83 23214 232 14 232.14 26332 263 32 263.32 24885 248 85 248.8 3.02, 302 02 (3.02 287 87 2.8 eggs/♀/day eggsday day 2.00, 200 00 (2.00 136 1 36 1.3 Ro (Ro 2168 68 21.68 2594 25.94 2952 52 29.5 1895 95 18.95 2025 20.25 22.78 2278 22 78 T (T 2492 92 24.92 2182 82 21.82 1824 18.2 2630 26.30 2360 23 60 23.60 2056 20.5 rm (rm 0181 0 181 0.181 0232 0.232 0248 0.24 0170 170 0.170 0185 185 0.185 0.196 0196 196 λ (λ 1365 365 1.365 1551 551 1.551 1706 706 1.70 1126 126 1.126 1324 324 1.324 1428 428 1.42 temperatures ( 93 9.3 72 7.2 55 5.5 106 8.3 4 6. 197 19.7 161 16.1 139 13. 159 15.9 138 13.8 10. 293 29.3 247 24.7 206 20. 254 25.4 219 21.9 173 17. 319 31.9 371 37.1 421 42. 217 21.7 268 26.8 305 30. 3708 370.8 3875 387.5 4058 40 405.8 2321 232.1 2633 263.3 2488 248. 3.02 (3.0 28 2. 2.00 (2.0 1. 216 21.6 259 25.9 295 29. 189 18.9 202 20.2 22.7 227 249 24.9 218 21.8 182 18. 26.3 236 23.6 205 018 0.18 023 0.23 024 0.2 017 0.17 0.19 019 155 1.55 70 1.7 112 12 1.12 132 1.32 142 1.4 9. 7. 5. 8. 19. 16. 15. 24. 25. 21. 31. 37. 26. 370. 387. 405. 232. 263. 3.0 (3. 2.0 (2. 22. 23. 01 0.1 0. 1.5 11 1.1 3. (3

Resumo Anthonomus grandis grandis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) é uma praga com grande potencial de destruição nas lavouras de algodão, causando danos às estruturas reprodutivas do algodoeiro. A tesourinha Marava arachidis (Dermaptera: Labiidae), é uma importante referência como predador em diversas culturas agrícolas, além de ser de fácil criação em laboratório. Com o objetivo de analisar o potencial biocontrole de larvas de A. grandis grandis por M. arachidis, foi realizado um estudo de capacidade predatória utilizando um modelo de resposta funcional. Larvas de A. grandis grandis foram expostas ao predador nas densidades: 1, 2, 4, 6 e 8 larvas (= presa/predador/placa de Petri), com 30 repetições em cada densidade. O contato entre o predador e a presa ocorreu durante 24 horas; após esse período, o nível de predação de M. arachidis foi avaliado com base na proporção de larvas predadas. O coeficiente de regressão logística linear foi utilizado com um modelo linear generalizado beta-binomial para determinar a resposta funcional. O sinal negativo do coeficiente linear e os testes de ajuste revelaram uma resposta funcional quadrática ou tipo II, com o número de presas variando de 1,00 larva (densidade de 1 larva/predador) a 6,50 larvas (densidade de 8 larvas/predador). Portanto, os resultados do presente estudo demonstram uma alta capacidade predatória de M. arachidis sobre larvas de A. grandis grandis. Coleoptera (Coleoptera Curculionidae algodão algodoeiro Dermaptera (Dermaptera Labiidae, Labiidae , Labiidae) agrícolas laboratório M densidades 2 4 = ( presapredadorplaca placa Petri, Petri Petri) 3 densidade horas período predadas betabinomial beta binomial II 100 00 1,0 larva/predador larvapredador 650 50 6,5 larvas/predador. larvaspredador larvas/predador . larvas/predador) Portanto 10 0 65 5 6,

