Resumen: El bosque Atlántico del Alto Paraná (BAAP) constituye una ecorregión boscosa compartida entre los países de Paraguay, Brasil y Argentina siendo albergue de una gran variedad de especies animales entre ellas de la Panthera onca (Jaguareté). En Paraguay este animal se encuentra catalogado como en peligro crítico de extinción debido a la caza furtiva, el comercio ilegal y la pérdida de su hábitat por la deforestación que ha provocado que su población no pueda crecer en cantidad por lo cual los 3 países del BAAP han coordinado y tomado acciones en conjunto para la conservación y se ha logrado proteger la especie consiguiendo un aumento de su población en los años recientes, por esto, con el fin de proyectar a futuro la población del Jaguareté se han utilizado herramientas matemáticas como el software OriginPro para el cálculo de polinomios de interpolación y valores extrapolados así como el software Vensim con el método de integración de Euler que ha permitido realizar una simulación de la cantidad de animales hasta el año 2025, los resultados proyectados por el método de Spline y la simulación con Vensim muestran una tendencia al incremento en la población del Jaguareté para los siguientes 3 años, en tanto utilizando el método lineal existe un posible escenario el cual proyecta una disminución en la población de animales.

Abstract: The Alto Paraná Atlantic Forest (BAAP) constitutes a forest ecoregion shared by the countries of Paraguay, Brazil and Argentina, being home to a great variety of animal species, including the Panthera onca (Jaguareté). In Paraguay, this animal is listed as critically endangered due to poaching, illegal trade and the loss of its habitat due to deforestation, which has caused its population to not grow in quantity, which is why the 3 BAAP countries They have coordinated and taken joint actions for conservation and the species has been protected, achieving an increase in its population in recent years. For this reason, in order to project the population of the Jaguareté into the future, mathematical tools such as software have been used. OriginPro for the calculation of interpolation polynomials and extrapolated values as well as the Vensim software with the Euler integration method that has allowed a simulation of the number of animals until the year 2025, the results projected by the Spline method and the simulation with Vensim shows a tendency to increase in the Jaguareté population for the following 3 years, while using the method linear there is a possible scenario which projects a decrease in the animal population.

BACKGROUND: South Africa is an important centre of cycad diversity in Africa, however, the country's cycads face extinction. Among the primary causes is the poaching of plants from the wild, even within protected areas. OBJECTIVES: This study examined poaching patterns in a local population of the Endangered Encephalartos eugene-maraisii I.Verd. and how it might affect the population structure, sex ratios, as well as interactions with associated insects. METHODS: The population was surveyed in 2008 and 40% of this population was resurveyed between 2021 and 2022. We mapped missing cycads and generated heatmaps. Lastly, we investigated whether the proportion of stems from different size classes, sex ratios and abundance of insect associates varied between areas with a high and low poaching incidence. RESULTS: Poaching, defined as the illegal removal of individuals from the wild, occurred 1.5 times more frequently along the border fence line than areas further away. Medium-sized stems (21-80 cm) are primarily targeted (likely as they can be carried more easily) and low proportions of these stems remain in areas with a high poaching incidence. While E. eugene-maraisii exhibits some resilience against poaching through basal suckering, it takes several decades for suckers to mature and replace harvested stems. No effect on sex ratios were recorded in areas with a high poaching incidence, suggesting poachers have not deliberately selected female or male cycads at this site. No pollinating insects were detected on E. eugene-maraisii, and no seedlings were observed CONCLUSION: Cone production may be too rare in diminished populations to support pollinators that utilise cones as brood sites. The presence of insects that use other plant parts, including leaves, dried leaf stalks and cycad trunks, in the larger population suggests that they are more resilient to diminishing host populations. However, these insects were absent in smaller populations, and their abundances were lower in low-density sites and smaller clump sizes of their host in the larger population. This suggests these insects may be vulnerable to the decline of their host populations due to poaching.

