ABSTRACT Obtaining introgression lines of saladete-type dwarf tomato plants can provide several advantages in breeding programs. In addition to increasing productivity, the dwarf plant can produce metabolites that are important to resistance to biotic stress. However, there are no saladette-type dwarf tomato introgression lines. The objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic potential, fruit quality, and secondary metabolites associated with pest resistance for the development saladette-type dwarf tomato introgression lines. The experiment was conducted with 23 treatments, including the UFU MC TOM 1 donor parent, the UFU TOM 5 recurrent parent, the Pizzadoro commercial cultivar (control), 5 populations from the first backcross, and 15 populations from the second backcross. Agronomic and nutraceutical characteristics of fruits and the acylsugar content in the leaflets were evaluated. The genetic dissimilarity was calculated using the generalized Mahalanobis distance (D2). Genetic gain through selection was estimated using the rank sum index and the genotype-ideotype distance index. The selection indices showed the importance of obtaining the second backcross. The populations UFU_13_1, UFU_17_1, UFU_10_1, UFUi_11_3, UFUi_10_3, and UFU_11_2 have the potential to obtain introgression lines as they present good agronomic and fruit quality characteristics and acylsugar content similar to UFU MC TOM 1. The dwarf tomato germplasm obtained has significant genetic variability and a saladette-type genetic background with the potential to develop introgression lines. The cultivar UFU MC TOM 1 is promising and can overcome the wild access Solanum pennellii for breeding programs aimed at pest resistance, increasing productivity, and biofortification of fruits to enhance carotenoids. saladetetype saladete type productivity stress However saladettetype saladette 2 treatments parent control, control , (control) backcross evaluated D2. D2 D . (D2) genotypeideotype genotype ideotype UFU131 13 UFU_13_1 UFU171 17 UFU_17_1 UFU101 10 UFU_10_1 UFUi113 UFUi 11 3 UFUi_11_3 UFUi103 UFUi_10_3 UFU112 UFU_11_ carotenoids (control (D2 UFU13 UFU_13_ UFU17 UFU_17_ UFU10 UFU_10_ UFUi11 UFUi_11_ UFUi10 UFUi_10_ UFU11 UFU_11 (D UFU1 UFU_13 UFU_17 UFU_10 UFUi1 UFUi_11 UFUi_10 UFU_1 UFUi_1 UFU_ UFUi_

RESUMO A obtenção de linhas de introgressão de tomateiro anão do tipo Saladete pode proporcionar vantagens em programas de melhoramento. Além do aumento de produtividade, a planta anã pode apresentar metabólitos para o estresse biótico. No entanto, não existe linhas de introgressão de tomateiro anão do tipo Saladete. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o potencial agronômico, qualidade de fruto e metabólitos secundários para resistência a pragas visando a obtenção de linhas de introgressão de tomateiro anão do tipo Saladete. Foram avaliados 23 tratamentos, sendo o genitor doador UFU MC TOM 1, genitor recorrente UFU TOM 5, cultivar comercial Pizzadoro (Testemunha), cinco populações provenientes do primeiro e 15 populações do segundo retrocruzanento. Foram avaliadas características agronômicas e nutraceuticas dos frutos, e acilaçúcares nos folíolos. A dissimilaridade genética foi calculada por meio da distância generalizada de Mahalanobis (D2) e as estimativas de ganhos genéticos a partir dos índices de soma de ranks e da distância genótipo-ideótipo. Foi possível afirmar a importância de se obter o segundo retrocruzamento. As populações UFU_13_1, UFU_17_1, UFU_10_1, UFUi_11_3, UFUi_10_3 e UFU_11_2 possuem potencial para obtenção de linhas de introgressão por apresentarem boas características agronômicas, qualidade de frutos e teores de acilaçúcar similares a UFU MC TOM 1. O germoplasma de tomateiro anão possui variabilidade genética e background do tipo Saladete com potencial para explorar linhas de introgressão. A cultivar UFU MC TOM 1 é promissora e pode superar o acesso silvestre Solanum pennellii para programas de melhoramento visando resistência a pragas, produtividade e frutos biofortificados para carotenoides. biótico entanto agronômico 2 tratamentos 5 Testemunha, Testemunha , (Testemunha) retrocruzanento folíolos D2 D (D2 genótipoideótipo. genótipoideótipo genótipo ideótipo. ideótipo genótipo-ideótipo retrocruzamento UFU131 13 UFU_13_1 UFU171 17 UFU_17_1 UFU101 10 UFU_10_1 UFUi113 UFUi 11 3 UFUi_11_3 UFUi103 UFUi_10_ UFU112 UFU_11_ carotenoides (Testemunha (D UFU13 UFU_13_ UFU17 UFU_17_ UFU10 UFU_10_ UFUi11 UFUi_11_ UFUi10 UFUi_10 UFU11 UFU_11 UFU1 UFU_13 UFU_17 UFU_10 UFUi1 UFUi_11 UFUi_1 UFU_1 UFUi_ UFU_

