Resumen En el artículo se examina la relación entre la migración interna de NNA (niños, niñas y adolescentes) y la asistencia escolar en la entidad fronteriza de Baja California, México. Se combina el análisis de los microdatos del Censo de Población 2020 con la realización de entrevistas semiestructuradas a docentes que atendieron a este sector entre 2015 y 2022. Los NNA migrantes internos presentan desventajas en la asistencia escolar y las brechas aumentan si la migración es reciente y si los padres trabajan en la agricultura. Ser indígena es un factor protector de la asistencia escolar para los migrantes no recientes, pero de riesgo para los migrantes recientes; esto último coincide con las percepciones docentes. Estos señalan que existen barreras tanto socioeconómicas como del contexto educativo que limitan la inserción escolar de estos migrantes. El Estado tiene aún pendiente garantizar el derecho pleno a la educación de los migrantes internos.

Abstract The article examines the relationship between internal migration of children and adolescents and school enrollment in the border state of Baja California, Mexico. This research combines the analysis of the 2020 Population Census microdata and semi-structured interviews with teachers who served this sector between 2015 and 2022. Internal migrant children have disadvantages in school enrollment, and the gaps increase if the migration is recent, and if the parents work in agriculture. Being indigenous is a protective factor for school attendance among non-recent migrants, but a risk factor among recent migrants; the latter is consistent with teachers’ perceptions. Teachers point out that there are both socioeconomic and educational context barriers that limit the school integration of these migrants. The State still has to guarantee the full right to education for internal migrants.

Resumen El acercamiento econométrico que propone este artículo a indicadores sociodemográficos del Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos, como nacimientos, defunciones y egresos hospitalarios de la población venezolana en Ecuador entre 2015 y 2022, muestra un impacto notable en el saldo migratorio de esta comunidad. El crecimiento sostenido de migrantes venezolanos en el país subraya la importancia de diseñar políticas públicas que atiendan la evidencia de los datos obtenidos y apliquen un enfoque en derechos humanos. El estudio muestra que una de las necesidades más urgentes de esta población es el acceso a la salud pública.

Abstract This article's econometric approach to socio-demographic indicators from the National Institute of Statistics and Census, such as births, deaths and hospital discharges of the Venezuelan population in Ecuador between 2015 and 2022, shows a notable impact on the migratory balance of this community. The sustained growth of Venezuelan migrants in the country underlines the importance of designing public policies that address the evidence of the data obtained and apply a human rights approach. The study shows that one of the most urgent needs of this population is access to public health.

O Recife constitui-se como uma das cidades mais violentas e desiguais do Brasil, sobretudo na ocorrência de assassinatos. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar os efeitos da produção de uma cidade racialmente cindida na distribuição da ocorrência de homicídios no município do Recife. Trata-se de um estudo transversal e ecológico, cujo local de estudo foi o Recife, capital do estado de Pernambuco. O período de estudo contemplou os anos de 2012 a 2021 e a população de estudo foram as vítimas de homicídios  provocados por disparo por arma de fogo. Para as análises, o período de estudo foi dividido em dois quinquênios. Observou-se a determinação do racismo no perfil das vítimas: pessoas do sexo masculino (95%), negras (86%), jovens (67%) e com baixa escolaridade (78%). A análise espacial realizada demonstrou pontos de maior incidência de assassinatos no Recife, setores censitários estatisticamente significante de maior risco de morte 2012-2016 (RR=5,7; p=0,031) e 2017-2021 (RR=1,8; p=0,032) e proteção 2012-2016 (RR= 0,3; p=0,001; 0,006 p=0,014) e 2017-2021 (RR=0,1; p=0,001; RR=0,1; p=0,001),  e, a maior incidência de homicídios nos territórios com maior Indice de Privação Social (IPS).

Recife is one of the most violent and unequal cities in Brazil, especially when it comes to murders. The objective of this article is to analyze the effects of the production of a racially divided city on the distribution of homicides in the city of Recife. This is a cross-sectional and ecological study, whose study location was Recife, capital of the state of Pernambuco. The study period covered the years 2012 to 2021 and the study population were victims of homicides caused by gunshots. For the analyses, the study period was divided into two five-year periods. The determination of racism was observed in the profile of the victims: male (95%), black (86%), young (67%) and with low education (78%). The spatial analysis carried out demonstrated points of highest incidence of murders in Recife, census tracts with statistically significant highest risk in the city 2012-2016 (RR=5.7; p=0.031) and 2017-2021 (RR=1.8; p= 0.032) and protection 2012-2016 (RR= 0.3; p=0.001; 0.006 p=0.014) and 2017-2021 (RR=0.1; p=0.001; RR=0.1; p=0.001), and, the highest incidence of homicides in territories with the highest Social Deprivation Index (IPS).

