Abstract: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, health institutions adjusted protocols to include additional precautionary measures which may impact mothers' and babies' experiences of birth and post-partum. This mixed-methods cross-sectional study aims to describe mothers' experience of hospital precautionary measures and their view on how these impacted on their levels of discomfort as well as positive and negative feelings experienced by them and their newborns, and maternal depressive symptomatology. A convenience sample from a private clinic in Santiago was used to compare two groups: 62 mothers with a negative Sars-CoV-2 PCR test (controls) and 58 mothers with a positive or pending Sars-CoV-2 PCR test prior to labor (cases), with different precautionary measures applied according to risk. An online questionnaire designed for this study and the EPDS was used. T-tests were used for comparing means as well as non-parametric tests and qualitative thematic analysis. Cases experienced more discomfort than controls, but at the same time they reported feeling significantly more competent. Of the total sample, 51.67% were at risk of postpartum depression, with no significant differences between groups. No significant differences were found in newborns' level of discomfort, stress or positive or negative feelings according to mothers. Mothers reported an overall positive impact on their mother-infant bond. These results emphasize that mothers in their perinatal period have been exposed to a highly stressful context during the pandemic, which has impacted on their mental health. The impact of hospital precautionary measures, their implications for maternity protocols and these patients' need for support are discussed.

Resumen: Debido a la pandemia del COVID-19 los protocolos de salud incluyeron medidas de precaución intrahospitalarias adicionales, pudiendo impactar la experiencia de parto y postparto de madres y bebés. Este estudio transversal de metodología mixta describió la experiencia de las madres sobre el uso de las medidas de precaución y su percepción sobre su impacto en el nivel de malestar, emociones positivas y negativas tanto de madres como bebés y en sintomatología depresiva materna. Se obtuvo una muestra por conveniencia en una clínica privada de Santiago, comparando dos grupos: 62 madres con prueba Sars-CoV-2 PCR negativa (controles) y 58 madres con prueba Sars-CoV-2 PCR positiva o pendiente previo al parto (casos), con distintas medidas de precaución según riesgo. Se aplicó una encuesta online diseñada para el estudio y la EDPS. Se usaron pruebas t para comparación de medias, pruebas no paramétricas, y análisis temático cualitativo. Los casos experimentaron mayor malestar que los controles, pero expresaron sentirse más competentes. Un 51,67% de la muestra total presentaba riesgo de depresión postparto sin diferencias significativas entre los grupos. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en el nivel de malestar, estrés o en las emociones positivas o negativas de los recién nacidos según lo reportado por las madres, pero reportaron un impacto positivo en el vínculo madre-bebé. Durante la pandemia las puérperas han sido expuestas a un contexto altamente estresante que ha impactado su salud mental. Se discuten las implicancias para los protocolos de maternidad y las necesidades de acompañamiento de estas pacientes.

Resumo: As funções que os tribunais de garantias ou de controle devem cumprir nos modelos acusatórios de corte adversarial são fundamentais para a devida proteção dos direitos e garantias dos intervenientes, especialmente do imputado e do acusado. Essas funções são críticas para os debates sobre a procedência das medidas cautelares pessoais e implicam, por parte do juiz, a estrita observância dos princípios que regulam tais medidas e a fundamentação sobre a maneira como esses princípios são aplicados em cada caso. Os tribunais de garantia devem definir e explicitar os padrões exigíveis para cada tipo de medida cautelar pessoal solicitada pelos litigantes, e reproduzir em suas resoluções os critérios empregados e os fundamentos utilizados para considerar comprovados ou rejeitados os requisitos das medidas cautelares pessoais, como são os pressupostos materiais dessas medidas e a necessidade de cautela