Abstract Anthonomus grandis grandis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a pest with a large potential for destruction in cotton crops, causing damage to the cotton reproductive structures. The earwig Marava arachidis (Dermaptera: Labiidae), is an important reference as a predator in several crops and being easy to rear in the laboratory. To analyze the potential biocontrol of M. arachidis of A. grandis grandis larvae, a study of predatory capacity was conducted using a functional response model. A. grandis grandis larvae were exposed to the predator at densities 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 larvae (= prey/predator / Petri dish), with 30 replications at each density. Contact between the predator and the prey occurred for 24 hours; after this period, the level of predation of M. arachidis was assessed based on the proportion of preyed larvae. The linear logistic regression coefficient was used with a beta-binomial generalized linear model to determine the functional response. The negative signal of the linear coefficient and the goodness-of-fit tests revealed a quadratic or type II functional response, with the number of prey varying from 1.00 larva (density of 1 larva/predator) to 6.50 larvae (density of 8 larvae/predator). Therefore, the results of the present study demonstrate a high predatory capacity of M. arachidis on A. grandis grandis larvae. Coleoptera (Coleoptera Curculionidae structures Dermaptera (Dermaptera Labiidae, Labiidae , Labiidae) laboratory M A 2 4 6 = ( preypredator dish, dish dish) 3 density hours period betabinomial beta binomial goodnessoffit goodness fit 100 00 1.0 larva/predator larvapredator 650 50 6.5 larvae/predator. larvaepredator larvae/predator . larvae/predator) Therefore 10 0 1. 65 5 6.

Abstract: Seeds of the genus Eugenia have high regenerative capacity, producing roots and shoots from seeds with reduced cotyledon matter. In addition, seeds of this genus regenerate new roots and shoots when the first roots and shoots are eliminated, and this characteristic is maintained even when the seed reserves are reduced by up to half. The aim of this study was to analyze the limits of new root and shoot regenerative capacity in whole and fractionated Eugenia candolleana seeds at different maturity stages. The regenerative capacity of seeds stored for six months was also evaluated. The seeds were sown; and when the first roots and shoots were produced, they were eliminated, simulating herbivory conditions. The results showed that the seed not only has high regenerative capacity at different maturity stages, but also that it maintains root regeneration when the seed is reduced by half, even after the storage period. Such information may indicate that seeds of the Eugenia genus can await the next crop season by regenerating several times as a way to withstand or tolerate predation. This ability can be understood as a propagation strategy of the species. Abstract matter addition eliminated half stages evaluated sown produced conditions period predation species

Resumo: Sementes do gênero Eugenia apresentam alta capacidade regenerativa, produzindo raízes e partes aéreas a partir de sementes que tiveram redução da massa cotiledonar. Também, foi observado, para sementes deste gênero, a regeneração de novas raízes e partes aéreas, quando as primeiras raízes e partes aéreas são eliminadas, ainda, tal característica se mantém quando a semente teve suas reservas reduzidas pela metade. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar os limites das regenerações de novas raízes e partes aéreas em sementes inteiras e fracionadas de Eugenia candolleana, em diferentes estádios de maturação. Avaliou-se também, a capacidade regenerativa em sementes armazenadas por seis meses. As sementes foram semeadas e quando emitiram as primeiras raízes e partes aéreas, estas foram eliminadas, simulando uma condição de herbivoria. Os resultados mostraram que, além de apresentar alta capacidade regenerativa em diferentes estádios de maturação, a semente reduzida pela metade, a regeneração de raízes se manteve, inclusive após o período de armazenamento, tais informações podem indicar que sementes do gênero Eugenia são capazes de aguardar a próxima safra regenerando diversas vezes, como maneira de suportar ou tolerar a predação. Essa habilidade pode ser entendida como estratégia de propagação da espécie. Resumo cotiledonar Também observado eliminadas ainda metade candolleana maturação Avaliouse Avaliou também meses herbivoria manteve armazenamento vezes predação espécie