ABSTRACT In order to describe the incidence rates per 100 000 population of foodborne disease (FBD) cases during the period 2015-2020 in Ecuador, we carried out a secondary analysis of epidemiological surveillance records and population projections from the National Institute of Statistics and Census. A total of 113,695 cases were reported with an incidence of more than 100 cases per 100 000 population (2015-2019). In 2020, the records are considerably lower than those reported in previous years. Most cases were reported as “other food poisoning”. The highest incidence rates of FBD were found in the Amazon region. In general, there is a marked annual variability in the incidence of FBD according to the geographic regions of Ecuador. In conclusion, FBD represent a public health problem in Ecuador. Comprehensive preventive strategies should be designed with special emphasis on the Amazon region.

RESUMEN Con el objetivo de describir las tasas de incidencia por cada 100 000 habitantes de los casos de enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos (ETA) durante el periodo 2015-2020 en Ecuador se realizó un análisis secundario de los registros de vigilancia epidemiológica y de las proyecciones poblacionales del Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos. Se reportaron 113 695 casos con una incidencia superior a los 100 casos por cada 100 000 habitantes (2015-2019). En el 2020 los registros son considerablemente inferiores a los reportes de años anteriores. La mayoría de los casos se reportaron como «otras intoxicaciones alimentarias». Las tasas de incidencia de ETA más altas se observaron en la región amazónica. En general existe una marcada variabilidad anual en la incidencia de las ETA según las regiones geográficas del Ecuador. En conclusión, las ETA representan un problema de salud pública en el Ecuador. Se deben diseñar estrategias preventivas integrales con especial énfasis en la región amazónica.

RESUMO Travestis e mulheres transexuais têm suas vulnerabilidades aumentadas quando em situação de prisão, onde sofrem constantes violações de direitos básicos à vida. O estudo analisou a utilização e as formas de obtenção das tecnologias materiais de gênero dessa população no sistema penitenciário do Rio de Janeiro. Realizou-se uma pesquisa censitária com 138 entrevistadas, entre abril e junho de 2021. Os resultados revelaram percentuais elevados de jovens adultas, pretas, pardas e com baixa escolaridade. Apesar das dificuldades para a obtenção e a utilização dessas tecnologias, desvelou-se um cenário melhor quando comparado com outros estudos nacionais. prisão vida Janeiro Realizouse Realizou se 13 entrevistadas 2021 adultas pretas escolaridade desvelouse desvelou nacionais 1 202 20 2

ABSTRACT Travestis and transgender women have increased vulnerabilities when in prison, where they face constant violations of their basic rights to life. The study analyzed the use and ways of obtaining material gender technologies for this population in the prison system of Rio de Janeiro. A census survey was carried out with 138 interviewees, between April and June 2021. The results revealed high percentages of young adults, black, of mixed race, and with low education. Despite the difficulties in obtaining and using these technologies, a better scenario was revealed when compared with other national studies. life Janeiro 13 interviewees 2021 adults black race education studies 1 202 20 2

Resumen El estudio se ha orientado desde el enfoque cuantitativo, el objetivo fue determinar si existe dependencia entre las variables sociodemográficas como grado de instrucción, religión, estado civil, carga familiar, género y rango de edad con la variable felicidad, la población considerada para el estudio fue la del último censo nacional peruano conformado por 179096 ciudadanos cuyas edades oscilan entre los 18 y 60 años; el muestreo probabilístico fue de tipo estratificado y cuenta con un nivel de confianza del 97 %. Se obtuvo una muestra de 1035 sujetos, se ha aplicado la escala de la felicidad de Lima (EFL); arrojando un indicador de 0.893 según el alfa de Cronbach con un coeficiente de alta confiabilidad. Se ha considerado las normas éticas y el consentimiento informado para esta investigación. A través de la prueba Chi cuadrada se pudo conocer la dependencia de las variables y se ha logrado obtener como resultado que el 40% de la población se encuentra en un nivel de baja felicidad; del mismo modo, se determinó la relación de dependencia entre las variables religión, estado civil, ausencia de dependencia con respecto a la carga familiar, género, rango de edad y grado de instrucción. La rigurosidad del estudio permite la extrapolación con poblaciones con las que se realizaron estudios similares.

