Hierdie sewe-jaar longitudinale opvoedingstudie evalueer drie akademiese afleweringsmodusse vir deeltydse MBA-studente in hul Bemarkingsbestuursmodule, naamlik vol kontak (20172019), vol aanlyn tydens COVID-19 se harde inperking (2020-2021 en die daaropvolgende gemengde modus (2022-2023). Die studie het ten doel om te bepaal of die afleweringsmodus studente se akademiese prestasie beduidend beïnvloed. Die eenrigting-variansie-analise (EVA) het beduidende verskille tussen die afleweringsmodusse vir individuele opdragte (normatiewe assessering) en groepgevallestudies (summatiewe assessering) geïdentifiseer. Daar was ook betekenisvolle verskille tussen die akademiese prestasie ten opsigte van die finale saamgestelde portefeulje van kennis (wat as eksamen dien). Hierdie portefeulje bestaan uit 'n prakties-toegepaste bemarkingsplan. Die post-hoc toetse het getoon dat studente aansienlik beter gevaar het tydens die gemengde afleweringsmodus in individuele opdragte, terwyl die volledige aanlyn modus laer punte vir die groepgevallestudies gehad het. Beide die gemengde en volledige kontakmodusse het beduidende opeenvolgende verbetering vir die groepgevallestudies getoon, wat in elke gevallestudie verbetering getoon het namate die semester gevorder het. Dit verskil van volledige aanlyn onderrig. Die gemengde modus het ook aansienlik beter gevaar in die eksamen- en finale modulepunte en het selfs beter gevaar as volkontakklasse.

The COVID-19 pandemic significantly transformed the tertiary education landscape. Traditional contact universities were forced abruptly to adopt a full-distance education mode, a situation neither the students nor lecturers were prepared for. Many lectures and teaching activities were developed on the fly as universities struggled to roll out the needed support in double-time for lecturers and students. This new normal for education required integrating technology, advanced communication software, revised assessment techniques, and recognising the need for flexible and adaptable approaches to teaching and learning. Students also evolved and gained technological proficiency, adaptability, time management, soft skills, social media proficiency, and an awareness of health and well-being. Albeit uncertain in redefining the new normal, universities continue to provide quality education. However, exactly how university education should be delivered to a new breed of students in a new business environment is a challenge. This is even more so in the case of executive MBA students. After the hard lockdown and restrictions were lifted on 21 September 2020, the North-West University Business School started to explore other modes of academic content delivery. Reinstating a full contact delivery mode was not an option because of remaining restrictions. High technological investment, online-educated lecturers and students, and benefits and developments during online learning now form a new normal for the Business School. Which teaching method, or rather, which mode of delivery, is the most relevant and adequate? Should the MBA lectures return to the historic full-contact delivery mode, stick with the newly established full online mode, or attempt to integrate the benefits of both into a hybrid mode of delivering business education to a new breed of technology-savvy students? This study, therefore, examines the academic performance of the different delivery modes by comparing data of Executive MBA Marketing management students at the NWU Business School in South Africa. The study examines the academic performance of these students from 2017 up to 2023. The panel database consists of Executive MBA students'marks for the module in Marketing Management from 2017 up to 2023. The database contains marks for individual assignments, groupwork case studies, final individual- and groupwork marks, exam marks and the final module mark. The final assessment is a portfolio of evidence comprising a detailed marketing plan for a product, service, or organisation of choice. The mode of delivery served as the dependent variable, while the independent variables comprised the marks for each assignment (groupwork, individual and portfolio of evidence). Three delivery modes were compared, namely full-contact (2017-2019), full-online (2020-2021), and the post-pandemic hybrid mode currently in effect (2022-2023). The data comprised 630 cases. However, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) used 532 cases to compare the different groupwork assignments (230 full-contact students, 159 full-online students, and 143 hybrid students). Cronbach's alpha coefficient measured the data's reliability, and one-way ANOVA determined significant differences (p<.05) between the academic performance of the three delivery modes. The analysis confirmed that significant differences exist between the modes of delivery for individual assignments, group case studies and exams (p<.05). The Tukey ab post-hoc tests showed that students performed significantly better during the hybrid delivery mode in individual assignments (69.2%) than full contact (63.8%). Regarding the individual assignment, the full online (63.8%) and full contact (63.7%) delivery modes perform significantly worse than the hybrid (69.2%) delivery mode. Regarding the first group case study (Group Assignment 1), full online performs (67.3%) significantly worse than hybrid (71.1%) and full contact (73.6%) delivery modes. There is no significant difference between the hybrid and full contact delivery modes. In the second, third, and fourth group case studies (Group Assignments 2, 3 & 4), the hybrid delivery mode (82.37%, 75.4%, 82.7%) outperforms the full contact (75.4, 80.1%, 86.6%) and full-online (71.4%, 71.4%, 67.8%) modes. The hybrid delivery mode, therefore, proves to be more conducive towards academic performance in group work. Finally, in considering the final module mark, the hybrid delivery mode (71.0%) is significantly higher than the other two delivery modes. However, there is no significant difference between full online (67.5%) and full-contact (67.2%) delivery modes regarding the final module mark. Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that the better performance in the final module marks is a function of the groupwork where the students analysed case studies together. There are no significant differences in the exam marks between the delivery modes, so better academic performance in the hybrid mode of delivery where groupwork is concerned culminates in the better module mark. Based on the findings, it is evident that the hybrid mode of delivery results in the best academic performance. This observation is based on three reasons, namely 1) students performed better in both the normative and summative assessments during hybrid tuition; 2) there is continuous progressive learning throughout the semester regarding the group case studies (summative assessment). They learn to improve and hone their skills to analyse better and apply business solutions to real-life problems experienced by organisations. This is based on students' improving marks in the group case studies as they become more proficient in analysing and answering the applied case studies because they learn from each case study; and 3) the students perform better academically in their normative assessments and earn higher final module marks (partially due to reason 2). It is concluded that the hybrid delivery mode facilitates the academic performance of post-pandemic executive MBA Marketing management students. JEL KODES: I23, I21, M30

