ABSTRACT Biochar can promote crop production and soil quality. However, its characteristics depend on the waste used in its production and its effects may vary according to the species being cultivated and the management adopted. The aim of this study was to evaluate the application of biochar from animal waste on soil quality and the agronomic characteristics of the cowpea. An experiment was set up to test three types of biochar (bovine-BB, swine-SB and poultry-BP), with added fertiliser (BBF, SBF and BPF) and two control treatments, including the addition of calcium magnesium oxide (CT) and calcium magnesium oxide with fertiliser (CTF), giving a total of eight treatments with four replications. There was a respective increase of up to 102.94%, 1048%, 1560% and 360.22% in stem diameter, number of pods, number of grains per pod and stem dry matter from adding the biochar. The poultry biochar increased each of the above parameters even with no added fertiliser. There was no difference in basal soil respiration or β-glucosidase enzyme activity, whereas organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), microbial carbon and soil labile carbon were greater with biochar. BBF gave the highest TOC content (24.40 g kg-1), while BP and BPF increased TN by around 61%. The application of biochar + fertiliser contributed to an average reduction of 56% in the soil metabolic quotient. Poultry biochar favoured both the agronomic characteristics of the cowpea and soil quality, while bovine biochar showed more marked results with the addition of fertiliser. However adopted bovineBB, bovineBB BB, BB (bovine-BB swineSB swine SB poultryBP, poultryBP , poultry-BP) BBF, (BBF CT (CT CTF, CTF (CTF) replications 10294 102 94 102.94% 1048 1048% 1560 36022 360 22 360.22 diameter pods βglucosidase β glucosidase activity TOC, (TOC) TN, (TN) 24.40 2440 24 40 (24.4 kg1, kg1 kg 1 kg-1) 61 61% 56 quotient poultry-BP (CTF 1029 10 9 102.94 104 156 3602 36 2 360.2 (TOC (TN 24.4 244 4 (24. kg-1 6 5 102.9 15 3 360. 24. (24 kg- 102. (2 (

ABSTRACT Considering previous studies on the potential use of vinasse in the agricultural sector, this study seeks to design a feed for broilers in three presentations according to the stages of the animal’s feeding program (start 1-14, growth 15-30 and end 31-42 days) that includes vinasse in the formulation. To this end, soybeans were considered as a source of protein, a diet with metabolizable energy between 12,351.06 and 14,025.78 kJ∙kg-1. The granulometry was determined according to the broiler management manuals, and the feed manufacturing process was specified in a block diagram and a flow diagram; in the same way, a test protocol for the use of the feed formulated in a sample of broilers of the Cobb breed. This research suggests that using vinasse in feed formulations for broilers could provide significant benefits to the agricultural sector.

RESUMEN Considerando estudios previos sobre el potencial uso de la vinaza en el sector agropecuario, este estudio busca diseñar un alimento para pollos de engorde en tres presentaciones de acuerdo con las etapas del programa de alimentación del animal (inicio 1-14, crecimiento 15-30 y finalización 31-42 días) que incluya vinaza en la formulación. Para ello, se consideró el grano de soya como fuente de proteína, una dieta con energía metabolizable entre 12.351,06 a 14.025,78 kJ∙kg-1. Se determinó la granulometría de acuerdo con los manuales de manejo de pollos de engorde, y se especificó el proceso de fabricación del alimento en un diagrama de bloques y un diagrama de flujo; de igual forma se propone un protocolo de prueba para el uso del alimento formulado en una muestra de pollos de engorde de la raza Cobb. Esta investigación sugiere que el uso de la vinaza en las fórmulas de los beneficios para pollos de engorde podría aportar importantes beneficios al sector agrícola.

The Cuban industry La Purísima produces sauces and dressings for the national gastronomy; but it does not have a process for the deposition of chicken eggshells, as a result, 220 kg of eggshells are dumped daily, which generate a negative impact on the environment. The research evaluates the drying of hen eggshells with protein membrane on a laboratory scale, with a view to revalorizing this waste in the production of a calcium-rich poultry feed supplement. The calcium carbonate content of the shell was determined to confirm the potential application of the residue. The drying curve and drying rate curve was obtained by experimental measurement in a drying oven under aeration at 90 °C. The calcium carbonate content of the residue was 93,33 %. The drying curve was fitted to an exponential mathematical model as a function of the drying constant and the moisture in equilibrium at a temperature of 90 °C. The drying regime of the solid presented a period of decreasing drying rate up to a moisture value of 0,021 kg of water / kg of dry solid, for lower values, this presented a deviation from the exponential function in its rate. The utilization of residual eggshells proved to be an attractive source of calcium carbonate with potential for its use in the production of feed supplement for poultry.