Abstract: The functions that guarantee or control courts must fulfill in adversarial accusatory models are crucial for the proper protection of the rights and guarantees of all participants, especially the defendant and the accused. These functions are critical to the debates regarding the appropriateness of personal precautionary measures and require the judge to strictly observe the principles governing such measures and to justify how these principles are applied in each case. Supervisory courts must define and clearly state the standards required for each type of personal precautionary measure requested by the litigants and must reproduce in their rulings the criteria employed and the reasoning used to either confirm or dismiss the requirements of the personal precautionary measures, such as their material prerequisites and the necessity for caution

Resumen: Las funciones que los tribunales de garantía o de control deben cumplir en los modelos acusatorios de corte adversarial son fundamentales para la debida protección de los derechos y las garantías de todos los intervinientes, en especial del imputado y el acusado. Estas funciones resultan críticas para los debates en torno a la procedencia de las medidas cautelares personales y suponen por parte del juez la estricta observancia de los principios que regulan tales medidas y la fundamentación acerca del modo en que estos principios son aplicados en cada caso. Los tribunales de garantía deben definir y explicitar los estándares exigibles para cada tipo de medida cautelar personal solicitada por los litigantes, y reproducir en sus resoluciones los criterios empleados y los fundamentos utilizados para dar por acreditados o desestimados los requisitos de las medidas cautelares personales, como son los presupuestos materiales de estas y la necesidad de cautela

Resumen. Los tambores y roncadores (Sciaenidae) son parte importante de la composición específica de las capturas costeras en el Golfo de California, México. Dentro de este grupo de especies, la curvina rayada (Cynoscion reticulatus) destaca por su alto potencial pesquero, gran demanda y debido a que ha incrementado su valor de mercado. La curvina rayada ha estado bajo constante presión pesquera durante los últimos 20 años. Sin embargo, se necesita contar con información biológica actual o puntos de referencia que permitan establecer medidas de manejo pesquero. Por tanto, el objetivo del presente estudio fue estimar la longitud estándar media de madurez sexual (LE 50 ) utilizando varios modelos para sugerir una talla mínima de captura (TMC) de C. reticulatus en la costa sur de Sinaloa. Para esto, se realizaron muestreos mensuales en las descargas de la flota costera desde diciembre de 2020 hasta diciembre de 2021 en la costa sur de Sinaloa. La LE 50 se evaluó con base en 3 modelos candidatos (Gompertz, Lysack y White) a través de un enfoque binomial. Los intervalos de confianza para la LE 50 se estimaron utilizando perfiles y contornos de verosimilitud, y se utilizó el criterio de información de Akaike (CIA) para seleccionar el mejor modelo. Se examinaron un total de 284 individuos, de los cuales 131 se utilizaron en el análisis. El modelo de White fue el más adecuado; sin embargo, con base en los pesos de CIA, los 3 modelos mostraron un rendimiento similar, por lo que la LE50 (24.48 cm; IC 95% 12.9-36.0 cm) se estimó como el promedio de estos. Por último, como medida de manejo, proponemos una TMC bajo un enfoque precautorio de 36 cm LE para C. reticulatus en la costa sur de Sinaloa.

Abstract. Drums and croakers (Sciaenidae) are important to the species composition of coastal catches in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Among these species, the striped corvina (Cynoscion reticulatus) stands out because of its high fishery potential, high demand, and increased market value. The striped croaker has been under constant fishing pressure over the past 20 years. Still, there needs to be current biological information or reference points to allow the establishment of management measures for fisheries. The objective of the present study was to estimate the mean standard length at sexual maturity (SL 50 ) of females using various models and to suggest a minimum catch size (MCS) for C. reticulatus off the southern coast of Sinaloa. Monthly samplings of coastal fishery landings were done from December 2020 to December 2021 on the south coast of Sinaloa. The SL 50 was evaluated based on 3 candidate models (Gompertz, Lysack, and White) through a binomial approach. Confidence intervals for SL 50 were estimated using likelihood profiles and contours, and Akaike’s information criterion (AIC) was used to select the best model. A total of 284 individuals were examined, of which 131 were used in calculations. White’s model was the most adequate; however, based on AIC weights, all 3 models performed similarly, and SL 50 (24.48 cm; C.I. 95% 12.9-70 36.0 cm) was estimated as their average. As a management measure, we propose a precautionary MCS of 36 cm SL for C. reticulatus off southern Sinaloa.

ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to propose a public policy intended to ensure an appropriate use of precautionary measures, pre-trial service units. These administrative structures, on the one hand, enhance the application of alternative exits from pretrial detention and, on the other, ensure that their implementation is not synonymous with impunity and insecurity. Specifically, this strategy addresses two central problems of traditional justice: the absence of an adequate diagnosis to choose the most suitable preventive option and the monitoring of the imposed regimen. It specifically focuses on providing verified information about social ties. The practical advantage is that this proposal is based on a methodology proven in the international context, in Ecuador, and recommended as a best practice by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. In fact, in Latin America, various experiences, whose results were measured, reveal that the application of this strategy at different times achieved an unprecedented effectiveness in enhancing substitute measures and ensuring the appearance of individuals at trial. Even at a time when the press and the public exert pressure to increase provisional incarceration, they are a valid response, as the issued report transparently elucidates the reasons behind the adopted judicial resolution.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este artículo es plantear una política pública destinada a garantizar un uso adecuado de las medidas cautelares, las unidades de servicios previos al juicio. Estas estructuras administrativas, por un lado, potencian la aplicación de las salidas alternativas a la prisión preventiva, así como, por otro, se ocupan de que su aplicación no sea sinónimo de impunidad e inseguridad. Esta estrategia enfrenta dos problemas centrales de la justicia tradicional, la ausencia de un diagnóstico adecuado para escoger la opción cautelar más adecuada, datos del arraigo social, y el seguimiento al régimen impuesto. La ventaja práctica es que esta propuesta se fundamenta en una metodología probada en el contexto internacional, en el Ecuador y recomendada como una buena práctica por la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos. De hecho, en Latinoamérica las distintas experiencias cuyos resultados fueron medidos revelan que la aplicación de esta estrategia en diversos momentos alcanzó una efectividad sin precedentes para potenciar medidas sustitutivas y para conseguir la presentación de las personas al juicio. Inclusive, en un momento en el que la prensa y la ciudadanía ejercen presiones para aumentar el encarcelamiento provisional son una respuesta válida, pues el informe emitido transparenta las causas de la resolución judicial adoptada.

Resumo O objetivo do artigo foi estabelecer um standard informativo para as medidas cautelares probatórias que seja apto a eliminar um írrito grau de subjetividade nas decisões para permitir sua racional controlabilidade. A hipótese original é que não há apenas um standard, compreendido como critério de suficiência dos dados informativos, para todas as decisões proferidas no processo penal, sendo necessário estabelecer o standard específico para cada decisão, em especial a decisão que defere a medida cautelar probatória. Metodologicamente realizou-se uma pesquisa teórico-bibliográfica pelo método hipotético-dedutivo, dividida em duas etapas, uma de natureza dogmática sobre as medidas cautelares probatórias, outra sobre os standards probatórios, tomando por base os aportes da epistemologia jurídica. As principais contribuições do trabalho para o estado da arte foram: o estabelecimento de um conceito e dos requisitos das medidas cautelares probatórias, a distinção entre standard probatório e standard informativo, a discussão sobre os distintos standards informativos nas decisões no processo penal e, finalmente, a construção de um standard informativo para as decisões que deferem as medidas cautelares probatórias.