Abstract The study has been oriented from the quantitative approach, the objective was to determine if there is dependence between sociodemographic variables such as educational level, religion, marital status, family burden, gender and age range with the happiness variable, the population considered for the study was that of the last Peruvian national census made up of 179096 citizens whose ages range between 18 and 60 years; the probability sampling was stratified and has a confidence level of 97%. A sample of 1035 subjects was obtained, the Lima Happiness Scale (EFL) was applied, yielding an indicator of 0.893 according to Cronbach's alpha with a high reliability coefficient. Ethical standards and informed consent were considered for this research. The Chi-square test was used to determine the dependence of the variables and the result was that 40% of the population is at a low level of happiness; likewise, the relationship of dependence between the variables religion, marital status, absence of dependence with respect to family burden, gender, age range and degree of education was determined. The rigor of the study allows extrapolation with populations with which similar studies were carried out.

Abstract For twenty-six years, the priest of Los Llanos, Don Cándido Sotomayor, carried out a task of organizing and classifying the priesthood that is surprising given the dynamics of constant change that characterized that community towards the end of the colonial period. In this sense, it seems that his work did not consist of a mere reclassification of the population, but rather a personal and consistent categorization based on the implicit criteria of quality perception. The categories used by Sotomayor reveal both the values rooted in his position in the social hierarchy and the changes in the current racial imaginaries and their resignification towards the end of the colonial era. It is important to highlight, in line with what the authors expressed, the opportunities that the analysis of Sotomayor's work provides to examine the approaches through which the census takers observed reality. Likewise, it allows contrasting perceptions, consistency and reinforcements of certain implicit attributes of quality over time. This detailed look at the religious’ work and classification criteria offers us a unique window to understand how quality was constructed and perceived at that time, as well as to analyze the changes and continuities in social and racial evaluations throughout the colonial period.

Resumen Durante veintiséis años, el cura de Los Llanos, don Cándido Sotomayor, llevó a cabo una labor de ordenamiento y clasificación del curato que resulta sorprendente dada la dinámica de cambio constante que caracterizaba a esa comunidad hacia finales del período colonial. En este sentido, pareciera que su labor no consistió en una mera reclasificación de la población, sino más bien en una categorización personal y consistente basada en los criterios implícitos de percepción de la calidad. Las categorías utilizadas por Sotomayor revelan tanto los valores arraigados en su posición en la jerarquía social como los cambios en los imaginarios raciales vigentes y su resignificación hacia el final de la era colonial. Es importante resaltar, en sintonía con lo expresado por las autoras, las oportunidades que el análisis de la labor de Sotomayor brinda para examinar los enfoques a través de los cuales los censistas observaban la realidad. Asimismo, permite contrastar percepciones, consistencias y reforzamientos de ciertos atributos implícitos de la calidad a lo largo del tiempo. Esta mirada detallada sobre el trabajo y los criterios de clasificación del religioso nos ofrece una ventana única para comprender cómo se construía y percibía la calidad en esa época, así como para analizar los cambios y continuidades en las valoraciones sociales y raciales a lo largo del periodo colonial.

Resumen. La expansión de la minería a cielo abierto en América Latina ha generado procesos de despoblamiento rural, evidenciados demográficamente en los censos de población y vivienda; pese a ello, existen pocas investigaciones al respecto. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar los cambios sociodemográficos en comunidades afectadas por los desplazamientos forzados derivados de dicha actividad. Se utilizaron métodos cualitativos para la recolección de información en terreno, y métodos cuantitativos para la comparación de indicadores censales entre 1990 y 2020. Asimismo, se estudió el caso de Salaverna, localidad ubicada en Zacatecas, México, que atraviesa una experiencia de desplazamiento forzado. Los resultados exponen que las empresas promueven desplazamientos de pueblos enteros con la premisa de extraer minerales con un enfoque sustentable y mejorar las condiciones de vida de la población. No obstante, tales desplazamientos suelen efectuarse de forma involuntaria para los pobladores, quienes, en contextos de poder desigual sobre sus capacidades, intereses y necesidades, cambian su modo de vida y gestan sentimientos de solastalgia derivados de la angustia provocada por la devastación socioambiental y por la destrucción paulatina de sus pueblos, que, para ellos, puede representar el centro de su mundo.

Abstract. The expansion of open pit mining in Latin America has generated processes of rural depopulation, evidenced demographically in population and housing censuses. However, there is little research on this. The objective was to analyze the socio demographic changes in communities affected by forced displacement linked to open pit mining. Qualitative methods were used to collect information in the field, and quantitative methods to compare census indicators between 1990 and 2020. Salaverna, a town located in Zacatecas, Mexico, which is going through an experience of forced displacement, is studied. The results show that companies promote the displacement of entire towns with the premise of improving the living conditions of the population to extract minerals with a sustainable approach. However, those are usually carried out involuntarily in contexts of unequal power over capacities, interests and needs of the population. The forced displacement changes the people’s way of life and generates feelings of solastalgia due to the anguish of socio-environmental devastation and the gradual destruction of towns that, for local inhabitants, can represent the center of their world.

