This study proposes a methodology using OpenAlex (OA) for tracking Open Access publications in the case of Argentina, a country where a self-archiving mandate has been in effect since 2013 ( Law 26.899, 2013). A sample of 167,240 papers by researchers from the National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET) was created and analyzed using statistical techniques. We estimate that OA is able to capture between 85-93% of authors for all disciplines, with the exception of Social Sciences and Humanities, where it only reaches an estimated 47%. The availability of papers in Open Access was calculated to be 41% for the period 1953-2021 and 46% when considering exclusively the post-law period (2014-2021). In both periods, gold Open Access made up the most common route. When comparing equal periods post and pre-law, we observed that the upward trend of gold Open Access was pre-existing to the legislation and the availability of closed articles in repositories increased by 5% to what is estimated based on existing trends. However, while the green route has had a positive evolution, it has been the publication in gold journals that has boosted access to Argentine production more rapidly. We concluded that the OA-based methodology, piloted here for the first time, is viable for tracking Open Access in Argentina since it yields percentages similar to other national and international studies.

En este estudio se propone una metodología utilizando OpenAlex (OA) para monitorear el acceso abierto (AA) a las publicaciones científicas para el caso de Argentina, país donde rige el mandato de autoarchivo -Ley 26.899 (2013)-. Se conformó una muestra con 167.240 artículos de investigadores del Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) que se analizaron con técnicas estadísticas. Se estimó que OA puede representar entre 85-93% de los autores para todas las disciplinas, excepto Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, donde solo alcanza al 47%. Se calculó que 41% de los artículos publicados entre 1953-2021 incluidos en la fuente están en AA, porcentaje que sube a 46% al considerar exclusivamente el periodo post ley (2014-2021). En ambos periodos es la vía dorada la que representa mayor proporción. Al comparar periodos iguales post y pre ley, se observó que la tendencia en alza de la vía dorada era preexistente a la legislación y la disponibilidad de artículos cerrados en repositorios aumentó un 5% a lo que se estima en base a tendencias existentes. Se concluye que si bien  la vía verde ha tenido una evolución positiva, ha sido la publicación en revistas doradas lo que ha impulsado más rápidamente el acceso a la producción argentina. Asimismo, que la metodología basada en OA, piloteada aquí por primera vez, es viable para monitorear el AA en Argentina ya que arroja porcentajes similares a otros estudios nacionales e internacionales.

RESUMO O objetivo deste artigo é analisar as duas leis monetárias mais importantes que têm sido implementadas em El Salvador, nomeadamente a Lei de Integração Monetária (MIL) e a Lei Bitcoin. Serão analisados os artigos mais importantes de ambas as leis, bem como as consequências da dolarização, e as possíveis vantagens e riscos associados à adopção da moeda de curso legal Bitcoin. Embora esta medida possa ter alguns aspectos positivos ao encorajar a inovação financeira e facilitar as remessas, o risco macroeconómico é muito elevado devido à volatilidade desta moeda criptográfica. Até agora não foram alcançados resultados positivos, uma vez que a aceitação tem sido muito baixa e tem havido uma depreciação do ativo nos últimos meses. Salvador MIL (MIL Bitcoin dolarização remessas criptográfica meses

ABSTRACT The objective of this article is to analyze the two most important monetary laws that have been implemented in El Salvador, namely the Monetary Integration Law (MIL) and the Bitcoin Law. The most important articles of both laws will be analyzed, as well as the consequences of dollarization, and the possible advantages and risks associated with the adoption of Bitcoin as legal tender. Although this measure may have some positive aspects by encouraging financial innovation and facilitating remittances, the macroeconomic risk is very high due to the volatility of this cryptocurrency. So far no positive results have been achieved as the acceptance has been very low and there has been a depreciation of the asset in recent months. Salvador MIL (MIL analyzed dollarization tender remittances cryptocurrency months

