Abstract Introduction. Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L) Lam.) is sensitive to weed competition, and chemical control in Costa Rica is challenging due to limited local information on herbicide selectivity. Objective. To determine the selectivity of six herbicides applied at different stages of development to Criollo sweet potatoes and their effect on coverage, biomass, and crop yield. Materials and methods. Between August and December 2021, three experiments were conducted at the Fabio Baudrit Moreno Agricultural Experimental Station, Universidad de Costa Rica, Alajuela, Costa Rica. Herbicides were applied (in kg a.i. ha-1) as follows: a) Experiment 1: 0.36 of metribuzin, 1.50 of pendimethalin, 0.48 of clomazone, 0.075 of halosulfuron, 1.00 of linuron, and 1.25 of metolachlor, applied six days after planting (dap) in a randomized block design with four repetitions; b) Experiment 2: 1.00 of linuron and 0.36 of metribuzin 0.36, applied at -1, 15 and 30 dap, in a randomized block design with a 2x3 factorial arrangement and three repetitions; and c) Experiment 3: 0.075 of halosulfuron and 0.36 of metribuzin, mixed with 0.125 of fluazifop-p-butyl in a randomized block design with three repetitions. Weeding was performed at 15 and 30 dap in all cases. Results. Root yield was not affected in any of the three experiments. Experiment 1: Only halosulfuron caused mild damage to the plants; no herbicide affected above-ground biomass production. Experiment 2: Only linuron and metribuzin applied at 15 and 30 dap caused mild damage. Experiment 3: The mixtures caused temporary damage to the plants. Conclusions. The evaluated herbicides were selective to the Criollo sweet potatoes, and did not affect the yield of marketable storage roots. Only halosulfuron caused mild damage in all application forms, and metribuzin and linuron only in late applications.

Resumen Introducción. El camote (Ipomoea batatas (L) Lam) es sensible a la competencia por arvenses, cuyo control químico en Costa Rica se dificulta por la limitada información local generada sobre selectividad de herbicidas. Objetivo. Determinar la selectividad de seis herbicidas aplicados en diferentes etapas de desarrollo al camote Criollo y su efecto en la cobertura, biomasa y rendimiento del cultivo. Materiales y métodos. Entre agosto y diciembre 2021, se realizaron tres experimentos en la Estación Experimental Agrícola Fabio Baudrit Moreno, Universidad de Costa Rica, Alajuela, Costa Rica. Estos incluyeron la aplicación de herbicidas (en kg i.a. ha-1) de la siguiente manera: a) experimento 1: 0,36 de metribuzin, 1,50 de pendimetalina, 0,48 de clomazone, 0,075 de halosulfuron, 1,00 de linuron y 1,25 de metolaclor, aplicados seis días después de la siembra (dds) en diseño de bloques al azar con cuatro repeticiones; b) experimento 2: 1,00 de linuron y 0,36 de metribuzin, aplicados a los -1, 15 y 30 dds, en diseño de bloques al azar con arreglo factorial 2x3 y tres repeticiones; y c) experimento 3: 0,075 de halosulfuron y 0,36 de metribuzin, mezclado con 0,125 de fluazifop-p-butil en diseño de bloques al azar con tres repeticiones. En todos los casos se realizó deshierba 15 y 30 dds. Resultados. En ninguno de los tres experimentos se vio afectada la producción de raíces reservantes. Experimento 1: solo el halosulfuron causó daños leves en las plantas; ningún herbicida afectó la producción de biomasa aérea. Experimento 2: solo el linuron y metribuzin aplicados 15 y 30 dds causaron daños leves. Experimento 3: las mezclas causaron daños temporales en las plantas. Conclusiones. Los herbicidas evaluados fueron selectivos al camote variedad Criollo y no afectaron el rendimiento de raíces reservantes comercializables; solo halosulfuron causó daños leves en todas las formas de aplicación, y metribuzin y linuron solo en aplicaciones tardías.