Resumen: Este estudio presenta una propuesta de método que utiliza el portafolio digital para desarrollar la autorregulación del aprendizaje en estudiantes de ingeniería con dos objetivos: 1) diseñar un método para el desarrollo autorregulado de un portafolio digital y 2) proponer un instrumento que permita medir el desarrollo autorregulado de un portafolio digital. Se utiliza el enfoque de investigación basada en el diseño con un caso de estudio para una muestra de 137 estudiantes. Los datos se recogen al inicio y final del semestre. Como resultado se describen siete talleres, el instrumento de medición y el caso de estudio. Se observa un aumento en las medias desde el inicio de semestre a fin de semestre, mostrando la enseñanza de conceptos y procesos necesarios para la autorregulación del aprendizaje. En conclusión, el método para el desarrollo autorregulado de un portafolio digital representa una solución que permite fomentar la autorregulación aplicando planificación, estrategias de aprendizaje y reflexión por parte de los estudiantes.

Abstract: This study presents a proposal for a method that uses a digital portfolio for developing self-regulated learning among engineering students with two main objectives: 1) to design a method for the self-regulated development of a digital portfolio and 2) to propose an instrument that allows measuring self-regulated development using a digital portfolio. The design-based research approach is applied with a case study having a sample of 137 students. Data are gathered at the beginning and at the end of a semester. As a result, seven workshops, the measurement instrument, and the case study are described. It is observed that there is an increase in medians from the beginning to the end of the semester, showing the teaching of concepts and processes necessary for self-regulated learning. In conclusion, the self-regulated method for developing a digital portfolio is a solution that allows fomenting self-regulation among students by applying planning, learning strategies, and reflective thinking.

Abstract Objective: This paper answers What would the performance of an investor be if she or he invested only in public companies with proper water management practices in Latin America (LATAM)? Methodology: The research uses the water-to-revenues (WTR) ratio to measure water management quality. It simulates the performance of an investor invested mainly in companies with the best WTR (from January 6th, 2005, to Abril 20, 2022). Results: Comparing the simulated portfolio’s performance against a broad market portfolio, the results suggest that both portfolios have similar performance in the short term. In the long term, the tests found that the WTR has a low systematic (market) risk (beta of 0.26), and its performance is more stable (mean-variance efficient) than the market portfolio. The tests also control the impact of some LATAM currencies’ depreciation. Conclusions: The results could be useful for investors to engage in water management activism through investing, motivate companies to engage in better water management practices, and reduce the future risk that water disposal represents to the world in years to come.