ABSTRACT Deforestation, mining, pollution and the construction of hydroelectric plants are among the main risks for biological communities, ecosystems and indigenous peoples. In the Brazilian Amazon, historically there has been political pressure to reduce the constitutional rights of indigenous peoples, especially regarding mining activities and the construction of hydroelectric plants. This culminated in a law proposal allowing mining in indigenous lands (PL 191/2020), proposed during the last presidential term in Brazil (2018-2022), which sparked a heated debate in both the legal and ethical spheres. In this article we present objective arguments for the negative effects of mining on indigenous lands, using PL 191/2020 as a model to debate the consequences of such policies for biodiversity, ecosystem services, increased risks for humans due to pollutants and epidemics, and how this law violates the main objectives of the Agenda 2030 for sustainable development. Particularly in the Brazilian Amazon, the negative effects of this law on human life quality, economy and the ecosystems are greater than the supposed positive effects projected into the future. We suggest rethinking the feasibility of mining on indigenous lands and reiterate the importance of conserving these lands and other protected areas in the Amazon intact as a heritage of all Brazilians and the wider human kind.

RESUMO O desmatamento, a mineração, a poluição e a construção de usinas hidrelétricas estão entre os principais riscos para as comunidades biológicas, os ecossistemas e os povos indígenas. Na Amazônia brasileira, historicamente tem havido pressão política para reduzir os direitos constitucionais dos povos indígenas, especialmente no que diz respeito às atividades de mineração e à construção de usinas hidrelétricas. Isso culminou em uma proposta de lei que permite a mineração em terras indígenas (PL 191/2020), proposta durante o último mandato presidencial no Brasil (2018-2022), que gerou um acalorado debate tanto na esfera jurídica quanto na esfera ética. Neste artigo apresentamos argumentos objetivos para os efeitos negativos da mineração em terras indígenas, usando o PL 191/2020 como modelo para debater as consequências de tais políticas para a biodiversidade, os serviços ecossistêmicos, o aumento dos riscos para os seres humanos devido a poluentes e epidemias, e como esta lei viola os principais objetivos da Agenda 2030 para o desenvolvimento sustentável. Particularmente na Amazônia brasileira, os efeitos negativos desta lei sobre a qualidade de vida humana, a economia e os ecossistemas são maiores do que os supostos efeitos positivos projetados para o futuro. Sugerimos repensar a viabilidade da mineração em terras indígenas e reiterar a importância de conservar intactas essas terras e outras áreas protegidas na Amazônia como patrimônio de todos os brasileiros e da humanidade em geral.

Abstract: The strict sanitary inspection legislation of animal source food has been considered a trade barrier for smallholder farmers and small-scale producers in Brazil. In this sense, law flexibilization is suggested to facilitate national trade of these products. We conducted a social and sanitary analysis, presenting the current Brazilian conjuncture and difficulties for animal source food Brazilian inspection law flexibilization. By discussing inequalities, human rights issues, animal source food legislation, and international food safety standards, we evidenced critical barriers for legislative reform in Brazil. Among these barriers, the main ones are social inequalities; high zoonotic risk of animal source food products; the Brazilian political structure and its reflection on different inspection practices among country jurisdictions; and the lack of inspection services in most Brazilian municipalities. At the same time, we present positive updates in the normative framework, and point out game-changers to modify the actual safety and trade situations of Brazilian small-scale and artisanal animal source food products, including policies to strengthen state and municipal inspection services and harmonization initiatives based on international standards and national legislation. We also suggest policies to implement inspection services in municipalities, whether by municipal action or by a consortium, as well as policies to strengthen technical assistance and rural extension for small-scale and artisanal producers. These policies aim to reduce technical and sanitary education inequalities and build a fairer animal source food system.

