ABSTRACT Crop pollination is indispensable for global food security. Studies that summarize the knowledge about pollination of specific crops are relevant because they identify the distribution of pollinators, guide pollinator management and conservation policies, and highlight knowledge gaps. Zucchini is cultivated in several countries, and its production is essentially dependent on pollinators. We aimed to integrate global data on zucchini pollination and answer the following questions: (1) What are the topics addressed and what are the trends of the results? (2) Which organisms pollinate zucchini, and how are they globally distributed? (3) What are the knowledge gaps? We performed a systematic literature review, built a network of countries and pollinators, and compared data on the efficiency of specific pollinators. Studies were conducted in 16 countries. Most studies investigated the frequency and diversity of floral visitors. Other approaches were discussed. Zucchini flowers fed 116 species of pollinators, especially bees. Six countries had almost exclusive groups of native pollinators. Apis, Bombus, and Peponapis were the most frequently recorded bees. Areas with high habitat diversity improve pollination. There was a significant difference in productivity when pollination was carried out by bees compared with pollination by Syrphidae. The main knowledge gaps are (1) the determination of which native, manageable pollinators are efficient for maximum zucchini production, (2) the investigation of how pollination influence fruit nutritional composition and seed quality, and (3) the identification of pollinators to the species level.

ABSTRACT The vicinity of natural areas can enhance availability of pollinators and crop productivity. Considering the global reduction of pollinators and the global food insecurity, innovative strategies to enhance pollination and crop yield are important. Thus, we investigated the efficacy of using colored attractors of pollinators to improve okra yield. The use of pollinator attractors led to a significant increase in the length, volume, and weight of okra in comparison to plants without attractors, and notably larger when compared to plants without pollinator access. Although uncertainties remain regarding scalability and optimal implementation, our results emphasized the opportunity of the colored attractors, a low-cost intervention, to boost food productivity and alleviate food insecurity.

ABSTRACT Given that the Atlantic Forest is one of the most threatened biomes in the world, this study aims to compare alpha and beta diversity of the bee assemblage sampled in a site covered by remnants of the Atlantic Forest, in the municipality of Colombo, Paraná State, with those from ten other sites along the Curitiba Metropolitan Region, previously sampled under similar methodology. Our objective is to analyze if species diversity and composition are influenced by spatial gradients and vegetation cover. The study site’s bee assemblage is composed of 91 species, including Apis mellifera. The assemblage consists of 42 Apinae, 33 Halictinae, eight Megachilinae, five Colletinae, and three Andreninae species. Compared to the other sites, 11 species were sampled exclusively in Colombo, including Bombus brasiliensis Lepeletier, 1836, Centris proxima Friese, 1899, and Trichocerapis mirabilis (Smith, 1865). The most abundant native species were Trigona spinipes (Fabricius, 1793) (204 individuals), Paratrigona subnuda Moure, 1947 (176) and Scaptotrigona bipunctata (Lepeletier, 1836) (113). Despite its high vegetation cover, Colombo exhibited intermediate values of species richness and diversity when compared to other sites, with a high dominance of Meliponini species. The sites could be separated based on beta diversity and the north–south gradient and vegetation cover were significantly related to species composition at this study’s spatial scale. Understanding the regional communities and the factors that influence species composition is essential for planning effective biodiversity conservation actions. world State Region methodology s 9 mellifera 4 Apinae 3 Halictinae Megachilinae Colletinae 1 Lepeletier 1836 Friese 1899 Smith, Smith (Smith 1865. 1865 . 1865) Fabricius, Fabricius (Fabricius 1793 204 (20 individuals, individuals , individuals) Moure 194 176 (176 (Lepeletier 113. 113 (113) northsouth north south studys scale actions 183 189 186 179 20 (2 19 17 (17 (113 18 2 ( (1 (11