Resumen Objetivo: Se responde la pregunta ¿cuál sería el desempeño de un inversionista si invierte solo en compañías con un adecuado manejo de agua en Latino Amética? Metodología: Se emplea la razón de consumo de agua entre ingresos (WTR) para medir la calidad de las políticas de manejo de agua en la empresa. También simula el desempeño de un inversionista invertido principalemente en empresas con el mejor WTR (del 6 de enero del 2005 al 20 de abril del 2022). Resultados: Al comparar el portafolio simulado contra el de mercado, los resultados sugieren que ambos tienen un desempeño similar en el corto plazo. En el largo plazo, las pruebas evidencian que el portafolio WTR tiene un riesgo sistemático menor (beta de 0.26), y su desempeño es más estable (media-varianza eficiente). Los resultados controlan el impacto de fluctuaciones cambiarias en algunos países latinoamericanos. Conclusiones: Los resultados pueden ser de utilidad para inversionistas activistas de consumo de agua, motivar mejores prácticas de manejo de agua en las empresas y reducir el riesgo de disposición de agua en años venideros.

ABSTRACT The aerospace industry continually seeks to optimize product development processes to remain competitive. Design for Excellence (DFX) plays a crucial role in meeting customer expectations while aligning with organizational capabilities. However, the diversity of DFX technological areas and methods can make it challenging for companies to select the appropriate ones for each project. Successful DFX application, ensuring projects stay within scope, time, cost, and quality constraints without overburdening the development process, often depends on the engineering team’s experience and the project phase. This work maps DFX technological areas to address the decision-making problem of selecting the most suitable ones for various projects. The objective is to evaluate, from the engineering team’s perspective, whether a general approach can guide project managers in selecting key DFX areas, considering a typical aerospace organization’s project portfolio and specific project phase characteristics. Starting with a literature review of DFX in aerospace, the research includes a survey along with senior product development engineers. Quantitative results are gathered using the Likert scale and analyzed through the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The paper presents a method to guide the initial selection of DFX areas, aiding project managers and engineers in designing complex products. competitive (DFX capabilities However application scope time cost teams team s decisionmaking decision making evaluate perspective organizations organization characteristics AHP. AHP . (AHP) products (AHP

ABSTRACT The study examined the effects of mandatory International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) adoption on the quality of accounting information from three perspectives: the ability of accounting figures to explain credit ratings and their evolution after IFRS adoption; the difference in information gains from mandatory IFRS adoption between emerging and developed countries; and the identification of aspects of national governance capable of explaining these information gains. This article differs from the existing literature in three respects: it uses a more comprehensive and heterogeneous sample of emerging and developed countries; it uses the bootstrapping resampling method for a consistent analysis of the results; and it examines the heterogeneity of the effects of IFRS adoption as a function of country-level development and governance characteristics. The study reinforces the relevance of accounting information for analyzing companies' credit risk and makes new contributions to the literature on the heterogeneity of the effects of IFRS adoption. By using a multi-country sample, the article has potential implications for national and international accounting and finance literature, and is also useful for regulators and international portfolio managers. The analyses were based on the ratings and annual accounting data of 566 companies domiciled in 36 countries over the period from 2005 to 2017, using a bootstrapping resampling method. This article documented that mandatory IFRS adoption increased the ability of accounting data to explain the credit ratings assigned by rating agencies. Moreover, it was found that this relationship is, on average, more pronounced in emerging economies. The analysis also showed a positive relationship between the control of corruption and the information gain associated with IFRS adoption. (IFRS perspectives respects results countrylevel country level characteristics multicountry multi managers 56 3 200 2017 agencies Moreover average economies 5 20 201 2

RESUMO O estudo investigou os efeitos da adoção mandatória das Normas Internacionais de Contabilidade (International Financial Reporting Standards [IFRS]) sobre a qualidade das informações contábeis sob três aspectos: a capacidade dos números contábeis explicarem os ratings de crédito e sua evolução após a adoção das IFRS; a diferença em termos de ganho informacional com a adoção mandatória das IFRS entre países emergentes e desenvolvidos; e a identificação de aspectos de governança nacional capazes de explicar os referidos ganhos informacionais. Este artigo se diferencia da literatura existente em três aspectos: utiliza amostra mais abrangente e heterogênea, composta por países emergentes e desenvolvidos; utiliza o método de reamostragem por bootstrapping para análise consistente dos resultados; e investiga a heterogeneidade dos efeitos da adoção das IFRS como função do nível de desenvolvimento e das características de governança no nível do país. O estudo reforça a relevância da informação contábil para a análise do risco de crédito das empresas e traz novas contribuições à literatura sobre a heterogeneidade dos efeitos da adoção das IFRS. Ao utilizar amostra de diversos países, este artigo tem potencial impacto na literatura contábil e financeira nacional e internacional, também se mostrando útil para reguladores e gestores de portfolios internacionais. As análises se basearam nos ratings e dados contábeis anuais de 566 empresas domiciliadas em 36 países, durante o período de 2005 a 2017, por meio de método de reamostragem por bootstrapping. Este artigo documenta que a adoção mandatória das IFRS aumentou a capacidade dos dados contábeis explicarem as classificações de crédito atribuídas pelas agências de classificação de risco (agências de rating [AR]). Ademais, evidencia que essa associação é, em média, mais acentuada em economias emergentes. E indica, ainda, relação positiva entre controle da corrupção (CC) e ganho informacional associado à adoção das IFRS. International [IFRS] desenvolvidos informacionais heterogênea resultados país internacional internacionais 56 3 200 2017 AR. AR . [AR]) Ademais é média indica ainda CC (CC [IFRS 5 20 201 [AR] 2 [AR

