The Southern African region contains abundant gold tailing heaps that are an environmental concern due to dust pollution and chemical contamination of nearby water bodies. Nevertheless, these heaps contain gold with potential to be extracted for financial gain. In this study, the feasibility of extraction of gold from a Witwatersrand gold tailings using glycine was investigated using a two-level full factorial design. Effects of variables such as glycine concentration at levels of 0.5-1.5 M with a solid-liquid ratio of 50-200 g/L were investigated. Although the solid-liquid ratio used in this study was below the industrial norm, it provides a starting point for investigating the applicability of this technology. To enhance the gold extraction, potassium permanganate pretreatment and copper ion addition were adopted. The results revealed that 91.4% gold extraction was achieved after 24 h pre-treatment of the tailings using 2 g/L potassium permanganate followed by subsequent leaching using 1.5 M glycine at pH 12, with 50 g/L solid-liquid ratio and 2 g/L copper ions. Statistically, the solid-liquid ratio and potassium permanganate pre-treatment of the tailings were found to be significant at 95% confidence interval, whilst interactions of copper ions and glycine concentration were significant factors. The work demonstrates that potassium permanganate pre-treatment prior to glycine leaching of low-grade secondary gold resources, such as tailings, can be beneficial. Furthermore, the methodology developed in this work provides an opportunity for further investigation of the recovery of gold hosted in complex mineralogical matrices.

Resumen: Los nutrientes, como el nitrógeno y el fósforo generan, entre otros impactos, la eutrofización en los cuerpos de agua. Estos impactos son principalmente causados por actividades agrícolas como la ganadería, debido a la aplicación de fertilizantes y/o al estiércol de las vacas. Los nutrientes transportados por la escorrentía llegan a los cuerpos de agua y generan contaminación. Esta problemática ha sido abordada desde la década de los 60, no obstante, se ha logrado poco avance en este tema. Los avances están relacionados con la estimación del aporte de nutrientes de forma teórica y a través de simulaciones, debido a los altos costos que implica tomar datos en el campo. También se han realizado esfuerzos en la implementación de Buenas Prácticas de Gestión para el manejo de las fuentes no puntuales, pero existe poca evidencia de la eficiencia de cada una de estas prácticas. Por otro lado, pese a la falta de información científica necesaria para formular políticas, se ha demostrado que la vía normativa puede ser el mejor mecanismo para controlar la contaminación por fuentes no puntuales. En este artículo, se presenta una revisión de estos tres componentes luego del análisis bibliométrico, estableciendo lo que se conoce actualmente y las brechas de información. Primero, se abordan los avances en la estimación del aporte de las fuentes no puntuales, segundo se presentan las Buenas Prácticas de Gestión, y tercero, se exponen los avances en materia de políticas para el control de la contaminación no puntual.

Abstract: Nutrients, like nitrogen and phosphorus generate, among other impacts, eutrophication in water bodies. These impacts are mainly caused by agricultural activities such as livestock farming, due to the application of fertilizers and/or cow manure. The nutrients transported by runoff reach water bodies and generate pollution. This issue has been addressed since the 1960s; however, little progress has been made in this area. The progress is related to estimating nutrient contributions theoretically and through simulations, due to the high costs of collecting field data. Efforts have also been made to implement Good Management Practices for the management of non-point sources, but significant efficiency for each of these practices has not been demonstrated. On the other hand, despite the lack of necessary scientific information to formulate policies, it has been shown that the regulatory route can be the best mechanism for controlling non-point source pollution. This article presents a review of these three components after a bibliometric analysis, establishing what is currently known and the information gaps. First, advances in estimating the contributions of non-point sources are addressed, second Good Management Practices are presented, and third advances in policies for controlling non-point source pollution are discussed.

Abstract A continuous increase in levels of atmospheric pollution and emission restrictions has forced scientists and engineers to adopt new strategies to improve and develop internal combustion engines. One strategy is based on the development of new simulation methodologies using computational fluid dynamic (CFD) techniques, proposed in the present article. In this study,the dynamic loop methodology with ANSYS Fluent code is proposed to perform the numerical simulation ofa four-stroke spark ignition engine. The complexity of the real case was first simplified with three-dimensional CAD geometry, which was then discretized in ANSYS Meshing, whereby a hybrid mesh was created using prismatic and tetrahedral elements. Simulations for in-cylinder analyses were performed in cold flow and employing common flow parameters, such as swirl and tumble. The mesh quality results were classified as good or excellent, being higher than 0.79 for orthogonal quality criteria and lower than 0.36 for skewness criteria. Turbulent effects were introduced concerning the opening and closing of the valves. It was found that the turbulence increases during the intake stroke up to 90°, and during the power stroke, wherein the of the piston bowl, had a great contributionthat can be seen from the swirl and tumble profile for the engine cycle. In the case of the turbulence intensity, a sharp increase was registered during the admission step up to 90°, at which point the turbulence intensity was 4.0. It canbe concluded that this is an innovative approach, capable of simulating the engine motion profile in cold flow. engines CFD (CFD techniques article studythe study fourstroke four threedimensional three dimensional geometry Meshing elements incylinder cylinder parameters excellent 079 0 79 0.7 036 36 0.3 valves 90 90° bowl cycle 40 4 4.0 approach 07 7 0. 03 3 9 4.