SIGNIFICANCE: A census provides a snapshot of a population at a point in time. In addition to describing the basic demographic and socio-economic characteristics of a population, census data provide denominators for estimating rates; inform resource allocation and policy, development and infrastructural investment; and are used to define sampling frames for other national inquiries. Although the 2022 South African census attempted to correct for a national undercount of over 30%, it was not entirely successful. We identify a number of concerns with the estimates released, which suggest that the data may not be fit for purpose.

RESUMEN La brecha digital hace referencia a la forma de exclusión social que afecta el uso de la tecnología e impacta en mayor medida a los pueblos originarios. En Oaxaca, por su alta densidad de población indígena, se observa un continuum histórico de desigualdad que se expresa en la pobreza, la marginación, la baja escolaridad y el bajo poder adquisitivo, barreras para el acceso a las tecnologías digitales. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar los factores sociodemográficos, económicos, culturales y geográficos que inciden en el acceso a Internet por parte de la población indígena, así como una revisión de las políticas de inclusión digital emprendidas para la reducción de la brecha digital. Tal abordaje supuso el uso del modelo estadístico probit, utilizando datos del Censo de población y vivienda 2020. Las estadísticas arrojaron que la educación, el poder adquisitivo, el acceso a servicios básicos y el hecho de residir en lugares de mayor concentración poblacional son condicionantes para fomentar el acceso a Internet. Asimismo, se vislumbró la necesidad de diseñar y aplicar políticas digitales con la participación de los tres niveles gubernamentales (federal, estatal y municipal) y agentes sociales locales, bajo un marco del reconocimiento de la diversidad cultural; políticas que vayan más allá de lo instrumental y que promuevan la inversión pública-privada en telecomunicaciones, además de seguir avanzando en mejorar el bienestar de la población indígena.

ABSTRACT The digital divide refers to the form of social exclusion that affects the use of technology and has a greater impact on indigenous peoples. In Oaxaca, due to its high density of indigenous population, there is a historical continuum of inequality that is expressed in poverty, marginalisation, low schooling and low purchasing power, which are barriers to access to digital technologies. The aim of this paper is to analyse the socio-demographic, economic, cultural and geographic factors that affect access to the Internet by the indigenous population, as well as a review of the digital inclusion policies undertaken to reduce the digital divide. This approach involved the use of the probit statistical model, using data from the 2020 Population and Housing Census. The statistics showed that education, purchasing power, access to basic services and residing in places with a higher population concentration are conditioning factors for promoting access to the Internet. Likewise, the need to design and implement digital policies with the participation of the three levels of government (federal, state and municipal) and local social agents, within a framework of recognition of cultural diversity; policies that go beyond the instrumental and that promote public-private investment in telecommunications, in addition to continuing to make progress in improving the well-being of the indigenous population.

RESUMO A brecha digital refere-se à forma de exclusão social que afeta o uso da tecnologia e impacta em maior medida os povos indígenas. Em Oaxaca, devido à sua alta densidade de população indígena, observa-se um continuum histórico de desigualdade que se expressa na pobreza, na marginalização, na baixa escolaridade e no baixo poder de compra, barreiras ao acesso às tecnologias digitais. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar os fatores sociodemográficos, econômicos, culturais e geográficos que afetam o acesso à Internet da população indígena, bem como uma revisão das políticas de inclusão digital empreendidas para reduzir a brecha digital. Esta abordagem envolveu o uso do modelo estatístico probit, utilizando dados do Censo Demográfico e Habitacional de 2020. As estatísticas mostraram que a escolaridade, o poder de compra, o acesso a serviços básicos e o fato de residir em locais com maior concentração populacional são fatores condicionantes para promover o acesso à internet. Da mesma forma, percebeu-se a necessidade de desenhar e aplicar políticas digitais com a participação dos três níveis de governo (federal, estadual e municipal) e dos agentes sociais locais, num quadro de reconhecimento da diversidade cultural; políticas que vão além do instrumental e promovam o investimento público-privado em telecomunicações, além de continuar avançando na melhoria do bem-estar da população indígena.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho é elucidar a distribuição e o comportamento da mortalidade por câncer de próstata (CaP) na Costa Rica, com base no acesso geográfico aos serviços de saúde por município. Metodologicamente, é apresentada uma análise de tipo ecológico, cuja fonte de informação é a base de dados de óbitos do Instituto Nacional de Estatísticas e Censo. Para estudar a associação entre a mortalidade e o acesso aos serviços de saúde, foi elaborado o Índice de Acesso Geográfico aos Serviços de Saúde (IAGSS) e foram utilizados modelos de regressão de Poisson à Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR). Como principais resultados, foi identificada uma tendência crescente da doença na população. O IAGSS mostra que o acesso aos serviços de saúde não é distribuído de forma uniforme no território e está associado à mortalidade por CaP. Conclui-se que a região norte do país apresenta a maior desvantagem no acesso aos serviços de saúde, e que os territórios com pior IAGSS tendem a aumentar a mortalidade por CaP.

