Assessing the dynamics of pollutants in the environment is a very complex challenge, primarily because of the large number of variables involved. Thus, in addition to processes that depend on the physicochemical properties of the pollutant and the main characteristics of the contaminated environment, there are less obvious phenomena that also influence the dynamics of pollutants, such as colloid-mediated transport. The objective of this work is to elucidate the main characteristics of this process and its influence on the transport of pollutants through the soil, taking glyphosate as an example. Although this pollutant is strongly retained by soil components, its presence in groundwater is quite frequent, often due to this facilitated transport by colloids. challenge involved Thus colloidmediated colloid mediated example components frequent colloids

Resumen: La contaminación ambiental derivada del transporte ha sido un desafío fundamental para la humanidad a lo largo de la historia, con los combustibles convencionales contribuyendo significativamente a la degradación ambiental. Este proyecto busca suprimir la contaminación y reducir el ruido generada por mototaxis, ya sean de uso personal y/o privado. El trabajo de investigación tuvo como objetivo principal implementar un electrolizador en el sistema de combustión de un mototaxi para suprimir la contaminación ambiental y reducir el ruido. Los métodos incluyeron la preparación del vehículo, instalación del electrolizador, ajuste de la batería, generación de hidrógeno, medición de emisiones, seguridad y recolección de datos. Como resultado, se logró implementar el electrolizador en el mototaxi monocilíndrico; el límite de ruido permitido en el trabajo en el Perú es de 85 dB, que equivalen el 100 % de ruido como máximo; al utilizar gasolina se obtuvo un valor de 76.4 dB equivalentes a 89.88 % de ruido y al usar hidrógeno se obtuvo un valor de 71.7 dB siendo el 84.35 % de ruido, por lo tanto, la reducción total de ruido fue de 4.70 dB (5.53%) de lo establecido. La discusión destacó que el hidrógeno es un combustible limpio, con nulas emisiones y solo emitiendo vapor de agua en vez de gases contaminantes (5). La conclusión subraya la importancia crítica de la investigación, respaldada por la reducción total del 5.53 % de ruido con esta nueva tecnología y a su vez fuentes externas apoyan, que el utilizar hidrógeno produjo una combustión más suave y silenciosa. En cuanto a la vida útil del motor, la combustión más limpia y eficiente reduce la acumulación de residuos, lo que disminuye el desgaste de los componentes internos y la necesidad de mantenimientos costosos.

Abstract: Environmental pollution from transportation has been a fundamental challenge for humanity throughout history, with conventional fuels contributing significantly to environmental degradation. This project seeks to suppress pollution and reduce noise generated by motorcycle taxis, whether for personal and/or private use. The main objective of the research work was to implement an electrolyzer in the combustion system of a motorcycle taxi to suppress environmental pollution and reduce noise. Methods included vehicle preparation, electrolyzer installation, battery adjustment, hydrogen generation, emissions measurement, safety, and data collection. As a result, the electrolyzer was implemented in the single-cylinder motorcycle taxi; The noise limit allowed at work in Peru is 85 dB, which is equivalent to 100 % noise at most; When using gasoline, a value of 76.4 dB was obtained, equivalent to 89.88 % noise, and when using hydrogen, a value of 71.7 dB was obtained, equivalent to 84.35 % noise, therefore, the total noise reduction was 4.70 dB (5.53 %) than established. The discussion highlighted that hydrogen is a clean fuel, with zero emissions and only emitting water vapor instead of polluting gases (5). The conclusion highlights the critical importance of the research, supported by the total reduction of 5.53 % of noise with this new technology and in turn external sources support that using hydrogen produced a smoother and quieter combustion; Regarding the useful life of the engine, due to the cleaner and more efficient combustion, the accumulation of waste was reduced, which benefits reducing the wear of internal components and the need for costly maintenance.