Abstract The development of products for human consumption with added value from hydrobiological resources generates remnants of the raw material that are classified as co-products, by-products and solid and liquid organic waste that, if not treated, cause a negative environmental impact. The use of these remnants for agricultural purposes is a reason for research because they have bioactive compounds and minerals of interest; Thus, the by-products have been used in bioprocesses that use eco-friendly methods such as aerobic biodegradation, fermentation, hydrolysis and extraction in the case of macroalgae. The products obtained from bioprocesses, depending on their composition of macronutrients, micronutrients, amino acids, microorganisms and bioactive compounds, can be considered as organic fertilizer and/or biostimulant, whose effect ranges from the improvement of growth and development in plants to the control of the biotic and abiotic stress in crops, so that they can grow without difficulties. Organic fertilizers derived from by-products and residual effluents from the fishing industry have adequate macronutrient (N, P and K) and micronutrient (Ca, Mg, S, B, Fe, Cu, Mn, Mo, Zn, and Cl) contents. for plants, as well as peptides and amino acids that are considered as biostimulants. On the other hand, the application of organic fertilizers and biostimulants covers various areas such as horticulture, hydroponics and live food production, the studies found indicated its potential use as a tool to implement organic agriculture and circular economy.

Resumen El desarrollo de productos para consumo humano con valor agregado a partir de recursos hidrobiológicos genera remanentes de la materia prima que son clasificados como coproductos, subproductos y residuos orgánicos sólidos y líquidos que, si no son tratados, ocasionan un impacto ambiental negativo. El aprovechamiento de estos remanentes con fines agrícolas es motivo de investigación debido a que poseen compuestos bioactivos y minerales de interés; es así que los subproductos se vienen utilizando en bioprocesos que emplean métodos ecoamigables como la biodegradación aerobia, fermentación, hidrólisis y extracción en caso de las macroalgas. Los productos obtenidos de los bioprocesos, dependiendo de su composición de macronutrientes, micronutrientes, aminoácidos, microorganismos y compuestos bioactivos, puede ser considerado como fertilizante orgánico y/o bioestimulante, cuyo efecto abarca desde la mejora del crecimiento y desarrollo en plantas hasta el control del estrés biótico y abiótico en cultivos, de manera que puedan crecer sin dificultades. Los fertilizantes orgánicos derivados de los subproductos y efluentes residuales de la industria pesquera presentan adecuados contenidos de macronutrientes (N, P y K) y micronutrientes (Ca, Mg, S, B, Fe, Cu, Mn, Mo, Zn, y Cl) para las plantas, así como de péptidos y aminoácidos que son considerados como bioestimulantes. Por otro lado, la aplicación de fertilizantes orgánicos y bioestimulantes cubre diversas áreas como la horticultura, hidroponía y producción de alimento vivo, los estudios encontrados indicaron su potencial uso como herramienta para implementar la agricultura orgánica y economía circular.

RESUMEN. Fusarium oxysporum es uno de los patógenos más destructivos con gran distribución y efectos devastadores en hortalizas. Una alternativa para mitigar el daño por F. oxysporum es el uso de bioestimulantes, ya que promueven una respuesta de defensa en situaciones de estrés. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el potencial bioestimulante de extractos hidroalcohólicos de Sargassum spp. (SAR) para incrementar la tolerancia a la infección por F. oxysporum en plántulas de tomate. Se evaluaron 17 extractos, los cuales se aplicaron de manera foliar a las plántulas a los 7, 12, 22, 33 y 43 DDT (días después del trasplante). La inducción de tolerancia de los extractos de SAR se evaluó en términos de incidencia y severidad de la enfermedad y variables agronómicas. El extracto E12 mostró un mejor control de la enfermedad con un 17% menos de la severidad de síntomas respecto al testigo infectado.

ABSTRACT. Fusarium oxysporum is one of the most destructive pathogens with wide distribution and devastating effects on vegetables. An alternative to mitigate the damage caused by F. oxysporum is the use of biostimulants, since they promote a defense response in stressful situations. The objective of this work was to evaluate the biostimulant potential of hydroalcoholic extracts of Sargassum spp. (SAR) to increase tolerance to infection by F. oxysporum in tomato seedlings. 17 extracts were evaluated, which were applied in a foliar way to the seedlings at 7, 12, 22, 33 and 43 DAT (days after transplantation). The induction of tolerance of the SAR extracts was evaluated in terms of incidence and severity of the disease and agronomic variables. The E12 extract showed better disease control with 17% less severity of symptoms with respect to the infected control.