Abstract Introduction. The parameters of physiological response to drought stress are the result of a combination of slow- or fast-acting attributes. Gas exchange variables are classified as fast-acting and their level of occurrence or impact depends on the interaction between factors such as genotype and the duration, intensity, and phenological stage of stress occurrence. Objective. To identify the levels of physiological response exhibited by Solanum phureja under progressive water deficit stress. Materials and methods. The experiment was conducted between 2019 and 2020 under semi-controlled conditions at the Obonuco Research Center of the Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria. Four potato cultivars were planted, with half of the trial was maintained at field capacity and the other half subjected to water deficit stress by withholding irrigation for 15 days, followed by rehydration. Gas exchange variables, chlorophyll content, and photosynthetic efficiency were evaluated every three days. Results. Significant differences were observed, with maximum gas exchange values in control plants showing 16.67 µmol m-2 s-1 photosynthesis rate (A); 0.34 mol m-2 s-1 stomatal conductance (gs); 5.5 mmol m-2 s-1 transpiration (E), and under stress, 1.17 µmol m-2 s-1 (A); 0.013 mol m-2 s-1 (gs); 0.29 mmol m-2 s-1 (E). Chlorophyll content values ranged between 451.7 and 474.69 mg m-2 with and without irrigation, respectively. Conclusions. Stomatic closure was the earliest response to water deficit, and potato plants showed recovery in gas exchange values after rehydration following stress. Finally, three levels of physiological response were identified: mild, moderate, and severe stress, depending on the intensity and duration of stress, which is useful for future studies and the development of irrigation schedules.

Resumen Introducción. Los parámetros de respuesta fisiológica al estrés por sequía son la conjugación de una serie de atributos de acción lenta o rápida. Las variables de intercambio gaseoso son catalogadas como de respuesta rápida, su nivel de aparición o afección dependen de la interacción entre factores como el genotipo y duración, intensidad y etapa fenológica de ocurrencia del estrés. Objetivo. Identificar los niveles de respuesta fisiológica que presenta Solanum phureja bajo el estrés progresivo por déficit hídrico. Materiales y métodos. El experimento se realizó entre 2019 y 2020, bajo condiciones semi-controladas en el Centro de Investigación Obonuco de la Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria. Se sembraron cuatro cultivares de papa, la mitad del ensayo se mantuvo con riego a capacidad de campo y a la otra parte se le suspendió para inducir estrés por déficit hídrico durante 15 días, luego se rehidrataron; se evaluaron variables de intercambio gaseoso, clorofila y eficiencia fotosintética cada tres días. Resultados. Se presentaron diferencias significativas con los valores máximos de intercambio gaseoso en plantas del tratamiento control con 16,67 µmol m-2 s-1 tasa de fotosíntesis (A); 0,34 mol m-2 s-1 conductancia estomática (gs) 5,5 mmol m-2 s-1 transpiración (E) y en estrés 1,17 µmol m-2 s-1 (A); 0,013 mol m-2 s-1 (gs); 0,29 mmol m-2 s-1 (E). En cuanto al contenido de clorofila, se presentaron valores entre 451,7 y 474,69 mg m-2 con riego y sin riego, respectivamente. Conclusiones. El cierre estomático fue la respuesta más temprana al déficit hídrico, además, las plantas de papa presentaron recuperación de los valores de intercambio gaseoso después del suministro de riego posterior al estrés. Finalmente, se identificaron tres niveles de respuesta fisiológica, estrés leve, moderado y severo, según la intensidad y duración del estrés, lo cual es de utilidad para futuros estudios y planteamientos de calendarios de riego.

Abstract Introduction. Endophytic fungi (EF) in grapevines (Vitis vinifera) have great potential for agricultural applications and may represent possible biological control agents for vineyards. Objective. To isolate and identify endophytic fungi (EF) from grapevine plants with antibiosis capacity against Botrytis cinerea. Materials and methods. Young and mature branches from forty healthy grapevine plants were collected from seven production lots in the Cañete province, Lima, Peru, during March to May 2022. EF isolation was performed on 702 sections of disinfected tissues using potato dextrose agar (PDA) culture medium, and identification was carried out at the genus level. Secondary metabolites were extracted from twenty-eight EF strains to determine the mycelial inhibition of the pathogen. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted on the evaluated parameters using the Minitab statistical program. Results. A total of 129 EF strains were isolated from leaves and stems of young and mature grapevine branches, encompassing seven genera (Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Nigrospora, and Stemphylium). The highest frequency was found in leaves and mature branches. Trichoderma and Alternaria were the most frecuent genera in grapevine plants, with 22.48 % and 21.71%, respectively. Metabolites obtained from the EFVH-01 strain of the genus Cladosporium, and EF-99 and EF-70 strains of the genus Alternaria, had the greatest effect on mycelial inhibition of the pathogen. Conclusions. Strains of endophytic fungi from the genera Cladosporium and Alternaria showed antibiosis capacity against Botrytis cinerea at the laboratory scale, which could potential biocontrol agents of pathogens in grapevine cultivation.