Abstract Beaucarnea inermis is an endemic species from Northeast Mexico, in the states of San Luis Potosí and Tamaulipas. It is appreciated as an ornamental plant, so its populations are subject to the poaching of individuals for illegal trade. Previous studies determined that their populations have been affected due to the disturbance since the incidence of anthropogenic activities affects the viability of the species. Here we determine the current conservation status of B. inermis and identify their main risk factor by performing an extinction risk assessment based on the Annex II “Method for Evaluation of Risk of Extinction of Plants in Mexico”. We studied 10 populations of B. inermis from protected and non-protected areas in San Luis Potosí and Tamaulipas. We considered the MER criteria: A) geographical distribution characteristics, B) habitat characteristics, C) intrinsic biological vulnerability, and D) impact of human activity. Using field and analyzed data, the MER assessment gives 1.91 points that confirm B. inermis is correctly classified as an Endangered species. The natural protected areas where the species occurs represent cores for its protection; however, the surface of these areas may not be sufficient without biological corridors that connect them.

Resumen Beaucarnea inermis es una especie endémica del Noroeste de México distribuida en los estados de San Luis Potosí y Tamaulipas. Es apreciada como planta ornamental, por lo que sus poblaciones están sujetas al saqueo de individuos para su comercialización ilegal. En trabajos anteriores se determinó que sus poblaciones han sido afectadas debido al disturbio por la incidencia de actividades antrópicas que afectan su viabilidad. En la presente contribución se determina el nivel de riesgo de B. inermis con base en el Anexo Normativo II “Método de Evaluación de Riesgo de Extinción de Plantas en México”. Se estudiaron 10 poblaciones de B. inermis en San Luis Potosí y Tamaulipas, tanto en áreas naturales protegidas como en sitios no protegidos. Los criterios MER considerados fueron: A) características de la distribución geográfica, B) características del hábitat, C) vulnerabilidad biológica intrínseca y D) impacto de la actividad humana. El análisis MER arroja un valor de 1.91 que, confirma a B. inermis dentro de la categoría de Amenazada. Las áreas naturales protegidas donde se distribuye la especie funcionan como núcleos de protección, sin embargo, su superficie puede no ser suficiente sin la presencia de corredores biológicos que las conecten.

RESUMO O comércio ilegal ou proibido de animais selvagens é um problema global e constitui uma séria ameaça às espécies ameaçadas e em perigo de extinção. A pesquisa foi realizada no município de Niceto Pérez, na localidade de Rio Frío, na província de Guantánamo. O objetivo era determinar as espécies de aves silvestres que são comercializadas ilegalmente e sua abundância no município. Um total de 95 pesquisas foi administrado a pessoas envolvidas na caça furtiva para diversos fins. Um total de mais 16 espécies foram identificadas como comercializadas no município durante o período de novembro de 2018 a maio de 2019. Além disso, foram pesquisadas 15 rotas censitárias de quatro m de largura por 1000 m de comprimento para um total de 6 ha, dentro das quais foram estabelecidos dez pontos de contagem em cada uma, com uma distância de 100 m uma da outra. Todas as aves vistas ou ouvidas durante dez minutos foram inventariadas. 20 espécies de aves foram contadas como resultado do inventário e agrupadas em seis ordens, 15 famílias e 21 gêneros. A ordem Passeriformes era a mais representativa, 62% das quais eram residentes permanentes; destas, apenas seis espécies correspondiam àquelas relatadas nas pesquisas como caçadas ilegalmente. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas nas áreas pesquisadas entre os meses monitorados, especialmente nos meses que coincidem com o período reprodutivo da espécie.

ABSTRACT Wild animals´ illegal or prohibited trade is a global problem and constitutes a serious risk to threatened and endangered species. The research was carried out in Niceto Pérez municipality, Río Frío locality in Guantánamo province. The objective was to determine the species of wild birds that are illegally traded and their abundance in the municipality. A total of 95 surveys were applied to people involved in poaching for various purposes. A total of 16 most traded species in the municipality were identified during the period from November 2018 to May 2019. 15 census routes of four m wide by 1 000 m long for a total of 6 ha were surveyed, within which ten counting points were established in each one, with a distance from each other of 100 m. All birds seen or heard during ten minutes were inventoried. As a result of the inventory, 20 bird species were counted, grouped into six orders, 15 families and 21 genera. The order Passeriformes was the most representative, 62 % were permanent residents; of these, only six species coincided with those reported in the surveys as illegally hunted. It was found that, there are significant differences in the areas studied between the months monitored, especially in those that coincide with the reproductive period of the species.