RESUMO Objetivou-se com este estudo caracterizar genótipos de tomateiro do tipo salada com hábito de crescimento determinado, selecionar genótipos resistentes ao ácaro rajado, de maior produtividade e qualidade de frutos. O experimento foi conduzido na Estação Experimental de Hortaliças (18º 42’ 43,19” S e 47º 29’ 55,8” O, 873 m de altitude) da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), campus Monte Carmelo, de janeiro a junho de 2018. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, contendo 16 tratamentos [12 populações da geração F3RC2 e quatro testemunhas: duas cultivares comerciais (Santa Clara e Rio Grande), o genitor recorrente (UFU-057) e a espécie silvestre Solanum pennellii (LA-716)] com três repetições. Os acessos UFU-057F3RC210#3.6.1 e UFU-057F3RC213#2.1.2 possuem alto potencial para o melhoramento genético visando resistência ao ácaro rajado. Os genótipos UFU-13#4.4.1; UFU-7#4.7.1; UFU-7#4.3.2, UFU-13#2.5.2 e UFU-13#2.1.3 apresentaram teor de acilaçúcares superior ao S. pennellii, a maior produtividade e número de frutos por planta. Sugere-se a combinação entre os genótipos anteriormente descritos com UFU-8#2.4.1 para obtenção de híbridos com alto teor de acilaçúcares, resistência ao ácaro rajado, alta produtividade e incremento na massa de fruto.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to characterize genotypes of the salad-type tomato with a determinate growth habit and select genotypes resistant to the two-spotted spider mite for higher productivity and fruit quality. The experiment was conducted at the Horticultural Experimental Station (18°42’43.19” S and 47°29’55.8” W, 873 m altitude) of the Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Monte Carmelo campus, from January to June 2018. The experimental design was in randomized blocks containing 16 treatments [12 populations of the F3RC2 generation and four controls: two commercial cultivars (Santa Clara and Rio Grande), the recurrent parent (UFU-057) and the wild species Solanum pennellii (LA-716)] with three repetitions. The accessions UFU-057F3RC210#3.6.1 and UFU-057F3RC213#2.1.2 have high potential for genetic improvement regarding resistance to the two-spotted spider mite. The genotypes UFU-13#4.4.1, UFU-7#4.7.1, UFU-7#4.3.2, UFU-13#2.5.2 and UFU-13#2.1.3 present higher acylsugar concentrations than S. pennellii, in addition to higher productivity and number of fruits per plant. It is suggested to explore combinations between those genotypes previously described with UFU-8#2.4.1 to obtain hybrids with high acylsugar concentrations, two-spotted spider mite resistance, high productivity and increased fruit mass.

Resumen: Los frailejones son una de las especies endémicas más representativas en los ecosistemas de páramo, la cual, en los últimos años, se está viendo afectada por el estrés biótico. Las imágenes obtenidas mediante vehículos aéreos no tripulados han demostrado un gran potencial en el monito-reo ambiental. Este trabajo busca establecer si el análisis textural aplicado a estas imágenes adquiridas en el Páramo de Chingaza (Colombia) permite la identificación del estrés biótico en los frailejones. Con este fin, en este estudio se hace uso del análisis de ocurrencia, la matriz de coincidencia de nivel de gris y la transformada de Fourier. La identificación de frailejón sano y enfermo se realiza a través de la clasificación de máxima verosimilitud y de máquinas de soporte vectorial. Los resultados son evaluados a través de la precisión global, el coeficiente kappa y la distancia bhattacharyya; mostrando que la combinación de información espectral y textural aumentan la exactitud de clasificación alcanzado un coeficiente kappa de 0.9824 y una precisión global de 99.51%.

Abstract: Espeletia is one of the most representative endemic species of moorland ecosystems and is currently being affected by biotic stress. Meanwhile, the analysis of images obtained by means of unmanned aerial vehicle imagery has proved its usefulness in environmental monitoring activities. This work is aimed at establishing whether image-texture analysis applied to unmanned aerial vehicle imagery from Moorlands of Chingaza (Colombia) allows the identification of biotic stress in Espeletia. To this end, this study makes use of occurrence analysis, gray-level co-occurrence matrix, and Fourier transform. Identification of healthy/unhealthy Espeletia is conducted using maximum likelihood tests and support vector machines. The results are assessed based on overall accuracy, the kappa coefficient and Bhattacharyya distance. By combining spectral and image-texture information, it is shown that classification accuracy increases, reaching kappa coefficient values of 0.9824 and overall accuracy values of 99.51%.

Abstract Plants have developed various defense strategies under conditions of biotic and abiotic stress, among the main ones, highlights the synthesis of secondary metabolites that act as herbicides, larvicides, repellents, attractants, fungicides, bactericides, insecticides, etc. In the present investigation, the chemical characterization of 54 collections of P. americana Miller variety Drymifolia from the avocado producer fringe of the state of Michoacán and conserved in the germplasm bank of the Faculty of Agrobiology ‘Presidente Juárez’ was raised. The study is part of a comprehensive strategy to evaluate the potential of collections as rootstocks with attributes of resistance to pests and diseases. When analyzing the chemical profile, a total of 47 secondary metabolites were identified, 16 of them, have not been reported in Persea leaf tissue. Some compounds such as β-pinene, caryophyllene, estragole, hexadecanoic acid, heptacosane and α-tocopherol were present in the 54 collections analyzed. Estragole with antifungal, larvicidal, insecticidal and genotoxic biological activity predominated with a concentration of 26.53%, with respect to the total. Additionally, significant statistical differences were determined for 12 secondary metabolites. In contrast, no relationship was found between the concentration of the metabolites and the origin of the collections.