Resumo As plantas tropicais exibem quase todos os tipos de respostas fenológicas conhecidas, variando de eventos quase contínuos aos explosivos breves, e de total sincronia à completa assincronia. Essa ampla variedade de padrões fenológicos está relacionada à alta biodiversidade e às diferentes interações com fatores abióticos e bióticos, como as interações planta-polinizador. Portanto, mudanças nesses fatores influenciam a fenologia das plantas e diferenças nas respostas fenológicas podem impactar o sucesso reprodutivo da espécie a aptidão das plantas. Analisou-se a variação interespecífica na ecologia reprodutiva (fenologia da floração, briologia floral, sistemas reprodutivos e polinização) de 10 espécies de Myrtaceae em floresta ciliar, na Chapada Diamantina, Brasil. Avaliaram-se os padrões e estratégias de floração, considerando a frequência e duração da fenofase a partir de observações mensais e de acordo com a escala semiquantitativa de Fournier; também analisaram-se a biologia floral, visitantes florais e conduziram-se experimentos de polinização (autopolinização autônoma, autopolinização manual, polinização cruzada manual e polinização natural/aberta) e calcularam-se os índices de autoincompatibilidade (SII) e autogamia (AI). A maioria das espécies apresentou floração anual, com duração de 1 a 5 meses, alta sincronia e estratégia do tipo pulsed-bang (i.e., floração massiva concentrada em poucos dias intercalados por um intervalo de tempo). Os padrões se repetiram entre espécies congêneres, exceto em Myrcia spp., em que metade das espécies foi classificada como “pulsed bang” e as demais apresentaram estratégia “big bang”. A estratégia de floração parece estar relacionada com o padrão de desenvolvimento das inflorescências, produção dos botões, duração e sincronia da floração dos indivíduos. Abelhas foram consideradas os polinizadores. A maioria das espécies foram auto-incompatíveis e alogâmicas. Em geral, as espécies ofertaram grandes quantidades de flores em pequenos intervalos temporais, favorecendo cruzamentos entre indivíduos com sincronia precisa. conhecidas breves assincronia bióticos plantapolinizador. plantapolinizador planta polinizador. polinizador planta-polinizador Portanto Analisouse Analisou floral ciliar Diamantina Brasil Avaliaramse Avaliaram Fournier analisaramse analisaram conduziramse conduziram autônoma natural/aberta naturalaberta natural aberta calcularamse calcularam SII (SII AI. AI . (AI) anual meses pulsedbang pulsed bang i.e., ie i (i.e. tempo. tempo tempo) congêneres spp spp. big bang. inflorescências botões polinizadores autoincompatíveis auto incompatíveis alogâmicas geral temporais precisa (AI i.e. (i.e i.e

Abstract Tropical plants exhibit virtually all known phenological responses, which can range from near-continuous to brief events, and from complete synchrony to complete asynchrony. This wide variety of phenological patterns is related to high tropical biodiversity and complex interactions with diverse abiotic and biotic factors, such as plant-pollinator interactions. Changes in these factors will therefore influence plant phenology, and differences in those phenological responses can impact reproductive success and plant fitness. We report here interspecific variations in the reproductive ecology (flowering phenology, floral biology, reproductive systems, and pollination) of 10 Myrtaceae species in a gallery forest in northeastern, Brazil. We evaluated flowering patterns and strategies, considering the frequency and duration of each phenophase from monthly observations, using the semi-quantitative Fournier scale. We also analyzed floral biology, recorded floral visitors, conducted pollination experiments (autonomous self-pollination, hand self-pollination, hand cross-pollination, and natural/open pollination), and calculated sefl-incompatibility (SII) and autogamy (AI) indices. Most species exhibited synchronous and annual flowering lasting between 1 and 5 months, with a “pulsed bang” strategy (i.e., mass flowering concentrated within just a few days, with intervals). These patterns were repeated among congeneric species, except in Myrcia, in which half of the species accompanied were classified as having a “pulsed bang” and the other half a “big bang” strategy. The flowering strategies appeared to be associated with distinct patterns of inflorescence development, bud production, flowering duration, and the timing of flowering in individual plants. Bee species were considered pollinators. Most species studied were self-incompatible and allogamous. In general, the species produced large quantities of flowers during short temporal intervals, favoring crosses between individuals having precise synchrony. nearcontinuous near continuous events asynchrony plantpollinator pollinator phenology fitness biology systems northeastern Brazil observations semiquantitative semi quantitative scale visitors autonomous selfpollination, selfpollination self pollination, self-pollination crosspollination, crosspollination cross cross-pollination naturalopen natural open , seflincompatibility sefl incompatibility SII (SII AI (AI indices months pulsed bang i.e., ie i e (i.e. days intervals. intervals . intervals) Myrcia big development production pollinators selfincompatible incompatible allogamous general i.e. (i.e i.e