Abstract The scarcity of data on diffuse pollution in Brazilian hydrographic basins makes it difficult to create models that allow the assessment of the generation of polluting sources. Thus, this work aimed to simplify the identification of imminently polluting regions, applying two methods: the Non-Point Potential Index (PNPI) and the Mathematical Model of Correlation Land Use and Water Quality (MQUAL). These two models were developed in Geographic Information System (GIS) analyzing Contribution Areas (CA’s) in the Cotia River Basin (SP). The average PNPI of the basin was classified as low potential for diffuse pollution, however, areas of high potential increased especially on the banks of the Cotia River. The MQUAL indicated a significant daily input of pollutants: approximately 10 kg of Total Phosphorus (PT), 200 kg of Total Nitrogen (NT) and 8 tons of Total Suspended Solids (TSS). The land uses and occupations that contribute most to diffuse pollution are urban area and industry, so the sectoral analysis of the watershed allowed to categorize areas of greater potential diffuse pollution, a useful tool for understanding the effects of anthropization on water resources. sources Thus regions methods NonPoint Non Point (PNPI MQUAL. . (MQUAL) GIS (GIS CAs CA s (CA’s SP. SP (SP) however pollutants 1 PT, PT , (PT) 20 NT (NT TSS. TSS (TSS) industry resources (MQUAL (SP (PT 2 (TSS

Resumo A escassez de dados referentes à poluição difusa nas bacias hidrográficas brasileiras dificulta a criação de modelos que permitam avaliar a geração de fontes poluidoras. Esse trabalho objetivou delimitar as áreas com potencial de poluição difusa, assim como mensurar esta carga poluente, aplicando-se dois métodos: o Índice de Potencial Não Pontual (PNPI) e o Modelo Matemático de Correlação Uso do Solo e Qualidade da Água (MQUAL). Esses dois modelos foram trabalhados em Sistema de Informações Geográficas (SIG) analisando Áreas de Contribuição (AC’s) na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Cotia (SP). O PNPI médio da bacia hidrográfica foi classificado como baixo potencial de poluição difusa, porém, as áreas de alto potencial aumentam especialmente nas margens do Rio Cotia. O MQUAL indicou um aporte diário de poluentes significativo: aproximadamente 10 kg de Fósforo Total (FT), 200 kg de Nitrogênio Total (NT) e 8 toneladas de Sólidos Suspensos Totais (SST). Os usos e ocupações da terra que mais contribuem para a poluição difusa são: área urbana e indústria, de modo que a análise setorizada da bacia hidrográfica permitiu categorizar áreas de maior potencial de poluição difusa, uma ferramenta útil para compreensão dos efeitos da antropização nos recursos hídricos. poluidoras poluente aplicandose aplicando se métodos (PNPI MQUAL. . (MQUAL) SIG (SIG ACs AC s (AC’s SP. SP (SP) porém significativo 1 FT, FT , (FT) 20 NT (NT SST. SST (SST) são indústria hídricos (MQUAL (SP (FT 2 (SST

RESUMEN El mercurio (Hg) es el metal pesado más dañino para los seres vivos debido a su alta toxicidad, persistencia y bioaumentación en la trama trófica. Lantana camara se ha considerado como una especie promisoria para la fitorremediación de distintos metales, pero su respuesta al Hg no ha sido caracterizada. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la efectividad de L. camara para bioacumular, translocar y volatilizar Hg en suelos contaminados artificialmente (1.0 y 8.0 mg/kg de Hg). Luego de dos meses de tratamiento se midió el peso seco y se cuantificó el Hg presente en tallos, raíces, hojas y atmósfera mediante espectroscopía de absorción atómica. El Hg volatilizado fue capturado en cámaras herméticas con flujo de aire continuo, conectadas a una solución trampa (KMnO4 al 5 % disuelto en H2SO4). El factor de translocación fue < 1 y el factor de bioacumulación fue > 1 en ambos tratamientos. Los valores de Hgº volatilizados en alto mercurio indican que aproximadamente 7.1 µg/g planta/día pueden ser liberados a la atmósfera. Nuestros resultados indican que L. camara acumula Hg principalmente en la raíz, mostrando potencial para la fitoestabilización, pero las tasas de volatilización observadas apuntan hacia un uso más restringido de esta especie en estrategias de fitorremediación.