Resumen Introducción. Los hongos endófitos (HE) de la vid (Vitis vinifera) tienen un gran potencial de aplicación en la agricultura y pueden representar posibles agentes de control biológico de los viñedos. Objetivo. Aislar e identificar los hongos endófitos (HE) de plantas de vid con capacidad de antibiosis hacia Botrytis cinerea. Materiales y métodos. Se colectaron ramas jóvenes y maduras de cuarenta plantas sanas de vid de siete lotes de producción en la provincia de Cañete, Lima, Perú, durante los meses de marzo a mayo 2022. El aislamiento de HE se realizó de 702 secciones de tejidos desinfectados en medio de cultivo papa dextrosa agar (PDA) y la identificación fue a nivel de género. Se extrajeron metabolitos secundarios de veintiocho cepas de HE para determinar la inhibición micelial del patógeno. Se llevó a cabo un análisis de varianza (ANDEVA) de los parámetros evaluados con el programa estadístico Minitab. Resultados. Se aislaron un total de 129 cepas de HE de hojas y tallos de ramas jóvenes y maduras de vid, que correspondieron a siete géneros (Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Nigrospora y Stemphylium). La mayor frecuencia se presentó en las hojas y rama madura. Trichoderma y Alternaria fueron los géneros más frecuentes en las plantas de vid con 22,48 % y 21,71 %, respectivamente. Los metabolitos obtenidos de las cepas HEVH-01 del género Cladosporium, HEV-99 y HEV-70 del género Alternaria, tuvieron mayor efecto en la inhibición micelial del patógeno. Conclusiones. Cepas de hongos endofitos del género Cladosporium y Alternaria mostraron capacidad de antibiosis hacia Botrytis cinerea a escala de laboratorio, los cuales podrían ser potenciales biocontroladores de patógenos en el cultivo de vid.

ABSTRACT: Seventy-five pectinolytic strains collected from vegetables grown in the counties of Santarém, Belterra, and Mojuí dos Campos, located in the western region of the Pará State, Brazil, were studied according to their pathological and genetic variability. The strains were grouped in 5 clusters according to pathogenicity in potato, pepper, carrot, and onion, and 38 strains were selected for genetic analysis using rep-PCR. These strains were divided into 35 genetic groups according to rep-PCR at 70% similarity. These results indicated high pathological and genetic variability of the strains causing soft rot in vegetables in the western region of the Pará State, which will be used in etiological research and for the development and assessment of management techniques for the soft rot in vegetables in this region. ABSTRACT Seventyfive Seventy five Santarém Belterra Campos State Brazil potato pepper carrot onion 3 repPCR. repPCR rep PCR. PCR 70 similarity 7

RESUMO: Setenta e cinco isolados de bactérias pectinolíticas coletados de hortaliças cultivadas nos municípios de Santarém, Belterra e Mojuí dos Campos, região oeste do Estado do Pará, Brasil, foram estudadas de acordo com sua variabilidade patológica e genética. Os isolados foram agrupados em cinco grupos de acordo com a patogenicidade em batata, pimenta, cenoura e cebola, e 38 isolados foram selecionados para análise genética por rep-PCR. Esses isolados foram divididos em 35 grupos genéticos de acordo com rep-PCR a 70% de similaridade. Esses resultados indicaram alta variabilidade patológica e genética dos isolados causadores da podridão mole em hortaliças da região oeste do Pará, os quais serão utilizados em pesquisas etiológicas e para o desenvolvimento e avaliação de técnicas de manejo da podridão mole em hortaliças nesta região. RESUMO Santarém Campos Pará Brasil batata pimenta cebola 3 repPCR. repPCR rep PCR. PCR 70 similaridade 7

ABSTRACT Agroindustrial potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) waste mainly includes peel and pulp; however, potatoes of low industrial quality are also discarded by industry. A viable alternative to give added value to these byproducts is the use of these as seeds, as well as the use of starch. The objective of this work was to evaluate the physiological quality (germination and vigor), starch content and relationship between these variables in discarded tubers from the industry through chemical-structural analyses to better understand their influence on starch composition. The physiological quality of the potatoes was evaluated through germination and vigor tests; likewise, starch was extracted, and the yield was determined. Physicochemical characterization of the starches was carried out through proximal and structural analysis using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The results showed that the tubers had 100.00% germination and 98.66% vigor and were suitable for use as seeds. The starch yield did not significantly differ. However, characterization of the starch revealed significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in moisture, ash, carbohydrate and amylose contents, which were influenced by the storage temperature (4 °C) of the tubers subjected to a vigor test, which interferes with enzymatic activity. During germination, the NMR results showed type B crystallinity, which is typical of tubers, indicating that the viability tests did not promote changes in the type of crystallinity. The results obtained can help us understand the effect of germination on the composition of starch and, accordingly, choose the most appropriate applications for this starch, whether food or nonfood.