Resumo A polinização animal desempenha um papel fundamental na produção agrícola global e especialmente nas culturas monóicas, que são essencialmente dependentes de polinizadores. O maxixe das Índias Ocidentais (Cucumis anguria L., Cucurbitaceae) é uma hortaliça monóica adaptável a condições abióticas adversas, resistente a doenças e rica em minerais e vitaminas, sendo assim uma alternativa relevante para melhorar a segurança nutricional de populações socioeconomicamente vulneráveis. O conhecimento sobre a influência da polinização e de polinizadores específicos nas características químicas dos frutos ajudaria no manejo dos polinizadores, mas é pouco compreendido. Neste estudo investigamos a influência da polinização nos aspectos quantitativos e qualitativos de frutos do semiárido brasileiro. Dados de biologia da polinização e de frutos resultantes de cruzamentos controlados (OP-polinização aberta, CP-cruzada e Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758) foram comparados entre cruzamentos: número, comprimento, peso, número de sementes, firmeza e características químicas relacionadas ao sabor e prazo de validade. As flores foram polinizadas por quatro espécies de abelhas, sendo Apis mellifera a mais frequente. OP e A. mellifera resultaram em mais frutos que CP. Os frutos resultantes de OP foram mais pesados que os de CP e apresentaram peso semelhante quando comparados aos de A. mellifera. As demais variáveis não diferiram entre os tratamentos. O melhor desempenho de OP e A. mellifera quando comparado ao CP provavelmente está relacionado à xenia, ou seja, à influência dos tecidos portadores de genes paternos (pólen e tubo polínico) nos tecidos maternos. Experimentos com OP e A. mellifera aparentemente resultaram na deposição de maior diversidade genotípica das cargas polínicas quando comparados com CP. Este resultado também é explicado pela maior diversidade funcional dos polinizadores relacionados ao OP quando comparado ao CP. Este estudo não apenas elucida os impactos imediatos no rendimento, mas também enfatiza as conexões mais profundas entre a biologia floral, a diversidade de polinizadores e a produção agrícola sustentável, uma vez que o lucro do maxixe das Índias Ocidentais foi aumentado mesmo quando polinizado por uma espécie de abelha exótica. monóicas Cucumis L L. Cucurbitaceae adversas vitaminas vulneráveis compreendido brasileiro OPpolinização aberta CPcruzada cruzada Linnaeus 1758 comprimento sementes validade abelhas frequente tratamentos xenia seja pólen polínico maternos rendimento floral sustentável exótica 175 17 1

Abstract Animal pollination plays a key role in global agricultural production and especially of monoecious crops, which are essentially dependent on pollinators. The West Indian gherkin fruit (Cucumis anguria L., Cucurbitaceae) is a monoecious vegetable adaptable to adverse abiotic conditions, resistant to diseases, and rich in minerals and vitamins, thus being a relevant alternative for improving nutritional security of socioeconomically vulnerable populations. The knowledge on the influence of pollination and of specific pollinators on chemical characteristics of fruits would help pollinators’ management, but it is still poorly understood. In this study we investigated the influence of pollination on quantitative and qualitative aspects of fruits fruits of West Indian gherkin fruits (Cucumis anguria L., Cucurbitaceae) in the Brazilian semi-arid region. Data on pollination biology and on fruits resulted from controlled crosses (open-OP, cross-CP and Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758 pollinations) were compared among crosses: number, length, weight, number of seeds, firmness and chemical traits related to flavor and shelf life. Flowers were pollinated by four bee species, and Apis mellifera was the most frequent. followed by two native bee species. OP and A. mellifera resulted in more fruits than CP. Fruits resulting from OP were heavier than CP and had similar weight when compared to A. mellifera. The other variables did not differ between treatments. The better performance of OP and A. mellifera when compared to CP is probably related to the xenia, i.e., the influence of tissues bearing paternal genes (pollen and pollen tube) in maternal tissues. OP and A. mellifera experiments apparently resulted in the deposition of a greater genotypic diversity of the pollen loads when compared to CP. This result is also explained by the higher functional diversity of pollinators related to OP when compared to CP. This study not only elucidates immediate impacts on yield but also emphasizes the deeper connections between floral biology, pollinator diversity, and sustainable crop production, once West Indian gherkin profit was enhanced by bee pollination. crops Cucumis L L. Cucurbitaceae conditions diseases vitamins populations management understood semiarid semi arid region openOP, openOP open OP, (open-OP crossCP cross Linnaeus 175 pollinations length seeds life species frequent A treatments xenia ie i e i.e. tube 17 i.e 1

Abstract Pollen dispersal by insects determines the patterns of reproductive encounters between plants with flowers that have spatially or temporally segregated sexes. Pollinators exhibit varied responses to environmental gradients, such as those in grassland-forest ecotones. Individual-based interaction networks are useful yet underexplored tools to understand how interactions vary across these gradients. To test how a grassland-forest ecotone gradient affects these interactions, we studied pollination networks of Butia odorata individuals, a key palm tree species in a threatened South American grassland ecosystem. We assessed, through Structural Equation Models (SEMs), how network metrics (specialization and modularity) and pollinator richness and abundance (total, peripheral, core) respond to gradients of habitat and population structure in the grassland-forest ecotone. Networks with more spatially isolated palms showed greater specialization and modularity. Pollinator richness was dependent on the habitat context and pollinator role. The peripheral pollinators were negatively affected by palm density. The core pollinators were positively affected by tree cover, which, in turn, was positively associated with palm density and proximity to the forest. Our results suggest that palm population density can modulate the presence of peripheral pollinators, while increased tree cover in the grassland matrix can promote pollinator diversity by decreasing the dominance of core species. sexes grasslandforest forest ecotones Individualbased Individual based individuals ecosystem assessed SEMs, SEMs , (SEMs) modularity total, total (total role which turn (SEMs