RESUMEN En la Industria cubana La Purísima se producen salsas y aderezos para la gastronomía nacional; pero no dispone de un proceso para la deposición de las cáscaras de huevo de gallina, como resultado, se vierten diariamente 220 kg de cáscaras que generan un impacto negativo en el medio ambiente. La investigación evalúa el secado de las cáscaras de huevo de gallina con membrana proteica a escala de laboratorio, con vistas a revalorizar este residuo en la producción de un suplemento alimenticio para aves de corral rico en calcio. Se determinó el contenido de carbonato de calcio en la cáscara para confirmar la aplicación potencial del residuo. La curva de secado y del régimen de secado se obtuvo por medición experimental en un secadero bajo aireación a 90 °C. El contenido de carbonato de calcio en el residual fue de 93,33 %. La curva de secado se ajustó a un modelo matemático exponencial en función de la constante de secado y la humedad en equilibrio a una temperatura de 90 °C. El régimen de secado del sólido presentó un período de velocidad de secado decreciente hasta un valor de humedad de 0,021 kg de agua / kg de sólido seco, para valores inferiores presentó una desviación de la función exponencial en su velocidad. El aprovechamiento de las cáscaras de huevo residuales resultó ser una fuente atractiva de carbonato de calcio con potencialidades para su utilización en la elaboración de suplemento alimenticio para aves de corral.

Abstract The aim of this study was to examine the impact of both organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizers on the intensity and epidemiological components of Cercospora leaf spot across three different canopies of cotton plants, specifically the variety DP ACALA 90, under field conditions. Fertilizers used in the study included bovine manure, Jatropha curcas seedcake, poultry manure, and urea (the latter serving as a control). These were applied at 20 days after plant emergence and then during the flowering stage until the total nitrogen (N) dose reached 50, 100, 150, or 200 kg N per hectare. The incidence and severity of the disease were assessed starting at the reproductive stage B1 (the first visible flower bud) across the lower, middle, and upper canopies of four cotton plants, with six evaluations conducted over time. To calculate the initial inoculum (Y 0 ) and the disease progress rate (r), the Exponential, Gompertz, and Logistic models were employed based on temporal data. The study was designed as a randomized complete block with a 4x4 factorial arrangement (fertilizer type x dose), and mean comparisons were made using Tukey's test (p ≤ 0.05). It was found that disease intensity within each canopy level varied in response to the type of nitrogen source and the applied dose, with the severity of the disease (including the area under the disease progress curve) being particularly influenced. A significant interaction between the type of fertilizer and the dose regarding the intensity of Cercospora leaf spot was observed. The Exponential model most accurately depicted the disease's temporal progression. Notably, poultry manure and urea were the fertilizers that most adversely influenced the intensity and initial inoculum (Y 0 ) of Cercospora leaf spot across the various canopies of the cotton plants. The findings suggest that the use of organic fertilizers in cotton cultivation could represent a viable sustainable management strategy.

ABSTRACT The symbiosis of common beans with nitrogen-fixing bacteria provides an efficient approach to sustainable and economical food production. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the application of cost-effective nitrogen management strategies in organic common bean cultivation, including the application of poultry manure and organic liquid fertilizer, seed and co-inoculation with diazotrophic bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and/or Rhizobium tropici), and supplementary Rhizobium tropici inoculation. The study spanned three years in a well-established organic cultivation field (2018) and an initial organic cultivation area (2019 and 2020) in Brazil. It was arranged in a randomized blocks design in a 2 × 5 (2018) and 2 × 6 (2019 and 2020) factorial scheme, with four replicates. The most profitable strategy involves seed inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and additional inoculation with Rhizobium tropici at stage V4-5 (fifth trifoliate leaf fully expanded), while the most costly strategy was the application of poultry manure at the V3 stage (first trifoliate leaf fully expanded). Thus, the use of diazotrophic bacteria for seed inoculation and co-inoculation (Azospirillum brasilense and/or Rhizobium tropici) ensured financial returns and system profitability in common bean cultivation. nitrogenfixing fixing production Therefore costeffective cost effective fertilizer coinoculation co andor or tropici, , wellestablished well established 2018 (2018 2019 (201 2020 Brazil scheme replicates V45 V V4 V4- fifth expanded, expanded expanded) first expanded. . Thus 201 (20 202 20 (2 (