Abstract The objective of the article was to establish an informative standard for evidentiary precautionary measures that is able to eliminate an unreasonable degree of subjectivity in decisions to allow their rational controllability. The original hypothesis is that there is not only one standard, understood as a criterion of sufficiency of informative data, for all decisions issued in criminal proceedings. It is necessary to establish the specific standard for each decision, especially the decision that grants an evidentiary precautionary measure. Methodologically, a theoretical-bibliographical study was carried out using the hypothetical-deductive method, divided into two stages, one of a dogmatic nature on precautionary evidential measures, the other on evidential standards, based on the contributions of legal epistemology. The main contributions of this work to the state of the art were: the establishment of a concept and the requirements of evidentiary precautionary measures, the distinction between evidentiary standard and informative standard, the discussion on the different informative standards in decisions in criminal proceedings and, finally, the construction of an informative standard for decisions that grant evidentiary precautionary measures.

Abstract This article addressed the main challenges for the proper functioning of pre-trial detention hearings in the Federal District (DF). The methodology adopted was a content analysis of publications onl custody hearings in the Federal District between 2017 and 2022. The following categories were identified, representing the main challenges of pre-trial detention hearings in the Federal District: (i) maintaining the use of handcuffs during the hearing; (ii) the excessive (and presumed) use of precautionary measures; (iii) violence in the act of arrest and during detention; (iv) silencing of the custodian; and (v) the profile of the custodians. It is concluded that, although the very existence and functioning of this procedural institute strengthens the access to justice of the investigated people, as well as decisions for provisional freedom prevail in the DF, there are still legal, political-criminal and institutional obstacles that challenge the achieving the objectives of the escrow hearings. pretrial pre trial DF. DF . (DF) 201 2022 identified i (i hearing ii (ii presumed measures iii (iii iv (iv custodian v (v custodians people legal politicalcriminal political criminal (DF 20 202 2

Resumo O presente artigo trata dos principais desafios para o adequado funcionamento das audiências de custódia no Distrito Federal (DF). Adotou-se como metodologia a análise de conteúdo de publicações institucionais e acadêmicas sobre audiências de custódia no DF entre 2017 e 2022. Foram identificadas as seguintes categorias, representando os principais desafios das audiências de custódia no DF: (i) manutenção do uso de algemas nos custodiados durante a audiência; (ii) uso desmedido (e presumido) de medidas cautelares; (iii) violências no ato de prisão e durante a detenção; (iv) silenciamento do custodiado; e (v) o perfil dos custodiados. Conclui-se que, embora a própria existência e o funcionamento deste instituto processual fortaleçam o acesso à justiça das pessoas investigadas, bem como prevaleçam decisões pela liberdade provisória no DF, ainda assim existem obstáculos jurídicos, político-criminais e institucionais que desafiam a consecução dos objetivos das audiências de custódia. DF. . (DF) Adotouse Adotou se 201 2022 categorias i (i audiência ii (ii presumido cautelares iii (iii detenção iv (iv custodiado v (v Concluise Conclui investigadas jurídicos políticocriminais político criminais (DF 20 202 2

A global COVID-19 pandemic caused untold community disruptions, a huge toll on lives and placed major burdens on the economies of developing countries. It spread worldwide within a short period of time before nations could mobilise evidence for the best responses. Communities in Botswana, South Africa and Zimbabwe were heavily disrupted. This article focuses on exploring the transboundary differences in COVID-19 responses, plus the implications for improving the health communication strategies in a pandemic age. Health practitioners and governments were ill-prepared to inform the general public about the pandemic and enforced complete shutdowns of economic and social activities. With the COVID-19 pandemic ravaging communities, there was a dearth of focused health communication on COVID-19's end. New tools of communication and dissemination of information were embraced in the southern Africa country-specific cases. For example, content on precautionary lifestyles, individual or personal responsibility and utilisation of community health workers in the pandemic era was prioritised to prevent or minimise infections and avoid recurrence of the disease. New communication methods were important for addressing uncertainty and can be applied for any future pandemic. This health communication topic addresses the neglected, but important gap on the efficacy of processes towards better health communication strategies. The transdisciplinary methods include improved health communication strategies informed by the experiences of three Southern African Development Community countries. While such measures to arrest COVID-19 proved plausible, these countries' projections for the future are a concern, suggesting an urgent need to enhance and strengthen health communication in southern Africa. TRANSDISCIPLINARY CONTRIBUTION: This is a transdisciplinary exploration of health communication and its implications for COVID-19 and future pandemic responses in Botswana, South Africa and Zimbabwe.