Abstract The objective of this study is to determine the influence of the addition of calcined potato peel on the physical and mechanical properties of hot asphalt mixes - Huánuco, 2023. Regarding the methodology, a quantitative, applied and experimental design study is used, applying the observation and the recording sheet in a sample of 45 briquettes with additions of 2.0 %, 4.0 %, 6.0 % and 8.0 % of calcined potato peel, compared with a standard sample containing 2.0 % hydrated lime, where They evaluate properties such as void content, flow resistance and stability. The results show that the best air content was 3.3 % and flow resistance was 3.4 mm, which was achieved with 2.0 % addition of calcined potato peel; However, the highest stability was obtained with 4.0 % addition, the value being 1,272.3 kg. It is concluded that, with an addition of 2.0 %, the best physical and mechanical properties of the asphalt mixtures are achieved; However, no significant variations were evident in the ANOVA test for flow resistance and stability (p > 0.05).

Resumen El presente estudio tiene como objetivo determinar la influencia de la adición de cáscara de papa calcinada en las propiedades físicas y mecánicas de mezclas asfálticas en caliente - Huánuco, 2023. Con respecto a la metodología, se emplea un estudio cuantitativo, aplicado y de diseño experimental, aplicándose la observación y la ficha de registro en una muestra de 45 briquetas con adiciones de 2.0 %, 4.0 %, 6.0 % y 8.0 % de cáscara de papa calcinada, comparada con una muestra patrón que contiene 2.0 % de cal hidratada, donde se evalúan propiedades como el contenido de vacío, la resistencia al flujo y la estabilidad. Los resultados muestran que el mejor contenido de aire se alcanzó con el 2.0 % de adición, con un valor de 3.3% y la resistencia al flujo fue de 3.4 mm que se alcanzó con 2.0 % de adición de cáscara de papa calcinada; no obstante, la estabilidad más elevada se obtuvo con 4.0 % de adición, siendo el valor de 1,272.3 kg. Se concluye que, con una adición de 2.0 %, se logran las mejores propiedades físicas y mecánicas de las mezclas asfálticas; sin embargo, no se evidenciaron variaciones significativas en la prueba de ANOVA para resistencia al flujo y la estabilidad (p > 0.05).

ABSTRACT: Several over-the-counter drugs are offered to patients, and they do not have information on the side effects due to their frequent consumption. This stimulated us to evaluate the antitoxicological effect of potato tocosh (Solanum tuberosum) compared to sulfamethoxasol-trimethopin in onion roots (Allium cepa). Rootlets of 3.0 cm were developed in 20 onion bulbs, which were sustained in four procedures: control (100 ml of distilled water), problem 1 (20 uL of tocosh), problem 2 (sulfamethoxasol-trimethoxasol 1%) and problem 3 (sulfamethoxasol-trimethopine 1% plus 20 uL of tocosh.). The Tjio and Levan staining technique was applied for cellular observation. Group 3 presented: clastogenic chromosomal anomalies: bridges (2.3%), multiple bridges (1.2%), chromosome in c-metaphase (0.5%) and aneugenic: sticky chromosome (1.1%) and yolk nuclear (1.3%) and without aberrations (99.6%) while the group that received antibiotic plus tocosh expressed a lack of chromosomal abnormalities. Under laboratory conditions, at a dose of 2uL of tocosh, the best antitoxicological effect was perceived in roots of Allium cepa which shows tocosh as an antitoxicological alternative to the toxic power of certain drugs.

RESUMEN: Varios fármacos de venta libre son ofrecidos a pacientes y no les alcanzan información de los efectos secundarios por su consumo frecuente. Ello estimuló a valorar el efecto antitoxicológico del tocosh de papa (Solanum tuberosum) frente al sulfametoxasol-trimetropina en raíces de cebolla (Allium cepa). Se desarrollaron raícillas de 3,0 cm en 20 bulbos de cebolla, las cuales se sostuvieron en cuatro procedimientos: testigo (100 ml de agua destilada), problema 1 (20 uL de tocosh), problema 2 (sulfametoxasol-trimetropina 1%) y problema 3 (sulfametoxasol-trimetropina 1% más 20 uL de tocosh.). Se aplicó la técnica de coloración de Tjio y Levan para la observación celular. El grupo 3 presentó: anomalías cromosómicas clastogénicas: puentes (2,3%), puentes múltiples (1,2%), cromosoma en c-metafase (0,5%) y aneugénicas: cromosoma pegajoso (1,1%) y yema nuclear (1,3%) y sin aberraciones (99,6%) mientras la agrupación que recibió antibiótico más tocosh expresó falta de anormalidades cromosómicas. En las condiciones de laboratorio, a una dosis de 2uL de tocosh se percibió el mejor efecto antitoxicológico en raicillas de Allium cepa lo cual muestra al tocosh como una alternativa antitoxicológica ante el poder tóxico de ciertos fármacos.