RESUMO A simbiose do feijão comum com bactérias fixadoras de nitrogênio proporciona uma abordagem eficiente para a produção de alimentos sustentável e econômica. Portanto, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a aplicação de estratégias custo-efetivas de manejo de nitrogênio no cultivo orgânico do feijão comum, incluindo a aplicação de esterco de aves e fertilizante orgânico líquido, inoculação de sementes e coinoculação com bactérias diazotróficas (Azospirillum brasilense e/ou Rhizobium tropici), e inoculação suplementar com Rhizobium tropici. O estudo durou três anos em um campo de cultivo orgânico bem estabelecido (2018) e uma área inicial de cultivo orgânico (2019 e 2020) no Brasil. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 2 × 5 (2018) e 2 × 6 (2019 e 2020), com quatro repetições. A estratégia mais lucrativa envolve a inoculação de sementes com Azospirillum brasilense e inoculação adicional com Rhizobium tropici no estádio V4-5 (quinta folha trifoliada totalmente expandida), enquanto a estratégia mais cara foi a aplicação de esterco de aves no estádio V3 (primeira folha trifoliada totalmente expandida). Assim, o uso de bactérias diazotróficas para inoculação e coinoculação de sementes (Azospirillum brasilense e/ou Rhizobium tropici) garantiu retorno financeiro e rentabilidade do sistema no cultivo do feijão comum. econômica Portanto custoefetivas custo efetivas líquido eou ou tropici, , 2018 (2018 2019 (201 2020 Brasil 2020, repetições V45 V V4 V4- quinta expandida, expandida expandida) primeira expandida. . Assim 201 (20 202 20 (2 (

ABSTRACT: Feathers are by-products that are generated in significant quantities by the poultry industry. Microbial bioconversion has been investigated as a promising strategy for the processing of feathers, since, along with the degradation of these keratinous materials, bioprocessing can result in value-added products. Thus, from the perspective of industrial microbiology, chicken feathers can be considered a raw material for obtaining microbial proteases. Within this context, this research investigated and characterized the production of extracellular proteases by Aspergillus sp., isolated from soil of the Amazon Rainforest. The enzymatic production was evaluated using several growth substrates (whole feathers, feather meal, human hair, casein, gelatin, peptone and chicken beaks). With highest enzyme production was obtained the feather meal (FM) and peptone. After 48 h of fermentation, FM degradation was 15.82%. The crude protease showed optimal activity at pH 5.0 and 37 °C and enzymatic activity was enhanced with the addition of 1 and 5 mM of CaCl2, MnSO4, KCl, MgSO4 and CuSO4. The detergents Tween 20 and Triton x-100, at concentrations 0.5 and 1% (v/v), tended to stimulate activity. The presence of 0.5 and 1% (v/v) of organic solvents (methanol, acetone, butanol, acetonitrile, isopropanol and DMSO), maintained the enzymatic activity. β-mercaptoethanolstimulated proteolytic activity in the enzymatic assays. This study suggested new direction for waste management with industrial applications giving rise to green technology for sustainable development. ABSTRACT byproducts products industry since materials valueadded value added Thus microbiology context sp sp. Rainforest whole hair casein gelatin beaks. beaks . beaks) (FM 4 fermentation 1582 15 82 15.82% 50 0 5. 3 C CaCl2 CaCl MnSO4 MnSO KCl MgSO CuSO4 CuSO 2 x100, x100 x 100, 100 x-100 05 0. v/v, vv v/v , v (v/v methanol, methanol (methanol acetone butanol acetonitrile DMSO, DMSO DMSO) βmercaptoethanolstimulated β mercaptoethanolstimulated assays development 158 8 15.82 x10 10 x-10 15.8 x1 x-1 15. x-