ABSTRACT Mercury (Hg) is the most harmful heavy metal for living beings due to its high toxicity, persistence, and bioaugmentation in the food web. Lantana camara has been considered promising for the phytoremediation of different metals, but its response to Hg has not been characterized. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of L. camara to bioaccumulate, translocate, and volatilize Hg in artificially contaminated soils (1.0 and 8.0 mg/kg Hg). After two months of treatment, the dry weight was measured and the Hg present in stems, roots, leaves, and atmosphere was quantified using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The volatilized Hg was captured in hermetic chambers with continuous airflow, connected to a trap solution (5 % KMnO4 dissolved in H2SO4). The translocation factor was < 1, and the bioaccumulation factor was > 1 in both treatments. The Hgº values volatilized in high mercury indicate that approximately 7.1 µg/g plant/day can be released into the atmosphere. Our results indicate that L. camara accumulates Hg mainly in the root, showing potential for phytostabilization, but the observed volatilization rates point towards a more restricted use of this species in phytoremediation strategies.

ABSTRACT: Globally, China is one of the primary citrus producers. This study provided a theoretical reference for sustainable production in the citrus industry in China by measuring citrus production efficiency under non-point source pollution and analyzing inter-provincial variability. In this study, non-radio logical and non-angled data envelopment analysis models were used in seven provinces during 2006-2018 based on non-desired outputs. The temporal and spatial characteristics were analyzed to determine the factors that cause efficiency losses. Results indicated that the citrus production efficiency had a general w-type trend with high inter-provincial variability, where the highest and lowest production efficiencies occurred in Hubei Province and Guangdong Province, respectively. In the past four years, a redundancy in labor and fertilizer inputs was also observed in Guangdong and Fujian, respectively. The shrinkable proportion of each factor input in the seven provinces was zero. An increase in citrus yield per hectare was recorded, in which the highest was in Guangdong. In each province, high emissions of total nitrogen and phosphorus generally caused the decrease in citrus production efficiency. ABSTRACT Globally producers nonpoint non point interprovincial inter provincial variability nonradio radio nonangled angled 20062018 2006 2018 2006-201 nondesired desired outputs losses wtype w type respectively years Fujian zero recorded province 2006201 200 201 2006-20 200620 20 2006-2 20062 2 2006-

RESUMO: Globalmente, a China é um dos principais produtores de citros. Este estudo visa fornecer uma referência teórica para a produção sustentável na indústria cítrica na China, medindo a eficiência da produção cítrica sob poluição de fonte difusa e analisando a variabilidade interprovincial. Neste estudo, foram utilizados modelos de análise envoltória de dados não radiológicos e não angulares em sete províncias durante 2006-2018 com base em resultados não desejados. As características temporais e espaciais também foram analisadas para determinar os fatores que causam perdas de eficiência. Os resultados indicaram que a eficiência da produção de citros teve uma tendência geral do tipo w com elevada variabilidade interprovincial, em que as eficiências de produção mais altas e mais baixas ocorreram na província de Hubei e na província de Guangdong, respectivamente. Nos últimos quatro anos, também foi observada uma redundância nos fatores de trabalho e fertilizantes em Guangdong e Fujian, respectivamente. A proporção reduzida de cada fator de produção nas sete províncias foi zero. Foi registrado um aumento na produção de citros por hectare, sendo o mais elevado em Guangdong. Em cada província, as elevadas emissões de azoto e fósforo totais causaram geralmente a diminuição da eficiência da produção de citros. RESUMO Globalmente interprovincial 20062018 2006 2018 2006-201 desejados respectivamente anos Fujian zero hectare 2006201 200 201 2006-20 200620 20 2006-2 20062 2 2006-

Air pollution dispersion over Richards Bay, South Africa is studied using satellite, reanalysis and in-situ measurements. Near-surface concentrations of trace gases and particulates reach high concentrations under dry stable 'berg' winds. Temporal records of CO, NO2, O3, PM2.5, SO2 (2000-2023) exhibit no trend and short-term dose excedances of individual pollutants are rare and confined to winter mornings. Regional point-to-field correlation maps of a Richards Bay winter air pollution index found that anomalous warming of the west Indian Ocean accelerates the jet stream over Madagascar and pulls smoke- and dust-laden north-westerly winds across the South African plateau, implicating long-range transport. At daily and hourly time scales dewpoint temperature and boundary layer height best indicate changes in local air pollution dispersion that impact respiratory health. A case study of 15-17 June 2021 revealed a 10°C thermal inversion caused by negative sensible heat fluxes of -40 W/m² through the night, leading to SO2 concentrations above 100 ppb in the morning along the main access road (28.8°S, 32°E). Poor dispersion seldom happens in the summer when turbulent mixing and rainfall cleanse the air.

