SUMMARY: This study focuses on the review and proposal for anatomical terminology associated with the anatomical concept of Hyrtl´s porus crotaphitico-buccinatorius (PCBH), which is a passage area for the lateral divisions of the mandibular nerve in the infratemporal fossa. The objective of this research is to determine the most appropriate anatomical term from the perspective of international anatomical terminology to describe the structure known as PCBH. Furthermore, it seeks to provide solid proof, based on scientific and historical evidence that supports the correct choice of the term for international anatomical terminology in order to further precise and uniform communication in anatomy and medical science. The detailed analysis of the existing structure highlights the lack of descriptive information and the presence of eponyms. The proposed "Infratemporal Pterygoalar Foramen" is presented as a more precise alternative, supported by historical and etymological definitions. Each component of this new term is carefully selected, more accurately reflecting the location, components, shape and anatomical characteristics of the structure. This research contributes to the standardization and continuous improvement of international anatomical terminology, facilitating more effective communication in the scientific and medical field.

RESUMEN: Este estudio se centra en la revisión y propuesta para la terminología anatómica asociada al concepto anatómico de Poro Crotafítico Buccinatorio de Hyrtl (PCBH) que es un área de paso para las divisiones laterales del nervio mandibular en la fosa infratemporal. El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar el término anatómico más apropiado desde la perspectiva de la terminología anatómica internacional para describir la estructura denominada PCBH. Asimismo, se busca proporcionar una justificación sólida y basada en evidencia científica e histórica que respalde la elección correcta del término para la terminología anatómica internacional, con el propósito de promover una comunicación precisa y uniforme en el campo de la anatomía y la ciencia médica. El análisis detallado de la estructura existente resalta la carencia de información descriptiva y la presencia de epónimos. La propuesta del "Foramen Infratemporal Pterigoalar" se presenta como una alternativa más precisa, respaldada por definiciones históricas y etimológicas. Cada componente de este nuevo término se selecciona cuidadosamente, reflejando con mayor precisión la ubicación, componentes, forma y características anatómicas de la estructura. Esta investigación contribuye a la estandarización y mejora continua de la terminología anatómica internacional, facilitando una comunicación más efectiva en el ámbito científico y médico.

Resumen Tres estaciones magnetotelúricas, ubicadas sobre la Cordillera Oriental de Colombia y pertenecientes a la Red Geofísica de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia (TUNJ, USME y VCIO), han sido utilizadas para detectar anomalías espaciales y temporales de la resistividad aparente a una profundidad superior a 200 km, en el período abril de 2018 hasta junio de 2021. A partir de este monitoreo se observó que existen anomalías transitorias horas antes de la crisis sísmica del 23 de abril de 2018 en el Nido Sísmico de Bucaramanga (NSB). Dentro de los principales hallazgos de este trabajo, se pudo identificar una posible asociación entre anomalías de resistividad aparente previas o durante cuatro eventos sísmicos con 3,3 ≤ Mw < 4,3 a una profundidad de 115 ≤ H < 154 km el 23 de abril de 2018. La asociación entre anomalías de resistividad y eventos sísmicos se explica por otros autores como un proceso de migración de fluidos, el cual genera presión de poro que supera el esfuerzo efectivo y provoca el fracturamiento dentro del NSB.

Abstract Three magnetotelluric stations located on the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia and belonging to the Geophysical Network of the National University of Colombia (TUNJ, USME, and VCIO) have been used to detect spatial and temporal anomalies in apparent resistivity to depths exceeding 200 km, in the period from April 2018 to June 2021. From this monitoring, it was observed that transient anomalies took place hours before the seismic crisis of April 23, 2018, in the Bucaramanga Seismic Nest (BSN). Among the main findings of this work, it was possible to identify a potential association between apparent resistivity anomalies prior to or during four seismic events with 3,3 ≤ Mw < 4,3 at a depth of 115 ≤ H < 154 km on April 23, 2018. The association between resistivity anomalies and seismic events is explained by other authors as a fluid migration process, which generates pore pressure that exceeds effective stress and causes fracturing within the BSN.

Resumen Cultivo de aliáceas comprenden diversas especies de importancia agrícola para la región Arequipa, entre ellas la cebolla es la de mayor producción en el país, sin embargo, estos cultivos son afectados por nematodos fitoparásitos entre ellas Meloidogyne spp. que ocasiona pérdidas significativas en la producción. El objetivo del presente estudio fue caracterizar al nematodo de las agallas (Meloidogyne spp) y determinar la densidad poblacional de nematodos fitoparásitos en cultivos de aliáceas en las principales localidades productoras de la región Arequipa, se colectaron muestras de raíces y suelo de cultivos de cebolla, cebolla china, poro y cebollín en las provincias de Arequipa, Castilla, Caylloma e Islay. La identificación de los géneros de nematodos se hizo mediante características morfológicas y la caracterización de Meloidogyne se hizo mediante patrones perineales y por padrón electroforético de esterasa (Est). En las 38 muestras de suelo se encontraron doce géneros de nematodos fitoparásitos: Aphelenchus, Dorylaimus, Helicotylenchus, Hemicycliophora, Meloidogyne, Mesocriconema, Mononchus, OGMA, Pratylenchus, Rotylenchus, Tylenchus, Xiphinema y nematodos de vida libre, en muestras de raíces, se encontraron ocho poblaciones de Meloidogyne spp. distribuidas en tres especies: (1) M. incognita fenotipo Est I1, Rm: 1.0 con 33,33% de frecuencia y Est I2, Rm: 1.03, 1.07 (50%); (2) M. javanica Est J3, Rm: 1.03, 1.24, 1.37 (16,67%) y una especie atípica denominada Meloidogyne sp. Rm: 0.85 (33,33%). La identificación de géneros y especies de nematodos fitoparásitos en aliáceas, permitirá adoptar medidas de manejo integrado más eficientes, debido a que poseen un comportamiento de parasitismo distinto.