RESUMO: As penas são subprodutos que são gerados em quantidades significativas pela indústria avícola. A bioconversão microbiana tem sido investigada como uma estratégia promissora para o processamento de penas, uma vez que, juntamente com a degradação desses materiais queratinosos, o bioprocessamento pode resultar em produtos de valor agregado. Assim, do ponto de vista da microbiologia industrial, as penas de frango podem ser consideradas matéria-prima para a obtenção de proteases microbianas. Dentro deste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar e caracterizar a produção de proteases extracelulares por Aspergillus sp., isolados de solo da floresta Amazônica. A produção enzimática foi avaliada utilizando diversos substratos de crescimento (penas inteiras, farinha de penas, cabelo humano, caseína, gelatina, peptona e bicos de frango). Com maior produção de enzima foi obtida a farinha de penas (FP) e peptona. Após 48 h de fermentação, a degradação da FP foi de 15.82%. A protease bruta mostrou atividade ótima em pH 5.0 e 37 0C e a atividade enzimática foi aumentada com a adição de 1 e 5 mM de CaCl2, MnSO4, KCl, MgSO4 e CuSO4. Os detergentes Tween 20 e Triton x-100, nas concentrações 0.5 e 1% (v/v), tenderam a estimular a atividade. A presença de 0.5 e 1% (v/v) dos solventes orgânicos (metanol, acetona, butanol, acetonitrila, isopropanol e DMSO), mantiveram a atividade enzimática. O β-mercaptoetanol estimulou a atividade proteolítica nos ensaios enzimáticos. Este estudo sugere uma nova direção para a gestão de resíduos com aplicações industriais dando origem à tecnologia verde para o desenvolvimento sustentável. RESUMO avícola queratinosos agregado Assim industrial matériaprima matéria prima microbianas contexto sp sp. Amazônica inteiras humano caseína gelatina frango. . frango) (FP 4 fermentação 1582 15 82 15.82% 50 0 5. 3 C CaCl2 CaCl MnSO4 MnSO KCl MgSO CuSO4 CuSO 2 x100, x100 x 100, 100 x-100 05 0. v/v, vv v/v , v (v/v metanol, metanol (metanol acetona butanol acetonitrila DMSO, DMSO DMSO) βmercaptoetanol β mercaptoetanol enzimáticos sustentável 158 8 15.82 x10 10 x-10 15.8 x1 x-1 15. x-

ABSTRACT Root-knot nematodes cause a significant reduction in the productivity of the gilo due to physiological stress. Incorporating organic residue into the soil has a positive effect in reducing nematode infestation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the addition of organic residue on the reproduction of Meloidogyne javanica and its role in the physiology of the gilo. One-litre pots, each containing one gilo seedling, were inoculated with 5000 eggs of M. javanica and the following treatments evaluated: 1) no inoculation and no residue (NIR); 2) NIR; 3) 12.5 g L-1 poultry manure; 4) 25 g L-1 cattle manure; 5) 20 g L-1 filter cake; 6) 5 g L-1 of the shoots of Tagetes patula; 7) 6.25 g L-1 of the shoots of Brassica oleracea var. capitata; 8) 20 mL L-1 vinasse and 9) 1 mL Abamectin-based commercial product (18 g L-1 a.i.). A randomised block design was used, with six repetitions. Gas exchange variables were evaluated 15, 30 and 45 days after inoculation with the nematode (DAI) and the vegetative and nematological variables at 60 DAI. The treatments that included cattle manure and filter cake afforded the best physiological rate and development in the gilo. The best results in controlling the nematode were given by the poultry manure, cattle manure and filter cake, reducing the reproduction of M. javanica by 41.76, 51.44 and 52.40%, respectively. Based on the results, poultry manure, cattle manure and filter cake are efficient in controlling M. javanica and show potential to be used in the integrated management of M. javanica in the gilo. Rootknot Root knot stress infestation Onelitre One litre pots seedling 500 M NIR (NIR) 2 3 125 12 12. L1 L L- 4 6 patula 7 625 6.2 var capitata 8 9 Abamectinbased Abamectin based 18 (1 a.i.. ai a.i. . i a.i.) repetitions 15 DAI (DAI 4176 41 76 41.76 5144 51 44 51.4 5240 52 40 52.40% respectively 50 (NIR 62 6. ( a.i 417 41.7 514 51. 524 52.40 41. 52.4 52.

Abstract Chicken feathers that make up 4-6% of total weight of chicken are most influential waste by-product from poultry farm and slaughter. Annual worldwide generation of several tons of feather biomass raise solid waste management concerns. In environmental perspective, the burning or dumping in landfills are not promising approaches. Keratin, tough and fibrous protein, is an important polymer abundant in chicken feathers. The present study aimed at extraction, characterization of keratin from chicken feather waste. Moreover, this study was performed to evaluate the adsorption potential of keratin adsorbent for the treatment of heavy metal contaminated synthetic water. Feathers after collection was treated with sodium sulfide for the extraction of valuable keratin protein. The extracted keratin was dialyzed using cellulose membrane and freeze dried. Adsorption of metals (Zn and Cu) onto extracted keratin has been studied using batch-adsorption studies. The concentration of obtained protein from chicken feather was computed to be 0.95mg/mL. Functional groups of amide I, amide II, tryptophan, stretching C-O and bond of C-N were confirmed through FTIR. XRD analysis confirmed sem-crystalline structure of keratin whereas SEM analysis showed roughness on surface of keratin due to alkaline hydrolysis. Freundlich isotherm identified ideal parameters for removal of zinc and copper from water as eight hours of contact time, temperature of 250C. With regard to pH, the optimum level was 5.0 and 4.5 for zinc and copper respectively. After treatment with extracted keratin, the removal of 52% zinc and 69% copper from the synthetic water was observed. Results clearly indicate the potential of keratin from chicken feather for effective, economic and eco-friendly treatment of contaminated water. 46% 46 4 6% 6 4-6 byproduct by product slaughter concerns perspective approaches Keratin Moreover dried Zn Cu batchadsorption batch studies 095mgmL mgmL 0 95mg mL mg 0.95mg/mL I II tryptophan CO C O CN N FTIR semcrystalline sem crystalline hydrolysis time 250C pH 50 5 5. 45 4. respectively 52 69 observed effective ecofriendly eco friendly 4-