Abstract The sustainability of urban areas nowadays faces significant challenges, due to high levels of pollution caused by population density. Therefore, the availability of water resources appears to be becoming increasingly compromised, as a result of inappropriate management of the solid and liquid waste generated by different human activities. The Ocloro River is a clear example of this problem, as evidenced by the deterioration of its environmental health. A mixed methodology was used to know about it, the first method was to characterize water quality using physicochemical and microbiological parameters, later on, the determination of the Duch index, giving a total of 16 samples of class 5 “extreme contamination” and 4 samples of class 4 “severe contamination”, from 2019 to 2021. In the second stage, a perception survey was conducted among a specific sector of the Barrio Luján population, approaching information from 80 homes, where 54 people indicated that the river pollution had affected them; additionally, the majority rated the level of pollution as 8, where 10 was the value with the highest level of pollution. Finally, the POSH method was used, which allowed the identification of some of the main point sources of pollution near the river, determining 27.1 % of high pollution, 22.3 % of moderate pollution, and 50,6 % of reduced pollution; this last one corresponds to the northern part of the river micro-basin in the communities of San Pedro, Los Yoses, and Francisco Peralta.

Resumen La sostenibilidad de las zonas urbanas hoy en día enfrenta grandes desafíos, debido a los altos niveles de contaminación causados por la densidad poblacional. Por consiguiente, la disponibilidad del recurso hídrico se ve cada vez más comprometido, producto a la inapropiada gestión de residuos sólidos y líquidos, generados por diferentes actividades humanas. El río Ocloro es un claro ejemplo de esta problemática, el deterioro de su salud ambiental es una evidencia de ello. Para conocerla, se utilizó una metodología mixta, el primer método fue la caracterización de la calidad del agua mediante parámetros fisicoquímicos y microbiológicos, posteriormente, la determinación del índice holandés, obteniendo un total de 16 muestras clase 5 “contaminación muy severa” y 4 muestras clase 4 “contaminación severa”, del 2019 al 2021. En la segunda etapa se aplicó una encuesta de percepción entre un sector específico de la población de Barrio Luján, alcanzando información de 80 viviendas, donde 54 personas indicaron haber tenido afectación por la contaminación del río; asimismo, la mayoría calificó el nivel de contaminación en 8, donde 10 era el valor con mayor nivel de contaminación. Finalmente se utilizó el método POSH, el cual permitió identificar algunas de las principales fuentes puntuales de contaminación en las cercanías del río, determinando 27,1 % de contaminación elevada, 22,3 % de contaminación moderada y 50,6 % de contaminación reducida; este último le corresponde a la parte norte de la microcuenca en los barrios de San Pedro, Los Yoses y Francisco Peralta.

ABSTRACT Background. Coastal environments such as the intertidal zone and rocky and coral reefs are exposed to natural disturbances such as tides, storms, hurricanes, and cyclones and human activities such as fishing, tourism, and pollution. The deep reef refuge hypothesis posits that organisms that can inhabit greater depths would be less vulnerable to anthropogenic impacts, greenhouse warming of the sea surface, and ocean acidification caused by the increased partial pressure of CO2. Consequently, deep rocky or coral reefs can function as “insurance” against the effects of climate change. Objective. To analyse biotic and abiotic variables of the mesophotic ecosystem of Archipelago Espíritu Santo to assess it as a refuge against climate change-related disturbances. Methods. Bathymetry, profiles of temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen; determination of the euphotic zone, sampling in shallow and deep waters collecting water for analysis of carbonate system, video transects with remotely operated vehicles for the identification of benthic species and estimation of their abundance including those of commercial importance or conservation. Calculation of ecological indices and the reef-functional index. Results. Deepest recorded point was 78m, shallowest mesophotic zone was 11m. Temperature does not show a stratification either in April or in October 2021, but the salinity registers a peak near 30 m depth, and the dissolved oxygen decreases at 20 m. Ω Aragonite is below 3.0; there is spatial variation in the structural indices of the benthic community, and the reef-functional index is between 0.16 and 0.65. Conclusions. There are sharp spatial variations within the same locality, limiting the assertion that mesophotic ecosystems can serve as a refuge from climate change.

RESUMEN Antecedentes. Los ambientes costeros como la zona entremareal y los arrecifes rocosos y coralinos están expuestos a perturbaciones naturales como las mareas, tormentas, huracanes y ciclones y actividades humanas como la pesca, turismo y contaminación. La hipótesis del refugio profundo postula que los organismos que pueden habitar a mayores profundidades serían menos vulnerables a los impactos antropogénicos, el calentamiento superficial del mar derivado del efecto invernadero y a la acidificación del océano provocada por el incremento en la presión parcial de CO2. En consecuencia, los arrecifes rocosos o coralinos profundos podrían funcionar como un “seguro” contra los efectos del cambio climático. Objetivos. Analizar variables abióticas y bióticas del ecosistema mesofótico del archipiélago Espíritu Santo, BCS para considerarlo como refugio ante perturbaciones relacionadas con el cambio climático. Métodos. Batimetría, determinación de la zona euofótica, perfiles de temperatura, salinidad y oxígeno disuelto, muestreos en aguas someras y profundas, recolección de agua para análisis del sistema de carbonatos, videotransectos con vehículos de operación remota para la identificación de especies bénticas y estimación de su abundancia, incluyendo las de importancia comercial o de conservación. Cálculo de índices ecológicos y del índice de función arrecifal. Resultados. La profundidad máxima registrada fue de 78 m y el inicio de la zona mesofótica (10% de penetración luminosa) más somero fue de 11 m; la temperatura no muestra una estratificación ni en abril ni en octubre de 2021, pero la salinidad registra un pico cerca de los 30 m de profundidad y el oxígeno disuelto disminuye a los 20 m. La Ω aragonita está por debajo de 3.0; hay variación espacial en los índices estructurales de la comunidad béntica y el índice de función arrecifal se encuentra entre 0.16 y 0.65. Conclusiones. Hay variaciones espaciales que limitan afirmar que el ecosistema mesofótico pueda servir de refugio ante el cambio climático en esta localidad.