ABSTRACT Soil fauna organisms participate in a series of processes that benefit the physical and chemical soil properties; however, little is known about their spatial variability and scale. This study aimed to characterize the spatial variability of soil fauna from multifractal and joint multifractal analysis in Brazilian Savanna areas. Pitfall traps collected soil fauna in two Savanna formations (dense Savanna and typical Savanna) in two transects with 128 points. Organisms were identified and classified into functional groups (Microphages, Pollinators, Predators and Social), and then Ind trap−1 day−1 (number of individuals per day in the sample) and Richness were determined. Data were analyzed using multifractal and joint multifractal analysis, and the scale indexes f(α,β) were generated for the singularity indexes of α(q,t) and β(q,t), considering Ind trap−1 day−1 and Richness as predictive variables. A total of 3456 and 1629 individuals were collected from T1 (dense Savanna) and T2 (typical Savanna), respectively. The singularity spectrum for soil fauna showed the greatest difference in dimensions D−10–D10 for the functional group Pollinator (D−10–D10 = 0.936) in T1 and for Social (D−10–D10 = 0.620) in T2, reflecting more heterogeneous systems. The joint multifractal dimension showed a high correlation between Ind trap−1 day−1 and the functional groups (Pollinators, Predators, and Social) in T1, demonstrating how phytophysiognomy of this experimental plot (dense Savanna) favors the presence of these organisms and reflects the spatial correspondence of the measurement values along the geometric support. Abundance of organisms (Ind trap−1 day−1) and Richness were promising variables to represent the set of relationships with the functional groups of soil invertebrate fauna. In general, multifractal analysis using abundance and Richness can assist in decision-making focused on conserving Savanna areas. properties however areas dense 12 points Microphages, Microphages (Microphages Pollinators Social, , trap1 trap 1 trap− day1 day− number sample determined fα,β fαβ f α,β α β f(α,β αq,t αqt q,t q t α(q,t βq,t, βqt β(q,t) 345 162 T Savanna, respectively D10D10 DD D 10 D10 D−10–D1 (D−10–D1 0.936 0936 0 936 0.620 0620 620 systems (Pollinators support general decisionmaking decision making fα αβ αq qt βq βq,t β(q,t 34 16 D10D1 D1 D−10–D (D−10–D 0.93 093 93 0.62 062 62 3 D10D 0.9 09 9 0.6 06 6 0.

ABSTRACT The economic exploration of pear in the subtropical areas is possible when using hybrid cultivars obtained by crossing European (Pyrus communis) and Asian cultivars (Pyrus pyrifolia). Genetic improvement programs in Brazil have launched some cultivars in recent decades. Pear requires cross-pollination to improve fruit set in commercial plantations. In the case of these hybrid pear trees, the combinations of pollen receptor and donor cultivars that are best for cultivation in subtropical regions are not known. The objective of this study was to select cultivars with the potential to be pollinators of pear trees in subtropical regions. Four cultivars that received pollen grains (mother plants) (‘Packham’s Triumph’, ‘Tenra’, ‘Triunfo’, and ‘Seleta’) and three donors (‘Cascatense’, ‘Primorosa’, and ‘Shinseiki’) were used. Stigmatic receptivity was observed in all cultivars during all stages of reproductive development. All cultivars had highly viable pollen grains. The cultivar ‘Seleta’ was the best recipient cultivar. The ‘Seleta’ × ‘Shinseiki’ cross showed the highest percentages of fruiting. The highest percentages of pistils with pollen tubes reaching the ovary were observed in the crosses ‘Triunfo’ × ‘Shinseiki’ and ‘Seleta’ × ‘Shinseiki’. The ‘Shinseiki’ pear is an option as a pollinator of crops in subtropical regions. Pyrus communis pyrifolia. pyrifolia . pyrifolia) decades crosspollination pollination plantations known mother plants ‘Packhams Packhams ‘Packham s Packham Triumph, Triumph , Triumph’ ‘Tenra, Tenra ‘Tenra ‘Tenra’ ‘Triunfo, Triunfo ‘Triunfo ‘Seleta Seleta ‘Cascatense, Cascatense ‘Cascatense (‘Cascatense’ ‘Primorosa, Primorosa ‘Primorosa ‘Primorosa’ ‘Shinseiki Shinseiki used development fruiting ‘Shinseiki. (‘Cascatense