ABSTRACT Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) cultivation in tropical and subtropical regions is carried out by family farmers without the use of technology and with low yields. This study aimed to evaluate the use of organic and mineral fertilizers in roselle growth and nutrition in São Luís, State of Maranhão, northeastern Brazil. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design in a factorial scheme [(7x2)+1]. The treatments consisted of seven doses of poultry litter (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 L), six percentages of NPK (100.0, 83.3, 66.3, 49.9, 33.2, and 16.5%), and an additional treatment (poultry litter plus PK at maximum doses), with three replications. Split harvests were conducted at 75, 105, 135, and 165 days after transplanting. Fresh phytomass and the number of primary, secondary, and commercial branches were evaluated in each harvest. Fertilization with poultry litter increased fresh biomass production and the number of commercial branches per plant. Phytomass and the number of commercial branches decreased with an increase in the cutting interval in the split harvests. The poultry litter enhanced the efficiency of mineral fertilization in crop management, standing out the combination of 1.0 L poultry litter plant-1 plus 66.3% of the recommended NPK dose. Hibiscus L. yields Luís Maranhão Brazil 7x2+1. 7x21 x 7x2 +1 . 1 [(7x2)+1] 0.0, 00 0 (0.0 05 5 0.5 10 15 1.5 20 2 2.0 25 2.5 30 3 3. L, , L) 100.0, 1000 100 (100.0 833 83 83.3 663 66 66.3 499 49 9 49.9 332 33 33.2 16.5%, 16.5% 16 16.5%) doses, doses) replications 75 105 135 transplanting primary secondary harvest plant management 1. plant1 plant- dose 7x2+1 7x + [(7x2)+1 0.0 (0. 0. 2. 100.0 (100. 8 83. 6 66. 4 49. 33. 16.5 7 13 7x2+ [(7x2)+ (0 100. (100 16. [(7x2) ( (10 [(7x2 (1 [(7x

RESUMO O cultivo da vinagreira nas regiões tropicais e subtropicais é realizado pelos agricultores familiares sem o uso de tecnologia, com baixo rendimento. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o uso de adubação orgânica e mineral no crescimento e nutrição da vinagreira. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial [(7x2)+1]. Os tratamentos foram sete doses de cama de frango (0.0; 0.5; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0; 2.5 e 3.0 litros), seis percentagens de NPK (100.0%, 83.3%, 66.3%, 49.9%, 33.2%, 16.5 %), e um tratamento adicional (cama de frango mais PK, nas doses máximas) com 3 repetições. Foram feitas colheitas parceladas aos 75, 105, 135 e 165 dias após o transplante (DAT). Em cada colheita avaliou-se a fitomassa fresca e o número dos ramos primários, secundários e comerciais. A adubação com a cama de frango aumentou a produção de fitomassa fresca e o número de ramos comerciais por planta. Ocorreu diminuição da fitomassa e dos do número de ramos comerciais com o aumento do intervalo de corte na colheita parcelada. A cama de frango potencializou a eficiência da adubação mineral no manejo da cultura, com destaque para a combinação dose de 1.0 L planta-1 de cama de frango mais 66.3% da dose recomendada de NPK. tecnologia rendimento 7x2+1. 7x21 x 7x2 +1 . 1 [(7x2)+1] 0.0 00 0 (0.0 0.5 05 5 10 1.5 15 2.0 20 2 25 2. 30 3. litros, litros , litros) 100.0%, 1000 100 (100.0% 833 83 83.3% 663 66 499 49 9 49.9% 332 33 33.2% 16 16. %, % %) PK máximas repetições 75 105 13 DAT. DAT (DAT) avaliouse avaliou se primários planta parcelada cultura 1. planta1 planta- 66.3 7x2+1 7x + [(7x2)+1 0. (0. 100.0% (100.0 8 83.3 6 4 49.9 33.2 7 (DAT 66. 7x2+ [(7x2)+ (0 100.0 (100. 83. 49. 33. [(7x2) ( 100. (100 [(7x2 (10 [(7x (1