Abstract This paper aims to explain the distribution and behavior of prostate cancer mortality in Costa Rica based on geographic access to health services by municipalities. Methodologically, an ecological analysis is presented; its information source is the death database of the National Institute of Statistics and Census. To study the association between mortality and access to health services, the authors designed the Geographic Access Index to Health Services (GAIHS) and implemented Poisson regression models and the Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR). As a main result, an increasing trend of the disease in the population was found. The GAIHS shows that access to health services is not evenly distributed in the territory and is associated with PCa mortality. It is concluded that the northern zone of the country presents the greatest disadvantage in access to health services and that the territories with the worst GAIHS tend to increase mortality from PCa.

Resumen El presente trabajo tiene como propósito explicar la distribución y comportamiento de la mortalidad de cáncer de próstata en Costa Rica, a partir del acceso geográfico a los servicios de salud por cantón. Metodológicamente, se presenta un análisis de tipo ecológico, cuya fuente de información es la base de datos de defunciones del Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censo. Para estudiar la asociación entre la mortalidad y el acceso a los servicios de salud, se diseñó el Índice de Acceso Geográfico a los Servicios de Salud (IAGSS), y se aplicaron modelos de regresión de Poisson a la Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR). Como principales resultados, se encontró una tendencia creciente de la enfermedad en la población. El IAGSS, muestra que el acceso a los servicios de salud no se distribuye de manera uniforme en el territorio, y se asocia con la mortalidad por CaP. Se concluye que la zona norte del país presenta la mayor desventaja en el acceso a servicios de salud, y que los territorios con peor IAGSS tienden a incrementar la mortalidad por CaP.

The history of the ora (with the symbol Φ) as a trade instrument is inextricably linked to the history of Orania, a village on the southern bank of the Orange River in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. The closest town to Orania is Hopetown (43 kilometres to the northwest). Orania is about 160 kilometres south of Kimberley, the biggest city in the Northern Cape. Orania has a number of unique features. Firstly, all inhabitants are white and speak Afrikaans, with the implication that this is the language used for all activities (business, education, religion and social interaction). It is therefore viewed as a white Afrikaner cultural enclave. Secondly, the aim of Orania is self-determination as far as its future is concerned. In this context it has been described as a continuation of the Verwoerdian ideal of the 1960s. This aim is supported by "selfwerksaamheid" (loosely meaning "to work with our own for our own"), that is, a policy in terms of which preference is given to the employment of people from Orania. Thirdly, Orania has its own trade instrument, the ora, the symbol for which is Φ.2 The ora is described as a coupon used in settlement of cash transactions. Calling the ora currency would be a contravention of the South African Reserve Bank Act, 1989. The Orania Sakekamer [chamber of commerce] issues the ora. It is linked on a one-to-one basis to the South African rand, that is, at a rate of Φ 1,00 = R1,00. The inhabitants of Orania prefer to use ora when referring to amounts and this paper follows the same convention. Literature on Orania refers to the ora and its use in trade, but there is no research focusing on the development of the ora since it wasfirst launched in 2004. This paper seeks to contribute to filling this gap in the existing literature. The ora serves the needs of the inhabitants of Orania. A population census undertaken in Orania in December 2021 and early in 2022 reported the town'spopulation as 2 377 people, of whom 1 635 were 20 years and older. The same census also showed that Orania comprised 649 households and 220 businesses. Based on the 2021/22 census, the total personal annual income of the residents of Orania in 2021 was estimated at Φ295 672 222. Per capita personal annual income of the 2 377 inhabitants was therefore estimated at Φ124 389. Based on the same census data, the annual household income in Orania was estimated at Φ190 331179. The difference in estimates cannot be explained in terms of the 2021/2022 census data and was previously highlighted as an area for further research. These estimates show some correlation with the survey data obtained from the 2021 business survey conducted in Orania. Business turnover in 2021 was estimated at Φ281 950 000. More research is necessary to ascertain whether the increase in the value of ora issued correlates at all with the growth rate of economic activity in Orania. If this correlation can be determined, ora in circulation will be a useful indicator of the growth of economic activities in Orania. The growth rate of ora coupons cannot be compared with growth in economic activity because the latter has not previously been calculated on a comparable basis. Recently research was published that will contribute to a basis for determining future economic growth. This research shows that the ora contributes to "community building" (a sense that the residents are building their own future) in Orania and limits cash risks in the town. However, the ora also has certain disadvantages for residents of Orania. Holders of ora coupons and dOra must exchange them for rand in Orania for cash transactions outside the town. Any discount that businesses grant on ora transactions reduces their turnover and gross profit. The fact that ora coupons are not machine-readable increases the administration costs of the coupons. The final conclusion is that the ora is inextricably linked to Orania. The town can exist without the ora, but the ora cannot exist without Orania.