Resumen En la literatura se ha aportado evidencia que establece que el cumplimiento de las regulaciones medioambientales propicia la adopción e implementación de actividades de eco-innovación en las empresas manufactureras, ya que a través de este tipo de actividades no sólo se reducen los costos asociados a las descargas de contaminantes, sino también se incrementa el nivel del rendimiento sustentable de las empresas. Sin embargo, poco se sabe de la relación existente entre las regulaciones medioambientales, la eco-innovación y el rendimiento sustentable, ya que son pocos los estudios publicados en la literatura que se han orientado en su análisis, por lo cual este estudio tiene como objetivo llenar este vacío existente, y generar nuevo conocimiento de la relación entre estos tres constructos a través de una extensa revisión de la literatura. Asimismo, se distribuyó un cuestionario a una muestra de 460 empresas manufactureras de México, analizando los datos mediante el análisis factorial confirmatorio y los modelos de ecuaciones estructurales basados en la covarianza. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que las regulaciones medioambientales tienen efectos positivos en la eco-innovación, y la eco-innovación tiene efectos positivos en el rendimiento sustentable de las empresas manufactureras de la industria automotriz. Bajo este contexto, los resultados obtenidos permitieron concluir que el cumplimiento de las regulaciones medioambientales establecidas por la administración pública, por parte de las empresas manufactureras de la industria automotriz, mejoran tanto las actividades de eco-innovación como el rendimiento sustentable de las organizaciones.

Abstract In the literature, evidence has been provided that establishes that compliance with environmental regulations promotes the adoption and implementation of eco-innovation activities in manufacturing firms, since through this type of activities not only are the costs associated with the discharges of pollutants, but also increases the level of sustainable performance of companies. However, little is known about the relationship between environmental regulations, eco-innovation, and sustainable performance, since there are few studies published in the literature that have focused on their analysis, so this study aims to fill this existing gap, and generate new knowledge of the relationship between these three constructs through an extensive review of the literature. Likewise, a questionnaire was distributed to a sample of 460 manufacturing firms in Mexico, analyzing the data through confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation models based on covariance. The results obtained suggest that environmental regulations have positive effects on eco-innovation, and eco-innovation has positive effects on sustainable performance of manufacturing firms in the automotive industry. In this context, the results obtained allowed us to conclude that compliance with environmental regulations established by the public administration, by manufacturing firms in the automotive industry, improve both eco-innovation activities and sustainable performance of organizations.

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) represent a promising technology to generate bio-electricity and synchronously reduce wastewater pollutants. The presence of exoelectrogens in wastewater is critical for bio-electricity and pollutant reduction, but the performance of exoelectrogens at different pH levels remains unknown. This study aims to bridge this gap by offering an integrated approach to understanding the performance of exoelectrogens under varying substrate pH, particularly in bio-electricity generation and pollutant reduction in sugarbeet processing wastewater (SBWW). Three pH levels (ranging from acidic to alkaline) were studied and MFC's electricity output was measured. Later, current density, power density, and coulombic efficiency (CE) were calculated. Both pre- and post-experiment substrate samples were analysed with inductively coupled plasma (ICP). Furthermore, 16S rRNA gene analysis, DNA amplification, sequencing library preparation, and bioinformatics workflows on post-experiment samples of the substrate and anode samples were conducted. A diverse community of microorganisms was identified, especially Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Deltaproteobacteria (Geobacter). Bacteroidetes and Desulfovibrio were the major exoelectrogens responsible for electricity generation. Among the three pH levels tested, the most alkaline pH level (9.5±0.1) outperformed the others, achieving a 54% higher power density, 21% greater current density, and a 40% higher CE compared to the acidic pH level (6.5±0.1). Around 50-99% of pollutants were removed from the SBWW. The study revealed that Gammaproteobacteria thrive and perform better in alkaline environment.