Quality vocational training is important to ensure that family physicians can strengthen the district health system. Competent clinical trainers and supervisors, with the necessary educational knowledge and skills, are required for this job. In 2014, a formal Train the Clinical Trainer (TCT) course was introduced in South Africa as a collaborative effort between the Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP) and the South African Academy of Family Physicians (SAAFPs). To make the training relevant, the course was aligned with the National Unit Standards for Family Medicine, as these defined the learning outcomes for registrars. The aim of the TCT course was to equip workplace-based clinical trainers with an essential set of educational skills, which could be further developed through mentoring and support. Accredited trainers present the face-to-face course yearly to two family physicians from each of the nine departments of family medicine in South Africa. The TCT course is built around the educational principles of learner-centredness and andragogy. During these 5 days of training the roles and responsibilities of trainers and learners, the learning environment, alignment with the curriculum, assessment for and of learning, and leadership are covered. Recently online assessment, the e-portfolio and the use of entrustable professional activities were added to the course content. In the future we would like to accredit more clinical trainers through a process of workplace-based self-evaluation and 360-degree feedback from peers and students. Lastly, we want to expand the training course in the African region. CONTRIBUTION: The Train the Clinical Trainer (TCT) course, established in 2014 through RCGP and SAAFP collaboration in South Africa, ensures family physicians have essential educational skills. Aligned with national standards, the course embraces learner-centered principles. Ongoing enhancements include online assessments and future plans involve accrediting more trainers through self-evaluation and expanding across the African region

Resumen Las empresas deben evaluar constantemente sus actividades para establecer estrategias que permitan su desarrollo. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar el desempeño en la empresa ecuatoriana de balanceados Coprobalan S. A. La metodología empleada fue de carácter descriptivo, con un enfoque cuantitativo. Se aplicó indicadores de liquidez, solvencia, gestión y rentabilidad de acuerdo con políticas e información pública expuesta por la Superintendencia de Compañías, Valores y Seguros del Ecuador. Como resultado se evidenció que la empresa de productos balanceados Coprobalan S.A. cumple con sus obligaciones a corto plazo, tiene proyección de crecimiento evidenciado en las inversiones en las cuales utilizó capital propio y de terceros, ha implementado estrategias orientadas a mejorar la rotación de cartera, activo fijo y ventas, presentando además, una buena gestión de sus gastos, pero para lograr un mayor crecimiento y desarrollo empresarial debe optar por estrategias que permitan aumentar la rentabilidad sin comprometer las relaciones con los proveedores y la calidad de sus productos.

Abstract Companies must constantly evaluate their activities to establish strategies that allow their development. The objective of this investigation was to analyze the performance in the Ecuadorian company of balanced Coprobalan S. A.; The methodology used was descriptive, with a quantitative approach. Indicators of liquidity, solvency, management and profitability were applied in accordance with policies and public information exposed by the Superintendency of Companies, Securities and Insurance of Ecuador. As a result, it was evidenced that the company of balanced products Coprobalan S.A. complies with its short-term obligations, has a growth projection evidenced in the investments in which it used its own capital and that of third parties, has implemented strategies aimed at improving portfolio rotation, fixed assets and sales, also presenting good management of its expenses, but to achieve greater growth and business development, you must opt for strategies that allow you to increase profitability without compromising relationships with suppliers and the quality of your products.