This study evaluated the external and internal quality characteristics after various storage periods (SP) of eggs from different management practices (MP) regarding layer hen housing and feeding systems. One hundred eggs collected from farms with Lohman Sandy hens raised in i) a cage system where the standard diet was offered ad libitum (CAB), ii) a free-range production system with free access to both the standard diet and alfalfa pasture for grazing (FRG), or iii) a village poultry system where hens were fed on insects, grass, vegetables, or kitchen waste, as well as a restricted standard diet (VCR) were stored at 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 d at +4 °C and 60% relative humidity. Data were analysed in a three MP χ five SP factorial arrangement with 20 eggs each. SP was analysed using polynomial regression. The CAB eggs had a higher weight loss and shell ratio compared to the FRG and VCR eggs. The yolk index, albumen index, Haugh unit (HU), and yolk colour of FRG and VCR eggs were higher than CAB eggs. The yolk ratio of the CAB group was higher than that of the other groups, whereas the albumen ratio was lower. The egg weight loss increased linearly, whereas the albumen ratio and pH increased cubically during storage. The egg weight loss, shell thickness, and yolk index were related to the interaction between MP and SP. Shell ratio and all internal quality traits, except for the pH of yolk and albumen, reflected only the effect of the MP; the association became more significant as the SP increased. Our results suggest that shell ratio, surface area, and all internal quality traits, except for yolk colour, change during storage.

ABSTRACT Considering the importance of backyard broiler production in Zambia, this study aimed to characterize this practice in the Serenje district (Zambia). A structured questionnaire was administered to 55 households. Results revealed a male predominance (56.36%) in broiler ownership, with most (69.09%) falling within the 30 to 50 years age group. Most (72.73%) had received at least secondary education. Notably, broiler producers primarily depended on farming (41.82%) and formal employment (32.73%) for income. Marketing channels predominantly involved direct sales to consumers (78.18%), minimizing intermediary involvement. The study highlighted the seasonal demand for broilers. Broiler consumption was common (90.91%) among producers, with most (85.45%) consuming broiler meat up to twice a week. Biosecurity practices varied, and mortality management predominantly involved burning or burial (67.27%). While most (96.36%) farmers practiced vaccinations, disease outbreaks persisted (92.73%), with limited consultation of veterinarians (67.27%). Access to information on broiler production primarily relied on agricultural agencies and organizations (49.09%). Common challenges included feed costs (94.55%), diseases (92.73%), and price fluctuations (87.27%). This study provides valuable insights into the dynamics of backyard broiler production in an urban setting, shedding light on its potential impacts on public health and the overall poultry industry. Zambia Zambia. . (Zambia) 5 households 56.36% 5636 56 36 (56.36% ownership 69.09% 6909 69 09 (69.09% 3 group 72.73% 7273 72 73 (72.73% education Notably 41.82% 4182 41 82 (41.82% 32.73% 3273 32 (32.73% income 78.18%, 7818 78.18% , 78 18 (78.18%) involvement broilers 90.91% 9091 90 91 (90.91% 85.45% 8545 85 45 (85.45% week varied 67.27%. 6727 67.27% 67 27 (67.27%) 96.36% 9636 96 (96.36% vaccinations 92.73%, 9273 92.73% 92 (92.73%) 49.09%. 4909 49.09% 49 (49.09%) 94.55%, 9455 94.55% 94 (94.55%) 87.27%. 8727 87.27% 87 (87.27%) setting industry (Zambia 56.36 563 (56.36 69.09 690 6 0 (69.09 72.73 727 7 (72.73 41.82 418 4 8 (41.82 32.73 327 (32.73 781 78.18 1 (78.18% 90.91 909 9 (90.91 85.45 854 (85.45 672 67.27 2 (67.27% 96.36 963 (96.36 927 92.73 (92.73% 490 49.09 (49.09% 945 94.55 (94.55% 872 87.27 (87.27% 56.3 (56.3 69.0 (69.0 72.7 (72.7 41.8 (41.8 32.7 (32.7 78.1 (78.18 90.9 (90.9 85.4 (85.4 67.2 (67.27 96.3 (96.3 92.7 (92.73 49.0 (49.09 94.5 (94.55 87.2 (87.27 56. (56. 69. (69. 72. (72. 41. (41. 32. (32. 78. (78.1 90. (90. 85. (85. 67. (67.2 96. (96. 92. (92.7 49. (49.0 94. (94.5 87. (87.2 (56 (69 (72 (41 (32 (78. (90 (85 (67. (96 (92. (49. (94. (87. (5 (6 (7 (4 (3 (78 (9 (8 (67 (92 (49 (94 (87 (