RESUMEN El comercio ilegal o prohibido de animales salvajes es un problema global y constituye una amenaza seria para las especies amenazadas y en peligro de extinción. La investigación se realizó en el municipio Niceto Pérez, localidad Río Frío de la provincia Guantánamo. El objetivo consistió en determinar las especies de aves silvestres que se comercializan ilegalmente y su abundancia en el municipio. Se aplicaron 95 encuestas a personas que se dedican a la caza furtiva para diversos fines. Se identificaron un total de 16 especies más comercializadas en el municipio durante el período comprendido entre noviembre de 2018 hasta mayo de 2019. Además, fueron levantados 15 itinerarios de censo de cuatro m de ancho por 1000 m de largo para un total de 6 ha, dentro de los cuales se establecieron diez puntos de conteo en cada uno, con una distancia uno de otro de 100 m. Fueron inventariadas todas las aves vistas u oídas durante diez min. Como resultado del inventario se contabilizaron 20 especies de aves y agrupadas en seis órdenes, 15 familias y 21 géneros. El orden Passeriformes fue el más representativo, el 62 % residentes permanentes; de ellas, solo seis especies coinciden con las reportadas en las encuestas como cazadas ilegalmente. Se comprobó que existen diferencias significativas en las áreas estudiadas entre los meses monitoreados, sobre todo en los que coinciden con el período reproductivo de las especies.

RESUMO Mamíferos neotropicais de médio e grande porte são elementos chave em ecossistemas florestais, e unidades de conservação são essenciais para sua conservação. No Brasil, as unidades de conservação de uso sustentável (UC-US) permitem tanto a conservação da biodiversidade quanto a exploração sustentável dos recursos naturais, especialmente na Amazônia. Porém, as UC-US geralmente são afetadas por pressões internas e externas, e podem apresentar diferentes graus de defaunação. Amostramos mamíferos de médio e grande porte usando armadilhas fotográficas em duas áreas com distintos históricos de manejo e ocupação humana na Floresta Nacional do Tapajós (FNT), na Amazônia ocidental. Em geral, registramos uma rica assembleia de espécies de mamíferos de médio e grande porte, mas as duas áreas diferiram na composição de espécies. A área com ocupação humana mais intensa e antiga e exploração florestal apresentou mais registros independentes de espécies generalistas, enquanto espécies maiores, como Tapirus terrestris e Panthera onca, foram registradas exclusivamente na área com menor ocupação humana e sem manejo florestal. A comparação de nossos resultados com estudos similares em outros locais na Amazônia sugere uma redução no tamanho populacional de mamíferos de grande porte, como Tapirus terrestris e Tayassu pecari, provavelmente em resposta ao aumento das atividades humanas. Diferenças locais na ocupação humana dentro de e entre unidades de conservação são comuns na Amazônia, demandando ações específicas do poder público para minimizar impactos de atividades humanas sobre a fauna silvestre. Especificamente na FNT, recomendamos o monitoramento de longa duração das respostas de mamíferos às atividades humanas, para melhor embasar ações de conservação e manejo.

ABSTRACT Neotropical medium and large-bodied mammals are key elements in forest ecosystems, and protected areas are essential for their conservation. In Brazil, sustainable use protected areas (SU-PAs) allow both the conservation of biodiversity and the sustainable use of natural resources, especially in the Amazon region. However, SU-PAs usually suffer both internal and external pressures, and may be subject to variable degrees of defaunation. We sampled mammals using camera traps in two areas with different forest management and human occupation history in the Tapajós National Forest (TNF), in the western Amazon. Overall, we recorded a rich assemblage of medium and large-sized mammals, though both areas differed in species composition. The area with older and more intense human occupation and forest exploitation had more independent records of generalist species, while large species such as Tapirus terrestris and Panthera onca were recorded exclusively in the area with lower human occupation and no forest management. A comparison of our results with similar studies in other Amazonian sites suggests a reduction in the population size of large-bodied mammals, such as Tapirus terrestris and Tayassu pecari, likely in response to increased human activities. Local differences in human occupation within and between protected areas are common in the Amazon, demanding area-specific actions from public authorities to minimize impacts on wildlife caused by human activities. Specifically in TNF, we recommend long-term monitoring of the responses of mammals to human activities, to better subsidize conservation and management actions.