Resumen Las plantas han desarrollado diversas estrategias de defensa bajo condiciones de estrés biótico y abiótico, entre las principales, destaca la síntesis de metabolitos secundarios que actúan como herbicidas, larvicidas, repelentes, atrayentes, fungicidas, bactericidas, insecticidas, etc. En la presente investigación, se planteó la caracterización química de 54 colecciones de P. americana Miller variedad Drymifolia procedentes de la franja aguacatera del estado de Michoacán y conservadas en el banco de germoplasma de la Facultad de Agrobiología ‘Presidente Juárez’. El estudio forma parte de una estrategia integral para evaluar el potencial de las colecciones como portainjertos con atributos de resistencia a plagas y enfermedades. Al analizar el perfil químico, se identificaron un total de 47 metabolitos secundarios, 16 de ellos, no han sido reportados en tejido foliar de Persea. Algunos compuestos como el β-pineno, cariofileno, estragol, ácido hexadecanoico, heptacosano y α-tocoferol estuvieron presentes en las 54 colecciones analizadas. El estragol con actividad biológica antifungica, larvicida, insecticida y genotóxica predominó con una concentración de 26.53%, respecto al total. Adicionalmente, se determinaron diferencias estadísticas significativas para 12 metabolitos secundarios. En contraste, no se identificó relación alguna entre la concentración de los metabolitos y el origen de las colecciones.

Resumo Neste estudo avaliamos o potencial biótico e parâmetros reprodutivos de Spodoptera cosmioides (Walker, 1858) em condições controladas (25 ± 1 °C, 70 ± 10% UR e 14 horas de fotofase). Em média, as fêmeas (14,433 dias) não viveram significativamente mais do que os machos (13,100 dias). A duração média dos períodos de pre-oviposição, oviposição e pós-oviposição foram 2,767; 10,600 e 1,067 dias, respectivamente. A fecundidade média das fêmeas foi de 5.073,533 ovos e a fertilidade média foi de 5.021,027 larvas. Em média, as fêmeas copularam 1,167 vezes. A fecundidade correlacionou-se positivamente com o número de cópulas (r = 0,583; P <0,001). Entretanto, o número de cópulas correlacionou-se negativamente com a duração dos períodos de pré-oviposição (r = -0,560; P = 0,007), oviposição (r = -0,479; P = 0;048) e a longevidade (r = -0,512; P = 0,031). O potencial biótico foi estimado em 6,547 x 1021 indivíduos/fêmea/ano. A taxa líquida de reprodução (Ro) foi de 2.193,722 vezes por geração e o tempo médio de cada geração (T) foi de 46,407 dias. A taxa intrínseca de crescimento (rm) foi 0,166, com uma taxa finita de aumento (λ) de 1,180, por semana.

Abstract In this study we evaluate the biotic potential and reproductive parameters of Spodoptera cosmioides (Walker, 1858) under controlled conditions (25 ± 1 °C, 70 ± 10% RH and 14 hour photophase). Females, on average, (14.433 days) did not live significantly longer than their male counterparts (13.100 days). The mean durations of the pre-oviposition, oviposition and post-oviposition periods were 2.767, 10.600 and 1.067 days, respectively. The mean fecundity of females was 5,073.533 eggs and the mean fertility was 5,021.027 larvae. On average, females copulated 1.167 times. Fecundity was positively correlated with the number of copulations (r = 0.583, P <0.001). The number of copulations, however, was negatively correlated whit the duration of the pre-oviposition (r = -0.560, P = 0.007) and oviposition (r = -0.479, P = 0.048) periods, and overall longevity (r = -0.512, P = 0.031). The biotic potential was estimated at 6.547 x 1021 individuals/female/year. The net reproductive rate (Ro) was 2,193.722 times per generation and the mean generation time (T) was 46.407 days. The intrinsic rate of increase (rm) was 0.166, with a finite rate of increase (λ) of 1.180, per week.

RESUMEN El cultivo de tomate presenta un alto potencial productivo pero puede afectarse debido al estrés biótico y abiótico. Se ha informado un aumento de la resistencia de la planta a las condiciones de estrés con la aplicación foliar de compuestos minerales del suelo, sin embargo, aún es necesario comprender mejor cómo reacciona la planta al uso de este compuesto. Por lo tanto, este estudio evaluó el efecto de la aplicación foliar del compuesto mineral del suelo sobre los atributos fisiológicos y de crecimiento de las plantas de tomate. Este experimento se llevó a cabo en Lagoa Formosa / MG durante 2016. Se usaron diferentes tasas del compuesto mineral del suelo durante el ciclo del cultivo, lo que constituye cuatro manejos distintos. El manejo consistió en diferentes dosis del compuesto mineral en cuatro etapas después del trasplante de las plántulas de tomate. El diseño experimental utilizado fue de bloques al azar. Se realizaron las siguientes evaluaciones fisiológicas: proteína soluble total, peróxido de hidrógeno, actividad de la enzima nitrato reductasa, ureasa, superóxido dismutasa (SOD), peroxidasa, fenilalanina amoniaco liasa y peroxidación lipídica (LP). Las evaluaciones de crecimiento fueron biomasa vegetal y rendimiento. La aplicación foliar del compuesto mineral del suelo aumentó la actividad de la enzima SOD en 4,17 y 6,25%. El uso del compuesto mineral del suelo también aumentó la actividad de LP y redujo la actividad de las enzimas antioxidantes. La aplicación foliar de compost mineral del suelo a dosis de 0,5; 0,750; 1,0 y 1.0 kg ha-1 a los 15, 25, 40 y 60 días después del trasplante, respectivamente, aumentó el rendimiento de tomates de mesa al 20%.

