Summary Background and aims: The false-root knot nematode (Nacobbus spp.) comprises polyphagous species, with pepper (Capsicum annuum) being one of the most affected crops. Due to the lack of resistant pepper genotypes, we compared the responses of different commercial cultivars to identify possible plant defence mechanisms against N. celatus. M&M: Nematodes from Río Cuarto (Córdoba Province) and Lisandro Olmos (Buenos Aires Province) were inoculated on pepper cultivars: California Wonder (control), Fyuco INTA, Yatasto, and Fenomeno RZ. Plants were grown under a greenhouse and galls were analysed by histopathological techniques. Results: The roots of the commercial cultivars showed the typical morpho-anatomical alterations induced by N. celatus: gall formation, hyperplasia reactions, development of syncytia in the central cylinder and disorganisation of vascular tissues. Syncytial cells in contact with females of nematodes from Lisandro Olmos showed a defence reaction by Fyuco INTA, whereas feeding sites in Fenomeno RZ did not denote high metabolic activity in nematodes of both origins. Conclusions: The different responses observed between populations and/or hosts demonstrate the importance of considering nematodes from different geographical origins when testing plant material for tolerance and/or resistance to N. celatus. Studies of this nature are necessary since they facilitate a more in-depth understanding of the parasite-plant interaction.

Resumen Introducción y objetivos: El falso nematodo de la agalla (Nacobbus spp.) comprende especies polífagas, siendo el pimiento (Capsicum annuum) uno de los cultivos más afectados. Debido a la falta de genotipos resistentes del pimiento, comparamos las respuestas de diferentes cultivares comerciales para identificar posibles mecanismos de defensa contra N. celatus. M&M: Nematodos provenientes de Río Cuarto (provincia de Córdoba) y Lisandro Olmos (provincia de Buenos Aires) se inocularon en cultivares de pimiento: California Wonder, Fyuco INTA, Yatasto y Fenomeno RZ. Las plantas se desarrollaron en invernadero y las agallas se analizaron mediante técnicas histopatológicas. Resultados: Las raíces de los cultivares analizados mostraron las alteraciones morfo-anatómicas típicas inducidas por N. celatus: formación de agallas, reacciones de hiperplasia, desarrollo de sincitios en el cilindro central y desorganización de los tejidos vasculares. Las células sincitiales en contacto con hembras de Lisandro Olmos mostraron una reacción de defensa por parte de Fyuco INTA, mientras que los sincitios en Fenomeno RZ denotaron baja actividad metabólica en nematodos de ambas procedencias. Conclusiones: Las diferencias observadas entre las poblaciones y/o hospedadores demuestran la importancia de considerar nematodos de diferentes orígenes geográficos al analizar material vegetal para determinar su tolerancia y/o resistencia a N. celatus. Estudios de esta naturaleza son necesarios ya que facilitan una comprensión más profunda de la interacción parásito-planta.

Abstract The fall armyworm [FAW; Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E Smith, 1797)] is an invasive and polyphagous insect that infests cereal crops, causing economic losses, and may be led to pose a threat to future the global maize crop in the future. Field trials were conducted to study the negative impacts of S. frugiperda on vegetative growth measurements, yield, and the components of the maize cultivar (Single-Hybrid 168 Yellow) in Luxor Governorate, Egypt. S. frugiperda larvae infestation to maize plants was observed in the 3rd week of June and so continued till the harvest in both 2021 and 2022 seasons. S. frugiperda had three peaks of the seasonal activity/season in the untreated (pesticide-free, control) and in the treated main plots by pesticides. Maize vegetative growth attributes (averages of plant height, stem diameter, and the number of green leaves per plant) displayed higher rates of the treated maize plants by insecticides against S. frugiperda. Maize grain, straw, and biological yield (kg/ha) were decreased in the untreated maize plants (insecticides free) than in the treated by insecticides. Concerning maize yield components, the treated plants were to outperform in the average length of a plant stem (cm), stem diameter (cm), and weight of cob (g), as well as, number of rows/cob, number of grains/ cob, number of grains/cob, maize cob grain weight (g) and weight of 1000-grains (g)], in comparison with the untreated plants. Also, the FAW infestation to untreated maize plants was decreased well in all calculated maize growth attributes, i.e., grain yield, and components. Regarding the relationship between variations in a given variable and the changes in S. frugiperda larvae numbers and plant damage percentage, the simple correlation and regression coefficient revealed a highly significant negative relationship in all the parameters tested. The obtained information may help farmers and decision-makers in the management of FAW populations based on an effective plan related to control measures that should be implemented. [FAW J.E JE J E Smith 1797 1797) crops losses S measurements SingleHybrid Single Hybrid 16 Yellow Governorate Egypt rd 202 seasons activityseason activity season pesticidefree, pesticidefree pesticide free, free (pesticide-free pesticides averages height straw kg/ha kgha kg ha (kg/ha cm, cm , (cm) g, g rowscob rows rows/cob grains grainscob grains/cob (g 1000grains 1000 (g)] Also ie i e i.e. percentage tested decisionmakers decision makers implemented 179 1 20 (cm 100 i.e 17 2 10