ABSTRACT Excessive phosphorus (P) applications can increase nutrient levels in the soil, facilitating its transference to aquatic environments and causing contamination. Thus, the environmental P threshold (P-threshold) is a tool to establish a sound level of P in the soil, in which P values below the threshold are harmless to the environment. This study aimed to establish a P-threshold equation for the soils of Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Twenty samples of representative soils from the main swine production regions of the State were collected. These samples were characterized chemically and in terms of P adsorption capacity, then incubated with P rates for 30 days. After incubation, the water-soluble P content (P-water) and the available P content were determined by Mehlich-1 method (P-Mehlich-1). The relationship between P-water and P-Mehlich-1 allowed the determination of the P-Mehlich-1 content from which the amount of nutrient in water increases abruptly, establishing this point as the limit P (P-limit). Subsequently, the P-limit values were plotted against the clay content of the soils, and the resulting equation was used to calculate the P-threshold by adding a safety margin of 20 % to the P-limit versus clay equation. The model was tested on 120 soil samples from Mato Grosso State, and it was able to separate them into two groups with low and high P-water, classified as below or above P-threshold, respectively. Based on that, the simplified equation “P-threshold (mg dm-3) = 13 + 0.5 * % clay” was proposed. (P contamination Thus Pthreshold (P-threshold environment Brazil collected capacity 3 days incubation watersoluble soluble Pwater (P-water Mehlich1 Mehlich 1 Mehlich- PMehlich1. PMehlich1 PMehlich . (P-Mehlich-1) P-Mehlich- abruptly Plimit. Plimit (P-limit) Subsequently 2 12 Pwater, water, Pthreshold, threshold, respectively that mg dm3 dm dm-3 05 0 5 0. proposed (P-Mehlich-1 P-Mehlich (P-limit dm- (P-Mehlich- (P-Mehlich

Abstract The assessment of water quality using multiple abiotic and biological indicators is very important for understanding anthropogenic impacts and the health of the ecosystem. The Olaria is a short river system that flows into the Cananeia estuary. This aquatic system crosses the urban center of the city of Cananeia, where it eventually receives untreated domestic wastewater. This study aims to apply multi-indicators of environmental pollution to understand the influence of the Olaria system on the Cananeia estuary. For this purpose, indicators of water quality and genotoxic and pathological responses in fish were used. Data on salinity, pH, and silicates in surface water indicate a more accentuated continental influence in the inner part of the Olaria river system. Moreover, the data recorded on the inner area of the Olaria system, which presents lower hydrodynamic characteristics and the largest urban population, indicated the presence of dissolved oxygen and nutrients (phosphate [P-PO4 -3], nitrite [N-NO2-], and ammonium [N-NH4+]) at levels that exceed the established limits for water quality by the Brazilian environmental legislation (Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente - CONAMA). The presence of Escherichia coli in all analyzed water samples indicates a local or point source of domestic wastewater contamination near the Olaria system. Fish species such as Centropomus undecimalis (Robalo Flexa) and Sphoeroides testudineus (Baiacu Pintado) showed toxicogenetic damage, indicating clastogenic and/or aneugenic exposure in the aquatic environment. Hepatic pathologies such as pyknosis nuclei, inflammation, hepatocyte swelling, and necrosis were found in all specimens evaluated, and C. undecimallis exhibited all these pathological changes. These results highlight the importance of biomonitoring the effects of anthropogenic disturbance on the aquatic biota that frequent the Olaria system and are dependent on the water quality. ecosystem estuary multiindicators multi purpose used salinity pH Moreover population phosphate PPO4 PPO P PO4 PO [P-PO 3, 3 , -3] NNO2, NNO2 NNO N NO2 NO [N-NO2-] NNH4+ NNH4 NNH NH4+ NH4 NH [N-NH4+] Conselho CONAMA. CONAMA . CONAMA) Robalo Flexa Baiacu Pintado damage andor environment nuclei inflammation swelling evaluated C changes -3 [N-NO2- [N-NH4+ [N-NO2 [N-NH4 [N-NO [N-NH