Resumen Introducción: A pesar de que las tortugas golfinas (Lepidochelys olivacea) son las tortugas marinas más abundantes del mundo, su información cuantitativa disponible es escasa y se encuentra distribuida de manera desigual entre regiones. Existen muchos programas de manejo y conservación para esta especie, y sus evaluaciones son necesarias para identificar tendencias de anidación y poder manejar de manera efectiva los programas de conservación actuales. PROTORMAR-UAS es un programa de Investigación y Conservación de la tortuga golfina creado por la Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, México. El Programa cuenta con dos estaciones biológicas: Santuario de Playa Ceuta (SPC) y Playa Caimanero (PC). Objetivo: Evaluar la tendencia de anidación de la tortuga golfina en dos playas del noroeste de México y predecir las tendencias prospectivas de anidación para los próximos 30 años. Métodos: A partir de los datos de registros anuales de anidación de 40 años para SPC (1976-2016) y 30 años para PC (1986-2016), evaluamos las tendencias de anidación, el éxito de la eclosión y los problemas de depredación y saqueo de nidos de la tortuga golfina en las dos playas del noroeste de México. Posteriormente, se calcularon las estimaciones prospectivas de anidación para los próximos 30 años usando un modelo predictivo de series de tiempo. Resultados: Se identificó una correlación positiva y significativa entre el registro anual de nidos y el tiempo de estudio para ambas playas (rho = 0.850, P ≤ 0.01 para SPC; rho = 0.677 y P ≤ 0.01 para PC); así como el éxito de eclosión promedio de 65.09 para SPC y de 60.72 % para PC. El modelo predictivo de series de tiempo indicó que las anidaciones continuarán aumentando para el 2045, tres veces para SPC y seis para PC, con respecto al último año de monitoreo. Conclusiones: Hay una clara tendencia positiva de anidación de la tortuga golfina en ambos sitios, lo cual es consistente con la tendencia observada en otros estudios recientes de la región. Por lo tanto, sugerimos incluir a PC como un área de anidación legalmente protegida, la cual se ubica en los límites latitudinales de anidación de la tortuga golfina, dada la necesidad de contar con recursos disponibles para la operación del campamento ante el aumento de anidaciones y de problemas de depredación y saqueo. Porque en México operar una playa de anidación sin ningún estatus de protección implica no tener presupuesto para su manejo.

Abstract Introduction: Although olive ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea) are the most abundant sea turtles in the world, quantitative information is scarce and unevenly distributed among regions. There are many management and conservation programs for this species, and assessments are necessary to identify nesting trends and effectively manage current conservation programs. PROTORMAR-UAS is a Research and Conservation program for the olive ridley turtle created by the Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Mexico. The program utilizes two biological stations: Santuario Playa Ceuta (SPC) and Playa Caimanero (PC). Objective: To evaluate the nesting trend of olive ridley turtles on two beaches in Northwestern Mexico and to predict prospective nesting trends for the next 30 years. Methods: Using annual nesting data collected over 40 years at SPC (1976-2016) and 30 years at PC (1986-2016), we evaluated nesting trends, hatching success, predation and poaching of olive ridley turtles on the two beaches in Northwestern Mexico. Then, prospective nesting estimates for the next 30 years were calculated predictive time series model. Results: A positive and significant correlation was identified between the number of annual nests and time for both beaches (rho = 0.850, P ≤ 0.01 for SPC; rho = 0.677, P ≤ 0.01 for PC); the average hatching success rates were 65.09 at SPC and 60.72 % at PC. The predictive time-series model indicated that the numbers of nests will continue to increase through 2045, increasing three-fold at SPC and six-fold at PC with respect to the last year of monitoring. Conclusions: There was a clear positive trend in the number of olive ridley sea turtle nests at both sites, which is consistent with trends found in other recent studies from the region. Therefore, we suggest that PC be designated a legally protected nesting area since it is located within the latitudinal limits of olive ridley nesting and given the need for resources for camp operation considering increased nesting and current problems with predation and poaching. Because in Mexico operating a nesting beach without any protection status implies not having a budget for its management.