Resumen El plástico se ha vuelto muy popular en los últimos años gracias a su durabilidad y propiedades. A pesar de sus múltiples ventajas, la humanidad ha desarrollado cierta dependencia hacia este material, lo que ha propiciado un incremento en su uso y, a su vez, en la generación de desechos ante el escaso hábito de reúso. Uno de los polímeros plásticos más usados es el poliestireno (PS), ya que este se usa en una amplia gama de aplicaciones gracias a su bajo costo y fácil producción. Sin embargo, pasado el tiempo de vida útil de este plástico, es considerado como desecho. El PS al estar expuesto a condiciones atmosféricas como la radiación UV, se fragmenta dando como resultado la creación de microplásticos (MP), mismos que son pequeñas partículas que no sobrepasan los 5 mm, lo que representa una amenaza al medio ambiente pues, al degradarse, las propiedades decaen, se genera un cambio dimensional y, además, pueden ser fácilmente transportadas no solo al medio ambiente, sino también a los organismos. Este artículo de revisión se enfoca en evidenciar las principales rutas que siguen los MP al interaccionar con los seres humanos y los efectos potenciales de los PS-MP en el citoesqueleto, así como en resaltar la necesidad de más estudios al respecto.

Abstract Plastic has become very popular in recent years due to its durability and properties. Despite its many advantages, humanity has developed a certain dependence on this material, which represents an increase in its use and in turn, in waste. One of the most widely used plastic polymers is the polystyrene (PS), as is used in a wide range of applications due to its low cost and easy production, although after the useful life of the plastic, it is considered as waste. When plastic is exposure to atmospheric conditions such as UV radiation, it degrades and fragments giving rise to microplastics (MPs), which are defined as small particles that do not exceed 5 mm, representing a threat to the environment because when they degrade the properties decay, a dimensional change is generated and they can also be easily transported not only to the environment but also to organisms. This review article focuses on highlighting the main pathways that MPs follow when interacting with humans and the potential effects of PS-MPs on the cytoskeleton, as well as highlighting the need for more studies in this regard.

Pesticide residues and heavy metal content of cassava, yam, cocoyam, potato, water yam and carrot were evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and atomic absorption spectroscopy. The detected pesticide residues in the samples were 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, glyphosate, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), dichlorobiphenyl, aldrin, endosulfan, profenofos, g-chlordane, carbofuran, biphenyl, heptachlor, lindane and t-Nonachlor. The concentration of HCB ranged between 0.0799 ± 0.06 mg/kg and 0.1596 ± 0.00 mg/kg, which was greater than the permitted maximum limit of 0.5 mg/kg established by the US Environmental Protection Agency. The concentration of aldrin and profenofos detected was lower than the predetermined maximum allowed limits. Endosulfan concentrations in cocoyam (0.2500 mg/kg) and potato (0.3265 mg/kg) were higher than the limits allowed by the Canadian Department of Industrial Research. The heavy metals detected in these samples include cobalt, nickel, lead, manganese, chromium, arsenic and mercury in at least one of the samples evaluated. There was not much difference between the concentration of cobalt in yam (0.036 mg/kg) and the maximum allowed concentration (0.043 mg/kg). Lead was detected in potatoes and carrots but was below detectable concentration in cassava, yam, cocoyam and water yam. Similarly, cocoyam was found to have a significant mercury content (0.658 mg/kg), but mercury content was below detectable concentrations in cassava, yam and water yam. SIGNIFICANCE: Heavy metal pollutants and pesticide residues can impair human health, and their presence in food can cause various illnesses and health issues. It is important to prevent exposure to these contaminants and ensure that food is safe by identifying and monitoring them. Farmers may provide consumers with more assurance that their products are safe by identifying and monitoring pesticide residues and heavy metal contamination in these food crops. Overall, it is crucial to find and monitor pesticide residues and heavy metal contamination in food to safeguard customer confidence, ensure legal compliance and preserve human health.