Abstract The honey bee Apis mellifera is a plant-pollinator that produces commercial products. It has female castes with workers performing tasks in the colonies and a queen, it has the longest lifespan, in charge of reproduction. This bee undergoes a population decline worldwide. Therefore, it is important to understand how aging affects the digestive tract of this insect. In the midgut, regenerative cells are organized in nests replacing the dead cells. This study verified the hypothesis that the number of regenerative cells decreases as A. mellifera queen ages. The midgut was evaluated in queens at the age of four days and eight, 11 and 25 months. The midgut of 11- and 25-month-old queens presented signs of epithelial disorganization in comparison with younger queens. The number of regenerative cell nests in the midgut decreases according to the age of the queen, but the number of cells per nest is similar. The decreased number of regenerative cell nests reveals a potential loss in the amount of these cells available for the renewal of the midgut epithelium. The absence of variations in the number of regenerative cells per nest according to the queen age indicates that these cells do not undergo proliferation before the differentiation. plantpollinator plant pollinator products lifespan reproduction worldwide Therefore insect A ages eight 1 2 months 25monthold monthold month old similar epithelium differentiation

Resumo A identificação da flora com potencial meliponícola é fundamental para a preservação das abelhas, além de possibilitar o desenvolvimento de programas de manejo de polinizadores e reflorestamento. Nesse contexto, este estudo teve como objetivo investigar os tipos de pólen encontrados nos potes de mel e pólen da abelha Melipona fasciculata em Arari-Ma, durante o período de agosto de 2022 a julho de 2023. Foram identificados 40 tipos de pólen distribuídos em 18 famílias botânicas, com destaque para Fabaceae (46,15% nos potes de pólen e 37,86% nos potes de mel), Myrtaceae (11,53% em pólen e 13,51% em mel) e Rubiaceae com 7,69% em pólen e 5,40% em mel. Sapindaceae, nos potes de mel, representou 5,40%. As demais famílias apresentaram percentuais menores, sendo 3,84% nos potes de pólen e 2,70% nos potes de mel. Quanto à similaridade, tanto nos potes de pólen quanto nos de mel, foram observados dois grupos distintos. Nos potes de pólen, o grupo A (mai-jun ~ 97%) e o grupo B (fev-mar ~ 99%) se destacaram, enquanto nos potes de mel, o grupo A (mar-abr ~ 98%) e o grupo B (jun-jul-set ~ 98%) apresentaram maiores percentuais. Essas descobertas ressaltam a ampla gama de recursos utilizados pela espécie M. fasciculata, bem como sua preferência por Fabaceae e Myrtaceae, devido à diversidade e disponibilidade dos recursos tróficos. A compreensão da flora meliponícola é fundamental para embasar estratégias eficazes de conservação, que visam não apenas garantir a sobrevivência das abelhas, mas também assegurar a continuidade da produção de mel, um recurso de grande importância para as comunidades locais. abelhas reflorestamento contexto ArariMa, ArariMa Arari Ma, Ma Arari-Ma 202 2023 4 1 botânicas 46,15% 4615 46 15 (46,15 3786 37 86 37,86 , 11,53% 1153 11 53 (11,53 1351 13 51 13,51 769 7 69 7,69 540 5 5,40 Sapindaceae menores 384 3 84 3,84 270 2 70 2,70 similaridade distintos maijun mai jun 97% 97 fevmar fev mar 99% 99 destacaram marabr abr 98% 98 junjulset jul set M tróficos conservação locais 20 46,15 461 (46,1 378 8 37,8 11,53 115 (11,5 135 13,5 76 6 7,6 54 5,4 38 3,8 27 2,7 9 46,1 (46, 37, 11,5 (11, 13, 7, 5, 3, 2, 46, (46 11, (11 (4 (1 (

Abstract The identification of meliponicultural flora is fundamental for the preservation of bees, as well as enabling the development of pollinator management and reforestation programs. In this context, this study aimed to investigate the types of pollen found in the honey and pollen pots of the Melipona fasciculata bee in Arari, State of Maranhão, between August 2022 and July 2023. 40 types of pollen were identified, distributed among 18 botanical families, with Fabaceae standing out (46.15% in pollen pots and 37.86% in honey pots), Myrtaceae (11.53% in pollen and 13.51% in honey) and Rubiaceae (7.69% in pollen and 5.40% in honey). Sapindaceae, in the honey pots, accounted for 5.40%. The other families showed lower percentages, 3.84% in the pollen pots and 2.70% in the honey pots. In terms of similarity, two distinct groups were observed in both the pollen and honey pots. In the pollen pots, group A (May-June ~ 97%) and group B (Feb-Mar ~ 99%) stood out, while in the honey pots, group A (Mar-Apr ~ 98%) and group B (Jun-Jul-Sept ~ 98%) showed the highest percentages. These findings highlight the wide range of resources used by the M. fasciculata species, as well asits preference for Fabaceae and Myrtaceae, due to the diversity and availability of trophic resources. An understanding of the meliponicultural flora is essential to support effective conservation strategies, which aim not only to guarantee the survival of the bees, but also to ensure the continued production of honey, a resource of great importance to local communities. bees programs context Arari Maranhão 202 2023 4 identified 1 46.15% 4615 46 15 (46.15 3786 37 86 37.86 , pots) 11.53% 1153 11 53 (11.53 1351 13 51 13.51 7.69% 769 7 69 (7.69 540 5 5.40 honey. . Sapindaceae percentages 384 3 84 3.84 270 2 70 2.70 similarity MayJune May June 97% 97 FebMar Feb Mar 99% 99 MarApr Apr 98% 98 JunJulSept Jun Jul Sept M species strategies communities 20 46.15 461 (46.1 378 8 37.8 11.53 115 (11.5 135 13.5 7.69 76 6 (7.6 54 5.4 38 3.8 27 2.7 9 46.1 (46. 37. 11.5 (11. 13. 7.6 (7. 5. 3. 2. 46. (46 11. (11 7. (7 (4 (1 (