Resumen Introducción: Pese a las acciones de conservación basadas en la ciencia y las políticas recomendadas, con menos de 20 individuos sobrevivientes, la vaquita (Phocoena sinus) -endémica del Golfo de California- es el mamífero marino más amenazado del mundo debido a su muerte incidental en redes de pesca; una pregunta relevante es si su población se puede recuperar. Objetivo: Evaluar las expectativas para la vaquita marina durante los próximos 20 años. Métodos: Identificamos los factores que afectan a la vaquita marina, construimos tablas de vida, derivamos parámetros demográficos para diferentes escenarios y realizamos un análisis de viabilidad poblacional utilizando matrices estocásticas de Leslie, estructuradas por edad. Resultados: La tasa de crecimiento neto de la vaquita es muy sensible a la supervivencia de los juveniles. Encontramos que la captura incidental intensiva y continua en redes de enmalle para la pesca furtiva de totoaba (Totoaba macdonaldi) durante la última década llevó a la población de vaquitas a su actual estado crítico. Esto parece agravarse por la estocasticidad demográfica y un potencial efecto Allee. Conclusiones: Si la pesca furtiva de totoaba se elimina de inmediato, demográficamente la vaquita puede recuperarse; su supervivencia a largo plazo dependerá de su incierto estatus genético, aunque los resultados de un estudio reciente son alentadores en este sentido.

Abstract Introduction: Despite extensive science-based conservation policy recommendations, with fewer than 20 individuals remaining, the vaquita (Phocoena sinus) -endemic to the Gulf of California- is the world’s most endangered marine mammal due to incidental catch in fishing nets and whether it can recover is unclear. Objective: Assess expectations for vaquita over the next two decades. Methods: We identified factors affecting the vaquita, constructed life tables, derived demographic parameters for different scenarios and conducted a population viability analysis using stochastic age-structured matrix Leslie models. Results: Analytical results indicate that the vaquita net growth rate is particularly sensitive to juvenile survival. We find that intensive, ongoing bycatch in gillnets used to poach totoaba (Totoaba macdonaldi) over the past decade brought the vaquita population to its current critically low size. Currently this seems to be exacerbated by demographic stochasticity and a potential Allee effect. Conclusions: If totoaba poaching is eliminated immediately, demographically, vaquita can recover; its long-term survival will depend on its uncertain genetic status, although a recent study found encouraging results in this regard.

ABSTRACT Ateles chamek (Humboldt, 1812) is an «Endangered» species and is included in Appendix II of CITES, due to poaching for illegal trade and deterioration of its habitat. For this reason, rescue centres have been created for their protection and, if possible, return to their natural environment; however, captivity, feeding and handling can promote the development of parasitosis. The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship between endoparasitism, blood biochemistry and body condition in 20 individuals of the species A. chamek from the Taricaya Rescue Center, Madre de Dios. Stool and blood samples were taken during the sanitary control. Body condition was determined using a score based in Macaca mulata primates. The faeces were processed with the flotation method in a salt and sugar solution; and the blood plasma was analysed with a biochemical processor. The stool analysis found Strongyloides sp (1/20), Molineus sp (1/20), Ascaris sp (1/20), Physaloptera sp (1/20), Trichuris sp (1/20), Entamoeba sp (1 /20), Giardia sp (3/20) and an unidentified ascaroid nematode (1/20). Glucose values were 97.8 ± 12.1 mg / dl, total protein 7.09 ± 0.337 g/dl, total bilirubin 0.12 ± 0.0219 mg/dl and albumin 5.47 ± 0.416 g/dl. The body condition was 2.3 ± 0.219. No significant association was found between the variables under study with parasitosis.

RESUMEN Ateles chamek (Humboldt, 1812) es una especie «En Peligro» y está incluida en el Apéndice II de la CITES, debido a la caza para comercio ilegal y deterioro de su hábitat. Por ello, se han creado centros de rescate para su protección y, en lo posible, retorno a su ambiente natural; sin embargo, el cautiverio, alimentación y manejo pueden promover el desarrollo de parasitosis. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la relación entre endoparasitismo, bioquímica sanguínea y condición corporal en 20 individuos de la especie A. chamek del Centro de Rescate Taricaya, Madre de Dios. Se tomaron muestras de heces y sangre durante el control sanitario. La condición corporal se determinó bajo la escala basada en primates Macaca mulata. Las heces se procesaron con el método de flotación en solución de sal y azúcar; y el plasma sanguíneo fue analizado con un procesador bioquímico. En el análisis coprológico se encontró Strongyloides sp (1/20), Molineus sp (1/20), Ascaris sp (1/20), Physaloptera sp (1/20), Trichuris sp (1/20), Entamoeba sp (1/20), Giardia sp (3/20) y un nematodo ascaroideo no identificado (1/20). Se obtuvieron valores de glucosa 97.8±12.1 mg/dl, proteína total 7.09±0.337 g/dl, bilirrubina total 0.12±0.0219 mg/dl y albúmina 5.47±0.416 g/dl. La condición corporal fue de 2.3±0.219. So se encontró asociación significativa entre las variables en estudio con la parasitosis.