South African Foundation Phase teacher education programmes are criticised for not delivering critical and creative students who can rightfully take their place in an ever-changing world. Moreover, the demand for developing teacher education programmes that are of high quality and lead to meaningful development of teachers as well as several national and institutional teacher education policy changes has led to revisions to approaches to assessment. The aim of this article is to indicate how portfolios can be used as a reflective learning tool in assessment. A qualitative exploratory case study is presented where Foundation Phase teacher education portfolios were analysed thematically to establish whether portfolios promote learning through students' engagement in reflection. We argue that student reflections through portfolios have the potential of enhancing the process of thinking about learning, thereby encouraging students to think about more than just their marks, but also their personal development and growth. An analysis of the data showed that students developed the ability to reflect as they progressed through the portfolio, albeit superficially. There were strong indicators that the portfolio tasks enabled different levels of reflection and learning. We found that the students had not developed the ability to assess their own teaching or learning, and it made us realise that we need to do more probing for such critical thinking about the way we implement the portfolio task. Portfolios hold much value for summative assessment purposes, but it is important to acknowledge its value to enable assessment for learning. Therefore, a mind shift is needed towards alternative uses of portfolios in teacher education programmes as well as how they can be used for sustainable assessment. The construction of learning portfolios with an explicit focus on learning could bring about important changes for Foundation Phase teacher education students, as it enables them to become more aware of their own learning and growth and could serve as a form of professional development for pre-service teachers that could also serve them well when practising as in-service professionals.

Resumo: O considerável aumento no consumo de produtos frescos da horticultura intensificou a importância da adoção de inovações tecnológicas na agricultura, em especial no cultivo em Sistema de Plantio Direto de Hortaliças (SPDH). Porém, há dificuldade em encontrar e adotar tecnologias de custo compatível com o tamanho e faturamento das propriedades. Dessa forma, desenvolveu-se este estudo com o objetivo de identificar tecnologias existentes e as condicionantes de adoção de inovação tecnológica no cultivo de hortaliças em SPDH. Realizado mediante revisão sistemática da literatura, do tipo integrativa, a partir das bases de dados Scopus e Web of Science, no período temporal 2009-2019, envolveu análise bibliométrica e de conteúdo do portfólio selecionado. Para tanto, adotou-se o método de análise PRISMA. Dessa busca, 94 artigos foram selecionados para estudo aprofundado, do qual conclui-se que a inovação no desenvolvimento da agricultura no ramo de hortaliças diminui a necessidade de mão de obra, possibilita estabelecer um padrão de produção, aumenta a produtividade e a oferta de produtos com sabor e qualidade exigidos pelas normas. Também proporciona melhora na qualidade de vida dos agricultores. Entretanto, para o SPDH se tornar mais efetivo, necessita-se algumas adaptações tecnológicas. Uma lista de tecnologias e critérios avaliados para sua adoção foi compilada e organizada, auxiliando a estruturação de novas pesquisas no tema e o acesso ao conhecimento específico para agricultores interessados em inovação tecnológica para suas propriedades.

Abstract: The considerable increase in the consumption of fresh horticultural products has intensified the importance of adopting technological innovations in agriculture, especially in the cultivation in a direct planting system for vegetables (SPDH). However, it is difficult to find and adopt technologies at a cost compatible with the size and revenue of the properties. In this way, a study was developed with the objective of identifying existing technologies and the conditions for the adoption of technological innovation in the cultivation of vegetables in SPDH. Carried out through a systematic review of the literature in the Scopus and Web of Science databases, in the period 2009-2019, it involved bibliometric and content analysis of the selected portfolio. For this purpose, the PRISMA analysis method was adopted. From this search, 94 articles were selected for in-depth study, from which it is concluded that innovation in the development of agriculture in the field of vegetables reduces the need for labor, makes it possible to establish a production standard, increase productivity and the supply of products with taste and quality required by the standards. It also improves the quality of life of farmers. However, for the SPDH to become more effective, some technological adaptations are needed. A list of technologies and criteria evaluated for their adoption was compiled and organized, helping the structuring of new research on the subject and access to specific knowledge for farmers interested in technological innovation for their properties.

Resumen Objetivo: determinar la calidad de vida, la sobrecarga del rol del cuidador y el apoyo social percibido de las cuidadoras principales de pacientes pertenecientes a la Cartera de Servicios de la Atención Domiciliaria de tres Centros de Salud del Área de Salud de Gran Canaria. Método: estudio descriptivo-transversal, con un muestreo aleatorio simple de cuidadoras. Participaron 89 cuidadoras, las cuáles realizaban 4 cuestionarios: uno de elaboración propia, Zarit (sobrecarga), Duke (apoyo social percibido) y Coop-Wonca (calidad de vida). Este proyecto permite conocer la realidad psicosocial de las cuidadoras principales y con ello visibilizar su situación.