Abstract Alliaceae crops includes several species of agricultural importance for the Arequipa region, among them the onion is the most produced in the country, however, these crops are affected by phytoparasitic nematodes, including Meloidogyne spp. which causes significant losses in the yield. The aim of the present study was to characterise the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp) and determine the population density of phytoparasitic nematodes in alliaceae crops in the main producing localities of the Arequipa region. Samples of roots and soil were collected in onion, chinese onion, leek and chives crops in the provinces of Arequipa, Castilla, Caylloma and Islay. The identification of nematode genus was found by morphological characteristics and the characterization of Meloidogyne were performed by perineal patterns and electrophoretic pattern of esterase (Est). In the 38 soil samples, different genus of plant-parasitic nematodes was found: Aphelenchus, Dorylaimus, Helicotylenchus, Hemicycliophora, Meloidogyne, Mesocriconema, Mononchus, OGMA, Pratylenchus, Rotylenchus, Tylenchus, Xiphinema and free-living nematodes, in root samples, eight populations of Meloidogyne spp. were found. distributed among three species: (1) M. incognita phenotype Est I1, Rm: 1.0 with 33.33% of frequency and Est I2, Rm: 1.03, 1.07 (50%); (2) M. javanica Est J3, Rm: 1.03, 1.24, 1.37 (16.67%) and an atypical species named Meloidogyne sp. Rm: 0.85 (33.33%). The identification of genus and species phytoparasitic nematodes in alliaceae will allow the adoption of more efficient integrated management measures, because have a distinct parasitism behavior.

ABSTRACT: The effect of different feed substrates incubated in filter bags [no bag (NB); Ankom® F57, 25 μm pore size (25AN); polyester, 45 μm pore size (45PB); polyester, 67 μm pore size (67PB) ] or dispersed in the medium on gas production, digestion and rumen fermentation was evaluated using an in vitro gas production system. Filter bags reduced (P < 0.01) gas production but increased (P < 0.01) the in vitro dry matter digestibility (45PB and 67PB). Additionally, the use of filter bags with smaller pore size, reduced total volatile fatty acid (P < 0.01), but had minimal effects on acetate, propionate, and butyrate concentration. Our research suggested that using filter bags with a pore size of 67 µ would reduce some negative effects of incubating feed substrate dispersed in the medium or in filter bags with smaller pore size. However, the use of bags with a larger pore size might allow the wash out of small feed particles with consequent overestimation of digestibility.

RESUMO: O efeito de diferentes substratos alimentares incubados em sacos de filtro [sem saco (NB); Ankom® F57, tamanho de poro de 25 μm (25AN); poliéster, tamanho de poro de 45 μm (45PB); poliéster, tamanho de poro de 67 μm (67PB) ] ou disperso no meio na produção de gás, digestão e fermentação ruminal foi avaliada usando um sistema de produção de gás in vitro. As bolsas de filtro reduziram (P < 0,01) a produção de gases, mas aumentaram (P < 0,01) a digestibilidade da matéria seca in vitro (45PB e 67PB). Adicionalmente, o uso de bolsas de filtro com tamanho de poro menor reduziu o ácido graxo volátil total (P < 0,01), mas teve efeitos mínimos na concentração de acetato, propionato e butirato. Nosso trabalho sugere que usar sacos de filtro com tamanho de poro de 67 µ reduziria alguns efeitos negativos da incubação de substrato de alimentação disperso no meio ou em sacos de filtro com tamanho de poro menor. No entanto, o uso de sacolas com poros maiores pode permitir a eliminação de pequenas partículas de ração com consequente superestimação da digestibilidade.

RESUMO A realcalinização química (RAQ) e a realcalinização eletroquímica (RAE) são procedimentos utilizados como reparo de estruturas em concretos sujeitos à corrosão nas armaduras por ação da carbonatação. A premissa é elevar o pH da solução do poro do concreto, com o intuito de reestruturar o filme passivo das armaduras. A RAE é aplicada em estruturas a 40 anos e apresenta eficácia na reestruturação desta película. Já a RAQ é um método pouco abordado no meio cientifico. Este trabalho sintetiza informações, através de uma Revisão Sistemática da Literatura (RSL) com a técnica de snowballing, foram aderidos 24 trabalhos dos quais levantou-se os principais métodos de aplicação, soluções alcalinas e reações físico-químicas. Foi realizada uma análise comparativa entre a RAE e a RAQ, apesar de serem governados por mecanismos diferentes ambos foram eficazes em um período de tempo de 15 dias para reestabelecer o pH superior a 12, sendo também capazes de reestruturar o filme passivo das armaduras em sistemas com perda de massa decorrentes da corrosão abaixo de 0,25%. As principais lacunas da literatura são referentes aos mecanismos de reação da RAQ, alterações nas propriedades do concreto, duração de ambos os tratamentos e maior pré-disposição a reação álcali-agregado após o tratamento. (RAQ (RAE carbonatação concreto 4 película cientifico informações RSL (RSL snowballing 2 levantouse levantou se aplicação físicoquímicas. físicoquímicas físico químicas. químicas físico-químicas 1 12 025 0 25 0,25% prédisposição pré disposição álcaliagregado álcali agregado tratamento 02 0,25 0,2 0,