Hierdie artikel fokus op die geskiedenis van die ora (Φ3) sedert die eerste vrystelling daarvan 20 jaar gelede in 2004. Die ora is onlosmaaklik verweef met Orania, 'n Afrikaanse dorp in die Noord-Kaap. Die ora is op 'n een-tot-een-grondslag gekoppel aan die Suid-Afrikaanse rand. Die ora sirkuleer as 'n wettige betaalmiddel vir gebruik in kontanttransaksies in Orania. Die bestaan en sirkulasie van die ora is een van die unieke eienskappe van Orania. 'n Verdere unieke eienskap van Orania is die uitsluitlike gebruik van Afrikaans in die dorp. Alle bedrywighede (godsdiensbeoefening, kultuuraktiwiteite, onderrig en saketransak-sies) geskied uitsluitlik in Afrikaans. Voorts het Orania net wit inwoners. Die dorp word dus as 'n wit Afrikaner enklawe beskou. Daarbenewens is die oogmerk van Orania selfbeskikking wat die dorp se toekoms betref. Dit bring Orania in lyn met die voortsetting van die Verwoerdiaanse ideaal van afsonderlike ontwikkeling tot selfbeskikking. Hierdie ideaal word in Orania ondersteun deur "selfwerk-saamheid", met ander woorde 'n beleid dat voorkeur gegee word aan indiensneming van die inwoners van Orania. Die inwoners van Orania verkies om bedrae in ora te noem en nie in rand nie. Gevolglik word daardie praktyk in hierdie artikel gebruik. Gebaseer op die 2021/22-sensusopname in Orania, is totale persoonlike jaarlikse inkomste op Φ295 672 222 beraam. Per capita persoonlike jaarlikse inkomste vir die 2 377 inwoners is dus op Φ124 389 beraam. Hierteenoor is die jaarlikse inkomste van huishoudings in Orania in 2021 op Φ190 331 179 beraam. Hierdie verskil in ramings kan nie met behulp van die bestaande sensusopnamedata verklaar word nie en is tevore aangestip as 'n gebied vir verdere navorsing. Die 2021-besigheidsopname van Orania rapporteer data oor sake-ondernemings in die dorp. Op grond van hierdie opnamedata is die jaarlikse omset van sakeondernemings in Orania in 2021 op Φ281 950 000 beraam. Meer navorsing is nodig om te bepaal of die groei in ora-koepons wat uitgereik word, hoegenaamd korreleer met die groei in ekonomiese bedrywighede in Orania. Die groeikoers van ora-koepons kan nie met groei in ekonomiese bedrywighede vergelyk word nie omdat laasgenoemde nie voorheen op 'n vergelykbare basis bereken is nie. Onlangse navorsing is die eerste inisiatief om 'n basis te skep vir die bepaling van Orania se toekomstige ekonomiese groei. Indien hierdie korrelasie deur toekomstige navorsing bepaal kan word, sal dit 'n nuttige en maklike aanwyser van ekonomiese bedrywighede op die dorp wees. Die navorsing toon ook dat die ora tot gemeenskapsbewussyn bydra, byvoorbeeld omdat die inwoners bedrae in ora uitdruk, eerder as in rand. Die ora verminder ook kontantrisiko in Orania, omdat die ora nie buite die dorp gebruik kan word nie. Die ora het egter ook sekere nadele vir inwoners van Orania. Houers van ora-koepons en dOra moet dit in Orania vir rand inwissel vir kontanttransaksies buite die dorp. Enige afslag wat sake-ondernemings op ora-transaksies toestaan, verminder hul omset en bruto wins. Die feit dat ora-koepons nie masjienleesbaar is nie, verhoog die administrasiekoste van die koepons. Die ora en Orania is onlosmaaklik met mekaar verweef. Die dorp kan egter sonder die ora bestaan, terwyl die ora nie sonder Orania kan bestaan nie.