Resumen: La estricta legislación de inspección sanitaria de alimentos de origen animal ha sido considerada una barrera comercial para los agricultores familiares y pequeños productores en Brasil. En ese sentido, se sugiere flexibilizar la ley para facilitar el comercio nacional de estos productos. Realizamos un análisis sociosanitario, presentando la coyuntura actual brasileña y señalando las dificultades para flexibilizar la ley de Inspección de alimentos de origen animal. Al discutir las desigualdades brasileñas, los derechos humanos, la legislación brasileña sobre alimentos de origen animal y las normas internacionales de seguridad alimentaria, destacamos puntos críticos que constituyen el desafío para la reforma de la legislación, a saber: desigualdades sociales; alto riesgo zoonótico de los productos de origen animal; la estructura política brasileña y su reflejo en las diferentes prácticas de inspección entre las jurisdicciones del país; y la falta de inspección oficial en la mayoría de los municipios brasileños. A la vez, presentamos actualizaciones positivas en el marco normativo y señalamos parteaguas para cambiar la situación real de seguridad y comercio de los productos de origen animal brasileños de pequeña escala y artesanía, incluidas políticas relacionadas con el fortalecimiento de los servicios de inspección estatales y municipales e iniciativas de armonización con base en normas internacionales y legislación nacional; políticas para la implementación de servicios oficiales de inspección en los municipios, ya sea por acción municipal o por consorcio; y políticas para fortalecer la asistencia técnica y la extensión rural a pequeños productores y productores artesanos, para reducir las desigualdades en la educación técnica y sanitaria y construir un sistema de alimentos de origen animal más justo.

Resumo: A rigorosa legislação de inspeção sanitária de alimentos de origem animal tem sido considerada uma barreira comercial para agricultores familiares e pequenos produtores no Brasil. Nesse sentido, sugestiona-se a flexibilização das leis para facilitar o comércio nacional destes produtos. Realizamos uma análise sociosanitária, apresentando a atual conjuntura brasileira e apontando as dificuldades para a flexibilização da lei de inspeção de alimentos de origem animal. Discutindo as desigualdades brasileiras, os direitos humanos, a legislação brasileira sobre alimentos de origem animal e as normas internacionais de segurança de alimentos, evidenciamos pontos críticos que constituem o desafio para a reforma da legislação, sendo eles: desigualdades sociais; alto risco zoonótico de produtos de origem animal; a estrutura política brasileira e seu reflexo nas diferentes práticas de fiscalização entre as jurisdições do país; e a falta de inspeção oficial na maioria dos municípios brasileiros. Ao mesmo tempo, apresentamos atualizações positivas no arcabouço normativo e apontamos divisores de águas para modificar a real situação de segurança e comércio dos produtos de origem animal brasileiros de pequena escala e artesanais, incluindo políticas relacionadas ao fortalecimento dos serviços de inspeção estaduais e municipais e iniciativas de harmonização com base em padrões internacionais e legislação nacional; políticas de implantação dos serviços de inspeção oficial nos municípios, seja por ação municipal ou por consórcio; e políticas de fortalecimento da assistência técnica e extensão rural para pequenos produtores e produtores artesanais, em prol da redução das desigualdades na educação técnica e sanitária e construção de um sistema alimentar de origem animal mais justo.

ABSTRACT The objective of this article is to contribute to the understanding of the phenomenon of the politicization of the judiciary from the analysis of the figure of the judge as a utility-maximizing agent. The study used a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods to address the following question: How can the popularity and prestige generated in the course of a judicial operation against political corruption influence the way in which a particular judge will perform their work in Brazil? The analysis of six cases corroborated the hypotheses of the study by revealing that popularity, prestige and the possibility of developing a positive self-image as an agent in the fight against corruption are key variables in the analysis of the phenomenon of the politicization of the judiciary. The main contribution of the article lies in deepening the understanding of the politicization of the judiciary and of judges as rational actors exposed to certain incentives and restrictions in the Brazilian scenario.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este artículo es contribuir a la comprensión del fenómeno de la politización del Poder Judicial a partir del análisis de la figura del juez como un agente maximizador de utilidad. Haciendo uso de métodos mixtos, cuantitativos y cualitativos, el artículo busca responder a la siguiente pregunta: ¿Cómo la popularidad y el prestigio generados en el curso de una operación judicial contra la corrupción política pueden influir la forma por medio de la cual un determinado juez ejecutará su trabajo en Brasil? Los seis casos analizados corroboran las hipótesis de estudio al revelar que la popularidad, el prestigio y la posibilidad de desarrollo de una autoimagen positiva como agente del combate a la corrupción son variables clave en el análisis del fenómeno de la politización del Poder Judicial. La principal contribución del artículo reside en profundizar el entendimiento de la politización del Poder Judicial y de los jueces como actores racionales expuestos a determinados incentivos y restricciones en el escenario brasilero.