ABSTRACT Chemical realkalization (CRA) and electrochemical realkalization (ERA) are procedures used to repair concrete structures subject to corrosion in reinforcement due to carbonation. The premise is to raise the pH of the concrete pore solution, with the aim of restructuring the passive film of the reinforcement. RAE has been applied to structures for 40 years and is effective in restructuring the passive film. The CRA is a little discussed method in scientific circles. This paper synthesizes information on these methods, through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) and snowballing technique, with the adherence of 24 works where the main methods of applying treatments, alkaline solutions and physical-chemical reactions. A comparative analysis was carried out between ERA and CRA, although being governed by different mechanisms both raised the pH of the carbonation front to a value higher than 12, were effective in a period less than 15 days, and were also capable of restructuring the passive film of reinforcement in systems with mass loss due to corrosion below 0.25%. The main gaps are CRA reaction mechanisms, changes in concrete properties, duration of both treatments and greater predisposition to the alkali-aggregate reaction after treatment. (CRA (ERA solution 4 circles SLR (SLR technique 2 physicalchemical physical chemical reactions 12 1 days 025 0 25 0.25% properties alkaliaggregate alkali aggregate treatment 02 0.25 0.2 0.

Resumen Los materiales con una estructura porosa interna que reemplazan hueso dañado y sirven como andamios para procesos regenerativos son una herramienta fundamental en la ingeniería de tejidos óseos. En los últimos años, se ha investigado sobre la geometría interna que deben tener los andamios de modo que respondan a requerimientos específicos. El objetivo de esta revisión es mostrar los biomateriales y métodos de manufactura aditiva que se usan en la fabricación de andamios, las principales características geométricas de las celdas que conforman los materiales celulares, las formas que estas celdas se distribuyen en el espacio entre otros. Para la revisión sistemática se consultó la base de datos Google Scholar. Para esto se usaron los términos en inglés: bone tissue engineering scaffold geometric design. Los criterios de inclusión fueron que los documentos estuvieran en idioma inglés y estuvieran publicados de 2018 en adelante. Se revisaron los primeros 200 resultados y se priorizaron aquellos que eran artículos de revisión. Se destacó la importancia del tamaño de poro y porcentaje de porosidad como las propiedades geométricas que más influyen en las propiedades mecánicas, biológicas y de permeabilidad del andamio. Se muestra como la investigación actual tiende hacia biomateriales degradables que puedan generar una respuesta en el tejido que crece sobre ellos y el diseño de estructuras en donde la búsqueda de una propiedad requerida guía el diseño del andamio mediante métodos procedimentales o de optimización lo que supone un cambio frente al estudio de una o más celdas para establecer si sus propiedades se ajustaban a lo requerido.

Abstract Materials with an internal porous structure that replace damaged bone and serve as scaffolds for regenerative processes are a fundamental tool in bone tissue engineering. In recent years, research has been carried out on the internal geometry that scaffolding must have in order to respond to specific requirements. The objective of this review is to show the biomaterials and additive manufacturing methods that are used in the manufacture of scaffolds, the main geometric characteristics of the cells that make up the cellular materials, the ways that these cells are distributed in space, among others. For the systematic review, the Google Scholar database was consulted. For this, the terms in English were used: bone tissue engineering scaffold geometric design. The inclusion criteria were that the documents were in English and had been published from 2018 onwards. The first 200 results were reviewed and those that were review articles were prioritized. The importance of pore size and porosity percentage was highlighted as the geometric properties that most influence the mechanical, biological and permeability properties of the scaffold. It shows how current research tends towards degradable biomaterials that can generate a response in the tissue that grows on them and the design of structures where the search for a required property guides the design of the scaffold through procedural or optimization methods, which represents a change compared to the study of one or more cells to establish if their properties conformed to what was required.

ABSTRACT Transparency is one of the main quality requirements for wines, it is achieved mainly from the clarification process. Calcium bentonite is the most widely used clarifying agent to date and one of the most efficient in winemaking. Due to the economic situation that our country presents, it is not possible to import all the raw materials necessary for the production of wines, such is the case of bentonite. This research evaluates the use of nationally produced mineral zeolite as a clarifier in wine production processes. Turbidity was used as the response variable of the clarification process and was measured using a TURBIQUANT® 3000 IR/T Turbidimeter. In this process, mixtures with different proportions of imported calcium bentonite and national mineral zeolite were used, to evaluate the potential of the latter as a clarifier for wines produced in Santiago de Cuba. The best results were achieved using mixtures of imported bentonite and natural zeolite, sedimentation for ten days, and then filtration with filter paper with a pore size of 10 to 13 µm. The turbidity of the control ferment decreased by 92, 9 % from 60 NTU to 4,3 NTU with the pure zeolite and by 95,45% to 2,7 NTU using 75 % bentonite and 25 % zeolite. The results of this research show that it is possible to use the Cuban natural zeolite as a clarifier in the wine production processes.