Resumen La reducción de biodiversidad y de poblaciones de polinizadores es un fenómeno multifactorial que incluye la actividad agrícola, a pesar de reconocerse a las abejas nativas como actores en la producción de alimentos, a partir de la polinización. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la incidencia de las acciones antropogénicas inherentes a las actividades productivas en agroecosistemas cafeteros sobre poblaciones de abejas nativas. Para su desarrollo, se seleccionaron tres fincas con tecnología convencional (tc) y tecnología mixta (tm), localizadas en las veredas Vega Platanares, Fátima y Los Pinos, del municipio Garzón, Huila, donde se efectuaron capturas directas de abejas en arbustos de café y posteriormente se realizó la clasificación taxonómica, se estimó la diversidad y la abundancia a partir del índice de Shannon y Simpson. Adicionalmente, se analizaron posibles factores relacionados con la diversidad de abejas silvestres en agroecosistemas cafeterostc y tm, mediante una encuesta dirigida a 36 productores cafeteros, constatando la utilización de ingredientes activos clorpirifos (11,43%), glifosato (14,29%) y fipronil (5,71%). Registros del Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales (Ideam) exhibió altas precipitaciones en los últimos cinco años, reduciendo la inflorescencia de cafetales de fuente forrajera apícola. El desconocimiento de la importancia de las abejas silvestres en las comunidades se relaciona con la escasa divulgación de su protección, su biología y su influencia en la producción agrícola. Adicionalmente, alarma el desarrollo de la actividad agrícola asociada a deforestación de bosques nativos y remanentes boscosos para la ampliación de la frontera agrícola, básicamente en monocultivo con un manejo a base de productos agroquímicos y ausencia de sombrío.

Abstract The reduction of biodiversity and pollinator populations is a multifactorial phenomenon that includes human actions in agricultural activity despite recognizing that native bees are fundamental actors in food production based on services such as pollination. This research aimed to evaluate the incidence of anthropogenic actions inherent in productive activities in coffee agroecosystems on populations of wild bees. For its development, three farms with Conventional Technology TC and Mixed Technology TM were selected, located in the villages of Vega Platanares, Fátima, and Los Pinos, municipality of Garzón - Huila, where direct captures of bees in coffee bushes were made and subsequent taxonomic classification was estimated. diversity and abundance from the Shannon and Simpson index. Possible factors related to the diversity of wild bees in TC and TM coffee agroecosystems were analyzed through a survey of 36 coffee producers, verifying the use of active ingredients chlorpyrifos 11.43%, glyphosate 14.29% and fipronil 5.71%. Records of the Institute of Hydrology, Meteorology, and Environmental Studies (IDEAM) showed increased rainfall during the last five years, reducing the inflorescence of coffee plantations as a source of beekeeping fodder. Ignorance of the importance of wild bees in communities is related to poor disclosure of their protection, biology, and influence on agricultural production. It is alarming the development of agricultural activity associated with the felling of native forests and forest remnants to expand the conventional agricultural frontier, basically, monoculture with management based on agrochemical products and the absence of shade.

Resumen Introducción. La polinización es importante en gran parte de los sistemas productivos mundiales, tal es el caso del cultivo de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.), el cual depende de la actividad de los insectos para su polinización. Objetivo. Recopilar las investigaciones más relevantes que incluyen los factores determinantes en la polinización del cultivo de cacao. Desarrollo. El presente trabajo fue realizado entre 2021 y 2022, con una búsqueda exhaustiva de bibliografía relacionada con la polinización y polinizadores del cultivo de cacao, en artículos científicos, en español, inglés y portugués. La información de obtuvo a partir de bases de datos, repositorios de universidades, revistas de investigación y bibliotecas agropecuarias digitales. La polinización del cultivo de cacao se atribuye a dípteros de la familia Ceratopogonidae, del género Forcipomyia sp, que se observan con mayor abundancia en época lluviosa. La presencia del insecto se ha relacionado con materiales en descomposición presentes en la cobertura del suelo, por su hábito reproductivo, por lo que se considera importante proporcionar refugios con humedad para que las larvas del polinizador puedan desarrollarse. Conclusiones. Comprender las dinámicas de polinización del cacao y los factores que la afectan es esencial para conservar y aumentar los rendimientos de los cultivos, así como los ingresos de los agricultores del mundo. Además, en el cultivo de cacao existen factores bióticos, como la presencia de polinizadores, clones utilizados y arreglos forestales, y factores abióticos, como la precipitación, temperatura, radiación y la cobertura del suelo, que marcan una pauta inicial a tener en cuenta en los sistemas productivos.