Pesticide residues and heavy metal content of cassava, yam, cocoyam, potato, water yam and carrot were evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and atomic absorption spectroscopy. The detected pesticide residues in the samples were 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, glyphosate, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), dichlorobiphenyl, aldrin, endosulfan, profenofos, g-chlordane, carbofuran, biphenyl, heptachlor, lindane and t-Nonachlor. The concentration of HCB ranged between 0.0799 ± 0.06 mg/kg and 0.1596 ± 0.00 mg/kg, which was greater than the permitted maximum limit of 0.5 mg/kg established by the US Environmental Protection Agency. The concentration of aldrin and profenofos detected was lower than the predetermined maximum allowed limits. Endosulfan concentrations in cocoyam (0.2500 mg/kg) and potato (0.3265 mg/kg) were higher than the limits allowed by the Canadian Department of Industrial Research. The heavy metals detected in these samples include cobalt, nickel, lead, manganese, chromium, arsenic and mercury in at least one of the samples evaluated. There was not much difference between the concentration of cobalt in yam (0.036 mg/kg) and the maximum allowed concentration (0.043 mg/kg). Lead was detected in potatoes and carrots but was below detectable concentration in cassava, yam, cocoyam and water yam. Similarly, cocoyam was found to have a significant mercury content (0.658 mg/kg), but mercury content was below detectable concentrations in cassava, yam and water yam. SIGNIFICANCE: Heavy metal pollutants and pesticide residues can impair human health, and their presence in food can cause various illnesses and health issues. It is important to prevent exposure to these contaminants and ensure that food is safe by identifying and monitoring them. Farmers may provide consumers with more assurance that their products are safe by identifying and monitoring pesticide residues and heavy metal contamination in these food crops. Overall, it is crucial to find and monitor pesticide residues and heavy metal contamination in food to safeguard customer confidence, ensure legal compliance and preserve human health.

Resumen El minador sudamericano de la hoja del tomate (TLM), Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), es una plaga importante del tomate, la papa y otras especies solanáceas de relevancia económica. El manejo de plagas de TLM basado en el uso de insecticidas convencionales puede ser problemático debido a diversas causas, entre ellas, la reducción de los beneficios económicos por los altos costos de los insecticidas, la destrucción de las poblaciones de enemigos naturales, la presencia de residuos de insecticidas en los frutos del tomate y el rápido desarrollo de resistencia a los insecticidas, especialmente cuando se alcanzan niveles elevados de infestación. La búsqueda de compuestos activos menos persistentes beneficiaría a la producción hortícola, así como al medio ambiente y a los consumidores. En el presente estudio, evaluamos la toxicidad de un extracto de hexano en diferentes concentraciones obtenido de frutos frescos del árbol del paraíso Melia azedarach L. (MA), sobre huevos de TLM, larvas de segundo estadio y pupas mediante pruebas de contacto en el laboratorio. Los resultados indicaron que, al aumentar las concentraciones, también aumentaba la mortalidad de huevos, larvas y pupas. El análisis de los datos probit mostró que la CL50 para el extracto de MA en huevos de TLM, larvas del segundo estadio y pupas fueron 948,93, 346,72 y 1,75 μl/ml, respectivamente. Concluimos que este extracto tiene potencial para controlar T. absoluta, pero se deben realizar más estudios ecotoxicológicos para concluir sobre su seguridad en otros organismos y el medio ambiente.

Abstract The South American tomato leaf miner (TLM), Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is an important pest of tomato, potato and other solanaceous species of economic relevance. Pest management of TLM based on the use of conventional insecticides can be problematic due to various causes, among them, the reduced economical profits from high insecticide costs, the destruction of natural enemies’ populations, the presence of insecticide residues on tomato fruits and the rapid development of insecticide resistance, especially when high levels of infestation are reached. The search for less-persistent active compounds would benefit horticultural production, as well as the environment and consumers. In the current study, we evaluated the toxicity of a hexane extract at different concentrations obtained from the chinaberry tree Melia azedarach L. (MA) fresh fruits, on TLM eggs, 2nd instar larvae and pupae by means of contact tests in the laboratory. Results indicated that with increasing concentrations, mortality of eggs, larvae and pupae also increased. Analysis of probit data showed that LC50 for MA extract in TLM eggs, 2nd instar larvae and pupae were 948.93, 346.72 and 1.75 μl/ml, respectively. We conclude that this extract has potential for controlling T. absoluta but further ecotoxicological studies should be carried out to conclude on its safety in other organisms and the environment.