Resumen Las crisis que caracterizan nuestro tiempo reflejan una crisis de civilización con raíces en el monopolio del conocimiento, en la que las formas de conocimiento desarrolladas por el capitalismo científico degradan el medio ambiente y subyugan el conocimiento construido en la coevolución de las culturas con la naturaleza, los territorios y los medios de vida. La tecnología y las innovaciones científicas han asumido un papel central en la sociedad actual, mediando innumerables relaciones sociales, ambientales y políticas hegemonizadas por el capitalismo colonial contemporáneo. En este ensayo buscamos traer reflexiones sobre las relaciones entre los campos de la energía y la salud que, además de manifestar crisis sucesivas, vienen movilizando el imaginario social en los últimos años al estar regidos por sistemas sociotécnicos que condicionan las formas modernas. de vida. Las crisis energética y sanitaria se abordan a partir de sus construcciones históricas, las estructuras productivas que movilizan, los modos de vida que crean y las relaciones sociales que ordenan. Señalamos los mecanismos a través de los cuales los circuitos globales de capital exportan externalidades hacia poblaciones con menor acceso a la energía mecánica disponible en sus sistemas sociotécnicos, generando catástrofes socioambientales, expropiación de tierras, pérdida de biodiversidad, cambio climático, contaminación, pobreza, hambruna y epidemias. naturaleza actual contemporáneo sucesivas modernas históricas movilizan ordenan socioambientales tierras biodiversidad climático contaminación pobreza epidemias

Abstract The crises that characterize our time mirror a civilizational crisis with roots in the monopoly of knowledge, in which the ways of knowing developed by scientific capitalism degrade the environment and subjugate knowledge built in the co-evolution of cultures with nature, territories and means of life. Technology and scientific innovations have taken a central role in today’s society, mediating countless social, environmental and political relations hegemonized by contemporary colonial capitalism. In this essay, we seek to bring reflections on the relationships between the fields of energy and health which, in addition to manifesting successive crises, have been mobilizing the social imagination in recent years as they are governed by socio-technical systems that condition modern ways of life. Energy and health crises are addressed based on their historical constructions, the productive structures they mobilize, the ways of life they create and the social relations they order. We point to the mechanisms by which global circuits of capital export externalities towards populations with less access to mechanical energy available in their socio-technical systems, generating socio-environmental catastrophes, land expropriation, loss of biodiversity, climate change, pollution, poverty, famine and epidemics. coevolution co evolution nature todays today s society essay sociotechnical socio technical constructions mobilize order socioenvironmental catastrophes expropriation biodiversity change pollution poverty epidemics

Resumo As crises que caracterizam nosso tempo espelham uma crise civilizatória com raízes no monopólio do saber, em que os modos de conhecer desenvolvidos pelo capitalismo científico degradam o ambiente e subjugam saberes construídos na coevolução das culturas com a natureza, os territórios e os meios de vida. A tecnologia e as inovações científicas assumiram papel central na sociedade atual, mediando um sem-número de relações sociais, ambientais e políticas hegemonizadas pelo capitalismo colonial contemporâneo. Neste ensaio, buscamos trazer reflexões sobre as relações entre os campos da energia e da saúde que, além de manifestarem sucessivas crises, vêm mobilizando o imaginário social nos últimos anos por serem regidos por sistemas sociotécnicos que condicionam os modos de vida modernos. As crises energética e sanitária são abordadas com base em suas construções históricas, nas estruturas produtivas que mobilizam, nos modos de vida que criam e nas relações sociais que ordenam. Apontamos para os mecanismos por meio dos quais os circuitos globais do capital exportam externalidades na direção das populações com menor acesso à energia mecânica disponível em seus sistemas sociotécnicos, gerando catástrofes socioambientais, expropriação de terras, perda de biodiversidade, mudanças climáticas, poluição, pobreza, fome e epidemias. saber natureza atual semnúmero sem número contemporâneo ensaio modernos históricas mobilizam ordenam socioambientais terras biodiversidade climáticas poluição pobreza epidemias

ABSTRACT This paper assesseD the level of water security regarding the water supply in the Western Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro, in terms of quality of water resources at the intake point of the Guandu Water Treatment Plant (WTP), related to the environmental conditions and the quality of the water sources. The main security issues were systemically highlighted, in terms of bulk water quality, in the drainage basin of Guandu WTP, responsible for serving 75% of the metropolitan population (8.5 million people). The study area comprises mainly the Guandu River Basin upstream of the WTP catchment point. An analytical model was used for the qualitative assessment of water security, adapted to the case of Guandu WTP, associated with the stressors: “land use and cover”, “degradation of the Permanent Preservation Area”, “erosion processes”, “environmental accidents”, and “polluting load”. The impacts on the water quality of the Guandu River were evaluated using the indicators: Water Quality Index; percentage of samples in non-compliance with classification of water bodies; and recordings of emerging pollutants. With results indicating a high risk for most stressors, it was concluded that the level of security for water resources quality of Guandu WTP is low, in terms of bulk water. The problems related to Lagoa do Guandu are particularly the most serious, not only because of chronic pollution that has worsened over the decades, but above all because of the intense acute pollution that caused unprecedent water crises in 2020 and 2021. Janeiro , (WTP) sources highlighted 75 8.5 85 8 5 (8. people. people . people) stressors land cover, cover cover” degradation Area, Area Area” erosion processes, processes processes” accidents, accidents accidents” polluting load. load load” indicators Index noncompliance non compliance bodies pollutants low serious decades 202 2021 (WTP 7 8. (8 20 ( 2