Abstract: The challenges faced by mothers regarding the adoption of precautionary measures in child and adolescent protection procedures are explored. Through the examination of some judicial decisions, we seek to evaluate the impact of incorporating the “gender perspective” as a methodological tool in the precautionary activity in this type of procedures in Chile. This approach aims to improve the precision and content of precautionary measures and ensure the effective protection of the procedural rights of women mothers.

Resumen: Se exploran las dificultades que enfrentan las mujeres madres ante la adopción de providencias cautelares en los procedimientos de protección de niños, niñas y adolescentes. A través del examen de algunas decisiones judiciales, se busca evaluar el impacto de incorporar la “perspectiva de género” como herramienta metodológica en la actividad cautelar en esta clase de procedimientos en Chile. Este enfoque pretende mejorar la precisión y contenido de las cautelares y, asegurar la efectiva protección de los derechos procesales de las mujeres madres.

ABSTRACT: Since 2015 in Chile, as part of childhood and adolescence focused policies, educational reintegration programs (PDE) installation have been extended. Those programs were bid by SENAME until 2021, and subsequently by the Specialized Protection Service (formerly Mejor Niñez). In the focused policy of such programs, future-centric expectations are intertwined in the educational trajectory of a childhood invented as vulnerable. Therefore, necessary to "be" intervened and (re)oriented towards schooling. However, these delimitations are questioned and reinvented by the participants who transit and/or are thrown into these programs through family precautionary measures as well as the same derivations from childhood protection offices. From a digital ethnographic perspective that includes the documentary review of digital files of projects formulated and bid by the NGO La casona de los jóvenes, such as workshops images, socio-educational activities and intervention technologies (PII, workshops evaluations), we are approaching the (re)inventions of reschooling. Assemblages (workshop images and intervention devices) are visualized within this process between the participants (humans and gendered technologies), and displace school drop-out and unschooling conceptions, signified from having fun, recreation, interest; of a timeline interruption-educational trajectory, which constitutes being "there" in a workshop or activity; a schooling presence.

RESUMEN: En el marco de las políticas focalizadas en niñez y adolescencia en Chile desde el año 2015 se amplía la instalación de programas de Reinserción Educativa (PDE) licitados por SENAME hasta el año 2021, y posteriormente por el Servicio de Protección Especializada (ex Mejor Niñez). En estos programas se entraman las expectativas futurocéntricas de una política focalizada en una niñez invencionada como vulnerable en su trayectoria educativa, por lo tanto, necesaria de “ser” intervenida y (re)orientada hacia la escolaridad. Sin embargo, dichas delimitaciones son colocadas en cuestión y reinvención por los-las participantes que transitan y/o son arrojados-as en estos programas por medio de medidas cautelares de familia o las mismas derivaciones de las oficinas de protección de la niñez. A partir de una perspectiva etnográfica digital que comprende la revisión documental de archivos digitales de proyectos formulados y licitados por la ONG La casona de los jóvenes, imágenes de talleres y actividades socioeducativas y tecnologías de intervención (PII, evaluación de talleres) nos acercamos a las (re)invenciones de la reescolarización. De este proceso se visualizan ensambles entre los-las participantes (humanos-as y tecnologías generizadas), las imágenes y dispositivos de intervención que desplazan las concepciones de abandono escolar, desescolarización, siendo significadas desde el pasarlo bien, recreación, interés; en un tiempo de interrupción-trayecto educativo que constituyen un estar “ahí” en un taller o una actividad; un presente de la escolaridad.