Summary Introduction and aims: The plant species grown in Educational Establishments are diverse, reflecting the customs of the local population. Their presence could contribute to the revaluation of local flora, acting as pedagogical triggers and fulfilling an ornamental function simultaneously. The objectives of this study are to inventory the plant species in recreational spaces of the kindergartens of the Bahía Blanca District and to collect information related to the presence of these species, as well as the general knowledge that managers/teachers have about them. M&M: A floristic census was carried out in recreational spaces of 85 public and private kindergartens. Directors/teachers were surveyed/interviewed to record complementary information about the species and their role in the institution. Results: Two hundred seventy-two species belonging to 86 botanical families were identified. 88% were found to be exotic, and 12% were native, with 1.45% being endemic to Argentina. 100% of all kindergartens that present plants have exotic species, 43% 43% native species and 10% endemic species. The teachers recognize a need for knowledge of the botanical environment and mention an interest in training on the subject. Conclusions: The diversity of plant species in the recreational spaces of kindergartens is high, most of them being exotic. It is important to plan plant species in these institutions so that they can be used as teaching resources.

Resumen Introducción y objetivos: Las especies vegetales cultivadas en Establecimientos Educativos son diversas reflejando el costumbrismo de la población local. Su presencia podría contribuir a la revalorización de la flora local, actuando como disparadores pedagógicos y, a la vez, cumplir una función ornamental. Los objetivos de este estudio son inventariar las especies vegetales en espacios recreativos de los jardines de infantes del Partido de Bahía Blanca y relevar información relacionada con la presencia de dichas especies, así como el conocimiento general que tienen los directivos/docentes sobre las mismas. M&M: Se realizó un censo florístico en 85 establecimientos públicos y privados y se encuestó/entrevistó a la persona responsable a fin de registrar información complementaria en relación a las especies y el rol que cumplen en la institución. Resultados: Se identificaron 272 especies pertenecientes a 86 familias botánicas. Se encontró un 88% de exóticas y 12% de nativas, siendo el 1,45% endémicas de Argentina. El 100% de los jardines de infantes con plantas tienen especies exóticas, el 43% especies nativas y el 10% endémicas. Los docentes reconocen falta de conocimiento del entorno botánico, mencionan interés en capacitarse en el tema. Conclusiones: La diversidad de especies de plantas en los espacios recreativos de los jardines de infantes es alta, siendo en su mayoría exóticas. Es importante una planificación de las especies de plantas en estas instituciones para que puedan ser utilizadas como recursos didácticos.

Resumo A habitabilidade é um conceito que envolve a consideração de vários aspectos, como infraestruturas, serviços, habitação e, claro, a relação direta com o planeamento urbano. Levando isso em consideração, o objetivo desta pesquisa é identificar a relação entre as variáveis que compõem a habitabilidade urbana (dimensões) e a administração dos recursos econômicos nas famílias da Zona Metropolitana do Vale do México (ZMVM), para a qual tomou como referência o Inquérito Nacional ao Rendimento e Despesas do Agregado Familiar (ENIGH) de 2020. Para analisar especificamente a habitação e os serviços na dimensão de habitabilidade urbana dos serviços públicos, foram calculadas as percentagens de habitações por áreas geoestatísticas básicas (AGEB) que carecem de áreas urbanas. tais serviços. Isto foi realizado através da utilização da ferramenta Calculadora de Campo do programa ArcGIS, bem como dos dados recolhidos no Censo Demográfico e Habitacional e no quadro geoestatístico disponibilizado pelo Instituto Nacional de Estatística e Geografia (INEGI) em 2020. Os resultados do ENIGH permitiram concluir que as três entidades que compõem a ZMVM destinam a maior percentagem dos seus rendimentos à alimentação e bebidas, o que identifica as variáveis utilizadas para avaliar a habitabilidade urbana e que fazem parte das principais rubricas de despesa. O mais significativo são os transportes e comunicações, seguidos pela habitação e serviços e, em terceiro lugar, pela educação e recreação. Por fim, propõe-se uma corresponsabilidade dos atores envolvidos na construção de habitabilidade apoiada na autogestão.