ABSTRACT The growth pattern of broilers can be influenced by diets, environment, stress, health and management. Considering the relevance of the body structure of broilers for slaughterhouse condemnations, the aim of this study was to analyze the body composition, bone mineral density (BMD), and musculoskeletal and visceral morphology of broilers with different body attributes from commercial slaughterhouses. Forty-eight plucked broilers from two different strains were distributed into three groups: standard, uneven, and cachectic. The broilers were evaluated for lean mass, body fat, BMD, and bone mineral content (BMC), and subject to macroscopic, musculoskeletal and visceral analyses. It was found that BMD was lower in the uneven and cachectic groups compared to the standard (p≤0.05), and cachectic broilers had a lower BMC compared to the other groups. The body weight of broilers in the standard group was greater compared to the other groups, while the relative weight of the proventriculus, gizzard, liver, duodenum, jejunum, cardiovascular structures, and kidney was greater among the cachectic in comparison to the others. The uneven group presented intermediate mean values for several densitometric and morphological parameters, as well as no statistical difference (p≥0.05) to the standard group in the weight of the proventriculus, spleen and kidneys, the weight and the length of duodenum, the length and diameter of the gastrocnemius, and the diameter of the sartorius muscle. It is possible to conclude that uneven broilers have similar characteristics to the standard group, demonstrating that they could be used as feedstock for processed products, reducing economic losses at the slaughterhouse. diets environment stress management condemnations composition , (BMD) slaughterhouses Fortyeight Forty eight mass fat BMC, (BMC) macroscopic analyses p≤0.05, p005 p p≤0.05 0 05 (p≤0.05) proventriculus gizzard liver duodenum jejunum structures others parameters p≥0.05 (p≥0.05 kidneys gastrocnemius muscle products (BMD (BMC p00 p≤0.0 (p≤0.05 p≥0.0 (p≥0.0 p0 p≤0. (p≤0.0 p≥0. (p≥0. p≤0 (p≤0. p≥0 (p≥0 p≤ (p≤0 p≥ (p≥ (p≤ (p

Resumo Os colaboradores dos aviários integrados são componentes essenciais para o desenvolvimento do capital humano e social das organizações. O objetivo geral deste estudo foi identificar a política de gestão de pessoas adotada nas propriedades dos avicultores integrados vinculados à Associação de Avicultores na região de Dourados, MS, que utilizam o sistema de criação Dark House. Especificamente, durante a pesquisa, foram analisados o grau de comunicação organizacional entre colaborador e avicultor integrado e as condições de trabalho dos colaboradores nos aviários, além de identificados os fatores que influenciam o avicultor integrado a adotar uma política de gestão de pessoas nos aviários. A pesquisa caracteriza-se como quali-quanti, baseando-se na teoria do comportamento planejado (TCP) e na teoria do clima organizacional. Os resultados, a partir da TCP, indicam que os avicultores reconhecem a importância das políticas de gestão de pessoas, levando em consideração as opiniões da empresa integradora e de órgãos governamentais, mas relatam falta de apoio e capacitação para sua implementação. A pesquisa sobre o clima organizacional revelou que os aviários integrados carecem de políticas robustas de gestão de pessoas, evidenciando a necessidade de melhorias na comunicação e nas condições de trabalho. organizações Dourados MS House Especificamente caracterizase caracteriza se qualiquanti, qualiquanti quali quanti, quanti quali-quanti baseandose baseando TCP (TCP resultados governamentais implementação

Abstract The employees of integrated poultry farms are essential components in the development of the human and social capital of organizations. The general aim of the study was to identify the people management policies adopted on the properties of integrated poultry farmers who use the Dark House system, linked to the Poultry Farmers' Association in the Dourados-MS region. Specifically, the aim was to analyse the degree of organizational communication between employees and integrated poultry farmers; to analyse the working conditions of employees in the poultry houses; and to identify the factors that influence the integrated poultry farmer's intention to adopt a people management policy in the poultry houses. The research is characterized as qualitative-quantitative, based on the theory of planned behavior (TCP) and the theory of organizational climate. The results of the TCP indicate that poultry farmers recognize the importance of people management policies, taking into account the opinions of the integrating company and government agencies, but report a lack of support and training for their implementation. The organizational climate survey revealed that integrated poultry farms lack robust people management policies, highlighting the need for improvements in communication and working conditions. organizations system Farmers DouradosMS Dourados MS region Specifically houses farmer s qualitativequantitative, qualitativequantitative qualitative quantitative, quantitative qualitative-quantitative (TCP agencies implementation