Prevention is universally advocated, especially in the case of noncommunicable diseases. However, given the proliferation of preventive technologies, it does not seem defensible to generically encourage preventive behaviors and tests for healthcare professionals and users. In this essay, we articulate concepts, ideas and criteria for considering preventive measures, providing a minimum guide to be used by professionals (especially in primary healthcare) and managers. The concepts of primary, secondary and quaternary prevention are explored, as well as those of reductive and additive prevention, high-risk and population-based preventive strategies; evidence-based medicine and its contemporary crisis; the precautionary principle; health promotion, an expanded, person-centered approach and shared decision-making. This discussion was designed to improve competence in the evaluation of preventive measures, making clinical and health decisions more judicious and less iatrogenic regarding primary and secondary prevention. advocated diseases However technologies users essay measures managers explored highrisk high risk populationbased population based strategies evidencebased evidence crisis principle promotion expanded personcentered person centered decisionmaking. decisionmaking decision making. decision-making

A prevenção é consensualmente defendida, especialmente para as doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. Porém, dada a proliferação de tecnologias preventivas, não parece defensável estimular genericamente condutas e exames preventivos em profissionais de saúde e usuários. Neste ensaio, apresentamos uma articulação de conceitos, ideias e critérios para a consideração de medidas preventivas, como um roteiro mínimo a ser manejado pelos profissionais (especialmente os da atenção primária à saúde) e gestores. São articulados os conceitos de: prevenção primária, secundária e quaternária; prevenção redutiva e aditiva, estratégias preventivas de alto risco e populacional; medicina baseada em evidências e sua crise contemporânea; princípio da precaução; promoção da saúde, abordagem ampliada e centrada na pessoa e decisão compartilhada. Tal articulação foi concebida visando melhorar a competência na avaliação de medidas preventivas, tornando as decisões clínicas e sanitárias mais criteriosas e menos iatrogênicas quanto à prevenção primária e secundária. defendida transmissíveis Porém usuários ensaio gestores quaternária aditiva populacional contemporânea precaução compartilhada

La prevención es defendida consensuadamente, especialmente en las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. Sin embargo, dada la proliferación de tecnologías preventivas, no parece sostenible fomentar genéricamente conductas y exámenes preventivos entre los profesionales de la salud y los usuarios. En este ensayo, presentamos una articulación de conceptos, ideas y criterios para considerar medidas preventivas, como una guía mínima que manejar por parte de los profesionales (especialmente en la atención primaria de salud) y gestores. Se articulan los conceptos de prevención primaria, secundaria y cuaternaria; prevención reductiva y aditiva, estrategias preventivas de alto riesgo y poblacional; medicina basada en evidencias y su crisis contemporánea; principio de precaución; promoción de la salud, abordaje ampliado y centrado en la persona y toma de decisiones compartida. Esta articulación fue diseñada para mejorar la competencia en la evaluación de medidas preventivas, haciendo que las decisiones clínicas y de salud sean más juiciosas y menos iatrogénicas con relación a la prevención primaria y secundaria. consensuadamente transmisibles embargo usuarios ensayo gestores cuaternaria aditiva poblacional contemporánea precaución compartida

ABSTRACT Introduction: Knowledge, Attitude and Practices (KAP) surveys prove beneficial to the transfusion services by providing an insight into the donors and, thus, aiding in mobilizing and retaining voluntary blood donors. We aim to study the knowledge, attitude and practices of donors towards blood donation in a pandemic setting. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices of blood donors was conducted between June to and October 2020. Non-parametric tests (Mann – Whitney U and Kruskal - Wallis) were performed to evaluate the relation of knowledge, attitude and practices overall scores with age group, gender and history of blood donations (first us. repeat). The Chi-Square test/Fisher's Exact test was used to evaluate the differences in the distribution of Knowledge, Attitude and Practices items within the groups. Results: A total of 403 of 2,748 individuals who came for whole blood donation participated in the study. The mean age of the study population was 31.1years (SD ± 8.4 range: 18 - 58), with 75% of the donors donating for the first time. The fear of acquiring COVID-19 infection was perceived as a major reason for the eligible population not to donate. The overall knowledge, attitude and practice score among the donors was satisfactory, being 76.14%, with a significant association with age. The overall positive attitude and practices scores of blood donors were 85.48% and 78.04%, respectively. Conclusion: The KAP scores were satisfactory among the donors. Timely communication of the precautionary measures at blood centers to contain the spread of the COVID-19 infection and effective counseling would help in motivating and retaining blood donors.