Resumo A lagarta-do-cartucho [FAW; Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E Smith, 1797)] é um inseto invasor e polífago que infesta culturas de cereais, responsável por perdas econômicas, representando uma ameaça para a cultura mundial de milho no futuro. Ensaios de campo foram conduzidos para estudar os impactos negativos de S. frugiperda nas medidas de crescimento vegetativo, rendimento e os componentes da cultivar de milho (Single-Hybrid 168 Yellow) na província de Luxor, Egito. A infestação de larvas de S. frugiperda nas plantas de milho foi observada na terceira semana de junho e prosseguiu até a colheita nas temporadas de 2021 e 2022. A espécie S. frugiperda teve 3 picos da atividade sazonal nas parcelas não tratadas (sem agrotóxicos e controle) e nas tratadas com agrotóxicos. Os atributos de crescimento vegetativo do milho (médias de altura da planta, diâmetro do caule e número de folhas verdes por planta) apresentaram maiores taxas das plantas de milho tratadas com inseticidas contra S. frugiperda. O grão de milho, a palha e o rendimento biológico (kg/ha) diminuíram nas plantas de milho não tratadas (sem inseticidas) do que nas plantas tratadas com inseticidas. Com relação aos componentes de rendimento do milho, as plantas tratadas tiveram desempenho superior no comprimento médio do caule da planta (cm), diâmetro do caule (cm) e peso da espiga (g), bem como, número de fileiras/espiga, número de grãos/espiga, número de grãos/espiga, peso de grãos de espiga de milho (g) e peso de 1000 grãos (g), em comparação com as plantas não tratadas. Além disso, a infestação de LFM em plantas de milho não tratadas diminuiu consideravelmente em todos os atributos de crescimento do milho calculados, ou seja, rendimento de grãos e componentes. Quanto à relação entre as variações de uma determinada variável e as mudanças no número de larvas de S. frugiperda e na porcentagem de danos às plantas, a correlação simples e o coeficiente de regressão revelaram uma relação negativa e altamente significativa em todos os parâmetros testados. A informação obtida pode ajudar os agricultores e gestores das populações da LFM com base num plano eficaz relacionado às medidas de controle que devem ser implementadas. lagartadocartucho lagarta cartucho FAW [FAW J.E JE J E Smith 1797 1797) cereais econômicas futuro S SingleHybrid Single Hybrid 16 Yellow Luxor Egito 202 2022 sem médias kg/ha kgha kg ha (kg/ha cm, cm , (cm g, g como fileirasespiga fileiras fileiras/espiga grãosespiga grãos/espiga (g 100 disso calculados seja testados implementadas 179 1 20 10 17 2

ABSTRACT Spodoptera cosmioides (Walker, 1858) is an economically relevant polyphagous moth, widely distributed in the Neotropics and part of the Spodoptera latifascia (Walker, 1856) species group. In this study, we used extensive sampling from different regions to describe the spatial distribution of S. cosmioides in Brazil and evaluate its variability both from morphological and molecular perspectives. Variable coloration and several morphological similarities were found among S. cosmioides and congeners of the S. latifascia complex, diverging from each 0.5 to 3.5% of mitochondrial DNA. The genetic divergence at the species level of S. cosmioides was 0.5% throughout Brazil, and a geographic structure was absent, including shared haplotypes with S. descoinsi Lalanne-Cassou & Silvain, 1994. Spodoptera cosmioides was found in all six biomes of Brazil, with the highest abundance recorded in the Cerrado, followed by the Amazon, Atlantic Rainforest, Caatinga, Pantanal, and Pampa. Walker, Walker (Walker 1858 moth 1856 group study S perspectives complex 05 0 5 0. 35 3 3.5 DNA absent LalanneCassou Lalanne Cassou Silvain 1994 Cerrado Amazon Rainforest Caatinga Pantanal Pampa 185 3. 199 18 19 1