Abstract Introduction. Pollination is important in many agricultural systems worldwide, including cocoa cultivation (Theobroma cacao L.) cultivation, which relies on insect activity for pollination. Objective. To compile the most relevant research on determining factors in cocoa crop pollination. Development. This work was carried out between 2021 and 2022, with an exhaustive search of literature related to cocoa crop pollination and pollinators in scientific articles, in Spanish, English, and Portuguese. Information was obtained from databases, university repositories, research journals, and digital agricultural libraries. The pollination of the cocoa crop is attributed to dipterans of the family Ceratopogonidae, specifically the genus Forcipomyia sp, which are more abundant during the rainy season. The presence of the insect has been associated with decomposing materials in the soil cover, due to its reproductive habits, making it important to provide moist shelters for the development of the pollinator larvae. Conclusions. Understanding cocoa pollination dynamics and the factors that affect it, is essential for conserving and increasing crop yields and farmers' income worldwide. In cocoa cultivation, both biotic factors such as the presence of pollinators, clones used, and forest arrangements, and abiotic factors such as precipitation, temperature, radiation, and soil cover, play an initial role to consider in agricultural systems.

Abstract Pollination is a fundamental ecosystem service for the natural balance. Bees are the main biological agents for carrying out this service. It is known that the excessive simplification process of the landscape through anthropic action hinders the establishment of more sensitive species and favors generalist, exotic and invasive species. Thus, urbanization is a process that threatens native species. Thus, it is essential to understand the impact of this relationship, since it can foster tools that make cities more pleasant environments for pollinators. The aim of this study was to record the predation of a eusocial stingless bee species by an invasive exotic spider. Understanding this relationship is important from an environmental and economic point of view, since the preyed species is a potential pollinator of agricultural crops, and its rational breeding is widespread in Brazil.

Resumen La polinización es un servicio ecosistémico fundamental para el equilibrio natural. Las abejas son el principal agente biológico para la realización de este servicio. Se sabe que el excesivo proceso de simplificación del paisaje mediante la acción antrópica dificulta el establecimiento de especies más sensibles y favorece a las generalistas, exóticas e invasoras. Así, la urbanización es un proceso que amenaza a las especies nativas. Por tanto, es fundamental comprender el impacto de esta relación, ya que puede fomentar herramientas que hagan de las ciudades entornos más agradables para los polinizadores. El objetivo de este trabajo fue registrar la depredación de una especie de abeja eusocial sin aguijón por parte de una araña exótica invasora. Comprender está relación es importante desde el punto de vista ambiental y económico, ya que la especie presa es un potencial polinizador de cultivos agrícolas y su cría racional está muy extendida en Brasil.

Abstract Consumption of rewards and floral structures by wild cockroaches, as well as their role as pollinators in natural ecosystems, has been sparsely studied. The aim of this study is to describe the activities performed by Latiblattella tarasca on flowers and cladodes of four species of Opuntia (O. cantabrigiensis, O. robusta, O. tomentosa, and O. streptacantha). In April 2018, nocturnal surveys were conducted over three days in a semidesert sector of Querétaro, Mexico. The number of individuals, sex, developmental stage, and activity of L. tarasca were recorded. In O. robusta, O. tomentosa, and O. streptacantha, few individuals of L. tarasca made frequent tours in the cladodes and scarce visits in flowers; it is possible that the low abundance of flowers conditions the frequency of cockroaches observed on this cactus. Females and nymphs were the most abundant at the study site. Latiblattella tarasca was observed collecting perianth segments, stamens from dry flowers, and pollen from closed flowers of O. cantabrigiensis, indicating that this species can be considered both florivorous and polynivorous; this feeding behavior does not negatively impact the pollination of O. cantabrigiensis flowers since it occurs on post-anthesis flowers. Nevertheless, O. cantabrigiensis is the only species displaying a low frequency of nocturnal anthesis flowers, leaving the possibility that L. tarasca acts as a potential pollinator for this cactus.