ABSTRACT The spatial and temporal variability of air pollutants in an urban area is great. Superimposed on daily meteorological variability are seasonal cycles of human activities that influence air quality. The objective of this research was to analyze the spatial and temporal variation of polluting gases: sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and ozone in two locations in Havana from November 2015 to October 2016. Hourly concentration data from two Automatic Atmospheric Monitoring Stations. The statistical processing of the data was carried out using the MS-Excel and Origin 2016 software. The non-pa rametric Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis H, and Dunn tests were applied. In general, the concentrations of the pollutants corresponded to the distribution patterns characteristic of urban locations.

RESUMEN La variabilidad espacial y temporal de los contaminantes atmosféricos en un área urbana es grande. Superpuestos a la variabilidad meteorológica diaria existen ciclos estacionales de las actividades humanas que influyen en la calidad del aire. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue analizar la variación espacial y temporal de los gases contaminantes: dióxido de azufre, dióxido de nitrógeno y ozono en dos localidades de La Habana desde noviembre de 2015 hasta octubre de 2016. Se utilizaron datos horarios de concentración provenientes de dos Estaciones Automáticas de Monitoreo Atmosférico. El procesamiento estadístico de los datos fue realizado empleando los softwares MS-Excel y Origin 2016. Se aplicaron las pruebas no paramétricas U de Mann-Whitney, H de Kruskal-Wallis y Dunn. De forma general as concentraciones de los contaminantes se correspondieron con los patrones de distribución característicos de localidades urbanas.

ABSTRACT In Cuba there are no air quality monitoring networks. The objective of this study is to evaluate air pollution by particulate matter (PM) in Havana through the use of the HYSPLIT model. We used in situ measurements and satellite images of the Copernicus and Giovanni NASA platforms and they were compared with the different runs of the model to evaluate its effectiveness. The results obtained showed that although making measurements of particulate matter is always the first option, it can be affirmed that the use of models of transport and dispersion of pollutants, specifically the HYSPLIT model, are relevant for the estimation of atmospheric pollution by particulate matter in Havana.

RESUMEN En Cuba no existen redes de monitoreo de calidad del aire. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la contaminación atmosférica por material particulado (PM) en La Habana mediante el empleo del modelo HYSPLIT (Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model). Utilizamos mediciones in situ e imágenes satelitales de las plataformas Copernicus y Giovanni NASA (Administración Nacional de Aeronáutica y el Espacio) y fueron comparadas con las diferentes corridas realizadas del modelo para evaluar la efectividad del mismo. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que, aunque realizar mediciones de material particulado siempre es la primera opción se puede afirmar que el empleo de modelos de transporte y dispersión de contaminantes, en específico del modelo HYSPLIT, son pertinentes para la estimación de la contaminación atmosférica por material particulado en La Habana.

Abstract. - Organic contaminants are highly toxic and volatile and accumulate in fatty tissues. Due to their persistence and mobility, it is possible to find them practically anywhere on the planet, even where they have never been used. For this reason, monitoring and vigilance in water bodies are essential. We synthesized calcium titanate (CaTiO 3 ) particles using the solid-state method in the present research. Several physicochemical techniques characterized the particles: energy dispersive spectroscopy (EED), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (ERD), and electrochemical: cyclic voltammetry (CV), among others.; It was found via XRD and Raman that the crystalline structure is orthorhombic with space group Pbnm. The synthesized CaTiO 3 particles have an average diameter of ≈ 2 µm. Furthermore, the value obtained for the energy gap (E g ) was 3.41 eV; it also presents a low energy step at a value of 2.66 eV, which may correspond to the mingap electronic states. The glassy carbon electrode modified with the CaTiO 3 film showed a sensitivity for determining nitrobenzene (NB) in aqueous solution. Therefore, it can be concluded that the development of CaTiO 3 particles is a viable alternative to be used as a sensor of organic contaminants in water.