RÉSUMÉ L’objectif de cet article est de contribuer à la compréhension du phénomène de politisation du pouvoir judiciaire à partir de l’analyse de la figure du juge en tant qu’un agent maximateur de l’utilité. Utilisant des méthodes mixtes quantitatives et qualitatives, l’article a cherché à répondre à la question suivante : Comment la popularité et le prestige générés au cours d’une opération judiciaire contre la corruption politique peuvent-ils influencer la manière dont un juge donné effectuera son travail au Brésil ? Les six cas analysés corroborent les hypothèses de l’étude en révélant que la popularité, le prestige et la possibilité de développer une image positive de soi en tant qu’agent anticorruption sont des variables-clés dans l’analyse du phénomène de politisation du pouvoir judiciaire. La principale contribution de l’article réside dans l’approfondissement de la compréhension de la politisation du pouvoir judiciaire et des juges en tant qu’acteurs rationnels exposés à certaines incitations et restrictions dans le scénario brésilien.

RESUMO O objetivo desse artigo é contribuir para a compreensão do fenômeno da politização do Judiciário a partir da análise da figura do juiz como um agente maximizador de utilidade. Fazendo uso de métodos mistos quantitativos e qualitativos o artigo buscou responder à seguinte questão: Como a popularidade e o prestígio gerados no curso de uma operação judicial contra a corrupção política podem influenciar a forma pela qual um determinado juiz irá executar seu trabalho no Brasil? Os seis casos analisados corroboram as hipóteses do estudo ao revelar que a popularidade, o prestígio e a possibilidade de desenvolvimento de uma autoimagem positiva como agente do combate à corrupção são variáveis-chave na análise do fenômeno da politização do Judiciário. A principal contribuição do artigo reside no aprofundamento do entendimento da politização do Judiciário e dos juízes como atores racionais expostos a determinados incentivos e restrições no cenário brasileiro.

This article explores the constitutional provisions and legislative aspects governing the role of local governments in generating and distributing electricity in South Africa. It encompasses the constitutional framework, which grants municipalities specific powers and responsibilities, highlighting the significance of these "original powers" derived directly from the Constitution. The article emphasises the need for intergovernmental cooperation at national, provincial, and local government levels to effectively address the complexities of electricity provision, taking into account related services such as water, sanitation, and environmental rights. The article further assesses recent amendments to the Electricity Regulation Act 4 of 2006, which grant municipalities greater involvement in electricity generation and procurement from independent power producers. While these amendments are seen as positive, the article highlights the need for financial resources and technical capacity building to empower municipalities to undertake these new responsibilities effectively. Ultimately, it emphasises the critical role of local governments in ensuring a sustainable and reliable supply of electricity for their communities while calling for comprehensive support from higher government levels to realise this goal.

Resumen El mecanismo de la segunda oportunidad, que permite la exoneración de algunas de las deudas ante determinadas condiciones, ha sido objeto de diversas modificaciones relevantes por la Ley 16/2022, de reforma del Texto Refundido de la Ley Concursal. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar, sobre la base de doctrina autorizada, estas modificaciones, pues se parte de la hipótesis de que algunas de ellas no son los suficientemente claras aunque otras merecen una valoración positiva. Se llega a la conclusión de que la reforma es criticable respecto a la determinación de las condiciones exigibles al deudor para que se pueda acoger a la exoneración. No obstante, consideramos que merecen una valoración positiva la eliminación de la liquidación previa y de la satisfacción de una parte de los créditos como requisitos para acceder a la exoneración del pasivo. Finalmente, se hace una valoración sobre la modificación relativa a las deudas que pueden ser objeto de exoneración. A pesar de que hay una ampliación de las mismas, y puede parecer un avance el hecho de que parte del crédito exonerado corresponda a deuda pública, una lectura atenta del precepto que lo regula nos permite afirmar que una parte importante de este crédito no queda exonerado, lo que puede tener un efecto negativo para el deudor, puesto que el importe de esta deuda suele ser relevante.