ABSTRACT Ceratitis capitata is a polyphagous species adapted to the most diverse hosts. The life cycle of C. capitata is influenced by the host species in which it develops, and information about its biological data in star fruit is scarce. This study aimed to characterize the biological cycle of C. capitata in star fruit and mango. Portions of 20 g were offered in Petri dishes lined with moistened filter paper to 20 first-instar larvae up to three hours of age. Evaluations were performed daily, quantifying the period and larval survival, pupal viability and mass (puparia weighed at 24 hours of age), longevity, egg-adult period, and fecundity. Larval survival ranged from 89.75% in star fruit to 94.25% in mango. Pupal viability and mass were higher in larvae fed mango. The length of the larval period was not affected by the food substrate. Total and daily fecundities were higher in females from larvae fed mango. Both fruits allowed the complete development of C. capitata, but mango is the most suitable host for its development. hosts C develops scarce 2 firstinstar first instar age puparia age, , age) longevity eggadult egg adult fecundity 8975 89 75 89.75 9425 94 25 94.25 substrate 897 8 7 89.7 942 9 94.2 89. 94.

RESUMO Ceratitis capitata é uma espécie polífaga, adaptando-se aos mais diversos hospedeiros. O ciclo de vida de C. capitata é influenciado pelas espécies hospedeiras em que se desenvolve, e informações sobre seus dados biológicos em carambola são escassas. Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar o ciclo biológico de C. capitata nas frutas carambola e manga. Porções de 10 g foram oferecidas em placas de Petri forradas com papel filtro umedecido para 20 larvas de primeiro ínstar com até três horas de idade. As avaliações foram realizadas diariamente, quantificando-se o período e sobrevivência larval, viabilidade e massa pupal (pupários pesados às 24 horas de idade), longevidade, período ovo-adulto e fecundidade. A sobrevivência larval variou de 89,75% em carambola a 94,25% em manga, a viabilidade e a massa pupal foram maiores em larvas alimentadas com manga. A duração do período larval não foi afetada pelo substrato alimentar. As fecundidades total e diária foram maiores nas fêmeas de larvas alimentadas com manga. Ambas as frutas testadas permitiram o desenvolvimento completo de C. capitata, mas a manga é o hospedeiro mais adequado para seu desenvolvimento. polífaga adaptandose adaptando hospedeiros C desenvolve escassas 1 2 idade diariamente quantificandose quantificando pupários idade, , idade) longevidade ovoadulto ovo adulto fecundidade 8975 89 75 89,75 9425 94 25 94,25 alimentar 897 8 7 89,7 942 9 94,2 89, 94,

Abstract The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), an invasive and polyphagous pest affecting various vital crops globally, was studied to assess how different maize hybrids impact its biological parameters under controlled laboratory conditions. Maize, a crucial crop for food security in Egypt, requires effective Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies to manage pests like S. frugiperda. This article explores how S. frugiperda performs on five maize hybrids—Hi-Tech 2031, Wataniya 6, Giza 10, Giza 128, and Giza 168. Significant differences were observed in larval duration across the hybrids, with the shortest duration (14.08 days) on Hi-Tech 2031. Giza 128 resulted in the longest pupal period (9.39 days), and adult lifespans varied between 8.91 and 9.61 days. Reproductive parameters also diverse, with pre-oviposition periods ranging from 4.64 to 4.90 days and oviposition periods from 3 to 4.14 days. The highest average egg count (1352.19 eggs) was recorded with Giza 10. Hybrids Hi-Tech 2031 and Giza 128 had a lower male proportion (44.81% and 43.45%, respectively). Giza 10 also yielded the highest pupation rate (93.33%), while Hi-Tech 2031 showed the highest emergence rate (96.33%). FAW, FAW , (FAW) J.E. JE J E (J.E Smith Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera Noctuidae, Noctuidae Noctuidae) globally conditions Maize Egypt IPM (IPM S hybridsHiTech Hi Tech 6 168 14.08 1408 14 08 (14.0 HiTech 12 9.39 939 9 39 (9.3 days, 891 8 91 8.9 961 61 9.6 diverse preoviposition pre 464 4 64 4.6 490 90 4.9 414 4.1 1352.19 135219 1352 19 (1352.1 eggs 203 44.81% 4481 44 81 (44.81 4345 43 45 43.45% respectively. respectively . respectively) 1 93.33%, 9333 93.33% 93 33 (93.33%) 96.33%. 9633 96.33% 96 (96.33%) (FAW J.E 16 14.0 140 0 (14. 9.3 (9. 89 8. 9. 46 4. 49 41 1352.1 13521 135 (1352. 20 44.81 448 (44.8 434 43.45 933 93.33 (93.33% 963 96.33 (96.33% 14. (14 (9 1352. 13 (1352 2 44.8 (44. 43.4 93.3 (93.33 96.3 (96.33 (1 ( (135 44. (44 43. 93. (93.3 96. (96.3 (13 (4 (93. (96. (93 (96