ABSTRACT Combining refrigeration with packaging is a commonly used technique for fruits intended for export. Thus, the objective of this study was to adapt the post-harvest management of biofortified sweet potato cultivars, using packaging and refrigeration, focused on reaching distant export markets while maintaining the commercial quality. Sweet potatoes of the cultivars BRS-Amélia and Beauregard were selected after harvesting, washed, and packaged. The experimental design used was completely randomized, in a 4 × 7 factorial arrangement consisted of 4 treatments (cultivar BRS-Amélia with and without packaging; and cultivar Beauregard with and without packaging) and 7 evaluations under storage conditions: at 0, 7, 14 (under refrigeration at approximately 8 °C), 17, 20, 23, and 26 days (under room temperature conditions at approximately 25 °C). Each experimental unit contained 500 g of tubbers. The results showed that the refrigerated storage combined with packaging extended the shelf life of the evaluated sweet potatoes: 17 days for BRS-Amélia and 26 days for the cultivar Beauregard. The BRS-Amélia cultivar maintained higher firmness, soluble solids and carbohydrate contents, chroma, and antioxidant activity (FRAP method), and total phenolic contents, in both raw and cooked tissues. The cultivar Beauregard presented less dehydration and greater stability in vitamin C, total phenolic, total carotenoid, soluble carbohydrate, and starch contents in raw and cooked potatoes. Therefore, the combination of packaging and refrigeration preserved the commercial quality of biofortified sweet potatoes for export markets. Thus postharvest post harvest BRSAmélia BRS Amélia harvesting washed packaged randomized 0 1 °C, C °C , °C) 20 23 2 °C. . 50 tubbers firmness chroma FRAP method, method method) tissues carotenoid Therefore 5

RESUMO Combinar refrigeração com embalagem é uma técnica comumente utilizada para frutas destinadas à exportação. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi adequar o manejo pós-colheita de cultivares de batata-doce biofortificadas, utilizando embalagem e refrigeração, com foco em atingir mercados de exportação distantes e mantendo a qualidade comercial. As batatas-doces das cultivares BRS-Amélia e Beauregard foram selecionadas após a colheita, lavadas e embaladas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 4 × 7 composto por 4 tratamentos (cultivar BRS-Amélia com e sem embalagem; e cultivar Beauregard com e sem embalagem) e 7 avaliações nas condições de armazenamento: aos 0, 7, 14 (sob refrigeração a aproximadamente 8 °C), 17, 20, 23 e 26 dias (sob condições de temperatura ambiente a aproximadamente 25 °C). Cada unidade experimental continha 500 g de tubérculos. Os resultados mostraram que o armazenamento refrigerado aliado à embalagem prolongou a vida útil da batata-doce avaliada: 17 dias para BRS-Amélia e 26 dias para a cultivar Beauregard. A cultivar BRS-Amélia manteve maior firmeza, solúveis sólidos e teor de carboidratos, croma e atividade antioxidante (método FRAP) e teor de fenólicos totais, tanto nos tecidos crus quanto cozidos. A cultivar Beauregard apresentou menor desidratação e maior estabilidade nos teores de vitamina C, fenólicos totais, carotenóides totais, carboidratos solúveis e amido em batatas cruas e cozidas. Portanto, a combinação de embalagem e refrigeração preservou a qualidade comercial da batata-doce biofortificada para os mercados de exportação. Assim póscolheita pós colheita batatadoce batata doce biofortificadas batatasdoces doces BRSAmélia BRS Amélia embaladas casualizado 0 1 sob °C, C °C , °C) 20 2 °C. . 50 tubérculos avaliada firmeza método FRAP totais cozidos cozidas Portanto 5