Abstract The second chance mechanism, which allows the exoneration of some of the debts under certain conditions, has been subject to various relevant modifications by Law 16/2022, reforming the Consolidated Text of the Bankruptcy Law. The objective of this work is to analyze, based on authorized doctrine these modifications, since it is based on the hypothesis that some of them are not clear enough, although some others deserve a positive assessment. It is concluded that the reform is open to criticism regarding the determination of the conditions required of the debtor in order to qualify for the discharge. However, we consider that the elimination of the previous liquidation and the satisfaction of a part of the credits as requirements to access the discharge of debt deserve a positive assessment. Finally, an assessment is made on the modification related to the debts that can be subject to exoneration. Despite the fact that there is an expansion of the same, and the fact that part of the exonerated credit corresponds to public debt may seem like progress, a careful reading of the precept that regulates it allows us to affirm that an important part of this credit is not exonerated, which can have a negative effect for the debtor, since the amount of this debt is usually relevant.

Abstract: In this article we address the right to rescue of enslaved people. Among the discussions about the rights and access to justice of slaves we find the question of whether or not the right to purchase oneself existed. In a universe in which the law was closely linked to conflict resolution practices, much more than to positive formulations, each decision generated an antecedent for a new case. In 1785, a slave, Juan Betbeze, married to Maria Arce, demanded his wife’s purchase from his mistress and this demand reached the Royal Audience. After three years of litigation in the courts, the slave Juan obtained a Royal Certificate issued by Carlos III by which María’s mistress was forced to sell, accepting the value offered by her husband, ordered by the King. The case thus constitutes the clear antecedent of the recognition of the right to freedom and a fair price for the Rio da Prata region.

Resumen: En este artículo abordamos el derecho al autorescate. Entre las discusiones que penetran las de los derechos y del acceso a la justicia de los esclavos encontramos la de si existía o no el derecho a la compra de sí. En un universo en que el derecho estaba íntimamente ligado a prácticas de resolución de conflictos, mucho más que a formulaciones positivas, cada decisión generaba un antecedente para un nuevo caso. En 1785 un esclavizado, Juan Betbeze, casado con Maria Arce demandó a la ama de su esposa la compra de esta, llegando la demanda hasta la instancia de la Real Audiencia. Después de tres años de pleito en tribunales, el esclavo Juan consiguió una Real Cédula emitida por Carlos III por la cual Mónica Sequeira de Arce, ama de María, fue obligada a la venta por el valor ofrecido por el marido. El caso se constituye, así, en el antecedente claro del reconocimiento del derecho a la libertad y al justo precio para la región del Río de la Plata.

Abstract The United States Supreme Court ruled in Plyler v. Doe (1982) that all children regardless of their legal immigration status have a fundamental right to K-12 education. Despite education being a fundamental right, it remains fragile and contested for undocumented immigrants. Federal courts have had to reaffirm Plyler multiple times, including issuing a permanent injunction over California’s Proposition 187 (1994), which banned undocumented children from K-12 public schools and required officials and teachers to report anyone they suspected of being undocumented to federal immigration authorities. More recently, the courts blocked Alabama’s HB 56(2012) provision that required schools to check and report newly enrolled K-12 students’ immigration status. The entanglement between postsecondary education and immigration, which falls outside of Plyler’s protection, has grown more pronounced over the past two decades. Federal immigration law in 1996 opened the door for states to actively regulate undocumented immigrants’ right to postsecondary education, including banning admissions or creating discriminatory hardships by denying in-state tuition or financial aid. While a rich scholarship covers these policies and their effects, no systematic study exists on the news framing of the intersection between education and immigration. This article examines 40,469 news articles published from 1980 to 2022 in six national and state news sources in the United States to explore the (dis)connections between education (K-12 and postsecondary) and immigration. Combining machine learning techniques and social network analysis with qualitative coding, we show that reporters’ use of a range of experts creates a deep conflation of education with immigration enforcement and illegality framing. Despite quests for journalistic neutrality, we argue that the use of experts by reporters prevents immigrant education from being a topic on its own or a topic where immigrants are framed primarily in a positive and inclusive way.