ABSTRACT This study aims to characterize Iraqi pigeon breeds’ population structure and genetic diversity using Microsatellite (SSR) markers to obtain detailed insights into their genetic variation, differentiation, and evolutionary dynamics. This study represents the first comprehensive analysis of Iraqi pigeon breeds’ population structure and genetic diversity. The genetic diversity analysis revealed moderate to high allelic diversity, with the number of alleles (Na) ranging from 16 to 25 and the number of effective alleles (Ne) from 11.95 to 20.56. Observed heterozygosity (Ho) ranged from 0.27 to 0.53, while expected heterozygosity (He) was consistently high (0.92 to 0.95). FST values indicated significant genetic differentiation among pigeon breeds, ranging from 0.40 to 0.54, and gene flow (Nm) values suggested limited migration between subpopulations. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) identified five distinct clusters, explaining 76.02% of the total variance, which reflects pronounced genetic boundaries and distinct genetic identities among the breeds. Genetic structure analysis using admixture with K=3 clusters highlighted distinct ancestral contributions. The genetic distance analysis revealed close genetic relationships among populations like Kirkuk, Baghdad, and Mosul White, with lower genetic distances (0.06 to 0.08). In contrast, Fadadi, Zangi, and Yellow breeds exhibited higher genetic differentiation (distances up to 0.15). The Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) indicated significant genetic variation among populations, with a variance component of 10.92 and a Phi-statistic of 0.58, demonstrating moderate to high genetic differentiation and substantial genetic diversity within populations. This comprehensive analysis underscores significant genetic variation and distinct population structures among Iraqi pigeons, with clear differentiation and diverse genetic contributions across breeds. The findings highlight the effectiveness of SSR markers in capturing the genetic landscape, providing essential insights for the conservation and management of genetic diversity within these pigeon populations. This study contributes valuable information for understanding Iraqi pigeon breeds’ genetic dynamics and evolutionary relationships, supporting future genetic and conservation efforts. (SSR Na (Na 1 2 Ne (Ne 1195 11 95 11.9 2056 20 56 20.56 Ho (Ho 027 0 27 0.2 053 53 0.53 He (He 0.92 092 92 (0.9 0.95. 095 0.95 . 0.95) 040 40 0.4 054 54 0.54 Nm (Nm subpopulations PCA (PCA 7602 76 02 76.02 K3 K 3 K= Kirkuk Baghdad White 0.06 006 06 (0.0 0.08. 008 0.08 08 0.08) contrast Fadadi Zangi 0.15. 015 0.15 15 0.15) AMOVA (AMOVA 1092 10 10.9 Phistatistic Phi statistic 058 58 0.58 pigeons landscape efforts 119 9 11. 205 5 20.5 0. 05 0.5 0.9 09 (0. 04 4 760 7 76.0 0.0 00 01 0.1 109 10. 20. (0 76. (

The study was conducted to investigate the different rearing systems on growth performance and meat quality of Wuding chickens (local native breeds in Yunnan Province of P. R. China). A total of 240, 70-day-old Wuding chickens with similar weight were divided into two groups of healthy Wuding chickens: (1) chickens caged-reared at the Poultry Unit of Yunnan Agricultural University, and fed a commercial feed and (2) chickens reared free-range in the gardens or meadows where there was no animal epidemic in Wuding county of Yunnan Province; free-range chickens were provided corn, wheat bran, and grass. The growth performance of caged Wuding chickens was substantially higher than that of free-range chickens. Crude protein content in the breast muscle of free-range cocks was substantially higher than that of caged cocks. The crude ash content of free-range chickens was substantially higher than that of caged chickens. Four essential amino acids (Thr, Leu, Phe and Lys), total essential amino acids and total amino acids in breast muscle of the free-range Wuding chickens were substantially higher than that in caged Wuding chickens. In the free-range mode, the C12:0, C18:l n-9t, C18:1, C18:2 n-6c, C20:0, C20:4, C20:5 n-3, C22:6; total, polyunsaturated, unsaturated, and essential fatty acids in breast muscle of the free-range Wuding chickens were substantially higher than that in caged Wuding chicken. The meat quality of the Wuding chickens was improved by free-range management.