ABSTRACT Improving drought tolerance of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is integral, particularly under current climate fluctuations. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of different concentrations of nanoparticles of ascorbic acid (AS), benzoic acid (BA), and salicylic acid (SA) individually and in combined treatments on potato under drought-induced stress. The assessed biostimulants with different concentrations (0.50 and 0.75 mM) were applied to two potato cultivars (Spunta and Lady-Rosetta). Nodal cutting of each cultivar was exposed to drought stress via 30% polyethylene glycol (PEG) in MS media. Five growth characters (plantlet length, number of leaves plant-1, number of roots, number of lateral branches plantlet-1, and root length) were measured after 7, 14, and 21 d. The results indicated that the evaluated cultivars exhibited highly significant differences (< 0.001) in all characters. Moreover, all evaluated nano biostimulants recorded highly significant differences (< 0.001) compared to the untreated control. The co-application of two nano biostimulants was stronger than the sole use of one material. The co-application of AS+BA was the most effective, and its impact was more considerable compared to the other treatments. The assessed cultivars displayed significant interaction with the application of nano biostimulants. ‘Lady-Rosetta’ responded more to the applied nano biostimulants in all studied characters. In conclusion, applying AS, SA, and BA improved the growth of ‘Lady-Rosetta’ under drought stress conditions. Furthermore, the combined treatment AS+BA is more powerful in modulating drought stress's adverse impacts on potato plants.

Abstract Potato plants are often subjected to heat stress during growth and development, resulting in loss of yield and quality. However, the possibility exists that commercially important genotypes show tolerance to heat stress. In this study, we aim to investigate the morphological and physiological effects of moderate conditions of heat stress on tuberization in nine potato genotypes, and how it affects propagation using an ex vitro and in vitro system. The plant material came from the In Vitro Germplasm Bank of the International Potato Center (CIP). The incubation temperatures of the cultures in in vitro and ex vitro conditions were the ambient in the laboratory and greenhouse, respectively. In in vitro system a randomized complete block design was employed in nine genotypes, two treatments: multiplication culture medium and the same culture medium supplemented with 8.0% sucrose and 500 mg/L-1 CCC, six flasks and five explants per experimental unit. Among all genotypes evaluated, Leona and Liberteña did not form tubers under ex vitro treatment conditions. Under in vitro conditions, Amarilis, Capiro, Perricholi and Tacna showed no evidence of tuberization, and Canchán was the only genotype where 100% formation of tuberous structures were produced in all evaluations. The findings concluded in this study showed that of all the potatoes evaluated, Canchán best responded to the evaluations under both in ex vitro and in vitro conditions, at maximum temperatures between 22.4 to 26.9 and 27.0 to 28.2 oC, respectively. Therefore, it is vitally important to consider its development potential in different producing locations around the world, which are directly and indirectly affected by climate change.

Abstract The use of tank mixtures of pesticides makes it possible to increase the efficiency of chemical treatment. The aim of the study was to establish the relationship between the joint use of pesticides and the rate of decomposition of active substances. The study was carried out on the crops of spring wheat, spring barley, peas, spring rapeseed, seed potato. Chemical treatments were carried out with insecticides and fungicides – the insecticide (imidacloprid and λ-cyhalothrin), suspension concentrate; the fungicide (propiconazole), emulsifiable concentrate; the insecticide (imidacloprid), soluble concentrate; the fungicide (copper sulfate tribasic), suspension concentrate. Determination of residual amounts of active substances of pesticides was carried out using methods of gas-liquid chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. The acceleration of decomposition of the active substance - imidacloprid on pea crops and spring rapeseed was caused by the combined use of the insecticide (imidacloprid) and the fungicide (propiconazole). The use of the fungicide (copper sulfate tribasic) in a tank mixture with the insecticide (imidacloprid and λ-cyhalothrin) on potatoes caused a slowdown in the decomposition of the active substances imidacloprid and λ-cyhalothrin. Also, there was a change in the level of intake by plant of active substances in the first three hours after spraying, when using tank mixtures, in comparison with the separate use of compounds. The data obtained on the change in the rate of decomposition of active substances of pesticides, when they are used together in mixtures, indicate the need to continue research in this area. In this regard, it is important to study the dynamics of the decomposition of individual active substances of pesticides in plant tissues when they are used in tank mixtures, it is also necessary to conduct research using compounds most commonly used in agricultural production. treatment wheat barley peas potato λcyhalothrin, λcyhalothrin λ cyhalothrin , concentrate propiconazole, propiconazole (propiconazole) imidacloprid, copper tribasic, tribasic gasliquid gas highperformance high performance propiconazole. . λ-cyhalothrin λcyhalothrin. cyhalothrin. Also spraying area regard production (propiconazole