ABSTRACT Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) and Hippodamia convergens (Guérin-Meneville) are voracious generalist predators, and important aphid control agents. In an environment containing a complex of species, the occurrence of intraguild interactions can interfere in the predator behavior and consumption. The aim of this work was to know the number of nymphs of Rhodobium porosum (Sanderson) and Macrosiphum rosae (Linnaeus) consumed by larvae of C. externa and H. convergens, and the interaction between these predators when confined together. First, second and third instar nymphs of R. porosum and M. rosae were provided in Petri dishes containing rose leaflets and second instar larvae of the predators. Intraguild interaction was studied in Petri dishes containing first instar nymphs of both aphid species and a second instar larva of C. externa plus one of H. convergens. A third treatment consisted of dishes containing a second instar larva of both predators maintained in the absence of prey. The evaluations took place throughout the entire instar of the predators. C. externa consumed a greater number of R. porosum nymphs and H. convergens a greater number of M. rosae nymphs. For both species of prey, the highest consumption was verified on the last day of evaluation. There was a positive interaction when the predator’s larvae were confined in the presence of aphid nymphs, with no mortality observed for any of them. In the absence of prey, there was 70% mortality of H. convergens larvae due to intraguild predation. Hagen (Hagen GuérinMeneville Guérin Meneville (Guérin-Meneville agents Sanderson (Sanderson Linnaeus (Linnaeus C H together First R M prey evaluation s them 70 predation 7

ABSTRACT Larvae of Hydrotaea species are facultative predators of larvae of other fly species on poultry farms, chicken feces, pig, and decaying carcasses. The Neotropical species H. albuquerquei occurs together with M. domestica in these environments and might be useful in the biological control of the latter. To verify the predatory capacity of H. albuquerquei larvae on the larvae of M. domestica, we varied the size of the larvae and the densities of the predators and prey under controlled laboratory conditions. Adults were collected from a poultry farm for the experiment, and the larvae they produced were reared in the laboratory. The second and third instar larvae of H. albuquerquei, when at higher densities, suppressed populations of house fly larvae when the latter were smaller than the former. This means that the functional response increases gradually with an increase in prey population density and predator size. In these conditions, one H. albuquerquei larva consumes up to 29 M. domestica larvae at high prey densities and could reduce 100% of the house fly population under a 50% prey density. This study confirmed a pattern previously observed in other predatory larvae and our results have implications for the biological control and integrated pest management programs of M. domestica in poultry and swine farms. farms feces pig carcasses H M conditions experiment former 2 100 50 10 5 1

Resumen Las hormigas presentes en los cafetales podrían estar ejerciendo un control natural de la broca del café (BDC), como es el caso de Hypothenemus hampei al depredar a las poblaciones de esta plaga, que quedan en frutos abandonados al final de cada cosecha. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la capacidad depredadora de dos especies de hormigas (Solenopis picea y Crematogaster crinosa) sobre la broca del café con un atrayente en experimentos de campo. Para cada especie, se establecieron diez unidades experimentales (UE) con diez granos de café infestados con broca. Los granos infestados fueron colocados dentro de una malla de anjeo y colgados en árboles de café con un nido de hormigas. Para atraer las hormigas hacia los granos brocados estos fueron asperjados con una solución atrayente. Como testigo absoluto se usaron los mismos tratamientos con exclusión de hormigas y como testigo relativo granos brocados sin atrayente. La tasa de depredación de S. picea después de 24 h fue de 78,3%, seguida por C. crinosa con 34,3%. El cebo atrayente incrementó en un 22% la atracción de hormigas y depredación de estados biológicos de broca en cada UE, frente al tratamiento no asperjado. Los resultados muestran que las especies de hormigas evaluadas redujeron las poblaciones residuales de H. hampei; S. picea más que C. crinosa.

Abstract The ants present in coffee plantations could be exerting a natural control of the Coffee Berry Borer (CBB), Hypothenemus hampei by preying on the populations of this pest, in fruits abandoned at the end of each harvest. The objective of this research was to evaluate the predatory capacity of two species of ants (Solenopis picea and Crematogaster crinosa) on the CBB with an attractant in field experiments. For each species, ten Experimental Units (EU) containing ten coffee beans infested with CBB were established. The infested grains were placed inside a plastic mesh and hung in trees with that had an ant nest. To attract the ants to the coffee berries, the berries were sprayed with an attractant solution. The same treatments were used with exclusion of ants as absolute control and infested berries without attractant as relative control. The predation rate of S. picea after 24 h was 78.3%, followed by C. crinosa with 34.3%. The attractant bait increased an average of 22% the attraction of ants and predation of biological stages of CBB in each EU, compared to the non-sprayed treatment. The results show that the evaluated ant species reduced the residual populations of H. hampei; S. picea more than C. crinosa.