RESUMEN La transparencia es uno de los principales requisitos de calidad de los vinos, se logra fundamentalmente a partir del proceso de clarificación. La bentonita de calcio es el agente clarificante más utilizado hasta la fecha y uno de los más eficientes en la elaboración de los vinos. Por la situación económica que presenta nuestro país, no es posible importar todas las materias primas necesarias para la producción de vinos, tal es el caso de la bentonita. En esta investigación se evalúa el uso de zeolita mineral de producción nacional como clarificante en los procesos de producción de vinos. Se utilizó la turbidez como variable respuesta del proceso de clarificación y se midió empleando un Turbidímetro TURBIQUANT® 3000 IR/T. En este proceso se emplearon mezclas con diferentes proporciones de bentonita de calcio importada y zeolita mineral nacional, para evaluar el potencial de esta última como clarificante de vinos producidos en Santiago de Cuba. Los mejores resultados se alcanzaron al utilizar mezclas de bentonita importada y de zeolita natural, sedimentación por diez días y luego filtración con papel de filtro con un tamaño de poro de 10 a 13 µm. La turbidez del fermento control disminuyó un 92,9 % de 60 NTU a 4,3 NTU con la zeolita pura y un 95,45 % hasta 2,7 NTU empleando un 75 % de bentonita y un 25 % de zeolita. Los resultados de esta investigación demuestran que es posible emplear la zeolita natural cubana como clarificante en los procesos de producción de vinos.

RESUMEN El funcionamiento ecosistémico de quebradas o arroyos altoandinos de Colombia aún es poco conocido. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la descomposición de hojas de aliso (Alnusacuminata), sietecueros (Andesanthuslepidotus) y una mezcla 1:1 de estas especies (Mixto), utilizando bolsas de hojarasca de poro amplio y fino, de 5 y 0,5 mm respectivamente, en la quebrada Las Perlas (2390 m.s.n.m.). Se recolectaron cuatro réplicas por tratamiento a los 3, 7, 15, 20 y 30 días, y se analizó la descomposición y la colonización por invertebrados (densidad, grupos funcionales de alimentación-GFA). Las tasas de descomposición (k) fueron significativamente distintas entre tratamientos y durante el experimento: A. acuminata (62 % de pérdida de masa seca) > Mixto (53 %) > A. lepidotus (31 %), principalmente en la primera semana y hacia el final del estudio. El mayor valor de k se registró en A. acuminata (- 0,019 días1) y el menor en A. lepidotus (- 0,004 días1). La densidad de macroinvertebrados colonizadores mostró una tendencia a aumentar durante el experimento, fue mayor en el día 20, y estuvo dominada principalmente por Diptera (Chironomidae, Simuliidae), Trichoptera (Hydroptilidae), Coleoptera (Elmidae) y Ephemeroptera (Leptohyphidae), mientras que en los GFA predominaron los recolectores, con los valores más altos en Mixto que en las especies por separado. En general, nuestros resultados sugieren que la colonización y la función de los invertebrados están relacionadas con la diversidad de hojas y sus mezclas, las cuales pueden definir la dinámica de la descomposición y de nutrientes en sistemas acuáticos tropicales altoandinos.

ABSTRACT The ecosystem functioning in headwater Colombian Andean streams is still poorly understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate the leaf decomposition of alder (Alnusacuminata), sietecueros (Andesanthus lepidotus) and a 1:1 mixture of the two species using coarse- (5 mm) and fine-mesh litter bags (0.5 mm) in the Las Perlas stream, a high-altitude tropical Andean aquatic system (2390 m.a.s.l.). A subset of 4-litterbags of each treatment was retrieved at 3, 7, 15, 20, and 30 days and analyzed for litter decomposition and invertebrate colonization (density, functional feeding groups-FFG). Decomposition rates (k) were significantly distinct between treatments and over the experiment: A. acuminata (62 % leaf dry mass loss) > Mixture (53 %) > A. lepidotus (31 %), mainly during the first week and toward the final phase of the study. The highest k-value was registered in A. acuminata (- 0.019 days1) and was lower in A. lepidotus (- 0.004 days1). Macroinvertebrate density tended to increase over the incubation period, was higher in the day 20, and was primarily dominated by Diptera (Chironomidae, Simuliidae), Trichoptera (Hydroptilidae), Coleoptera (Elmidae), and Ephemeroptera (Leptohyphidae), whereas the collectors predominated, attaining higher values in the Mixture than in the species alone. Overall, our results slightly suggest that invertebrate colonization and their function are related to the leaflitter diversity and mixing, which can define the dynamics of the decomposition and nutrients in tropical high-Andean aquatic systems.