ABSTRACT Introduction: From the perspective of prevention, knowledge of the hazardousness of chemicals and the potential negative effects they can produce is essential to be able to assess their risks and take measures to reduce them. Objective: To critically approach the fundamental aspects of the different systems for the classification, identification and communication of hazards and risks in the handling of dangerous substances. Materials and Methods: A compilation of the main systems developed and applied internationally (European Union, United Nations Organization, United States Fire Protection Agency, American Association of Coating and Paints of the United States and the Globally Harmonized System). Results and Discussion: In each one of them the shape and color combination of the pictograms, the symbols and icons used, warning words and letters, as well as the phrases to communicate the dangers or risks, compatibility and the precautionary recommendations are detailed. Due to its current status and increasingly extensive use worldwide, is detailed the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemical products (GHS). Conclusions: The GHS is a logical approach to chemical classification; it significantly enhances the proper, clear and easily understandable communication of chemical hazards, the protection of human health and the environment, and the management of chemicals by providing a single, standardized and harmonized system for classifying chemicals and developing labels and MSDSs.

Resumen Introducción: Desde la perspectiva de la prevención, el conocimiento de la peligrosidad de los productos químicos y de los efectos negativos potenciales que puedan producir, es fundamental poder evaluar sus riesgos y tomar medidas encaminadas a reducirlos. Objetivo: Abordar críticamente los aspectos fundamentales de los diferentes sistemas para la clasificación, identificación y comunicación de peligros y riesgos en el manejo de sustancias peligrosas. Materiales y Métodos: Se realiza una recopilación de los principales sistemas desarrollados y aplicados internacionalmente (Unión Europea, Organización de Naciones Unidas, Agencia de Protección de Incendios de los Estados Unidos, Asociación Americana de Recubrimiento y Pinturas de los Estados Unidos y el Sistema Globalmente Armonizado). Resultados y Discusión: En cada uno de ellos se detalla la forma y combinación de colores de los pictogramas, los símbolos e íconos empleados, palabras y letras de advertencia, así como las frases para comunicar los peligros o riesgos, las recomendaciones de prudencia y la compatibilidad entre ellos. Por su actualidad y uso cada vez más extensivo a nivel mundial, se particulariza más detalladamente en el Sistema Globalmente Armonizado de Clasificación y Etiquetado de Productos Químicos (SGA). Conclusiones: El SGA constituye un enfoque lógico de clasificación de productos químicos; favorece de manera significativa la adecuada comunicación clara y fácilmente comprensible de los peligros químicos, la protección de la salud humana y el ambiente y la gestión de los productos químicos ya que proporciona un sistema único, normalizado y armonizado para clasificarlos y elaborar las respectivas etiquetas y hojas de seguridad.

RESUMEN En el contexto del Estado constitucional ecuatoriano, se busca promover la correcta motivación como un valor fundamental en la cultura jurídica. La CCE estableció nuevas pautas de evaluación de la garantía de motivación en la sentencia No.1158-17-EP/21. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo, evaluar la posible vulneración de la garantía de motivación, en los autos emitidos por parte de los administradores de justicia al momento de resolver la petición de medidas cautelares autónomas, en un cantón de la República de Ecuador. Participaron 9 especialistas de las ciencias jurídicas, los cuales aplicaron una guía de revisión de casos diseñada para este estudio, sustentada en la sentencia No.1158-17-EP/21. Los autos de medidas cautelares evaluados presentaron violaciones significativas en la garantía de motivación, particularmente se detectó la incidencia recurrente de vicios motivacionales relacionados con incongruencias, inatinencias e incomprensiones. Aunque se observan fundamentos jurídicos adecuados, existen carencias en las fundamentaciones fácticas y jurídicas suficientes.