RESUMO Aspectos biológicos e capacidade predatória de Doru luteipes foram avaliados em função do predatismo de Spodoptera frugiperda. O experimento foi conduzido em laboratório com condições de temperatura média de 25 ± 1 °C, umidade relativa de 70 ± 10% e fotoperíodo de 12:12 horas (Luz: Escuro). Para avaliação dos parâmetros biológicos de D. luteipes foram fornecidos uma dieta padrão, ovos e lagartas (1°, 2°, 3°, 4°, 5° ou 6° instares) de S. frugiperda. O delineamento estatístico foi inteiramente casualizado, com 10 repetições para cada tratamento. As ninfas (1°, 2° e 3° instares) e machos e fêmeas adultos de D. luteipes foram individualizados em placas de Petri (9 cm de diâmetro), tendo como alimento padrão (testemunha) dieta artificial. Ninfas de 1° e 3° instares do predador duraram 4,5 e 6,9 dias respectivamente, contudo pereceram. A sobrevivência das ninfas de D. luteipes é alta, contudo houve variação consumindo os diferentes instares das lagartas de S. frugiperda. Adultos de D. luteipes não consumiram lagartas de 4°, 5° e 6° instares da presa. Houve diferença significativa para alimentação de D. luteipes com dieta artificial, ovos e lagartas de S. frugiperda para os parâmetros número de ovos, pré-oviposição. O maior consumo de machos e fêmeas de D. luteipes ocorre quando são alimentados com ovos da presa.

ABSTRACT Biological aspects and predatory capacity of Doru luteipes was assessed as a function of predation on Spodoptera frugiperda. The experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions of mean temperature of 25 ± 1 °C, relative humidity of 70 ± 10%, and 12:12 h (Light: Dark) photoperiod. To evaluate the biological parameters of D. luteipes, artificial diet, eggs and caterpillar (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th or 6th instars) of S. frugiperda were supplied. The completely randomized statistical design was used, with 10 replicates for each treatment. The nymphs (1st, 2nd and 3rd instars) and adult males and females of D. luteipes were individualized in Petri dish (9 cm diameter), with artificial diet as standard food (control). Nymphs of the 1st and 3rd instars of the predator lasted 4.5 and 6.9, days respectively, but they perished. The survival of D. luteipes is high, but there was variation when consuming the different instars of the caterpillar of S. frugiperda. Adults of D. luteipes did not consume caterpillars of the 4th, 5th and 6th instars of the prey. There was a significant difference for the feeding of D. luteipes with artificial diet, eggs and caterpillar of S. frugiperda with respect to the parameters number of eggs and preoviposition. Higher consumption of male and female D. luteipes occurs when they are fed with prey eggs.

Resumen Ceraeochrysa claveri Navás (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) es un depredador que se encuentra en varios ecosistemas agrícolas y se alimenta de insectos y ácaros fitófagos. Su alto potencial reproductivo y capacidad depredadora lo convierten en un candidato para el control biológico de plagas agrícolas. Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) es una plaga importante que puede dañar varias especies de palmeras, en particular, Cocos nucifera L. Debido a la escasa información sobre aspectos biológicos de crisópidos alimentados con ácaros fitófagos, se planteó el presente estudio con el objetivo de conocer el desarrollo larval de C. claveri teniendo como presa principal a R. indica. Esta información es necesaria para considerarlo en el manejo integrado de esta plaga. La evaluación se realizó sobre la generación F0. La larva 3 es el instar que mayor cantidad de ácaros consume (F value = 32,99; P > 0,0001) (L3: 46,80 ± 10,12 a; L2: 9,80 ± 1,23 b; L1: 9,40 ± 1,58 b). C. claveri no completó su desarrollo larval al alimentarse únicamente con R. indica viviendo los ínstares larvales 7,4 ± 2,2; 7,6 ± 1,9 y 9,0 ± 3,9 para L1, L2 y L3 respectivamente. Las larvas que llegaron al estado de pupa no lograron superar esta etapa. Al adicionar huevo de Sitotroga cerealella Olivier (Lepidoptera: Gelechidae) a la dieta de L3, el desarrollo fue 7,9 ± 0,2; 7,4 ± 0,8; 6,5 ± 0,9 y 13,6 ± 0,9 días para L1, L2, L3 y pupa respectivamente. El adulto vivió en promedio 6,7 ± 4,9 d. La relación sexual fue rs = 0,42. De acuerdo con las condiciones en las que se realizó el experimento, se puede inferir que C. claveri no completa su desarrollo al alimentarse únicamente con R. indica y en consecuencia toma a este ácaro como presa ocasional.