Abstract Objective: to determine the quality of life, caregiver role overload and perceived social support of the main caregivers of patients belonging to the Home Care Service Portfolio of three Health Centres in the Health Area of Gran Canaria. Method: descriptive-cross-sectional study, with simple random sampling of caregivers. Eighty-nine carers took part, completing four questionnaires: one selfcompleted questionnaire, Zarit (overload), Duke (perceived social support) and Coop-Wonca (quality of life). This project allows us to know the psychosocial reality of the main carers and thus to make their situation more visible.

Antes restrita a uma área de fronteira da Física, a computação quântica é uma das áreas que mais tem crescido atualmente, justamente por suas aplicações tecnológicas em problemas de otimização, aprendizagem de máquina, segurança da informação e simulações. O objetivo deste artigo é introduzir os fundamentos da computação quântica, tendo como foco um algoritmo quântico promissor e sua aplicação a um problema do mercado financeiro. Mais especificamente, discutimos o problema da otimização de portfólio usando o Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA). Não somente descrevemos os principais conceitos envolvidos, mas também consideramos exemplos simples práticos, envolvendo ativos financeiros disponíveis na bolsa brasileira, com códigos, tanto clássicos quanto quânticos, dísponíveis livremente em um Jupyter Notebook. Também analisamos em detalhes a qualidade das soluções de otimização combinatória de portfólio por meio do QAOA usando o simulador quântico ATOS QLM do SENAI/CIMATEC.

Previously only considered a frontier area of Physics, nowadays quantum computing is one of the fastest growing research field, precisely because of its technological applications in optimization problems, machine learning, information security and simulations. The goal of this article is to introduce the fundamentals of quantum computing, focusing on a promising quantum algorithm and its application to a financial market problem. More specifically, we discuss the portfolio optimization problem using the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA). We not only describe the main concepts involved but also consider simple practical examples, involving financial assets available on the Brazilian stock exchange, with codes, both classic and quantum, freely available as a Jupyter Notebook. We also analyze in details the quality of the combinatorial portfolio optimization solutions through QAOA using SENAI/CIMATEC’s ATOS QLM quantum simulator.

Introduction and objective: in order to carry out a study of inequities in health care in Spain, the Spanish Association of Pediatric Primary Care (AEPap) has set out to analyze whether there is a relationship between the portfolio of services that is applied in each Spanish region and health spending per capita. Method: through a survey to regional members of AEPap they have tried to answer 16 questions that include: the number of children per pediatrician, the existence of pediatric nursing, the vaccination schedule, waiting times in early and psycho-pedagogical services and the availability of diagnostic means (prick test, ultrasound, spirometry, rapid strep test and impedanciometry)... An attempt has been made to correlate the availability of these elements in the service portfolio with the expenditure per inhabitant of the Spanish regions, called autonomous communities (AC), according to data from the Ministry of Health. Results: there exists a direct correlation between the AC that have a higher health expenditure with having fewer assigned children per pediatrician, the availability of pediatric nursing, shorter waiting times for early care and psychopedagogical services, and a greater availability of diagnostic methods in primary health care consultations. Conclusions: the portfolio of services of the National Health System is not carried out homogeneously throughout Spain. The Autonomous Communities with the lowest expenditure per person offer lower quality services to childhood and adolescence of these Autonomous Communities, which implies an inequity in the nation's health supply.

Introducción y objetivo: para realizar un estudio de las inequidades en la atención sanitaria en España, desde la Asociación Española de Pediatría de Atención Primaria (AEPap) se ha planteado analizar si existe una relación entre la cartera de servicios que se aplica en cada comunidad y el gasto sanitario per cápita. Método: por medio de una encuesta a los vocales autonómicos de la AEPap se ha tratado de responder a 16 preguntas sobre el número de niños por pediatra, la existencia de enfermería pediátrica, el calendario vacunal, tiempos de espera en los servicios de Atención Temprana y psicopedagógicos y disponibilidad de medios diagnósticos (prick test, ecografía, espirometría, test rápido de estreptococo e impedanciometría). Se ha tratado de correlacionar la disponibilidad de estos elementos de la cartera de servicios con el gasto por habitante de las comunidades autónomas (CC. AA.) según los datos del Ministerio de Sanidad. Resultados: existe una correlación de las CC. AA. que tienen un mayor gasto sanitario con menor número de niños por pediatra, disponibilidad de enfermería pediátrica, menores tiempos de espera para los servicios de Atención Temprana y psicopedagógicos y mayor disponibilidad de métodos diagnósticos en las consultas de Atención Primaria. Conclusiones: la cartera de servicios del Sistema Nacional de Salud no se cumple de forma homogénea en toda España. Las CC. AA. con menor gasto por persona ofrecen servicios de menor calidad a la infancia y a la adolescencia de dichas CC. AA., lo que genera inequidad de la oferta sanitaria.