Resumen. - Los contaminantes orgánicos son altamente tóxicos y volátiles se acumulan en los tejidos grasos; Debido a su persistencia y movilidad, es posible encontrarlas prácticamente en cualquier parte del planeta, incluso en lugares donde nunca han sido utilizadas. Por esta razón, el monitoreo y la vigilancia en los cuerpos de agua son fundamentales. En la presente investigación, se sintetizaron partículas de titanato de calcio (CaTiO 3 ) utilizando el método de estado sólido. Las partículas se caracterizaron por diversas técnicas fisicoquímicas: difracción de rayos-X (DRX), espectroscopia Raman, microscopía electrónica de barrido (MEB), espectroscopia de dispersión de energía (EDE), espectroscopia de reflectancia difusa (ERD), y electroquímica: voltamperometría cíclica (VC), entre otras. Se encontró a través de DRX y Raman que la estructura cristalina es ortorrómbica con el grupo espacial Pbnm. Las partículas de CaTiO 3 sintetizadas tienen un diámetro promedio de ≈ 2 µm; Además, el valor obtenido para la brecha de energía (E g ) fue de 3,41 eV; también presenta un paso de baja energía en un valor de 2.66 eV, que puede corresponder a los estados electrónicos mingap. El electrodo de carbón vítreo modificado con la película de CaTiO 3 mostro una sensibilidad para la determinación de nitrobenceno (NB) en solución acuosa. Por lo tanto, se puede concluir que el desarrollo de partículas de CaTiO 3 es una alternativa viable para ser utilizado como sensor de contaminantes orgánicos en agua.

ABSTRACT: Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) represent a significant environmental problem due to their toxicity, with a high capacity to persist in the environment, resistance to conventional degradation methods, the ability to accumulate in living organisms and their magnification in food chains or food. In this review article, the impacts on health and environmental components are examined. Strategies and measures for control, mitigation and/or minimization of POPs are also addressed. Agricultural and industrial activities, inadequate final disposal of solid waste and lack of wastewater treatment are identified as the main sources of POP emissions. In addition, innovative and promising technologies are analyzed, such as nanotechnology, bioremediation, rhizoremediation, biochar, chromatography techniques, ultrasound, among others, for the adequate treatment of POPs. The review highlights both the advantages and limitations of these technologies, pointing out areas that still require developments to achieve effective treatments. More economical and ecological alternatives are also mentioned to counteract the impacts of POPs.

RESUMEN: Los contaminantes orgánicos persistentes (COP) representan un problema ambiental significativo debido a su toxicidad, con una alta capacidad para persistir en el entorno, resistencia a los métodos de degradación convencionales, la capacidad de acumulación en organismos vivos y su magnificación en las cadenas tróficas o alimentarias. En este artículo de revisión, se examinan los impactos en la salud y en los componentes medio ambientales. También se abordan las estrategias y medidas de control, mitigación y/o minimización de los COP. Se identifica a las actividades agrícolas, industriales, la inadecuada disposición final de los residuos sólidos y la falta de tratamiento de las aguas residuales como las principales fuentes de emisión de COP. Además, se analizan tecnologías innovadoras y prometedoras, como la nanotecnología, biorremediación, rizorremediación, biocarbón, técnicas de cromatografía, ultrasonido, entre otras, para el tratamiento adecuado de los COP. La revisión destaca tanto las ventajas como las limitaciones de estas tecnologías, señalando áreas que aún requieren desarrollos para lograr tratamientos eficaces. También se mencionan alternativas más económicas y ecológicas, para contrarrestar los impactos de los COP.