ABSTRACT The tomato crop has a high productive potential that can be depleted by biotic and abiotic stresses. Increased plant resilience to stress conditions has been reported with foliar applications of soil-mineral compounds; however, it is necessary to better understand how plants react to the use of this compound. Thus, this study evaluated the effect of foliar applications of a soil-mineral compound on the physiological and growth attributes of tomato plants. This experiment was carried out in Lagoa Formosa/MG during 2016. Different rates of the soil-mineral compound were used during the crop cycle, forming four distinct managements. The management consisted of different doses of the mineral compound in four stages after transplanting the tomato seedlings. The experiment design used randomized blocks. The following physiological evaluations were performed: total soluble protein, hydrogen peroxide, nitrate reductase enzyme activity, urease, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, and lipid peroxidation (LP). The growth assessments were plant biomass and yield. Foliar applications of the soil-mineral compound increased the activity of the SOD enzyme by 4.17 and 6.25%. The use of the soil-mineral compound also increased the LP activity and reduced the antioxidant enzyme activity. The foliar application of the soil-mineral compost at doses of 0.5, 0.750, 1.0 and 1.0 kg ha-1 at 15, 25, 40 and 60 days after transplanting, respectively, increased the yield of the table tomatoes by 20%.

Abstract Different responses are observed in plants after infection by pathogens. The usage of systemic inducers, whether biotic or abiotic, has the function to increase the enzymatic production of the plant defense system. In that sense, our present research aims to evaluate the disease severity of anthracnose in the cowpea cultivar “sempre-verde” infected with Colletotrichum lindemuthianum URM 5771 and subjected to both biotic and abiotic resistance inducers, as well as evaluate the enzymatic activity of plant defense. The experiment was performed in a greenhouse with a completely randomized split-plot design with six treatments: four abiotic plant resistance inducers, acibenzolar-S-methyl, β-aminobutyric acid, chitosan, and salicylic acid; one biotic inducer, the filamentous fungi Trichoderma aureoviride URM 5158; and a control with only water. The plant leaves were sampled at four time points, 4, 8, 12 and 20 days after inoculation with the plant pathogen, to measure the enzymatic activity of β-1,3-glucanase, catalase, peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase, and protease. The abiotic inducers acibenzolar-S-methyl, β-aminobutyric acid, and chitosan and the biotic inducer presented the highest potential in reducing the anthracnose caused by C. lindemuthianum URM 5771 in cowpea plants by showing the lowest values of injury severity over time. The disease progression showed a proportionate shift in enzymatic activity in that the inducers salicylic acid and T. aureoviride URM 5158 promoted the highest enzymatic activity when compared to the other inducers. High correlations between the enzymatic activity of peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase and anthracnose severity were observed in cowpea plants. The use of abiotic and biotic resistance inducers presents high potential for anthracnose control in cowpea plants; however, more studies should be carried out covering different environments, plant cultivars and climatic conditions.

Resumen Se observan diferentes respuestas en la planta después de la infección por patógenos. El uso de inductores sistémicos ya sean bióticos o abióticos tiene la función de aumentar la producción enzimática del sistema de defensa de la planta. En ese sentido, nuestra presente investigación tiene como objetivo evaluar la severidad de la enfermedad en plantas de caupí cultivares “sempre-verde” infectadas con Colletotrichum lindemuthianum URM 5771, el agente de la antracnosis, y sometidas a inductores de resistencia tanto bióticos como abióticos, así como estimular la enzimática actividad de defensa de planta. El experimento se realizó en invernadero con un diseño de parcelas divididas completamente aleatorizado en el tiempo, con seis tratamientos: cuatro inductores de resistencia de plantas abióticas acibenzolar-S-metilo, ácido β-aminobutírico, quitosano y ácido salicílico, un inductor biótico, los hongos filamentosos Trichoderma aureoviride URM 5158, y un control con solo agua. Las hojas de la planta se muestrearon en cuatro puntos de tiempo, 4, 8, 12 y 20 días después de la inoculación del patógeno de la planta, para medir la actividad enzimática de la β-1,3-glucanasa, la catalasa, la peroxidasa, la polifenoloxidasa y la proteasa. Los inductores abióticos acibenzolar-S-metil, β-aminobutírico, quitosano y el inductor biótico presentaron el mayor potencial para reducir la antracnosis causada por C. lindemuthianum URM 5771 en las plantas de caupí al mostrar los valores más bajos en la escala de severidad de las lesiones a lo largo del tiempo. La progresión de la enfermedad proporcionó un cambio en la actividad enzimática donde los inductores de ácido salicílico y T. aureoviride URM 5158 promovieron la actividad enzimática más alta en comparación con los otros inductores. Se observaron altas correlaciones entre la actividad enzimática de la peroxidasa y la polifenoloxidasa y la severidad de la antracnosis en las plantas de caupí. El uso de inductores de resistencia abióticos y bióticos presenta un alto potencial para la lucha contra la antracnosis en las plantas de caupí, sin embargo, se deben realizar más estudios que cubran diferentes ambientes, variedades de plantas y condiciones climáticas.