Resumen Este estudio analiza los cambios estructurales experimentados por un equipo interprofesional que implementa un programa de intervención psicosocial dirigido a víctimas de la guerra en Colombia. Los equipos están compuestos por psicólogos, trabajadores sociales y facilitadores comunitarios que proporcionan atención a nivel individual, familiar y comunitario. Se aplicaron métodos de evaluación estructural para identificar cambios en la cohesión de las redes de reconocimiento entre profesionales, así como la preferencia para colaborar y el intercambio de información enviada y recibida. La recogida de información se produjo en dos series temporales –tiempo 1 (T1) y tiempo 2 (T2)– con un intervalo de tres meses. Se utilizó una estadística aplicada al análisis de datos relacionales para determinar los cambios en las redes en T1 y T2. En el período de referencia se incrementó la densidad en las redes de reconocimiento [. = 1.7105, (IC 95 %: -.0123 - .185), . < .0444] y de preferencia para trabajar [. = 2.0942, (IC 95 %: .005 - .1521), . < .0218]. Las redes de intercambio de información no experimentaron cambios significativos. Las regresiones múltiples a nivel diádico indican que la preferencia para trabajar e intercambiar información en T1, predicen el intercambio de información relativo tanto a peticiones de información recibidas como enviadas en T2. Se discuten los resultados para optimizar la implementación de programas de intervención psicosocial desarrolladas por equipos interprofesionales.

Abstract The study analyzes the structural changes experienced by an interprofessional team implementing a psychosocial intervention program for victims of war in Colombia. The program is called "PAPSIVI" (Programa de Atención Psicosocial y Salud Integral a Víctimas), which has been operating in Colombia since 2013, thanks to Law 1448 of 2011 to improve the quality of life and repair the damage of the victims of the armed conflict in Colombia. It only served people registered in the Single Registry of Victims (RUV), which had 9'165,126 records throughout the country until September 2021. This program follows a comprehensive and restorative approach that defines victims as protagonists of their own process of empowerment and positive change (Laplante and Holguin, 2006; Thompson, 1996). For this purpose, a multilevel intervention is carried out at the individual, family and community levels. The program is implemented by teams of professionals (psychologists, social workers and community facilitators) of varying sizes depending on the number of victims served in the municipalities. Psychologists provide individual psychological care and, to a lesser extent, family therapy is also offered to try to repair psychosocial damage from exposure to situations of violence (Oficina de Promoción Social, 2017). Social workers carry out community interventions to promote the associative fabric and social capital. Community promoters are facilitators and connect professionals with the potential beneficiaries of the intervention. The latter are very important, having themselves the status of victims, which increases the ecological validity of the intervention. Due to the characteristics of the implementation of this initiative, which takes into account the difficulties of the context (with situations of deprivation and vulnerability), as well as the particularities of the participants, it is valid to ask in this research what are the structural changes experienced by the teams of professionals who implement PAPSIVI. For this, structural evaluation methods were applied to identify changes in the cohesion of recognition networks among professionals, the preference to collaborate and the exchange of information sent and received. Data collection took place in two time series (T1 before - T2 after) with an interval of three months. Statistics applied to relational data analysis were used to determine changes in the networks at time T2. In the results it was found that in the baseline period the density in the recognition [t = 1.7105, (95 % CI: -.0123 - .185), p < .0444] and work preference [t = 2.0942, (95 % CI: .005 - .1521), p < .0218] networks increased. Information exchange networks did not experience significant changes. Multiple regressions at the dyadic level indicate that the preference for working and exchanging information at T1 predicts information exchange relative to both information requests received and sent at T2. It is concluded that the results shed light for: (a) optimize the design of psychosocial intervention teams; (b) improve their functioning by introducing horizontal organizational communication tools (among the members of each team), transversal (among the members of the teams implementing the program in different municipalities), and vertical (by promoting communication between professionals and program managers/responsible persons), and (c) achieve that changes in the structure of the teams serve as a diagnostic tool for functional problems of the team associated with the exchange of professional information and the referral of users. Ultimately, better integration of the teams leads to better psychosocial profiles of the users of programs such as PAPSIVI and allows them to better adapt their activities to the needs of the users, which improves the effectiveness of the intervention (Virto, 2021).