Abstract Ceraeochrysa claveri Navás (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) is a predator found in several agricultural ecosystems and feeds on insects and phytophagous mites. Its high reproductive potential and forage capacity makes it a candidate for biological control of agricultural pests. Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) is an important pest that can damage several species of palms, in particular, Cocos nucifera L. Given the scarcity of available knowledge about the biological aspects of Chrysopidae fed with phytophagous mites, the present work aimed to study the larval development of C. claveri fed mainly with R. indica, in order to obtain information that would be of help in the integrated management of this pest. The evaluation was performed in the F0 generation. Larva 3 is the instar that consumes the most mites (F value = 32.99; P > 0.0001) (L3: 46.80 ± 10.12 a; L2: 9.80 ± 1.23 b; L1: 9.40 ± 1.58 b). C. claveri did not complete larval development when fed only with R. indica. Larval instars L1, L2 and L3 lived 7.4 ± 2.2, 7.6 ± 1.9 and 9.0 ± 3.9 days, respectively. The larvae that reached the pupal stage failed to grow further. When adding Sitotroga cerealella Olivier (Lepidoptera: Gelechidae) eggs to the diet, the development lasted 7.9 ± 0.2, 7.4 ± 0.8, 6.5 ± 0.9 and 13.6 ± 0.9 days for L1, L2, L3 and pupae, respectively. The adults lived on average 6.7 ± 4.9 days. The sexual ratio was rt = 0.42. According to the conditions under which the experiment was carried out, it can be inferred is that C. claveri cannot complete its development by feeding only on R. indica, and that it thus consumes this mite as an occasional prey.

Abstract The life cycle, sex ratio and predatory capacity of the syrphid Ocyptamus gastrostactus (Wiedemann, 1830) fed with the aphid Aphis craccivora Koch, 1854 were studied under laboratory conditions. The predator was collected in El Cují (10° 09´18.59” N 69° 18´20.43” W, 580 m), Iribarren municipality, Lara state, Venezuela, while the prey was obtained from Gliricidia sepium plants (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walpers in the University Park of the Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado (UCLA), Venezuela. Both were reared under laboratory conditions at a temperature of 24 ± 1 °C, 56 ± 11% RH, 27 ± 1 °C, 49 ± 4% RH and 12:12 photoperiod (D: N). The average time in days of the life cycle (egg-adult) of O. gastrostactus was 17.65 ± 0.22 (egg 2.00 ± 0.00; larva 8.26 ± 0.23 and pupa 7.39 ± 0.15). This study presents for the first time data on the full duration of the developmental phases of O. gastrostactus under controlled conditions. The sex ratio of the progeny (male: female) was 1: 1.38. The predatory capacity was studied with the densities of 50, 70, 90, 110 and 130 aphids. Average daily larval predation values ranged from 46.60 ± 0.42 to 111,67 ± 0,88 aphids at the densities of 50 and 130 aphids respectively.

Resumen Se estudiaron el ciclo de vida, la proporción sexual y la capacidad depredadora del sírfido Ocyptamus gastrostactus (Wiedemann, 1830) alimentado con el áfido Aphis craccivora Koch, 1854 en condiciones de laboratorio. El depredador fue recolectado en El Cují (10°09´18,59” N 69°18´20,43” O, 580 m), municipio Iribarren, estado Lara, Venezuela, mientras que la presa se obtuvo de plantas de Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walpers en el Parque Universitario de la Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado (UCLA), Venezuela. Ambos fueron criados bajo condiciones de laboratorio a una temperatura de 24 ± 1 °C, 56 ± 11% HR, 27 ± 1 °C, 49 ± 4% HR y fotoperiodo 12:12 (D: N). El tiempo promedio en días del ciclo de vida (huevo-adulto) de O. gastrostactus fue de 17,65 ± 0,22 (huevo 2,00 ± 0,00; larva 8,26 ± 0,23 y pupa 7,39 ± 0,15). En este estudio se presentan por primera vez los datos sobre la duración completa de las fases de desarrollo de O. gastrostactus en condiciones controladas. La proporción sexual de la progenie (macho: hembra) fue 1: 1,38. La capacidad depredadora fue estudiada con las densidades de 50, 70, 90, 110 y 130 áfidos. Los valores promedio diarios de depredación de la larva variaron desde 46,60 ± 0,42 hasta 111,67 ± 0,88 áfidos a las densidades de 50 y 130 áfidos respectivamente.