ABSTRACT The gastrointestinal parasites (PGE), and in special Haemonchus contortus (HC) have been adapted to different ecosystems and cause direct and indirect damage to the goat production. In order to determine the frequency of PGE and parasitic burdens of HC in abomasum in naturally infected goats and sacrificed in a local slaughter in Bacum during 2015 to 2017, 1,823 feces samples were collected of adult goats. 815 (42.4 %) samples were positive to Strongylidea; 69 (3.69 %) were positive to Moniezia expansa and 5 (0.21 %) were positive to Skjabinema caprae. In the same period, 770 abomasums were collected and 447 (58.05 %) were positive to the presence of adult Haemonchus contortus. The parasitic burden of HC was 50,296: 33,222 (66.05 %) female and 17,074 (33.94 %) male. The parasite effects and its biotic potential of HC have been reviewed which represent the value of adaptation to different environments that allows the infection of new guests. It is concluded that the presence of PGE and the population of Haemonchus contortus in abomasum represent an abiotic potential essential for adaptation and survival in different environments.

RESUMEN Los parásitos gastroentericos (PGE), y en especial Haemonchus contortus (HC), se han logrado adaptar a diferentes ecosistemas y ocasionan daños directos e indirectos a la producción de caprinos. Con el objetivo de determinar la frecuencia de PGE y las cargas parasitarias en abomaso de HC en caprinos infectados en forma natural y sacrificados en un rastro local de Bacum. De 2015 al 2017 se recolectaron 1823 muestras de heces y 770 abomasos. Las heces de cabras adultas fueron positivas 815 (42.4%) a Strongylideos; 69 positivas (3.69%) a Moniezia expansa y 5 positivas (0.21%) a Skjabinema caprae. En la revisión de abomasos en tres años de estudio se encontró la presencia de Strongylideos spp y de Haemonchus contortus, se recolectaron 770 abomasos con 447 positivos (58.05%), la población total de HC fue 50,296: Hembras 33,222 (66.05%) y machos 17,074 (33.94%). Se revisa los efectos de los parásitos y el potencial biótico de HC que representa el valor en situación ideal de adaptación a diferentes ambientes que permite la infección de nuevos huéspedes. Se concluye que la presencia de PGE y población de Haemonchus contortus en abomaso representa un potencial biótico esencial de adaptación y sobrevivencia en diferentes ambientes.

RESUMO: A antracnose é uma das principais doenças da cultura do feijão-fava (Phaseolus lunatus L.), sendo encontrada em campos de produção e com grande potencial de causar redução na produtividade. O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar o efeito de indutores abiótico e biótico aplicados em plantas de feijão-fava, a fim de diminuir a severidade da antracnose. Foram utilizados 15 acessos de feijão-fava, tratados com os indutores abióticos: silicato de cálcio (Agrosilício Plus) e argila silicatada (Rocksil), utilizando a dose de 3 g.L-1 para ambos os produtos; e o indutor biótico biomassa cítrica (Ecolife), na dose de 3 mL.L-1. Como testemunha, aplicou-se apenas água destilada. Para avaliar a indução de resistência, foram considerados os resultados de severidade e grau de resistência dos acessos de feijão-fava aos 7, 11, 15, 19 e 23 dias após a inoculação, de acordo com escala de notas e classes de reações. O delineamento utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, em arranjo fatorial simples 4 × 15 (tratamentos × acessos) com quatro blocos. Os indutores de resistência Agrosilício Plus, Ecolife e Rocksil apresentaram potencial para serem utilizados no manejo da antracnose em feijão-fava. Os acessos estudados revelaram grau de resistência, podendo ser explorados quanto à obtenção de cultivares resistentes à antracnose em futuros programas de melhoramento genético dessa cultura.

ABSTRACT: Anthracnose (Colletotrichum truncatum) is one of the major diseases of the lima bean culture, found in production fields, causing decrease in productivity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of abiotic and biotic inducers applied in lima bean plants to reduce anthracnose severity. Lima bean accessions were used and treated with: the abiotic inducers calcium silicate (Agrosilício Plus) and silicate clay (Rocksil), using the 3 g dose.L-1; the biotic inducer citric biomass extract (Ecolife), at the dose of 3 mL.L-1; and distilled water as control. To evaluate the resistance induction, the results of severity and degree of resistance of fava bean at 7, 11, 15, 19 and 23 days after inoculation were considered according to the scale of grades and classes of reactions. The design was a randomized block in a factorial arrangement 4 × 15 (treatments × hits) with four blocks. Resistance inducers Agrosilicon Plus, Ecolife and Rocksil have potential to be used in the management of anthracnose in fava bean. The studied accesses showed degree of resistance, being able to be explored in relation to obtaining anthracnose resistant cultivars in future breeding programs of this crop.