ABSTRACT Objectives: To identify dermatological complications and local care of temporary and permanent tattoos through a systematic review. Methods: A systematic review was carried out applying the PRISMA Declaration. The search was carried out in 6 databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, CUIDEN, CINHAL, DARE and LILACS) and two non-indexed databases (Elsevier Dermatology and Dermatology Online Journal). The search was limited by language (English / Spanish) and by year (last 10 years). Once the database was refined, the quality evaluation was carried out in pairs. Results. A total of 583 articles were obtained, of which 86 were removed in duplicate and 379 after review by title and abstract. 118 full-text articles were selected, which, once the quality was evaluated through the criteria proposed by the EQUATOR Network, 30 articles presented a high average quality. Finally, 22 clinical cases (CARE report), 5 observational studies (STROBE report), 2 clinical trials (CONSORT report) and a systematic review (PRISMA report) were included for analysis. Conclusions: There is a need to update knowledge oriented to the treatment approach and the identification of complications related to tattoos based on solid evidence. The development of clinical practice guidelines that address the detection and application of appropriate treatments for this health problem, may be the first step in integrating the management of tattoos into the portfolio of services of the Health System, allowing to know the epidemiological dimension and the necessary resources in Primary Care.

RESUMEN Objetivos: Identificar las complicaciones dermatológicas y los cuidados locales de los tatuajes temporales y permanentes a través de una revisión sistemática. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión sistemática aplicando la Declaración PRISMA. La búsqueda se llevó a cabo en 6 bases de datos (PubMed, Cochrane Library, CUIDEN, CINHAL, DARE y LILACS) y dos bases no indexadas (Dermatología Elsevier y Dermatology Online Journal). Se delimitó la búsqueda por idioma (inglés/español) y por año (últimos 10 años). Una vez depurada la base de datos se procedió a la evaluación de la calidad por pares. Resultados: Se obtuvieron un total de 583 artículos, de los cuales se eliminaron 86 por duplicado y 379 tras la revisión por título y resumen. Se seleccionaron 118 artículos a texto completo, y una vez evaluada la calidad a través de los criterios propuestos por la Red EQUATOR, 30 artículos presentaron una calidad mediaalta. Finalmente, para su análisis cualitativo se incluyeron un total 22 casos clínicos (informe CARE), 5 estudios observacionales (informe STROBE), 2 ensayos clínicos (informe CONSORT) y una revisión sistemática (informe PRISMA). Conclusiones: Se ha evidenciado la necesidad de actualizar conocimientos orientados al abordaje de los tratamientos y la identificación de las complicaciones relacionadas con los tatuajes basados en evidencias sólidas. El desarrollo de guías de práctica clínica que aborden la detección y la aplicación de tratamientos adecuados a este problema de salud puede ser el primer paso para integrar el manejo de los tatuajes en la cartera de servicios del sistema sanitario, permitiendo conocer la dimensión epidemiológica y los recursos necesarios en atención primaria.

ABSTRACT The main goal of this paper is to propose a methodology for selecting investment portfolios designed to generate financial returns and a socio-environmental impact. This work suggests a seven-step protocol that prioritizes the use of scientific evidence, quality data sources and the interdependence of investment alternatives. In particular, it proposes a multi-objective evolutionary optimization model to estimate the efficient frontier and select the portfolio according to the decision maker’s preferences. By an innovative extension of the concept of portfolio diversification, already well understood in traditional portfolio management, this study concludes that it is possible for impact investors to build more efficient portfolios. Due to the scarcity of similar studies in the literature and the rare use of rigorous methods for implementing impact investments, this study, therefore, presents an academic contribution to the field and illustrates the use of the proposed methodology to improve management decisions.