Resumo A utilização de misturas em tanques de pesticidas permite aumentar a eficiência do tratamento químico. O objetivo do estudo foi estabelecer a relação entre a utilização conjunta de pesticidas e a taxa de decomposição das substâncias ativas. O estudo foi realizado nas culturas de trigo de primavera, cevada de primavera, ervilha, colza de primavera e batata-semente. Foram realizados tratamentos químicos com inseticidas e fungicidas − o inseticida (imidacloprida e valuetech-cialotrina), concentrado em suspensão; o fungicida (propiconazol), concentrado emulsionável; o inseticida (imidacloprida), concentrado solúvel; o fungicida (sulfato de cobre tribásico), concentrado em suspensão. A determinação das quantidades residuais de substâncias ativas dos pesticidas foi realizada utilizando métodos de cromatografia gás-líquido e cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. A aceleração da decomposição da substância ativa – imidacloprida nas culturas de ervilhas e colza de primavera foi causada pela utilização combinada do inseticida (imidacloprida) e do fungicida (propiconazol). A utilização do fungicida (sulfato de cobre tribásico), que contém cobre, numa mistura de tanques com o inseticida (imidacloprida e valuetech-cialotrina) em batatas provocou um abrandamento da decomposição das substâncias ativas imidacloprida e valuetech-cialotrina. Além disso, verificou-se uma alteração no nível de ingestão por planta de substâncias ativas nas primeiras três horas após a pulverização, quando se utilizam misturas em tanques, em comparação com a utilização separada de compostos. Os dados obtidos sobre a alteração da taxa de decomposição das substâncias ativas dos pesticidas, quando utilizadas em conjunto em misturas, indicam a necessidade de prosseguir a investigação neste domínio. Por isto, é importante estudar a dinâmica da decomposição de substâncias ativas individuais de pesticidas nos tecidos vegetais quando são utilizados em misturas em tanques, e realizar pesquisas que empreguem compostos mais comuns na produção agrícola. químico ervilha batatasemente. batatasemente batata semente. semente batata-semente valuetechcialotrina, valuetechcialotrina valuetech cialotrina , suspensão propiconazol, propiconazol (propiconazol) emulsionável imidacloprida, solúvel sulfato tribásico, tribásico tribásico) gáslíquido gás líquido propiconazol. . valuetech-cialotrina valuetechcialotrina. cialotrina. disso verificouse verificou pulverização domínio isto agrícola (propiconazol

ABSTRACT: Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal that is extremely dangerous to human health and can be found naturally in soils, deposited through industrial waste or phosphate fertilization. In this study, we evaluated the morphological responses of in vitro grown plants of potato in the presence of Cd, and define a procedure for assessing Cd sensitivity of different clones. The potato clone SMIJ461-1 was cultured in the presence of Cd at concentrations of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 90, 110, 120, 140, and 160 µM. Survival, rooting, number and height of shoots, leaf and root counts were evaluated at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of cultivation. Adverse effects of Cd on the growth of the potato plants, exerted in a concentration-dependent manner, were observed for shoot height, leaf and root counts. Results of this study indicated that Cd concentrations of 0, 45, 90, and 135 µM can be used for future in vitro evaluation of potato clone sensitivity to Cd exposure. ABSTRACT (Cd soils fertilization clones SMIJ4611 SMIJ SMIJ461 1 SMIJ461- 0 20 40 60 80 90 110 120 140 16 Survival rooting shoots 7 14 21 2 cultivation concentrationdependent concentration dependent manner 45 13 exposure SMIJ46 4 6 8 9 11 12 SMIJ4

RESUMO: O cádmio (Cd) é um metal pesado extremamente perigoso à saúde humana, podendo ser encontrado naturalmente nos solos, depositado através de resíduos industriais ou da adubação fosfatada. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar as respostas morfológicas de plantas de batata cultivadas in vitro na presença de Cd e definir uma metodologia para inferir sobre a sensibilidade de diferentes clones. Foi estudado o clone SMIJ461-1 de batata, nas concentrações de 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 90, 110, 120, 140, 160 µM de Cd adicionadas ao meio de cultura. A sobrevivência, o enraizamento, o número de brotações, a altura da parte aérea e o número de folhas e raízes foram avaliados aos 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias de cultivo. Foram observados efeitos adversos de concentrações de Cd sobre o crescimento in vitro das plantas de batata do clone SMIJ461-1 para a altura da parte aérea e o número de folhas e raízes, sendo estes efeitos dependentes das concentrações de Cd adicionadas ao meio de cultura. Os resultados deste estudo indicam que as concentrações de 0, 45, 90 e 135 µM de Cd podem ser utilizadas para a avaliação in vitro da sensibilidade de clones de batata a presença de Cd. RESUMO (Cd humana solos fosfatada SMIJ4611 SMIJ SMIJ461 1 SMIJ461- 0 20 40 60 80 110 120 140 16 cultura sobrevivência enraizamento brotações 7 14 2 cultivo 45 9 13 SMIJ46 4 6 8 11 12 SMIJ4