Resumo Este estudo avaliou a proteína recombinante (aquaporina) do carrapato Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus como antígeno em vacina contra Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Cinco cães foram imunizados com RmAQP1 (10 µg) + adjuvante (G1) e cinco foram inoculados apenas com adjuvante (G2), três vezes. 21 dias após a última imunização todos os animais foram desafiados com larvas, ninfas e adultos de R. sanguineus, e potencial biótico dos carrapatos foi comparado. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas antes de cada imunização e a cada 28 dias após a última imunização, durante 10 semanas. Títulos de anticorpos dos soros dos cães foram avaliados por ELISA. Resultados: o período de ingurgitamento das fêmeas do G1 foi 12% mais curto que o período de ingurgitamento de G2; o período de ingurgitamento das larvas do G1 8,7% foi mais longo e o peso 7,2% menor que no caso de G2; o período de ingurgitamento das ninfas do G1 4,5% foi mais curto e peso 3,6% menor que no caso do G2; aumento dos títulos de anticorpos do G1 após a segunda imunização e declínio após a terceira imunização. Os resultados indicaram baixo potencial de imunoproteção de RmAQP1 contra R. sanguineus adultos, e possível eficácia contra larvas e ninfas, na dose testada. Sugere-se desenvolver novos estudos para melhor avaliação da eficácia de RmAQP1 contra R. sanguineus em cães.

Abstract This study evaluated a recombinant aquaporin 1 protein of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (RmAQP1) as antigen in a vaccine against R. sanguineus. Five dogs were immunized with RmAQP1 (10 µg) + adjuvant (Montanide) (G1), and five were inoculated with adjuvant only (G2), three times. Twenty-one days after the last immunization, animals of both groups were challenged with R. sanguineus larvae, nymphs and adults, and their biotic potential was compared. Blood samples were collected before each immunization and every 28 days after the last immunization for 10 weeks. Serum antibody titers (IgG) were assessed by ELISA. We observed that: engorgement period of adult females from G1 was 12% shorter than G2; larvae from G1 had 8.7% longer engorgement period than G2 and weighed 7.2% less; nymphs from G1 had 4.5% shorter engorgement period than G2 and weighed 3.6% less; although the antibody titers increased following the second immunization, they rapidly decreased after the third immunization. Results indicated low immunoprotection of RmAQP1 against adult R. sanguineus ticks, and possible efficacy on larvae and nymphs fed on immunized dogs. Further studies should be performed for a full evaluation of the immunoprotection of RmAQP1 against R. sanguineus infestations in dogs.

Tetranychus gloveri Banks has been reported feeding on 107 plant species and it is generally considered a severe pest. Laboratory studies were carried out to determine life cycle, fecundity, longevity and life table parameters of Tetranychus gloveri Banks on Cocos nucifera L. leaves. Biological studies were conducted on detached coconut leaves var. Malayan Yellow Dwarf (28 ± 3°C, 70 ± 10% RH). Total developmental time for T. gloveri was 12.0 ± 0.95 days and the pre-oviposition, oviposition and post-oviposition mean time were 3,0 ± 1,11; 9,33 ± 3,57 and 1,22 ± 0,67 days, respectively. Mean fecundity was 29.8 eggs female-1 and oviposition rate was 2.9 eggs female-1 day-1 while mean longevity of T. gloveri females was 13.1 days. Life table parameters showed values for intrinsic rate of natural increase (r m) 0.100 individuals/female/day, generation time (T) 19.0 days, net reproduction rate (R0) 6.73, the finite natural increase rate (λ) 1,105 individuals female-1. Population increase parameters indicated that T. gloveri did not show a high biotic potential when reared on C. nucifera leaves.

Tetranychus gloveri Banks ha sido registrado atacando 107 especies de plantas y generalmente es considerada una plaga severa. Se realizaron estudios en laboratorio para determinar el ciclo de vida, la fecundidad, longevidad y parámetros de la tabla de vida de Tetranychus gloveri Banks sobre hojas de Cocos nucifera L. Los estudios biológicos se realizaron en hojas aisladas de coco var. Enano Amarillo Malayo (28 ± 3°C, 70 ± 10% HR). El tiempo total de desarrollo duró 12,0 ± 0,95 días y los tiempos promedio de preoviposición, oviposición y postoviposición fueron 3,0 ± 1,11; 9,33 ± 3,57 y 1,22 ± 0,67 días, respectivamente. La fecundidad promedio fue 29,8 huevos hembra-1 y la tasa de oviposición 2,9 ± huevos hembra-1 día-1, mientras que la longevidad promedio de las hembras de T. gloveri fue 13,1 ± días. Para los parámetros de la tabla de vida se obtuvieron valores para la tasa intrínseca de crecimiento (r m) 0,100 individuos hembra-1 día-1, el tiempo generacional (T) fue de 19,0 días, la tasa neta de reproducción (R0) fue de 6,73 y la tasa finita de crecimiento natural (λ) fue de 1,105 individuos hembra-1. Los resultados de los parámetros de incremento poblacional obtenidos en el presente estudio indican que T. gloveri no expresó un alto potencial biótico al ser criado sobre hojas deC. nucifera.