Resumo A lagarta-do-cartucho (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), uma praga invasora e polífaga que afeta muitas culturas importantes ao redor do mundo, foi estudada para avaliar de que modo diferentes híbridos de milho impactam seus parâmetros biológicos em condições de laboratório. O milho é uma das culturas de cereais mais amplamente distribuídas e desempenha um papel importante na segurança alimentar no Egito. Vários métodos de Manejo Integrado de Pragas (MIP) devem, portanto, ser usados para controlar essas pragas que ocorrem esporadicamente. O controle cultural, químico, biológico e integrado de pragas é comumente usado para infestações de S. frugiperda. Portanto, este artigo tem como objetivo explorar como S. frugiperda se comporta em cinco híbridos ne milho, nomeadamente Hi-tech 2031, Wataniya 6, Giza 10, Giza 128 e Giza 168. A duração larval diferiu significativamente quando as larvas foram criadas com diferentes híbridos de milho. A menor duração larval (14,08 dias) foi observada quando as larvas foram criadas com o híbrido Hi-tech 2031. O maior período de pupação (9,39 dias) ocorreu com as larvas criadas com o híbrido Giza 128. A vida útil dos adultos variou de 8,91 a 9,61 dias. Os diferentes híbridos de milho influenciaram significativamente a reprodução de S. frugiperda. O tempo antes da oviposição variou de 4,64 a 4,90 dias. Os períodos de oviposição das fêmeas variaram de 3 a 4,14 dias. O maior número médio de ovos (1352,19 ovos) foi observado quando as larvas se alimentaram do híbrido Giza 10. A proporção de machos foi menor que a proporção de fêmeas nos insetos alimentados com os híbridos Hi-tech 2031 e Giza 128, 44,81 e 43,45%, respectivamente. As larvas de S. frugiperda alimentadas com o híbrido Giza 10 apresentaram a maior porcentagem de pupação (93,33%). As larvas de S. frugiperda alimentadas com o híbrido Hi-tech 2031 registraram a maior porcentagem de emergência (96,33%). lagartadocartucho lagarta cartucho FAW, FAW , (FAW) J.E. JE J E (J.E Smith Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera Noctuidae, Noctuidae Noctuidae) mundo laboratório Egito MIP (MIP devem portanto esporadicamente cultural químico S Portanto Hitech Hi tech 6 12 168 14,08 1408 14 08 (14,0 dias 9,39 939 9 39 (9,3 891 8 91 8,9 961 61 9,6 464 4 64 4,6 490 90 4,9 414 4,1 1352,19 135219 1352 19 (1352,1 203 4481 44 81 44,8 4345 43 45 43,45% respectivamente 1 93,33%. 9333 93,33% . 93 33 (93,33%) 96,33%. 9633 96,33% 96 (96,33%) (FAW J.E 16 14,0 140 0 (14, 9,3 (9, 89 8, 9, 46 4, 49 41 1352,1 13521 135 (1352, 20 448 44, 434 43,45 933 93,33 (93,33% 963 96,33 (96,33% 14, (14 (9 1352, 13 (1352 2 43,4 93,3 (93,33 96,3 (96,33 (1 ( (135 43, 93, (93,3 96, (96,3 (13 (93, (96, (93 (96

Abstract The first record of the chilli thrips Scirtothrips dorsalis in Peru is reported, based on specimens collected during July and April 2022-2023 on blueberry plants. The specific identification was based on the morphological characters of the adult and molecular evidence.

Resumen Se informa el primer registro del trips del chile Scirtothrips dorsalis en Perú, con base en ejemplares recolectados durante julio y abril 2022-2023 sobre plantas de arándano. La identificación específica se fundamentó en los caracteres morfológicos del adulto y de evidencia molecular.