The elephant population in the Kruger National Park (KNP) has been increasing since the cessation of culling in the mid-1990s. This contrasts with recent trends in elephant populations in many parts of Africa where poaching continues to decrease numbers. Logistic growth theory predicts that increased competition for vital resources when densities increase should serve to constrain population growth, implying a negative density-growth correlation. We tested this prediction using 28 years of elephant census data to investigate how the growth of the KNP's elephant population responds to increasing elephant density from the period 1985 to 2012. We expected a spatially variable population growth pattern in response to the distribution of elephant densities in the park and thus classified the park into zones with low, medium or high long-term (28 years) average, dry-season elephant density. Zones were named 'peripheral', 'semi-peripheral' and 'core' zones, respectively, and represent proxies of resource availability to elephant herds. Using a Stochastic Ricker growth model, we tested for the presence of negative density-dependence in population growth in the core versus peripheral zones. In response, we only detected density-dependent growth in the core zone. Overall the population grew at 4.1% per year, coupled with local recruitment rates that increased over time, particularly in the peripheral zones. These density-dependent trends support previous observations of homogenisation of elephant distribution and density across the KNP landscapes.CONSERVATION IMPLICATIONS: Density-dependent changes to elephant growth rates are scale-dependent (local vs. park level). Only core areas with long-term high density show signs of density-dependent growth. Overall, the distributions of elephants are homogenising in the KNP. Conservation authorities should monitor the impact of such homogenisation to landscape heterogeneity. The spatial variation of the negative density-growth correlation, especially between the core and peripheral zones, can be considered when developing effective strategies to manage the KNP elephant population

The use of forensic entomology is well established in the northern hemisphere, but is still emerging in the southern hemisphere, where most of the current research is not explicitly undertaken in the context of forensics. In this review, we provide an update on the current status of forensic entomology research and its application in relation to estimation of post-mortem interval in various criminal investigations ranging from murder cases, cases of human neglect and the poaching of wildlife in southern Africa, among other issues. A literature search was conducted using Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus and EBSCOhost databases. The studies reviewed were focused on arthropod diversity during different stages of carcass decomposition, effect of seasons on the abundance and diversity of carrion feeding arthropod species during carcass decomposition, and diurnal and nocturnal oviposition of forensically important insect species during carcass decomposition. It was further observed that arthropod species that established on a decomposing carcass are potentially useful in the estimation of post-mortem interval and determining clues in cases of criminal investigations. The review confirmed the paucity of research in forensic entomology, and its application in southern Africa. Future studies on the research and application of forensic entomology in various criminal investigation scenarios - such as murder cases, human neglect, and wildlife poaching in southern Africa - are therefore needed. SIGNIFICANCE: • Forensic entomology research and its application is lagging in southern Africa. • There is seasonal variation in the arthropod species used for estimation of post-mortem intervals in southern Africa. • Identification of arthropod species diversity in the region has potential for application in forensic investigations.

Certain marine living resources of South Africa are under severe threat from international organised crime syndicates in conjunction with local fishers. These criminal activities erode respect for the rule of law and lead to socio-economic degradation and the proliferation of gangsterism. The current government approach as custodians of the resources is to maximise the return from confiscations. SAPS are not using the full power of the law to address poaching of marine living resources, particularly abalone, as a priority crime and do not allocate their resources commensurate with the value of the commodity. As a country that is beleaguered by fisheries crime, overfishing and exploitation, South Africa must take a tough stance and should pursue criminal organisations with all the power that the state can muster. It must also ensure that national fisheries resource management is improved so that local communities can benefit. The implementation of a conforming strategy would be socially and politically unpopular, but the future benefits will outweigh the outlay.