RESUMEN Introducción: La Paca Biodigestora, también conocida como Paca Digestora Silva, es una tecnología para la gestión integral de los residuos orgánicos, un proceso que permite la degradación biológica de la materia orgánica hasta abono, un material orgánico que contiene nutrientes biodisponibles para las plantas y organismos que benefician la calidad del suelo. Objetivo: Identificar y analizar la producción científica e investigaciones desarrolladas sobre las Pacas Biodigestoras. Materiales y métodos: Se aplicó el método Proknow-C que consiste en seleccionar un portafolio bibliográfico y desarrollar en él un análisis bibliométrico y sistémico, por medio del rastreo en bases de datos y repositorios institucionales. Resultados: Fueron identificados 12 artículos que conformaron el portafolio bibliográfico de investigaciones que se han desarrollado sobre las pacas biodigestoras. En el periodo entre 2015 y 2017 fue encontrada la mayor cantidad de publicaciones, tres por año. La revista más destaca es Producción + Limpia. Los diferentes autores han enfocado sus investigaciones en analizar la variación de los parámetros fisicoquímicos, estudiar el proceso de descomposición de residuos orgánicos en las pacas biodigestoras y evaluar la calidad del producto final, sus características fisicoquímicas, microbiológicas y nutricionales. Conclusiones: Pese a que la información científica sobre el método es incipiente, lo cual limita su comprensión y aplicación, varios autores coinciden que la Paca Biodigestora es un método viable para el tratamiento y aprovechamiento de los residuos orgánicos, debido a que evita los impactos negativos en el ambiente, protege la salud pública y fomenta las prácticas ambientales sostenibles desde la participación comunitaria.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The Biodigester Bale, also known as Silva Digester Bale, is a technology for the integrated management of organic waste, a process that allows the biological degradation of organic matter into fertilizer, an organic material containing bioavailable nutrients for plants and organisms that benefit soil quality. Objective: To identify and analyze the scientific production and research developed on the Biodigester Bales. Materials and Methods: The Proknow-C method was applied, which consists of selecting a bibliographic portfolio and developing a bibliometric and systemic analysis on it, by means of tracking in databases and institutional repositories. Results: Twelve articles were identified that made up the bibliographic portfolio of research that has been developed on biodigester bales. In the period between 2015 and 2017 the largest number of publications was found, three per year. The most outstanding journal is Producción + Limpia. The different authors have focused their research on analyzing the variation of physicochemical parameters, studying the process of decomposition of organic waste in biodigester bales and evaluating the quality of the final product, its physicochemical, microbiological and nutritional characteristics. Conclusions: Although the scientific information on the method is incipient, which limits its understanding and application. Several authors agree that the Biodigester Bale is a viable method for the treatment and use of organic waste, because it avoids negative impacts on the environment, protects public health and promotes sustainable environmental practices from community participation.

RESUMO Introdução: O fardo biodigestor, também conhecida como fardos digestores Silva são uma tecnologia para a gestão integral de resíduos orgânicos, um processo que permite a degradação biológica da matéria orgânica até obter o adubo; um material orgânico que contém nutrientes biológicamente disponibilizados para as plantas e organismos e traz um benefício para o solo e melhora sua qualidade. Objetivo: Identificar e analisar a produção científica e pesquisas desenvolvidas sobre os fardos biodigestores. Metodologia: Foi utilizado o método Proknow-C que envolve a seleção de um portfólio bibliográfico e desenvolvimento de uma análise bibliométrica e sistêmica, através da busca em bases de dados e repositórios institucionais. Resultados: Foram identificados 12 artigos que constituíram o portfólio bibliográfico de pesquisas que têm sido desenvolvidas sobre os fardos biodigestores. No período entre 2015 e 2017, foi encontrada a maior quantidade de publicações, três por ano. A revista mais destacada na revisão é Producción + Limpia. Os diferentes autores têm focalizado suas investigações em analisar a variação dos parâmetros físico-químicos, estudar o processo de decomposição dos resíduos orgânicos nos fardos biodigestores e avaliar a qualidade do produto final, suas características físico-químicas, microbiológicas e nutricionais. Conclusões: Apesar de a informação cientifica sobre o método é ainda insuficiente, por isso se limita a sua compreensão e aplicação. Vários autores coincidem que o fardo biodigestor é um método viável para o tratamento e aproveitamento dos resíduos orgânicos, devido a que evita os impactos negativos no meio ambiente, protege a saúde pública e fomenta as práticas ambientais sustentáveis desde a participação comunitária.