ABSTRACT Some psyllids transmit 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' (Lso), the causal agent of devastating plant diseases of cultivated Solanaceae and Apiaceae. The recent detection of Bactericera cockerelli and Lso in Ecuador seriously threatens these crops in South America. There, neither the role of native psyllids in the Lso epidemiology nor the psyllid fauna of vegetables are known. With the aim to identify potential vectors and risk scenarios for the spread of Lso in South America, a survey of the psyllid fauna of Solanaceae and Apiaceae crops and associated weeds was conducted in Brazil. Samples were taken at 29 localities in four states. A total of 2857 specimens were sampled, representing at least 37 species of 23 genera and seven families. The most frequent species on carrot, chilli pepper and potato were Russelliana solanicola, R. capsici and Isogonoceraia divergipennis, respectively. Immatures of R. capsici were found on chilli pepper and of R. solanicola on carrot and potato, confirming these plants as hosts. The two psyllid species have been suspected previously to transmit plant pathogens of unknown identity. Russelliana solanicola is one of the few polyphagous species. Here the species is reported for the first time from carrot. Recent collections in Rio Grande do Sul suggest that Solanum laxum represents the original host of R. capsici, which subsequently shifted to chilli pepper. Both, adaptation to agricultural crops and the possibility of ability to transmit pathogens, make the two Russelliana species dangerous potential vectors of Lso and other plant pathogens in South America. Candidatus solanacearum Lso, , (Lso) America There known Brazil 2 states 285 sampled 3 families R divergipennis respectively hosts identity Both (Lso 28

Abstract Weeds can be hosts of root-knot nematodes of the genus Meloidogyne. The importance of the species Meloidogyne morocciensis parasitizing many crops is recognized, but their reproductive capacity in weeds is not known. The present study hypothesizes the ability of M. morocciensis to parasitize and reproduce in different weed species found in Brazil. The objective was to evaluate the reproduction of M. morocciensis in 36 weed species. The plants were individually inoculated with 5,000 eggs and second stage juveniles and kept in greenhouse for 60 days. The experimental design was completely randomized with twelve replications. The root system of each plant was evaluated for gall index (GI), final nematode population (PF), number of nematode/g of root (NNGR) and reproduction factor (RF). It was verified that M. morocciensis has the capacity to parasite 36 weed species belonging to 16 different botanical families, confirming the hypothesis proposed. From the 36 species evaluated, 77.8% (28) were susceptible (FR ≥ 1.0) to M. morocciensis. The present study is the first to identify different weeds as hosts of M. morocciensis, evidencing its polyphagous habit, indicating species of plants with high capacity to multiply this nematode and that need more attention during the integrated management of these pathogen. rootknot knot recognized known M Brazil 3 5000 5 000 5,00 6 days replications GI, GI , (GI) PF, PF (PF) nematodeg g NNGR (NNGR RF. RF . (RF) 1 families proposed 778 77 8 77.8 28 (28 FR 1.0 10 0 habit pathogen 500 00 5,0 (GI (PF (RF 7 77. 2 (2 1. 50 5, (

The leaf miner, Liriomyza huidobrensis (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is a polyphagous fly, which infests a wide range of vegetables and ornamental plants. However, scant knowledge exists of the biology and ecology of the pest in the Western Cape province of South Africa, both of which are essential components in developing an effective management programme. Several aspects of its biology and ecology were studied in two potato [Solanum tuberosum L. (Solanales: Solanaceae)] fields in the Sandveld region during both winter and summer months. The population densities of adult L. huidobrensis were monitored using yellow sticky traps, which were retrieved and counted once every two weeks (June 2019 to January 2020). The number of leaf miner adults caught throughout the summer and winter monitoring periods was significantly different. In addition, 50 randomly selected plants were assessed for leaf damage (in the form of punctures and mines) using presence/ absence sampling. Leaf miner persistence within the soil was confirmed through one-time soil sampling of the two fields, one month after harvesting. Leaf miner pupae were detected in the soil samples after the potatoes were harvested. However, no adult emergence was recorded among the collected pupae under laboratory conditions. The observed trend was that the traps, in both fields, caught an increasing number of leaf miners as the crops matured. Damage occurred in both the monitored fields as early as week four, after plant emergence. Of the five parasitoid species collected, Diglyphus isaea (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) was the most abundant.

Resumen Se analizó la composición vertical la entomofauna en tres zonas del campus de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia en Bogotá entre los años 2018 y 2020 con el fin de dar a conocer especialmente a la comunidad en general, de la riqueza faunística en este relicto de zonas verdes dentro del paisaje urbano. Para la recolección de los especímenes, se realizaron muestreos estratificados en zonas con diferentes coberturas vegetales en el campus. La entomofauna recolectada se determinó a nivel de familia, para la cual se establecieron los valores de diversidad de Brillouin (B), dominancia (D) y equitatividad de Simpson (1-D). Se evaluó la eficiencia de los muestreos por medio del estimador Chao-1, se establecieron los modelos de abundancia de los sitios de muestreo para conocer su relación con los valores de diversidad y se determinó el nivel trófico de cada uno de los grupos recolectados. Los resultados muestran que la entomofauna de la Ciudad Universitaria está caracterizada por los bajos valores de diversidad, mayores valores de riqueza y abundancia en los estratos herbáceos y por el predominio de grupos de hábitos fitófagos y polífagos.