Resumo Smog tornou-se a quinta estação do Paquistão, especialmente na cidade de Lahore. Acredita-se que o aumento do nível de poluentes atmosféricos (primários e secundários) seja responsável pela formação de poluição atmosférica em Lahore. Portanto, o presente estudo foi realizado para a avaliação dos poluentes atmosféricos (primários e secundários) do smog na fronteira de Wagah em particular e em outros locais (Jail road, Gulburg) Lahore. Para este propósito, os dados de referência sobre a poluição atmosférica de inverno de março a dezembro sobre poluentes atmosféricos primários e secundários e parâmetros meteorológicos foram coletados do Departamento de Proteção Ambiental e do Departamento Meteorológico do Paquistão, respectivamente. Dispositivos sendo usados em ambos os departamentos para análise de parâmetros também foram estudados. Os dados coletados foram posteriormente analisados estatisticamente para determinar a correlação dos parâmetros com as condições meteorológicas e foram submetidos ao índice de qualidade do ar. De acordo com os resultados, PM 10 e PM 2,5 foram encontrados muito acima do NEQS. As concentrações de NOx também estavam muito acima dos limites permitidos, enquanto SO2 e O3 foram encontrados abaixo do NEQS, portanto, não têm papéis na formação de smog. O índice de qualidade do ar (AQI) de poluentes foi PM 2,5 (86-227), PM 10 (46-332), NOx (26-110), O3 (19-84) e SO2 (10-95). O AQI de PM 2,5 permaneceu entre níveis moderados a muito prejudiciais à saúde. O AQI de PM 10 permaneceu entre níveis bons e perigosos. AQI de NOx permaneceu entre bom e não saudável para os níveis de grupos sensíveis. O AQI de O3 e SO2 permaneceu entre níveis bons a moderados. A correlação de Pearson mostrou que cada poluente tem uma relação diferente com parâmetros diferentes ou iguais em áreas diferentes. Conclui-se do presente estudo que o material particulado foi muito mais responsável pela formação de smog. Embora o NOx também tenha desempenhado um papel na formação do smog. Portanto, é necessário reduzir as fontes de partículas e NOx, especificamente para reduzir a formação de smog em Lahore.

Abstract Smog has become the fifth season of Pakistan especially in Lahore city. Increased level of air pollutants (primary and secondary) are thought to be responsible for the formation of smog in Lahore. Therefore, the current study was carried out for the evaluation of air pollutants (primary and secondary) of smog in Wagah border particularly and other sites (Jail road, Gulburg) Lahore. For this purpose, baseline data on winter smog from March to December on primary and secondary air pollutants and meteorological parameters was collected from Environmental Protection Department and Pakistan Meteorological Department respectively. Devices being used in both departments for analysis of parameters were also studied. Collected data was further statistically analyzed to determine the correlation of parameters with meteorological conditions and was subjected to air quality index. According to results, PM 10 and PM 2.5 were found very high above the NEQS. NOx concentrations were also high above the permissible limits whereas SO2 and O3 were found below the NEQS thus have no roles in smog formation. Air Quality Index (AQI) of pollutants was PM 2.5(86-227), PM 10 (46-332), NOx (26-110), O3 (19-84) and SO2 (10-95). AQI of PM 2.5 remained between moderate to very unhealthy levels. AQI of PM 10 remained between good to hazardous levels. AQI of NOx remained between good to unhealthy for sensitive groups’ levels. AQI of O3 and SO2 remained between good to moderate levels. Pearson correlation showed that every pollutant has a different relation with different or same parameters in different areas. It is concluded from the present study that particulate matter was much more responsible for smog formation. Although NOx also played role in smog formation. So there is need to reduce sources of particulate matter and NOx specifically in order to reduce smog formation in Lahore.

In recent years, various methods for surface functionalization of magnetite nanoparticles with emerging modifications have been explored and reported. Green nano-chemistry aims to synthesize nanomaterials using bio-based resources, providing new materials for biological and environmental applications. Surface modification of magnetite nanoparticles using phytochemicals extracted from plants is a fundamental principle of green synthesis routes. Agricultural waste from different crops, such as plantain pseudostem, is of particular interest as a renewable resource due to its abundant availability, low toxicity, and economic feasibility. In this study, the juice extracted from plantain pseudostem was utilized for the phytofunctionalization of magnetite nanoparticles. Characterization techniques including transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the nanometric dimensions of the composite (size range of 12.6 ± 3.17 nm) and established its organic-inorganic nature. The superparamagnetic properties of the composite were also demonstrated. Moreover, the potential application of this nanohybrid in bioremediation for the immobilization of cadmium(II) and lead(II) showed promising results, highlighting its efficacy in managing water pollutants. years reported nanochemistry nano chemistry biobased bio based resources applications routes crops availability toxicity feasibility study TEM, TEM , (TEM) SEM, SEM (SEM) TGA, TGA (TGA) fouriertransform fourier transform FTIR (FTIR size 126 12 6 12. 317 3 17 3.1 nm organicinorganic organic inorganic nature demonstrated Moreover cadmiumII cadmium II cadmium(II leadII lead lead(II results pollutants (TEM (SEM (TGA 1 31 3.