RESUMO Populações de animais selvagens são reguladas por diversos fatores bióticos e abióticos, e parasitas são um fator biótico que afetam a dinâmica e a densidade de populações. De 2002 até 2014, 62 animais silvestres provenientes dos biomas Pantanal, Amazônia e Cerrado, que vieram a óbito no atendimento do hospital veterinário ou foram encontrados atropelados em rodovias, foram submetidos à necropsia parasitológica. Ao todo 36 espécies de parasitas foram identificadas em 24 espécies de hospedeiros. Entre os parasitas, a ordem mais prevalente foi Oxyurida (29,1%), seguida por Strongylida (20,9%), Spirurida (19,4%), Ascaridida (16,2%), Pentastomida (3,2%), Echinostomida (3,2%), Gygantorhynchia (3,2%), Rhabditida (1,6%), Plagiorchiida (1,6%) e Monilimorfida (1,6%), destacando-se os nematódeos, por seu maior potencial biótico e facilidade de adaptação ao meio do que as demais classes. A maior ocorrência de endoparasitas foi observada em animais endotérmicos que ectotérmicos, e este estudo registra onze novas ocorrências de hospedeiros para endoparasitas de animais selvagens. O estudo contribui para o conhecimento da biodiversidade de parasitas em animais silvestres dos três biomas do Centro-Oeste do Brasil.

ABSTRACT The population of wild animals is regulated by many biotic and abiotic factors, and parasites are a biotic factor that affects the dynamic and density of host populations. From 2002 to 2014, 62 wild animals from the biomes Pantanal, Amazon, and "Cerrado" (or Savanna), which died in attendance in the veterinary hospital or have been road-killed, underwent necropsy for parasitological examination. Overall, 36 species of parasites were identified from 24 host species. Among the parasites, the most prevalent order was Oxyurida (29.1%), followed by Strongylida (20.9%), Spirurida (19.4%), Ascaridida (16.2%), Pentastomida (3.2%), Echinostomida (3.2%), Gygantorhynchia (3.2%), Rhabditida (1.6%), Plagiorchiida (1.6%), and Monilimorfida (1.6%), especially nematodes, which have more biotic potential and is more easily adapted to the environment than other classes. The occurrence of endoparasites was observed more frequently in endothermic than ectothermic animals, and herein is reported eleven new host occurrences for endoparasites in wild animals. The study has contributed to the knowledge on the biodiversity of parasites in wild animals from three biomes in central-western Brazil.

Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar a composição da chuva e banco de sementes em uma floresta baixa de restinga degradada, a fim de verificar o aporte e estabelecimento dos diásporos na área e a contribuição dos remanescentes próximos para a regeneração natural. Num trecho degradado em Ilha Comprida, dez coletas mensais (1 m2 cada) para a chuva de sementes e trimestrais (0,25 m2 cada) para o banco de sementes foram realizadas durante um ano; e num remanescente vizinho amostraram-se indivíduos arbóreos com DAP ≥ 3 cm no estudo fitossociológico. Amostraram-se 1.627 diásporos na chuva de sementes, 2.986 no banco e 356 indivíduos no estudo fitossociológico. A presença de Clusia criuva, Gaylussacia brasiliensis, Myrcia ilheoensis, Tapirira guianensis e Tibouchina clavata na chuva e banco de sementes, consideradas espécies nucleadoras, de elevado potencial biótico ou pouca limitação de dispersão, podem possibilitar a sucessão na área. A densidade e qualidade de espécies que chegam por meio da chuva de sementes e que se estabelecem no banco de sementes indicam que a área pode se recuperar via regeneração natural.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to characterize the composition of the seed rain and the seed bank in a degraded low sandbank forest to verify the inflow and establishment of the seed diaspores in the area under evaluation, its natural regeneration and contribution of the nearby remnants. At Ilha Comprida, in a degraded site, ten samples were taken monthly (1 m2 each) for the seed rain and quarterly (0.25 m2 each) for the seed bank, during the period of a year. In a the nearby remnant, arboreous individual with DBH ≥ 3 cm were sampled in the phytosociology study. During the specified period, 1627 diaspores were sampled in the seed rain and 2986 diaspores in the seed bank, and 356 individuals were sampled in the phytosociology study. The presence of Clusia criuva, Gaylussacia brasiliensis, Myrcia ilheoensis, Tapirira guianensis, and Tibouchina clavata in the seed rain and seed bank, considered nucleation species, with high biotic potential or little limitation of dispersion, can allow successional development in the area. The density and quality of species arriving and settling in the area have the potential to help it regenerate naturally.