RESUMEN El hollín generado en las arenas de fundición es un impedimento para la reutilización de las arenas debido a su contaminación, por ello la oxidación catalítica es necesaria para incrementar la velocidad de oxidación del hollín a menores temperaturas, mejorando la eficiencia energética y ambiental del proceso de recuperación. Los catalizadores mixtos de NiCe fueron preparados mediante el método de evaporación de solvente en proporciones molares Ni:Ce de 0.5:9.5, 1:9, 5:5, y 9:1 representados como Ni0.5Ce9.5, Ni1Ce9, Ni5Ce5 y Ni9Ce1, respectivamente y los catalizadores másicos CeO2 y NiO también fueron preparados por el mismo método. Todas las muestras se caracterizaron mediante diferentes técnicas basadas en su composición química, estructural, morfológica, textural y propiedades redox. Las técnicas de caracterización fueron: sorción de N2 (método BET), difracción de rayos X (XRD), termogravimetría (TGA), reducción a temperatura programada con H2 (TPR-H2), espectroscopía láser Raman (LRS), y espectroscopía infrarroja por transformada de Fourier (FTIR). La actividad catalítica se evaluó por TGA bajo aire sintético en contacto directo para la combustión del hollín. La calcinación a 800 °C y 600 °C de los catalizadores mixtos mostraron una baja superficie específica (3-74 m2 g-1) con tamaño promedio de cristalita que variaron con los distintos valores NiCe (9-22 nm). Sin embargo, se observó un incremento en el volumen del poro mesoporoso, un importante parámetro para la oxidación del hollín con aire. Asimismo, los difractogramas de rayos X del catalizador NiCe mostraron una introducción parcial de los iones Ni2+ a la red de la fluorita del CeO2 mediante un desplazamiento con respecto a la posición inicial del difractograma del CeO2. El catalizador Ni0.5Ce9.5 calcinado a 600 °C obtuvo la mejor actividad catalítica (T50 = 519.43 °C) comparado con los catalizadores Ni1Ce9, Ni5Ce5 y Ni9Ce1 and CeO2 calcinados a 800 °C y 600 °C. Se evaluó la cinética de oxidación del hollín, donde se determinó la energía de activación (Ea) tanto para el hollín catalizado como para el no catalizado bajo TGA con flujo de aire y se concluyó que el catalizador Ni0.5Ce9.5 (600) mejoró efectivamente la actividad catalítica (Ea = 73 kJ mol- 1) generando la eliminación del hollín a una temperatura más baja.

ABSTRACT The soot generated in foundry sands is an impediment to the reuse of the sands due to its contamination, therefore catalytic oxidation is necessary to increase the rate of soot oxidation at lower temperatures, improving the energy and environmental efficiency of the recovery process. NiO-CeO2 mixed oxides catalysts were prepared by solvent evaporation method with Ni:Ce molar ratios of 0.5:9.5, 1:9, 5:5, and 9:1, represented as Ni0.5Ce9.5, Ni1Ce9, Ni5Ce5 y Ni9Ce1, respectively and the precursors as CeO2 and NiO catalyst were also prepared through the same method. All the samples were characterized by different techniques based on their chemical, structural, morphological, textural composition, and redox properties. Characterization techniques were N2 sorption (BET method), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), H2 temperature programmed reduction (TPR-H2), Raman laser spectroscopy (LRS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The catalytic activity of the catalysts was evaluated by TGA under synthetic air as feed gas under tight contact for soot combustion. Calcinations at 800°C and 600°C of the mixed catalysts showed a low specific surface area (3-74 m2 g-1) with average crystallite sizes that varied with the different NiCe values (9-22 nm). However, an increase in the volume of the mesoporous pore was observed, an important parameter for the oxidation of soot with air. Likewise, the X-ray diffractograms of the NiCe catalysts showed a partial introduction of the Ni2+ ions to the CeO2 fluorite lattice through a displacement with respect to the initial position of the CeO2 diffractogram. The catalyst Ni0.5Ce9.5 (600), obtained the best catalytic activity (T50 =519.43 °C) compared to the catalysts Ni1Ce9, Ni5Ce5 y Ni9Ce1 and CeO2 calcined at 800°C and 600 °C. The soot oxidation kinetics were reported, where the activation energy (Ea) was determined, both for catalyzed and non-catalyzed soot under TGA with air flow. Therefore, it was concluded that the catalyst Ni0.5Ce9.5 (600) effectively improved the catalytic activity of the catalyst (Ea = 73 kJ mol-1) and reduced the combustion temperature, which generates the removal of soot at a lower temperature.

Resumen El lactosuero es un subproducto líquido, obtenido de la elaboración de queso, que no es completamente aprovechado debido a sus grandes cantidades, convirtiéndose en un agente contaminante al verterse en ríos y suelos. Se evaluó la valorización de lactosuero ácido mediante clarificación con membranas, donde se estudió el efecto de la temperatura y umbral de corte para la filtración de lactosuero ácido. La permeabilidad fue 3 veces mayor a 70°C que a 50°C (163.2±11.1 y 62.4±9.2 L/m2.h, respectivamente) para membranas con umbral de corte de poro de 0.2µm. Además, el flux de permeado para este umbral de corte fue 3, 6 y 10 veces mayor en comparación con los umbrales de 300, 150 y 50kDa a 70°C, respectivamente. Se escaló la etapa de clarificación con membranas de 0.2 µm logrando filtrar alrededor de 22L de lactosuero para el modo Batch hasta un factor de concentración volumétrica (FCV) de 5 con una retención de proteína del 68%. En el modo de operación semicontinuo se logró una retención de proteína del 61%, pero permitió operar por más tiempo, reduciendo el ensuciamiento, filtrando casi el doble de lactosuero en comparación al modo Batch. En todos los casos, la turbidez de los permeados estuvo por debajo de los 12 NTU (reducción >99%), independientemente de la turbidez del lactosuero, cuyos valores podían ser superiores a 12,000 NTU.