RESUMO Este trabalho avalia o nível de segurança hídrica quanto ao abastecimento de água da região oeste metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro, em termos de qualidade dos recursos hídricos no ponto de captação da estação de tratamento de água (ETA) Guandu, perante estressores envolvendo as condições ambientais e a qualidade das águas do manancial. Buscou-se ressaltar, de forma sistêmica, as principais questões de segurança hídrica, no que tange à qualidade de água bruta, na bacia drenante à ETA Guandu, responsável pelo atendimento de 75% da população metropolitana (8,5 milhões de pessoas). A área de estudo compreende essencialmente a bacia do rio Guandu a montante do ponto de captação da ETA. Foi aplicado um modelo analítico de avaliação qualitativa de segurança hídrica, adaptado ao caso da ETA Guandu, associado aos estressores: uso e cobertura da terra, degradação de área de preservação permanente, processos erosivos, acidentes ambientais e carga poluidora. Na sequência, os impactos foram caracterizados por meio dos indicadores de comprometimento da qualidade das águas do Rio Guandu: índice de qualidade de água; percentual de amostras em desconformidade com enquadramento; e registro de poluentes emergentes. Com resultados apontando alto risco para a maior parte dos estressores, concluiu-se ser baixo o nível global de segurança hídrica da ETA Guandu, em termos de qualidade de água bruta. Os problemas relacionados à Lagoa do Guandu são particularmente os mais graves, não somente pela poluição crônica agravada ao longo das décadas, mas sobretudo pela intensa poluição aguda que provocou crises hídricas sem precedentes em 2020 e 2021. Janeiro (ETA manancial Buscouse Buscou se ressaltar sistêmica bruta 75 8,5 85 8 5 (8, pessoas. pessoas . pessoas) terra permanente erosivos poluidora sequência enquadramento emergentes concluiuse concluiu graves décadas 202 2021 7 8, (8 20 ( 2

Abstract Chronic exposure to carbon dioxide (CO2) can have a negative influence on one's health and be hazardous to the environment. It could be both directly and indirectly to those communities who are living near the CO2 point sources. This study aimed to investigate the magnitude of CO2 level in ambient air and its spatial distribution which then continued to assess the potential health risks posed by communities living surround the site as well as applied the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) approach to predict the risks magnitude among adult and children due to CO2 air pollution from the cement industry activities in Pangkep. This observational analytic study applied health risk assessment due to the CO2 exposure both to adult and children population. To estimate the non carcinogenic risk, study used the Monte Carlo Simulation model with 10,000 iterations to estimate the risk through the inhalation pathway suffered by communities, as well as analyzing the sensitivity level every single health risk parameter. The highest risks for the adults was in station 7 with 7,641 whereas the lowest risks was in station 3 with 1,194, respectively. Furthermore, the highest risks for child was in station 4 with 498 whereas the lowest one was in station 15 with 32, respectively. Those non carcinogenic HQ were exceed the standard for adult but not at risks for children. The results of the Monte Carlo Simulation that assessed the non risks cancer probability with the 5th and 95th percentiles demonstrated that adult population were at value of 0.83 and 1.53 0.83 and 1.53 respectively, that still indicated at low risk for developing adverse health effects among those communities temporarily. However, at the same percentiles children indicated at value of 199 and 388 that indicated at risk for developing adverse health effects among those children. In addition, level of sensitivity analysis result indicated that exposure frequency with (20,9%) for adult and the exposure duration with (25,6%) for children were the most contributing factors to health risks among, respectively. Simulation determines the critical factors with major effects in reducing health risks. The CO2 magnitude not poses risks to adults, by contrast, children are at risk. Thus, limiting exposure frequency and inhalation of CO2 levels in the school for children area are highly demanded. CO (CO2 ones s environment sources MCS (MCS Pangkep 10000 10 000 10,00 parameter 7641 641 7,64 1194 1 194 1,194 respectively Furthermore 49 32 th 083 0 83 0.8 153 53 1.5 temporarily However 19 38 addition 20,9% 209 20 9 (20,9% 25,6% 256 25 6 (25,6% contrast Thus demanded (CO 1000 00 10,0 764 64 7,6 119 1,19 08 8 0. 5 1. 20,9 2 (20,9 25,6 (25,6 100 10, 76 7, 11 1,1 20, (20, 25, (25, 1, (20 (25 (2 (