Resumen El consumo de recompensas y estructuras florales por parte de las cucarachas silvestres, así como su función polinizadora en los ecosistemas naturales ha sido escasamente estudiado. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir las actividades que realiza Latiblattella tarasca en las flores y cladodios de cuatro especies de Opuntia (O. cantabrigiensis, O. robusta, O. tomentosa y O. streptacantha). En abril de 2018 se realizaron recorridos nocturnos durante tres días en un sector semidesértico de Querétaro, México. Se registró la cantidad de individuos, sexo, estado de desarrollo y la actividad que realizaba L. tarasca. En O. robusta, O. tomentosa y O. streptacantha, L. tarasca realizaba recorridos frecuentes en los cladodios y escasas visitas en las flores; es posible que la baja abundancia de flores condicione la cantidad de cucarachas observadas en estas cactáceas. Las hembras y ninfas fueron las más abundantes en el sitio de estudio. Se observó a L. tarasca recolectar segmentos del perianto, estambres de flores secas y polen de flores cerradas de O. cantabrigiensis, por lo que esta especie puede ser considerada como florívora y polinívora; esta conducta de alimentación no influye negativamente en la polinización de las flores de O. cantabrigiensis, ya que la acción ocurre en flores en post-antesis. No obstante, O. cantabrigiensis es la única especie que presenta una frecuencia baja de flores de antesis nocturna, dejando la posibilidad de que L. tarasca funja como un potencial polinizador de esta cactácea.

Abstract Bees are the main pollinators in natural ecosystems, allowing for resilient ecosystems. In this study, the richness, abundance and density of nests, geographical distribution of nesting types of stingless bees and the interaction in flowering plants in the UNAN-León Agricultural Campus were determined. All the trees in windbreaks, live fences, fence posts and dry trunks, fruit trees, scattered trees and infrastructure were checked, managing to identify the booby of the colonies in the nests of stingless bees. For the interaction of stingless bees, convenience sampling was carried out in areas with the presence of grass and flowering shrubs. For the interaction, the number of plants visited by the bees was taken into account with quantitative data and the number of interactions at the network level was determined. The results are represented in graphs of bipartite networks. Five species of stingless bees were identified (Dolichotrigona schultessi, Friesiomelitte paupera, Nannotrigona perilampoides, Trigona fuscipennis and Trigona fulviventris) with an abundance of 273 individuals, with T. fuscipennis and T. fulviventris being more abundant. 49 nests belonging to five species of stingless bees were recorded. The species with the highest number of nests corresponded to Nannotrigona perilampoides with 81.6% of the nests. A nest density of 1.04 nests/ha was found, predominating nests in buildings with 81.6%. The distribution of nests is presented in an aggregated manner for the species N. perilampoides. Forty-seven species of flowering plants were identified, being foraged by meliponini bees, the bee that visits the most flowers is T. fuscipennis, foraging 35 plant species, most frequently Ixophorus unisetus and Amaranthus spinosus plants. The network presented a degree of connectivity close to medium, with a relatively good degree of nesting, a generalist specialization index. Therefore, this study allowed to establish the bases for future studies on management strategies and conservation of stingless bees.

Resumen Las abejas son los principales polinizadores en los hábitats naturales, permitiendo tener ecosistemas resilientes. En este estudio se determinó la riqueza, abundancia y densidad de nidos, distribución espacial y tipos de anidación de abejas sin aguijón, además de la interacción con plantas en floración en el Campus Agropecuario de la UNAN-León, Nicaragua. Se revisaron árboles en cortinas rompevientos, cercas vivas, postes de cercas y troncos secos, árboles frutales, árboles dispersos y edificaciones, logrando identificar la entrada de las colonias en los nidos. Para determinar la interacción de estas abejas se realizaron muestreos por conveniencia en áreas con presencia de hierbas y arbustos en floración. En la interacción se tomó en cuenta el número de plantas visitadas por estos insectos con datos cuantitativos y se determinó el número de interacciones a nivel de red, representando los resultados en grafos de redes bipartitas. Se identificaron cinco especies de abejas sin aguijón: Friesiomelitte paupera, Dolichotrigona schultessi, Nannotrigona perilampoides, Trigona fuscipennis y Trigona fulviventris, con una abundancia de 273 individuos, presentándose en mayor número T. fuscipennis y T. fulviventris. Los 49 nidos registrados pertenecen a cinco especies de abejas sin aguijón. La especie con mayor número de nidos correspondió a Nannotrigona perilampoides con 81,6% del total de nidos. Se encontró una densidad de 1,04 nidos/ha, predominando aquellos presentes en edificaciones con 81,6%. La distribución de nidos se presentó de manera agregada para N. perilampoides. Se identificaron 47 especies de plantas en floración, siendo pecoreadas por abejas Meliponini. La especie de abeja que más flores visito fue T. fuscipennis, pecoreando 35 especies de plantas, siendo las más frecuentes Ixophorus unisetus y Amaranthus spinosus. La red presentó un grado de conectancia cercano a media, con un anidamiento relativamente bueno y un índice de especialización generalista. Este estudio permitió establecer las bases para desarrollar futuros estudios sobre estrategias de manejo y conservación de abejas sin aguijón.