Abstract Talking about habitability involves a series of aspects such as infrastructure, services, housing and, of course, the direct relationship with urban planning. The objective of this research is to identify the relationship that exists between the variables that make up urban habitability (dimensions) and the administration of economic resources in families in the Metropolitan Zone of the Valley of Mexico (ZMVM). The National Household Income and Expenditure Survey [Enigh] (2020) was taken as a reference. For the specific analysis of housing and services, in the dimension of urban habitability of public services, the percentages of housing by urban Basic Geostatistical Areas (AGEB) that do not have services were calculated, with the help of the “Field Calculator” tool. of the ArcGis program and the data obtained from the Population and Housing Census and the Geostatistical Framework provided by the National Institute of Statistics and Geography [Inegi], (2020). The Enigh results allowed us to conclude that the three entities that make up the ZMVM use the highest percentage of their income on food and beverages. Identifying the variables that allowed the evaluation of urban habitability and are part of the large expenditure items. The highest is Transportation and communications, compared to urban accessibility, in second place, housing and services and in third, education and recreation. Finally, a proposal is made for co-responsibility of the actors who participate in the construction of habitability, based on self-management.

Resumen La habitabilidad es un concepto que implica la consideración de diversos aspectos, como la infraestructura, los servicios, la vivienda y, por supuesto, la relación directa con la planeación urbana. Tomando en consideración esto, el objetivo de esta investigación es identificar la relación entre las variables que componen la habitabilidad urbana (dimensiones) y la administración de recursos económicos en las familias de la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México (ZMVM), para lo cual se tomó como referencia la Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares (ENIGH) de 2020. Para analizar específicamente la vivienda y los servicios dentro de la dimensión de habitabilidad urbana de servicios públicos, se calcularon los porcentajes de viviendas por áreas geoestadísticas básicas (AGEB) urbanas que carecen de dichos servicios. Esto se llevó a cabo mediante el uso de la herramienta Field Calculator del programa ArcGIS, así como por los datos recabados en el Censo de Población y Vivienda y en el marco geoestadístico proporcionados por el Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI) en 2020. Los resultados de la ENIGH permitieron concluir que las tres entidades que conforman la ZMVM destinan el porcentaje más alto de sus ingresos a alimentos y bebidas, lo que identifica las variables utilizadas para evaluar la habitabilidad urbana y que forman parte de los principales rubros de gasto. El más significativo es el de transporte y comunicaciones, seguido por vivienda y servicios y, en tercer lugar, educación y esparcimiento. Finalmente, se propone una corresponsabilidad de los actores involucrados en la construcción de la habitabilidad sustentada en la autogestión.

Abstract Background: Aging in Mexico is heterogeneous considering the ethnic diversity and social inequality that prevails. The condition of ethnicity allows us to delve deeper into the social and health inequalities that do not allow for healthy aging. Objective: The objective of this article is to compare the levels of functionality of older people by ethnicity and its associated factors in Mexico. Material and methods: People aged 60 years and over were selected from the 2020 Census sample, grouping according to their ethnic status (Indigenous, Afro-Mexican and non-Indigenous and non-afro Mexican). As a dependent variable, the Functional Impairment Index (IDF) was constructed with principal components analysis, using the battery of disability questions; Generalized linear models were performed to analyse the factors associated by ethnicity status. Results: Indigenous older people have higher IDF values, followed by Afro-Mexican. Indigenous women and those who live in rural areas have higher values of functional impairment. Conclusions: It is necessary to address the needs of the older Indigenous and Afro-Mexican population who face an old age with greater social disadvantage and functional deterioration.

Resumen Antecedentes: El proceso de envejecimiento en México se presenta con gran heterogeneidad, dada la diversidad étnica y desigualdad social que impera. La condición de etnicidad permite profundizar en las desigualdades sociales y de salud que imposibilitan el envejecimiento saludable. Objetivo: Comparar los niveles de funcionalidad de las personas mayores según su condición de etnicidad y factores asociados en México. Material y métodos: Se seleccionaron las personas de 60 años y más de la muestra del censo de 2020, agrupadas de acuerdo con su condición de etnicidad (indígena, afromexicana y no indígena y no afromexicana). Como variable dependiente se construyó un índice de deterioro funcional (IDF) mediante técnica de análisis de componentes principales, para lo cual se utilizó la lista de preguntas de discapacidad; se realizaron modelos lineales generalizados para analizar los factores asociados por condición de etnicidad. Resultados: Las personas mayores indígenas presentaron valores mayores de IDF, seguidas por las afromexicanas. Las mujeres indígenas y quienes viven en zonas rurales obtuvieron valores más altos de deterioro funcional. Conclusiones: Es necesario atender las necesidades de la población mayor indígena y afromexicana que se enfrenta a una vejez con mayor desventaja social y deterioro funcional.