Abstract The vertical composition of the entomofauna was analyzed in three areas of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia Bogotá campus, between 2018 and 2020 in order to make known especially to the general community, the faunal richness found in this relict of green areas within the urban landscape. To collect the specimens, stratified samplings were carried out in areas with different plant covers on the university campus. The collected entomofauna was determined at the family level and the values of Brillouin diversity (B), dominance (D) and Simpson’s fairness (1-D) were established. The efficiency of the samplings was evaluated by means of the Chao-1, abundance models of the sampling sites were established to know their relationship with the diversity values and the trophic level of each of the collected groups was determined. Results show that the entomofauna of the Ciudad Universitaria is characterized by low values of diversity, higher values of richness and abundance in the herbaceous strata and by the predominance of groups with phytophagous and polyphagous habits.

Abstract Zaprionus indianus Gupta is an invasive pest species that has colonized the American continent in the last 20 years. This species is a polyphagous species that with Drosophila melanogaster Meigen and D. simulans Sturtevant utilized a wide variety of fruits as breeding and feeding resources. In the present study we quantified the relative abundance of these species in adult and emerged samples collected from various hosts (commercial fruits) in different localities in northern Argentina. We detected overlapping of rearing and feeding resources between the analyzed species although, our results revealed that the relative abundance between Drosophila and Z. indianus species varied between both adult and emerged samples. This result revealed a differential use of resources and/or interspecific competition.

Resumen Zaprionus indianus Gupta es una especie plaga invasora de mosca, que ha colonizado el continente americano en los últimos 20 años. Se trata de una especie polífaga que con Drosophila melanogaster Meigen y D. simulans Sturtevant utilizan una amplia variedad de frutas como recursos de cría y alimentación. En el presente estudio cuantificamos la abundancia relativa de estas especies en individuos adultos y moscas emergidas colectados de diversos hospedadores (frutas comerciales) en diferentes localidades del norte argentino. Detectamos superposición de recursos de cría y alimentación entre las especies analizadas, aunque nuestros resultados revelaron que la abundancia relativa entre especies de Drosophila y Z. indianus varió entre las muestras de adultos y emergidos. Estos resultados sugieren un uso diferencial de los recursos y/o efecto de la competencia interespecífica.

Resumen 18. El caracol L.fulica, está incluido en la lista de las 100 especies exóticas invasoras más dañinas del mundo. Siendo hermafrodita, crece y se reproduce a gran velocidad, presentando alta resistencia a variables ambientales, adaptabilidad a diferentes regiones, dieta polífaga y ausencia o desconocimiento de depredadores naturales. También puede producir daños importantes en cultivos agrícolas, hortícolas y ecosistemas nativos, así como actuar de transmisor de parásitos capaz de afectar a la salud pública. Con el fin de conocer y contribuir al estado actual del caracol L.fulica, se planteó evaluar su situación epidemiológica y parasitaria, así como sus implicancias en la salud pública de Misiones, Argentina. El trabajo se realizó entre los meses de diciembre de 2018 y diciembre de 2019, procediendo a la colecta, identificación morfológica y recolección de las conchillas de moluscos de la especie L.fulica y su materia fecal, para el posterior análisis parasitológico. Todos los moluscos colectados eran de Puerto Iguazú, Misiones. De un total de 201 moluscos se identificaron por género y especie tres grupos: Grupo 1 (G1): L.fulica (n=199); Grupo 2: Helix aspera (n=1) y Grupo 3: Bulimus sp (n=1). A todos los individuos del G1 se los clasificó según categorías de tamaños definidas como: Clase 1 (individuos recién eclosionados, hasta 10 mm, n=6); Clase 2 (juveniles de 10 a 40 mm, n=149), Clase 3 (adultos jóvenes de 40 a 70 mm, n=35) y Clase 4 (adultos >70 mm, n= 9). Del análisis parasitológico efectuado a los poo- les de materia fecal de L.fulica, se encontraron taxones parasitarios predominando larvas del orden Strongylida y larvas de vida libre sin especificar, como también se observaron huevos de nematodes del genero Ancylostoma sp. Se observaron protozoos correspondientes a quistes de Ameba sp, Giardia sp y ooquistes de Cystoisospora sp. Por su parte en el análisis de baba de 9 ejemplares adultos de L. fulica se encontraron taxones parasitarios de los órdenes Strongylida y Ascaridea, así como del genero Toxocara sp. También se observaron cristales de oxalato de calcio en muestras de baba. Por otra parte, en once localidades fronterizas de la Provincia Misiones, se realizaron 92 encuestas con el fin de evaluar el grado de conocimiento de la población, constatándose un desconocimiento de la problemática en un 67,4% de los casos encuestados. Teniendo en cuenta que los factores antrópicos son la principal causa de los saltos de dispersión de esta especie, es fundamental realizar trabajos de educación sanitaria para concientizar y prevenir futuras invasiones que conlleven a perjuicios sanitarios al ecosistema y a la agricultura. En ese contexto, a cada encuestado se le entregó material informativo y las recomendaciones brindadas por el parte del Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria de Argentina.