The Law on Access to Information (LAI) nº 12,527/11 came into force in 2012, regulating the right of access to data and information of public entities, consolidating the transparency process and advancing as a tool for monitoring public management in the application of public investments . The present work seeks to analyze the effect of the Access to Information Law on municipal investments. The empirical strategy uses the discontinuous regression model, through a municipal data panel considering the period from 2010 to 2016. The results showed that the Public Transparency Law had positive effects on public management, allowing an increase in the per capita municipal investment rate of R $61 reais per inhabitant. Through heterogeneous responses, there was an increase in the per capita health investment rates of R$ 85.67 and in per capita education investments of R$ 92.68.

A Lei de Acesso à Informação (LAI) nº 12.527/11 entrou em vigor em 2012 regulamentando o direito de acesso a dados e informações das entidades públicas, consolidando o processo de transparência e avançando como ferramenta de fiscalização da gestão pública na aplicação dos investimentos públicos. O presente trabalho busca analisar o efeito da Lei de Acesso à informação sobre investimentos municipais. A estratégia empírica utiliza o modelo de regressão descontinua, através de um painel de dados municipais considerando o período de 2010 a 2016. Os resultados demonstraram que a Lei da transparência pública apresentou efeitos positivos na gestão pública possibilitando aumento na taxa de investimentos municipais percapita de R$ 61 reais por habitante. Por meio de respostas heterogêneas, houve aumento na taxas de investimentos em saúde percapita de R$ 85,67 e em investimentos em educação percapita de R$ 92,68.

Resumen El presente ensayo analiza las particularidades y diferencias del silencio administrativo positivo entre la notificación de concentración económica informativa y obligatoria conforme a la Ley Orgánica de Regulación y Control del Poder de Mercado. Las principales diferencias entre ambas radican en los umbrales, el plazo de presentación y la posibilidad de ejecutar la operación de concentración económica. La notificación de concentración económica, al ser una manifestación del derecho constitucional de petición, debe ser resuelta por el órgano resolutivo de la SCPM dentro del término legal correspondiente. Caso contrario, se ejecuta ipso iure por el silencio administrativo positivo.

Abstract This essay analyzes and discusses the particularities and differences of positive administrative silence between informative filing and mandatory filing according to the Ecuadorian Competition Act. The main variance between the informative and mandatory filing lies in the thresholds, the submission period, and the possibility of its execution. The filing is a manifestation of the constitutional right of petition and shall be resolved by the resolution body of the Ecuadorian Competition Authority (SCPM) in the term specified in the law. Otherwise, it is executed ipso iure for the positive administrative silence.

Resumen Según paradigma interpretativo, a través de los métodos exegético y sistemático, mediante estudio documental y dentro del marco de las teorías del Derecho positivo de Hans Kelsen y Riccardo Guastini, así como de la historia boliviana del siglo XIX, la presente investigación determinó la relación del Derecho internacional con el Derecho boliviano de 1826. Sus resultados indican que el Derecho boliviano originario hizo referencia parcial al Derecho internacional, habiendo sido calificable, en general, como expresamente monista. Específicamente, fue monista respecto al estatuto de la celebración de tratados del Derecho internacional consuetudinario, y tácitamente dualista sobre todas las demás materias reguladas por éste. Fue también monista en cuanto al Derecho internacional convencional.

Abstract According to the interpretive paradigm, through the exegetical and systematic methods, through documentary study and within the framework of the theories of positive Law of Hans Kelsen and Riccardo Guastini, as well as the Bolivian history of the 19th century, the present investigation determined the relationship between International Law with the Bolivian Law of 1826. Their results indicate that the original Bolivian Law made partial reference to International Law, having been qualified, in general, as expressly monistic. Specifically, it was monistic regarding the treaty-making statute of customary international law, and tacitly dualistic about all other matters regulated by it. He was also a monist in terms of conventional international law.