Resumo O entendimento de relações ecológicas e toxicológicas envolvendo culturas geneticamente modificadas (GM) e agentes de controle biológico é de grande importância para discussões relativas à compatibilidade de culturas GM com estratégias de manejo integrado e manejo de resistência de pragas. Este trabalho avaliou o comportamento de busca e a capacidade predatória de Orius insidiosus (Say) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) e Doru luteipes (Scudder) (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) sobre ovos e lagartas de Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) resistente ou não à proteína Cry1F expressa em milho Bt. Para determinar o tempo de busca foi utilizado um cronômetro que foi disparado até a captura da primeira presa; a capacidade de predação foi avaliada através da contagem das presas remanescentes 24 h após infestação. Também foram avaliadas as injúrias de S. frugiperda em milho transgênico e milho convencional na presença ou ausência dos predadores. Os predadores não foram capazes de distinguir entre presas (ovos ou lagartas) resistentes e suscetíveis, considerando os comportamentos predatórios avaliados. Não houve diferença no tempo de busca e capacidade predatória sobre ovos e lagartas de S. frugiperda resistente ou suscetível entre os predadores. Na presença dos predadores, as notas de injúria de S. frugiperda resistente nas plantas de milho Bt foram menores. Conclui-se que O. insidiosus e D. luteipes não percebem a presença da proteína Cry1F na presa S. frugiperda, o que pode contribuir para o uso integrado de milho GM e controle biológico em programas de manejo integrado e manejo de resistência de pragas.

Abstract Understanding the ecological and toxicological relationship between genetically modified cultivars (GM) and biological control agents is of great importance for discussions related to the compatability of GM cultivars and integrated management strategies for pest resistance. The present study evaluated the search behavior and predatory capacity of Orius insidiosus (Say) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) and Doru luteipes (Scudder) (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) on eggs and caterpillars of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) resistant or not to the protein Cry1F expressed in Bt corn. To determine the search time, a stopwatch was run until the capture of the first prey, predation capacity was evaluated by counting the prey remaining after 24 hours of infestation. The injuries of S. frugiperda in genetically modified and conventional corn in the presence and absence of predators was also evaluated. The predators were not able to distinguish between resistant and susceptible prey (eggs or caterpillars), given the predatory behaviour observed. There was no difference in searching time or predatory capacity between the predators for eggs and caterpillars of either resistant or susceptible S. frugiperda. In the presence of predators, the injury scores for resistant S. frugiperda on the Bt corn plants were lower. It was concluded that O. insidiosus and D. luteipes did not notice the presence of the protein Cry1F in the prey S. frugiperda, which may facilitate the combined use of GM corn and biological control in integrated management programs and for management of pest resistance.

Abstract The predation capacity of protonymphs and adults of E. emanus on eggs, larvae, protonymphs and adults of O. beeri was evaluated under controlled conditions of temperature and humidity. According to the tests, the adult females had a higher predation capacity (mean = 23.18 larvae) than the protonymphs (mean = 11.15 larvae) and the adult males (mean = 8.05 larvae). Both stages of development of E. emanus consumed higher amounts of larvae and protonymphs, while their consumption of eggs was minimal.

Resumen Se evaluó la capacidad de predación de protoninfas y adultos de E. emanus sobre huevos, larvas, protoninfas y adultos de O. beeri en condiciones controladas de temperatura y humedad. De acuerdo a los ensayos, las hembras adultas tuvieron mayor capacidad de predación (media = 23.18 larvas) que las protoninfas (media = 11.15 larvas) y los machos adultos (media = 8.05 larvas). Ambos estados de desarrollo de E. emanus consumieron mayores cantidades de larvas y protoninfas, el consumo de adultos machos fue menor, mientras que el consumo de huevos fue mínimo.