Resumo A exposição crônica ao dióxido de carbono (CO2) pode ter uma influência negativa sobre a saúde e ser perigosa para o meio ambiente. Pode ser direta ou indiretamente para as comunidades que vivem perto das fontes pontuais de CO2. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a magnitude do nível de CO2 no ar ambiente e sua distribuição espacial, que então continuou a avaliar os riscos potenciais à saúde apresentados pelas comunidades que vivem no entorno do local, bem como aplicou a abordagem da Simulação de Monte Carlo (MCS) para prever a magnitude dos riscos entre adultos e crianças devido à poluição do ar por CO2 das atividades da indústria de cimento em Pangkep. Este estudo analítico observacional aplicou a avaliação de risco à saúde devido à exposição ao CO2 tanto na população adulta quanto na infantil. Para estimar o risco não cancerígeno, o estudo utilizou o modelo da Simulação de Monte Carlo com 10.000 iterações para estimar o risco pela via inalatória sofrida pelas comunidades, bem como analisar o nível de sensibilidade de cada parâmetro de risco à saúde. O maior risco para os adultos foi na estação 7 com 7.641 enquanto o menor risco foi na estação 3 com 1.194, respectivamente. Além disso, o maior risco para crianças estava na estação 4 com 498 enquanto o menor estava na estação 15 com 32, respectivamente. Aqueles HQ não cancerígenos excederam o padrão para adultos, mas não representam riscos para crianças. Os resultados da Simulação de Monte Carlo que avaliaram a probabilidade de câncer sem riscos com os percentis 5 e 95 demonstraram que a população adulta estava no valor de 0,83 e 1,53 respectivamente, que ainda indicava baixo risco para desenvolver efeitos adversos à saúde entre essas comunidades temporariamente. No entanto, nos mesmos percentis, as crianças indicaram valores de 199 e 388, que mostraram risco de desenvolver efeitos adversos à saúde entre essas crianças. Além disso, o resultado da análise de nível de sensibilidade indicou que a frequência de exposição com 20,9% para adultos e a duração da exposição com 25,6% para crianças foram os fatores que mais contribuíram para riscos à saúde, respectivamente. A simulação determina os fatores críticos com efeitos importantes na redução dos riscos à saúde. A magnitude do CO2 não oferece riscos aos adultos, ao contrário, as crianças correm risco. Assim, a limitação da frequência de exposição e inalação de níveis de CO2 na área escolar para crianças é altamente exigida. CO (CO2 espacial local MCS (MCS Pangkep infantil cancerígeno 10000 10 000 10.00 7641 641 7.64 1194 1 194 1.194 respectivamente disso 49 32 9 083 0 83 0,8 153 53 1,5 temporariamente entanto 19 388 209 20 20,9 256 25 6 25,6 contrário Assim exigida (CO 1000 00 10.0 764 64 7.6 119 1.19 08 8 0, 1, 38 2 20, 25, 100 10. 76 7. 11 1.1 1.

Abstract Considering that changes in the biodiversity of parasite communities can be used as indicators of ecosystem health, the aim of this study was to investigate the potential use of Geophagus brasiliensis parasites as bioindicators of environmental changes. We established three sample points in the Iguaçu River, each presenting different degrees of environmental impact. Out of the 69 G. brasiliensis specimens analyzed, 32 (46.3%) were parasitized by at least one parasite. We collected a total of 56 specimens of endoparasites belonging to the phylum Nematoda. Fishes collected in point 3 presented a significantly higher abundance of nematode species (moderately degraded) (Kruskal-Wallis2;69 = 8.62; p = 0.01) and species compositions between points were significantly different (F = 6.95, p = 0.002). No significant difference in relative condition factor (Kn) among the points (F2;66 = 2.54; p = 0.08) or correlation in Kn and abundance of nematodes (rs = 0.1; p = 0.4) were indicated. The results presented in this study indicate that the parasitic community of G. brasiliensis is characterized by low diversity in polluted locations, which explains the absence of certain parasite species and the occurrence of nematode species with varied responses to the pollution gradient. health River impact 6 G analyzed 46.3% 463 46 (46.3% 5 Nematoda moderately degraded KruskalWallis269 KruskalWallis Kruskal Wallis2 Wallis (Kruskal-Wallis2;6 8.62 862 8 62 0.01 001 0 01 F 695 95 6.95 0.002. 0002 0.002 . 002 0.002) (Kn F266 F2 66 (F2;6 2.54 254 2 54 0.08 008 08 rs 0.1 1 0.4 04 4 indicated locations gradient 46.3 (46.3 KruskalWallis26 (Kruskal-Wallis2; 8.6 86 0.0 00 9 6.9 000 0.00 F26 (F2; 2.5 25 0. 46. (46. KruskalWallis2 (Kruskal-Wallis2 8. 6. (F2 2. (46 (Kruskal-Wallis (4 (