Pure and cobalt-doped 3D ZnO were produced using the microwave (MW)-ultraviolet (UV)-visible (Vis) radiation-assisted hydrothermal method (MW-UV-Vis HM). Using experimental design, the effects of cobalt and UV-Vis radiation during the synthesis stage on the physicochemical properties of the materials were evaluated with different characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, diffuse reflectance, and electrochemistry. The presence of cobalt had a great influence on the reduction of charge donors in the ZnO matrix and had their photocatalytic properties improved when produced under the effect of UV-Vis radiation. The catalytic activity of the materials has been verified in important environmental remediation reactions, such as the electrochemical reduction of CO2 and the photocatalytic degradation of emerging pollutants. The results achieved in this study show competitive efficiency values for CO2 reduction (97%) and photocatalytic degradation (91%) of emerging pollutants in natural waters, illustrating the great versatility of the produced material in distinct applications. cobaltdoped doped D MWultraviolet MW ultraviolet UVvisible UV visible Vis (Vis radiationassisted assisted MWUVVis HM. HM . HM) design UVVis Xray X ray diffraction microscopy reflectance electrochemistry reactions CO 97% 97 (97% 91% 91 (91% waters applications 9 (97 (91 (9 (

ABSTRACT Poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSW) has substantial organic load and nutrient contents, which must be removed before discharge due to being sanitary and environmental hazards. The present study is the first to analyze the individual and synergistic influences of combined hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), different ultraviolet lights (UV-A/UV-C), inorganic compound catalysts of titanium and zinc oxides (TiO2/ZnO), and ultrasound (US) processes on ammonia and phosphorus elimination from PSW using a Taguchi L36 orthogonal array. The results showed that, compared to other processes in isolation, the integrated process of H2O2, US, and heterogeneous photocatalysis (HPC) is significantly more effective at treating PSW in terms of N4 + -N removal (52.0%) and PO4-P elimination (59.5%). Furthermore, electrical energy consumption at 2.67 g-1 N4 + -N US$ and 2.14 g-1 PO4-P US$ was determined to be the most significant factor in the operating cost of the system, while the average chemical cost under optimal conditions was 0.34 US$/g. In general, the results indicate that the effectiveness of removing pollutants is directly influenced by the pH, catalyst concentration, and duration of the operation. Additionally, the presence of different types of pollutants in real wastewater might lead to reduced nutrient removal efficiencies. (PSW contents hazards H2O2 HO , H O (H2O2) UVA/UVC, UVAUVC UV A/UV C A (UV-A/UV-C) TiO2/ZnO, TiO2ZnO TiOZnO TiO2/ZnO TiO2 ZnO TiO (TiO2/ZnO) US (US L L3 array isolation HPC (HPC N 52.0% 520 52 0 (52.0% PO4P POP PO4 P PO 59.5%. 595 59.5% . 59 5 (59.5%) Furthermore 267 2 67 2.6 g1 g 1 g- 214 14 2.1 system 034 34 0.3 USg US$/g general pH concentration operation Additionally efficiencies H2O (H2O2 UVA UVC UVA/UVC AUV (UV-A/UV-C (TiO2/ZnO 52.0 (52.0 59.5 (59.5% 26 6 2. 21 03 3 0. (H2O 52. (52. 59. (59.5 (52 (59. (5 (59 (