Abstract Whey is a liquid by-product obtained by cheese elaboration, which is not completely used due to the large quantities produced. As a result, the whey is poured into rivers and soils and becomes a pollutant agent. The valorization of acid whey using membrane clarification was evaluated, where the effect of temperature and membrane cut-off were studied using acid whey. Permeability was three times higher at 70°C than 50°C (163.2±11.1 y 62.4±9.2 L/m2.h, respectively) for membranes with a cut-off of 0.2 µm. Furthermore, the permeate flux for this cut-off was three, six and ten times higher compared with the cut-off of 300, 150 y 50 kDa at 70°C, respectively. The clarification stage was scaled-up with 0.2 µm membranes, achieving about 22 L of whey filtered for Batch mode until a volume reduction factor (VRF) of 5 with protein retention of 68%. In Fed-Batch mode, the retention of protein was 61%, but the filtration could be carried out for longer, reducing fouling and filtering almost the double of the quantity of whey compared with Batch mode. In all cases, the turbidity of permeates was lower than 12 NTU (reduction >99%), regardless of whey turbidity whose values might be superior to 12,000 NTU.

Resumen El tricofoliculomaes un tumor benigno infrecuente del folículo piloso, de mayor prevalencia entre la segunda y la sexta década de vida. Suele presentarse como una lesión solitaria en forma de nódulo,pápulas o placas del color de la piel,asintomático, con un poro o cavidad central obstruido con queratina de la que emerge un “penacho de pelos”.La localización más frecuente suele ser el rostro, seguido del cuero cabelludo y el cuello.1Las características histopatológicas son diagnósticas. Se reporta el caso clínico de un paciente de 44 años de edad con tricofoliculomas múltiples en rostro.

Abstract Trichofolliculoma is an infrequent benign tumor of the hair follicle, with a higher prevalence between the second and sixth decade of life. It usually presents as a solitary lesion in the form of a nodule, papules or asymptomatic skin-colored plaques with a pore or central cavity obstructed with keratin from which a “tuft of hairs” emerges.The most frequent location is usually the face, followed by the scalp and neck.1 Histopathological characteristics are diagnostic. We report a case of a 44-year-old man with multiple trichofolliculomas on his face.

RESUMO: A variabilidade genética é a base para o progresso genético em café. Este estudo teve como objetivo, avaliar o potencial de caracteres morfoagronômicos e anatômicos foliares em estudos de variabilidade genética entre cultivares de Coffea canephora. Dez genótipos foram distribuídos em um experimento seguindo delineamento em blocos ao acaso com três repetições. Foram detectadas diferenças significativas entre os genótipos pelo teste F (P < 0,05) para 13 dos 15 caracteres avaliados. Esses resultados evidenciaram a heterogeneidade entre as cultivares estudadas, o que é essencial para a composição da base genética e avanço dos programas de melhoramento. O teste de Scott e Knott detectou as diferenças entre os genótipos, separando-os em quatro grupos. Os caracteres anatômicos foliares apresentaram as maiores variações. Cinco, dentre os sete caracteres anatômicos foliares, apresentaram estimativas de herdabilidade superiores a 80% com destaque para a densidade estomática (95,69%) e comprimento do poro estomático (92,72%). Correlações positivas foram observadas entre caracteres morfoagronômicos e anatômicos foliares. A análise de agrupamento, considerando a distância de Mahalanobis como medida de dissimilaridade (D²), apontou a distinção de dois grupos de genótipos. A inclusão de caracteres anatômicos foliares na caracterização de genótipos de C. canephora pode auxiliar os melhoristas de plantas na melhor discriminação entre genótipos e maior segurança na seleção de clones para geração de novas cultivares.

ABSTRACT: Genetic variability is the basis for coffee genetic breeding. This study evaluated the potential of leaf anatomy and morpho-agronomic traits in studies of genetic variability in C. canephoracultivars. Ten genotypes were distributed in randomized block designs with three replicates. Significant differences among genotypes were detected by F-test (P < 0.05) for 13 of 15 evaluated traits. These results evidenced the heterogeneity of the studied cultivars, which is essential in composition of genetic basis in breeding programs. The Scott-Knott test detected variability among genotypes, grouped into up to four mean groups. Leaf anatomy traits presented the largest variations. Five out of seven leaf anatomy traits presented heritability higher than 80%, with emphasis on stomatal density (95.69%) and stomatal pore length (92.72%). Positive correlations were observed among morpho-agronomic and anatomic traits. Cluster analysis used the Mahalanobis general distance (D2) as a measure of genetic dissimilarity and divided the genotypes into two distinct groups. The inclusion of leaf anatomic traits to characterize C. canephoragenotypes may assist plant breeders with better genetic discrimination and with greater security in plant selection when composing cultivars.