Resumo O Bioverm® (Duddingtonia flagrans) é uma formulação fúngica indicada para o controle de nematódeos gastrintestinais de ruminantes e equídeos, recentemente autorizado para a comercialização no Brasil. Objetivou-se determinar a eficiência do Bioverm® contra larvas de nematódeos gastrintestinais após a passagem pelo trato gastrintestinal de bovinos. Foram utilizados doze bovinos divididos em dois grupos. No grupo tratado, foi fornecida, por animal, a dose única de 1g (105 clamidósporos de D. flagrans) do Bioverm® para cada 10 kg de peso vivo. Foram obtidas amostras fecais dos animais de cada grupo a partir de 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 e 72 horas após a administração. No ensaio A, 2g de fezes foram adicionadas em placas de Petri contendo meio ágar-água 2%. No ensaio B, foram realizadas coproculturas. Em ambos os ensaios, o pico de predação larval ocorreu em 48 horas após a administração do Bioverm®. No ensaio A, houve redução larval significativa (P<0,05) em 48h (88,2%). No ensaio B, as reduções significativas (P<0,05) ocorreram em 36h (43,7%) e 48h (82,3%). O Bioverm® apresentou elevada capacidade predatória após a passagem pelo trato gastrintestinal de bovinos, sendo eficaz no controle dos nematódeos gastrintestinais.

Abstract Bioverm® (Duddingtonia flagrans) is a fungal formulation indicated for controlling gastrointestinal nematodes in ruminants and horses, which has recently been authorized for commercialization in Brazil. The objective was to determine the efficiency of Bioverm® against larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes after passage through the gastrointestinal tract of cattle. Twelve animals were used, divided into two groups. In the treated group, a single dose of 1 g of Bioverm® per 10 kg of live weight (containing 105 chlamydospores of D. flagrans) was provided for each animal. Fecal samples were obtained from the animals in each group at 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 hours after administration. In assay A, 2 g of feces were added to Petri dishes containing 2% agar-water medium. In assay B, coprocultures were performed. In both assays, the peak of larval predation occurred within 48 hours after administration of Bioverm®. In assay A, a significant larval reduction (P < 0.05) was seen at 48 h (88.2%). In assay B, significant reductions (P < 0.05) were seen at 36 h (43.7%) and 48 h (82.3%). Bioverm® showed high predatory capacity after passage through the gastrointestinal tract of cattle and was effective for controlling gastrointestinal nematodes.

Abstract: Predation is one of the main causes of mortality in amphibian populations which can occur at any stage of its life. In this study, we report for the first time, the predation on Trachycephalus typhonius by a mantis in Mexico. With this, we increase our knowledge about the dietary diversity of this group, confirming its predatory capacity on a species of amphibian, under natural conditions and without manipulation.

Resumen: La depredación es una de las principales causas de mortalidad en poblaciones de anfibios y puede ocurrir en cualquier etapa de su vida. Este estudio registra por primera vez, el avistamiento de depredación sobre la rana arborícola lechosa Trachycephalus typhonius por una mantis en México. Con esto, aumentamos nuestro conocimiento acerca de la diversidad dietaría de este grupo, confirmando su capacidad depredadora sobre una especie de anfibio, en condiciones naturales y sin manipulación.

ABSTRACT The legume Enterolobium schomburgkii, Benth. (Benthan, 1844) (Fabaceae), is endemic to Amazonia and has a wide geographical distribution in the Neotropical area. It is a timber species of great economic importance. The objective of the present study was to identify the insect associated with the seeds of the plant, and quantify it, and evaluate the effect of the damage caused on the physiological quality of the seeds collected in urban forests in the city of Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil. The insect was identified as Mimosestes enterolobii Kingsolver & Johnson (1978). The seed predation rate was 8.07% and the substrate consumption 0.61 g equivalent to 93.35% of the seed weight. Despite registering low percentage of damage to seeds (8.07%), the substrate consumption (cotiledons and seed embryo) was high (93.35%), which significantly affected the physiological quality and germination capacity of the seed.