Abstract 22. The Giant African Snail, Lissachatina fulica, is included in the list of the 100 most harmful invasive alien species in the world. This species of snail, being hermaphroditic, grows and reproduces at high speed, presenting high resistance to environmental variables, adaptability to different regions, a polyphagous diet and the absence or ignorance of natural predators contribute to its dispersal, which can cause significant damage to agricultural crops. Horticultural and native ecosystems, as well as acting as a transmitter of parasites that may affect Public Health. In order to know and contribute to the current status of the African giant snail, L.fulica, it was proposed to evaluate the current epidemiological and parasitic situation of the African giant snail and its implications for public and environmental health in the province of Misiones, Argentina. The work was carried out between the months of December 2018 and December 2019, proceeding to the collection, morphological identification and collection of the shells of mollusks of the species L.fulica and their fecal matter, for their subsequent parasitological analysis. All the mollusks collected corresponded to the town of Puerto Iguazú, Misiones. Of a total of 201 mollusks, three groups were identified by genus and species: Group 1 (G1): L.fulica n = 199; Group 2: Helix aspera n: 1 and Group 3: Bulimus sp. n: 1. All G1 individuals were classified according to size categories defined as: Class 1: newly hatched individuals (up to 10 mm) n = 6; Class 2: juveniles (10 to 40 mm) n= 149; Class 3: young adults (40 to 70 mm) n = 35 and Class 4: adults (>70 mm) n = 9. From the parasitological analysis carried out on the pools of fecal matter of L.fulica, parasitic taxa were found predominantly larvae of the order Strongylida and unspecified free-living larvae, as well as eggs of nematodes of the genus Ancylostoma sp. Protozoa corresponding to cysts of Amoeba sp; Giardia sp and oocysts of Cystoisospora sp. On the other hand, in the analysis of slime of 9 adult specimens of L.fulica, parasitic taxa of the order Strongylida and the order Ascaridea Family Toxocaridae were found compatible with the genus Toxocara sp, also observing calcium oxalate crystals in samples of slime. On the other hand, in 11 (eleven) border towns of the Misiones province, 92 surveys were carried out, in order to evaluate the degree of knowledge of the population, where a lack of knowledge of the problem was found in 67.4% of the surveyed cases. Considering that anthropic factors are the main cause of dispersal jumps in this species, it is essential to carry out health education work to raise awareness and prevent future invasions that lead to health damage, the ecosystem and agriculture. In this context, each respondent was given informative material and the recommendations provided by the National Service of Agrifood Health and Quality of Argentina.

RESUMO As hortaliças estão expostas a constantes infecções por inúmeras doenças, incluindo as causadas pelo oomiceto Phytophthora capsici. Este microrganismo é um patógeno vegetal polífago, capaz de infectar dezenas de espécies de plantas cultivadas ou invasoras. O objetivo desta revisão é abordar tópicos relacionados à etiologia e sintomas das doenças causadas por este oomiceto (queima de folhas, podridão da raiz, podridão da coroa e podridão dos frutos), bem como também a integração e aplicação de diferentes alternativas de controle como genética, cultural, física, biológica e química. É assim que, culturas como pimentão (Capsicum annuum), pimenta (Capsicum spp.), tomate (Solanum lycopersicum), berinjela (S. melongena), cucurbitáceas (Cucumis sativus, Cucurbita spp.), entre outras, estão sujeitas a perdas econômicas consideráveis. Elevada umidade do solo, altas temperaturas, estruturas de resistência do patógeno (oósporos), baixa disponibilidade de cultivares resistentes e reduzida disponibilidade de fungicidas eficazes são condições que dificultam o manejo de doenças causadas por P. capsici no campo. Apesar da importância irrefutável deste patógeno, as informações existentes sobre seu manejo integrado são limitadas. Portanto, uma gestão bem sucedida das lavouras dependerá em grande parte de seu conhecimento e controle. Assim, a aplicação conjunta de diferentes estratégias de controle visa manter o patógeno em níveis populacionais baixos e também manter a epidemia sob o limiar de danos econômicos. No final, um manejo integrado para P. capsici poderá gerar maiores retornos econômicos, colheitas sustentáveis de longo prazo, redução do impacto ambiental e produtos de melhor qualidade para os consumidores.