Resumé: Le contrat d’agence commerciale qui peut être défini comme celui régissant les rapports entre l’agent et le principal est né avec l'évolution du commerce et le besoin naturel d'expansion des affaires sur le territoire national ou international. En effet, l'impossibilité d’ouvrir un établissement sur tous les territoires, en plus d'autres obstacles comme la langue, font de l'agent commercial une figure importante et présente, notamment dans le cadre du commerce international. Dans cette perspective, cette étude problématisera, la question de savoir quelle est la place actuellement de l’autonomie de la volonté dans les contrats internationaux d’agence commerciale au sein de l’Union européenne (UE) et du Mercosur et son importance, compte tenu de l’inexistence à ce jour d’un droit international uniforme en la matière. La recherche se caractérise comme exploratoire, avec une approche qualitative, élaborée à partir de recherches bibliographiques. A partir d’une révision de la littérature spécialisée, de la jurisprudence et des lois applicables, l’étude permet d’affirmer que l’autonomie de la volonté a encore une place limitée dans l’ordre juridique, notamment au sein des pays du Mercosur.

Abstract: The agency contract, which can be defined as the one governing the relationship between the agent and the principal, was born with the evolution of trade and the natural need for business expansion on national or international territory. Indeed, the impossibility of opening an establishment in all territories, in addition to other obstacles such as language, make the commercial agent an important and common figure, particularly in the context of international trade. Thus, this study will problematize the question of the current place of parties' autonomy in international commercial agency contracts within the European Union (EU) and Mercosur and its importance, given the absence of a uniform international law in this area. Based on a review of the specialized literature, case law and positive law, the study confirms that parties' autonomy still has a limited place in the legal order, particularly in the countries of the Mercosur.

ABSTRACT The eventual fraud constitutes a controversial figure of Criminal Law, in particular, in terms of its practical application when establishing a precise distinction with respect to reckless crimes. In the present investigation, the treatment of eventual fraud in the Criminal Law of Paraguay and its implementation by the justice bodies was studied, for which court sentences and imputations of the Public Ministry were analyzed, and interviews were carried out with key actors, referred to to road events that occurred within the third constituency of Itapúa. Conditioning factors of its application are described, reflecting on the possibility of incorporating an exhaustive description in the penal norm, coining a formula that unifies criteria, in order to avoid ambiguities or errors in its implementation. The research is descriptive and proactive insofar as it summarizes the current conditions of application and its limitations in national positive law, a mixed, cross-sectional approach was worked on, interviews were conducted with groups of people linked to criminal law, justice bodies. The most significant results refer to a scarce application of eventual fraud due to disparity of criteria regarding the pertinent doctrine, in addition to the need to strengthen the doctrinal knowledge in criminal matters and in this way, correctly apply this figure. Finally, a formula was proposed that describes eventual intent and conscious guilt, with its proper distinction in order to avoid confusion.

RESUMEN El dolo eventual constituye una figura controversial del Derecho Penal, en particular, en cuanto a su aplicación práctica al momento de establecer una distinción precisa respecto de los delitos imprudentes. En la presente investigación, se estudió el tratamiento del dolo eventual en el Derecho Penal del Paraguay y su implementación por los órganos de justicia, para lo cual se analizó sentencias de juzgados e imputaciones del Ministerio Público, y se realizó entrevistas a actores claves, referidos a hechos viales ocurridos dentro de la tercera circunscripción de Itapúa. Se describen factores condicionantes de su aplicación, reflexionando a cerca de la posibilidad de incorporar una descripción taxativa en la norma penal, acuñando una fórmula que unifique criterios, a fin de evitar ambigüedades o errores en su implementación. La investigación es descriptiva propositiva en cuanto resume las condiciones actuales de aplicación y sus limitantes en el derecho positivo nacional, se trabajó un enfoque mixto, de tipo trasversal, se realizó entrevistas a grupos de personas vinculadas al Derecho penal, órganos de justicia. Los resultados más significativos refieren a una escasa aplicación del dolo eventual por disparidad de criterios en cuanto a la doctrina pertinente, además la necesidad de afianzar los conocimientos doctrinarios en materia penal y de esta forma, aplicar correctamente esta figura. Finalmente se planteó una fórmula que describe el dolo eventual y la culpa consciente, con su adecuada distinción a fin de evitar confusiones.