ABSTRACT In the context of the Ecuadorian constitutional State, the correct motivation is sought to be promoted as a fundamental value in the legal culture. The ECC established new guidelines for the evaluation of the guarantee of motivation in Ruling No.1158-17-EP/21. The objective of this research is to evaluate the possible violation of the guarantee of motivation, in the orders issued by the administrators of justice at the time of resolving the request for autonomous precautionary measures, in a canton of the Republic of Ecuador. Nine legal science specialists participated, who applied a case review guide designed for this study, based on Ruling No. 1158-17-EP/21. The orders of precautionary measures evaluated presented significant violations in the guarantee of motivation, particularly the recurrent incidence of motivational defects related to incongruence, inconsistencies and misunderstandings was detected. Although adequate legal grounds were observed, there were deficiencies in the factual and legal foundations.

Abstract This article studies the relationship between the National Commission of Human Rights in Mexico and the Inter-American Human Rights System. On the one hand, regarding the reception of the Inter-American jurisprudence in the recommendations of that national body, but also concerning the reference of its recommendatory work by the Inter-American Commission and Court, as an actor in various Inter-American processes, precautionary measures and amicus curiae, during the period 1990-2019. All of which is discussed in the legal effects and scope of this collaboration, in terms of subsidiarity, as part of a jurisprudential dialogue and in the reinterpretation of its powers.

Resumen Este artículo estudia la relación entre la Comisión Nacional de los Derechos Humanos en México y el Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos. Por una parte, en cuanto a la recepción de la jurisprudencia interamericana en las recomendaciones de ese organismo nacional, pero también en lo concerniente a la referencia de su labor recomendatoria por la Comisión y Corte Interamericanas, como actor en diversos procesos interamericanos, medidas cautelares y amicus curiae, durante el período 1990-2019. Todo lo cual se discute en los efectos y alcances jurídicos de esa colaboración, en materia de subsidiariedad, como parte de un diálogo jurisprudencial y en la reinterpretación de sus facultades.

Resumen. El presente artículo examina las teorías jurídico-políticas de Habermas y Honneth frente al desafío de implementar una política inclusiva que permita superar tanto el conflicto como la violencia estructural generados por la falta de reconocimiento del Estado colombiano al pueblo nasa. Con dichos presupuestos teóricos, se buscan vías que logren hacer efectiva la implementación de las medidas cautelares con que la CIDH conmina al Estado colombiano a restablecer y garantizar los derechos humanos conculcados al pueblo nasa. Con una metodología cualitativa de revisión documental, se concluye que cualquier intento por superar la violencia estructural e implementar las medidas cautelares emitidas por la CIDH obligan a desarrollar un proceso deliberativo, jurídico, de negociación política, redistribución y reconocimiento de las condiciones sociohistóricas de estas comunidades.

Abstract. This article examines the legal and political theories of Habermas and Honneth facing the challenge of implementing an inclusive policy to overcome both the conflict and the structural violence generated by the Colombian State’s failure to recognize the Nasa people. With these theoretical assumptions, ways are sought to achieve the implementation of the precautionary measures with which the IACHR has ordered the Colombian State to reestablish and guarantee the human rights violated to the Nasa people. With a qualitative methodology of documentary review, it is concluded that any attempt to overcome structural violence and implement the precautionary measures issued by the IACHR requires the development of a deliberative, legal process of political negotiation, redistribution and recognition of the socio-historical conditions of these communities.