Resumo Uma nova espécie de Rineloricaria é descrita das bacias dos rios Iguaçu, Magé, Saracuruna, Guapiaçu, Macacu, Macaé e Paraíba do Sul, no sudeste do Brasil, com base em caracteres morfológicos e moleculares. A nova espécie é diagnosticada entre as congêneres pela combinação dos seguintes caracteres: ausência de placas na maior parte da superfície ventral da cintura peitoral; extremidade do focinho com área nua elíptica estendida posteriormente, alcançando o poro mais anterior do canal sensorial infraorbital; presença de spinelet na origem da nadadeira dorsal; placas supraoccipitais e pré-dorsais com quilhas pouco proeminentes; cinco séries de placas laterais abaixo da origem da nadadeira dorsal; placas das séries mediana e médio-ventral com quilhas bem desenvolvidas. A nova espécie distingue-se das congêneres que habitam os rios que drenam a Serra do Mar no Estado do Rio de Janeiro pela cobertura parcial de placas da superfície ventral da cintura peitoral e do abdômen (vs. cintura peitoral e abdômen completamente cobertos por placas em Rineloricaria nigricauda, R. steindachneri e R. zawadzkii). A nova espécie compartilha a ausência de placas na superfície abdominal com outras espécies das bacias hidrográficas dos rios Paraná e Uruguai e rios costeiros do Brasil. Iguaçu Magé Saracuruna Guapiaçu Macacu Sul Brasil moleculares posteriormente infraorbital dorsal prédorsais pré dorsais proeminentes médioventral médio desenvolvidas distinguese distingue se vs. vs (vs nigricauda R zawadzkii. zawadzkii . zawadzkii)

Abstract A new species of Rineloricaria is described from the Iguaçu, Magé, Saracuruna, Guapiaçu, Macacu, Macaé, and Paraíba do Sul River basins in southeastern Brazil based on morphological and molecular data. The new species is diagnosed among congeners by the combination of the following characters: absence of plates in most of the ventral surface of pectoral girdle; snout tip with elliptical naked area reaching posteriorly the anteriormost pore of the infraorbital ramus of sensory canal; dorsal-fin spinelet present; supraoccipital and predorsal plates with smooth keels; five series of lateral plates below the dorsal fin; median and mid-ventral series of plates with well-developed keels. The new species is distinguished from congeners that inhabit the rivers draining the Serra do Mar in Rio de Janeiro state by the partial plate coverage of the ventral surface of the pectoral girdle and the abdomen (vs. pectoral girdle and abdomen completely covered by plates in Rineloricaria nigricauda, R. steindachneri, and R. zawadzkii). The new species shares the absence of plates on the abdominal surface with other species from the Paraná, Uruguay, and other Brazilian coastal river basins. Iguaçu Magé Saracuruna Guapiaçu Macacu Macaé data characters canal dorsalfin fin present keels midventral mid welldeveloped well developed vs. vs (vs nigricauda R steindachneri zawadzkii. zawadzkii . zawadzkii) Paraná Uruguay

Resumo Paratanaisia bragai é um trematódeo digenético que atinge a maturidade sexual nos ductos coletores de aves domésticas e silvestres, enquanto os moluscos Subulina octona e Leptinaria unilamellata atuam como seus hospedeiros intermediários no Brasil. O presente estudo analisou a morfologia e morfometria de P. bragai. Amostras adultas do parasito foram coletadas de rins de Columba livia naturalmente infectada, fixadas e preparadas para observação na microscopia de campo claro e microscopia de luz de contraste de interferência diferencial e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. O parasite possui corpo alongado e achatado, com uma ventosa oral subterminal localizada na extremidade anterior do corpo, conforme observado por todas as técnicas utilizadas. A coloração do parasito com hematoxilina-eosina permitiu observar a faringe, localizada posteriormente à ventosa oral, as glândulas vitelogênicas, que são extracecais e estendem-se anteriormente à região pré-ovariana e posteriormente à região mediana do corpo, e os cecos intestinais paralelos às glândulas vitelinas. A presença e funcionalidade do acetábulo são pontos controversos na literatura, mas foi observado em todos os espécimes analisados por microscopia eletrônica de varredura, com diâmetro maior de 38.36 ± 6.96 (28.77 – 45.39) e diâmetro menor de 31.59 ± 7,04 (21.75 – 38.16). Próximo ao acetábulo foram observadas escamas no tegumento do parasito. Escamas com (1 - 5) divisões de lâmina foram identificadas. No poro genital, foi possível visualizar o cirro evertido com formato de roseta. O poro excretor (primeiro registro morfométrico) é dorsal e subterminal, com diâmetro maior de 12.27 ± 9.16 (5.79 – 18.75) e diâmetro menor de 3.95 ± 1.49 (2.89 – 5.00). silvestres Brasil P infectada varredura achatado utilizadas hematoxilinaeosina hematoxilina eosina faringe vitelogênicas estendemse estendem se préovariana pré ovariana vitelinas literatura 3836 38 36 38.3 696 6 96 6.9 28.77 2877 28 77 (28.7 45.39 4539 45 39 3159 31 59 31.5 704 7 04 7,0 21.75 2175 21 75 (21.7 38.16. 3816 38.16 . 16 38.16) 1 ( 5 identificadas genital roseta primeiro morfométrico 1227 12 27 12.2 916 9 9.1 5.79 579 79 (5.7 18.75 1875 18 395 3 95 3.9 149 49 1.4 2.89 289 2 89 (2.8 5.00. 500 5.00 00 5.00) 383 38. 69 6. 28.7 287 (28. 45.3 453 4 315 31. 70 0 7, 21.7 217 (21. 381 38.1 122 12. 91 9. 5.7 57 (5. 18.7 187 3. 14 1. 2.8 8 (2. 50 5.0 28. (28 45. 21. (21 5. (5 18. 2. (2