ABSTRACT Vegetable crops are exposed to constant infection by numerous diseases, including those caused by the oomycete Phytophthora capsici. This microorganism is a polyphagous plant pathogen, capable of infecting dozens of plant species, including cultivated plants and weeds. The aim of this review is to address topics related to etiology and symptoms of the diseases caused by this oomycete (leaf blight, root rot, crown rot and fruit rot), as well as the integration and application of different control alternatives, such as genetics, cultural, physical, biological, and chemical. Crops such as sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum), chili pepper (Capsicum spp.), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), eggplant (S. melongena), cucurbits (Cucumis sativus, Cucurbita spp.), among others, are subject to considerable economic losses induced by this pathogen. High soil humidity, high temperatures, resistance structures of the pathogen (oospores), scarce availability of resistant cultivars and a reduced range of effective fungicides are conditions that difficult the management of diseases caused by P. capsici in the field. Despite the irrefutable importance of this pathogen, the existing information regarding its integrated management is limited. Therefore, a successful management will depend to a great extent on its knowledge and its control. Thus, the joint application of different control strategies seeks to maintain the pathogen at low population levels and also keeping the epidemics under the threshold of economic loss. At the end, an integrated pest management approach for P. capsici could result in higher economic returns, long-term sustainable harvests, reduction of the environment impact and better quality products for consumers.

RESUMO: A lagarta-do-cartucho Spodoptera frugiperda Smith, 1797 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) é uma praga polífaga que ocasiona danos em diversos cultivos, e o conhecimento do seu espectro de hospedeiros é essencial para o estabelecimento de estratégias de manejo e controle. Assim, o presente estudo registra pela primeira vez a ocorrência de S. frugiperda em videiras brasileiras. Desse modo, recomenda-se a realização de estudos adicionais em laboratório para compreender os aspectos biológicos e os danos as diferentes estruturas (vegetativas e uvas). Essa informação será essencial para avaliar o potencial de dano de S. frugiperda se alimentando de videiras.

ABSTRACT: The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda Smith, 1797 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a polyphagous pest that causes losses in several crops. The knowledge of host plants is essential for establishing management and control strategies. The present study reported the first occurrence of S. frugiperda in Brazilian grapevines. It is recommended that further studies should be carried out in the laboratory to understand the biological aspects of the damage to different structures (leaves and grapes). This information will be essential to assess the potential of S. frugiperda damage to vines.

Abstract Macrophomina phaseolina is a polyphagous fungus causing substantial yield losses in many plant species. In 2017, M. phaseolina was found to be causal agent of wilting and stunting symptoms of globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus) in the Mediterranean region of Turkey. There is no knowledge about M. phaseolina in globe artichoke and applicable management practice in cultivation of the crop. In the present study, the causal agent was characterized in vitro and in vivo studies. Pathogenicity tests were carried out using seedlings of globe artichoke and nine plant species (sunflower, chickpea, soybean, sesame, peanut, wheat, maize, cotton and sorghum) in a greenhouse. In addition, five inoculation techniques were assessed to determine the most suitable method for screening resistance to M. phaseolina in globe artichoke. Significant (P˂0.01) variations were found among the inoculation techniques. Depending on each inoculation technique, death of lateral roots and distinct lesions up to 5.38 cm occurred on primary roots and crowns of globe artichoke. M. phaseolina also caused lesions ranging from 1.43 to 9.63 cm on primary roots including crown and stems of tested plant species. M. phaseolina was pathogenic to globe artichoke and all the tested plant species, confirming its polyphagous nature. This is the first record of M. phaseolina causing root and crown rot in globe artichoke in the world. Moreover, the present study suggested that toothpick inoculation technique could be used for screening resistance to M. phaseolina in globe artichoke.