RESUMEN La leguminosa Enterolobium schomburgkii Benth. (Benthan, 1844) (Fabaceae), es endémica de Amazonia y posee amplia distribución geográfica en el área Neotropical. Se trata de una especie maderable de gran importancia económica. El objetivo del presente estudio fue identificar al insecto asociado a las semillas de la planta, y cuantificar y evaluar el efecto del daño provocado sobre la calidad fisiológica de las semillas recogidas en bosques urbanos en la ciudad de Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brasil. El insecto se identificó como Mimosestes enterolobii Kingsolver & Johnson (1978). La tasa de depredación de las semillas fue de 8.07% y el consumo de sustrato fue de 0.61 g, equivalente al 93.35% del peso de las semillas. A pesar de registrarse bajo porcentaje de daños en semillas (8.07%), el consumo del sustrato (cotiledones y embrión de la semilla) fue alto (93.35%), lo cual afectó significativamente la calidad fisiológica y capacidad de germinación de la semilla.

ABSTRACT The effects of climate change on biodiversity requires the implementation of adaptation strategies at different scales (genes, species and landscape). The species Equisetum giganteum locally known a ¨horsetail¨ is an endangered plant species native to Paraguay which requires measures for its conservation. This species is one of the conservation targets of Tapyta Nature Reserve (San Juan Nepomuceno, Caazapá). The aim of this research study was to propose a basic methodology for the analysis of climate change adaptation of the species Equisetum giganteum inside the reserve. The specific objectives were to identify stresses and their sources affecting the species, determine the viability of the species, and suggest measures for its conservation in the protected area under a climate change scenario. The methodology was based in transects, interviews with key informants, application of climate scenarios, adaptation to the guidelines of The Nature Conservancy, validation focus groups, construction of different scenarios about species viability, and development of measures for the conservation of the species. Alterations on water quality, fragmentation, habitat degradation, and micro climatic regime were the stresses identified in the study and the sources were diffuse pollution, change in land use, incompatible subsistence harvesting, predation by domestic species and climate change. According to the viability analysis, theEquisetum giganteumhas good persistence and colonization capacity inside the reserve. As measures for its conservation, it is suggested to carry out education workshops, planting specimens, implementation of terraces; ex situ and in situ conservation and continuity of research on the subject.

RESUMEN Los efectos del cambio climático sobre la biodiversidad demandan que se implementen estrategias de adaptación a escala de genes, de especies y del paisaje. La especie Equisetum giganteum localmente conocida como “cola de caballo”, es una especie de la flora nativa del Paraguay que se encuentra en peligro de extinción, motivo por el cual es importante que se establezcan medidas para su conservación. Le misma constituye uno de los objetos de conservación de la Reserva Natural Tapytá, ubicada en el Distrito de San Juan Nepomuceno, Departamento de Caazapá. El objetivo de la investigación fue proponer una metodología básica para el análisis de la adaptación al cambio climático de la especie Equisetum giganteum dentro de la reserva. Los objetivos específicos fueron: identificar las presiones y fuentes de presión que afectan a la especie; determinar la viabilidad de la especie; y sugerir medidas para su conservación en el área protegida ante un escenario de cambio climático. La metodología empleada se basó en el empleo de: transectos, entrevistas a informantes calificados, aplicación de escenarios climáticos, adaptación de las directrices de The Nature Conservancy, grupos focales de validación, construcción de escenarios distintos de viabilidad de la especie, y elaboración de medidas para su conservación. La alteración de la calidad del agua, fragmentación, degradación del hábitat, y régimen (micro climático) alterado, fueron las presiones identificadas en el estudio; cuyas fuentes fueron la contaminación difusa, el cambio de uso de suelo, la recolección de subsistencia incompatible, la depredación por especies domésticas y el cambio climático. Según el análisis de viabilidad, la especie Equisetum giganteum tiene una buena capacidad de persistencia y colonización dentro de la reserva. Como medidas para su conservación se sugieren realizar talleres de educación; replantación de ejemplares; implementación de terrazas; conservación ex situ e in situ y continuidad de investigaciones en el tema.