Abstract Paratanaisia bragai is a digenetic trematode that reaches sexual maturity in the kidney collecting ducts of domestic and wild birds, while the snails Subulina octona and Leptinaria unilamellata serve as its intermediate hosts in Brazil. The present study analyzed the morphology and morphometry of P. bragai. Adult specimens of the parasite were collected from naturally infected Columba livia kidneys, fixed and prepared for observation via bright field and differential interference contrast light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The parasite has an elongated and flattened body, with a subterminal oral sucker located at the anterior end of the body, as observed by all techniques used. Staining the parasite with hematoxylin-eosin enabled observation of the pharynx, located posteriorly to the oral sucker, the vitelline glands, which are extra-cecal and extend anteriorly to the pre-ovarian region and later to the median region of the body, and intestinal caeca parallel to the vitelline glands. The presence and functionality of the acetabulum are controversial points in the literature, but it was observed in all specimens analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, with a major diameter of 38.36 ± 6.96 (28.77 – 45.39) and minor diameter of 31.59 ± 7.04 (21.75 - 38.16). Close to the acetabulum, scales were observed in the integument of the parasite. Scales with (1 - 5) blade divisions were identified. In the genital pore, it was possible to see the everted cirrus with rosette shape. The excretory pore (first morphometric record) is dorsal and subterminal, with major diameter of 12.27 ± 9.16 (5.79 - 18.75) and minor diameter of 3.95 ± 1.49 (2.89 - 5.00). birds Brazil P kidneys body used hematoxylineosin hematoxylin eosin pharynx glands extracecal extra cecal preovarian pre ovarian literature 3836 38 36 38.3 696 6 96 6.9 28.77 2877 28 77 (28.7 45.39 4539 45 39 3159 31 59 31.5 704 7 04 7.0 21.75 2175 21 75 (21.7 38.16. 3816 38.16 . 16 38.16) 1 ( 5 identified shape first record 1227 12 27 12.2 916 9 9.1 5.79 579 79 (5.7 18.75 1875 18 395 3 95 3.9 149 49 1.4 2.89 289 2 89 (2.8 5.00. 500 5.00 00 5.00) 383 38. 69 6. 28.7 287 (28. 45.3 453 4 315 31. 70 0 7. 21.7 217 (21. 381 38.1 122 12. 91 9. 5.7 57 (5. 18.7 187 3. 14 1. 2.8 8 (2. 50 5.0 28. (28 45. 21. (21 5. (5 18. 2. (2

RESUMEN El manejo adecuado de estructuras porosas, en aplicaciones biomédicas, tiene una relevante importancia en evitar la reabsorción y permitir el correcto crecimiento óseo. Estas estructuras conducen a la nucleación y crecimiento del hueso en su interior, consiguiendo una óptima unión entre el implante y este. En consecuencia, este trabajo investiga un proceso de fabricación de estructuras porosas de titanio obtenidas mediante una técnica pulvimetalúrgica basada tanto en el método de gel-casting como en la sinterización. Estas técnicas nos permiten controlar la cantidad, tamaño, forma y distribución de los poros, con el objetivo de obtener una estructura metálica apta para ser utilizada en implantes biomédicos. Las muestras, se preparan mezclando diferentes fracciones en peso de polvo de hidruro de titanio y polvo de resina acrílica. Se emplean mezclas compuestas por 3%, 6%, 9%, 12%, 15%, 18% y 21% de fracción en peso de resina acrílica. Los resultados indican que es posible obtener muestras con estructuras porosas adecuadas y microestructuras con valores de porosidad de 11% a 91% de fracción de poro, con tamaños de 3 µm a 195 µm. Mediante este proceso es posible obtener estructuras porosas adecuadas para una aplicación determinada. biomédicas óseo interior consecuencia gelcasting gel casting sinterización cantidad tamaño poros biomédicos acrílica 3% 6 6% 9 9% 12 12% 15 15% 18 21 11 91 poro 19 determinada 1 2

ABSTRACT The proper handling of porous structures in biomedical applications has relevant importance to avoid bone resorption and to allow the correct bone ingrowth. This structure leads to the nucleation and growing of bone inside them, obtaining a correct bonding between implant and bone. Consequently, this work investigates a manufacturing process of porous titanium structures obtained by means of a powder metallurgy technique based on gel-casting and sintering. This technique allows us to control the size, shape and distribution of the pores aiming to obtain a metallic structure capable to be utilized for biomedical implants. Samples were prepared by mixing different weight fractions of titanium hydride powder and acrylic resin powder (analyzed mixes were composed of 3%, 6%, 9%, 12%, 15%, 18% and 21% weight fraction of acrylic resin). The results indicate that it is possible to get samples with adequate porous structure, and microstructures with different kind of porosities (11% to 91% pore fraction) and porous size (3 µm up to 195 µm) in a wide range of values. This process allows to choose the appropriate pore characteristics for a certain application. ingrowth them Consequently gelcasting gel casting sintering implants analyzed 3 3% 6 6% 9 9% 12 12% 15 15% 18 21 resin. . resin) 11% 11 (11 91 ( 19 values application 1 2 (1