The continuous rising levels of rhino poaching in South Africa require smart strategies that move beyond prosecuting the actual poachers to engaging the transnational criminals who deal with the rhino horn after it leaves the country. In this regard, South Africa has a number of laws that deal with the poaching of rhino horns. The Prevention of Organised Crime Act 121 of 1998 (POCA) does not provide for the adequate prosecution of offenders outside South Africa. It is argued that the POCA has to be amended to provide for extraterritorial jurisdiction to deal with the prosecution of the higher echelons of those involved in rhino poaching. While the POCA provides for extraterritorial jurisdiction in some respects, the application of these provisions still presents challenges in their implementation. To substantiate this claim, this article first discusses the international networks that support the trade in rhino horn. A critique of the available statistics on rhino poaching follows, as does a suggestion that attention must be paid to the details in the statistical records to understand how desperate the situation is. Thereafter, an evaluation of South Africa's legislative framework and other interlinking factors that affect rhino poaching is performed This demonstrates the need for extraterritorial jurisdiction with regard to rhino poaching.

Abstract From time immemorial sea turtles have been used as a resource for the sustenance of human life. Thus, the decline of this group of animals is mostly caused by anthropogenic activities. Given that fishermen’s activities hold a greater connection to turtles, it is important to gain knowledge about their perception on these organisms. Furthermore, as bycatch is recognized as one of the main anthropogenic threats against sea turtles, it is necessary to assess the level of exploitation for these chelonials as a result of incidental fishing caused by specific fishing gears. This study describes the perception of fishermen over sea turtle populations in three protected natural areas of Sinaloa, Mexico: The Priority Marine Region Bahía de Santa María, the Sanctuary Playa Ceuta and the Flora and Fauna Protection Area Meseta de Cacaxtla. Fishermen from different communities were surveyed, with the aim of obtaining information on their knowledge and use of sea turtles. Surveys were processed for analysis with proportions and frequency tables, and non-parametric ANOVA tests were applied. Results show that Olive Ridley and Black turtle were the most commonly identified species by the surveyed individuals; roughly 27.3 % of fishermen have been devoted to the capture of these species. In addition, 75 % have included turtles as part of their diet. Sea turtles are mainly consumed for pleasure eating, especially during holy week and the fishing season. The fishing gear that mostly bycatch sea turtles is bottom net with 52 % compared to 0.35 % hook. Factors such as the location, age and socio-economic status of fishermen influence their general knowledge about sea turtles and impact on the way and degree of exploitation of them, in the three locations analyzed.

Resumen Las tortugas marinas desde la antigüedad han sido utilizadas como un recurso para la subsistencia del ser humano; en la actualidad este grupo de animales se encuentra amenazado por diversos factores, siendo las actividades antropogénicas las que están ocasionando principalmente su declive. Por esta razón, es importante conocer la percepción que los pescadores tienen hacia éstos organismos, ya que ellos son los que tienen una mayor conexión con estos quelonios. Además, como la captura incidental es reconocida como una de las principales amenazas antropogénicas contra las tortugas marinas, es necesario evaluar el nivel de explotación de este material como resultado de la pesca incidental causada por artes de pesca específicos. En este estudio se describió la percepción de los pescadores de tres Áreas Naturales Protegidas de Sinaloa sobre las poblaciones de tortugas marinas: la Región Marina Prioritaria Bahía de Santa María, el Santuario Playa Ceuta y el Área de Protección de Flora y Fauna Meseta de Cacaxtla. Se realizaron encuesta/entrevista a los pescadores de los diferentes campos pesqueros con el objetivo de obtener información sobre el conocimiento y uso de las tortugas. Para el análisis de las encuestas se realizaron tablas de frecuencia y proporciones; además se aplicó un análisis de varianza no paramétrico. Las tortugas golfina y prieta fueron las que mayormente se identificaron por los encuestados; el 27.3 % de los pescadores se han dedicado a la captura de estas especies. Además un 75 % las han utilizado como consumo. Este grupo de quelonios marinos son consumidos principalmente por gusto, comiéndose especialmente durante la semana santa y temporada de pesca. El arte de pesca donde se atrapan más tortugas de manera incidental, es con el chinchorro de fondo con el 52 % respecto al 0.35 % del anzuelo. Factores como la localidad, edad y estado socio-económico de los pescadores influyen en su conocimiento general sobre las tortugas marinas e impacta en la manera y grado de explotación de las mismas, en las tres localidades analizadas.

Abstract The Belem Curassow (Crax fasciolata pinima) is one of the most endangered birds in South America, without sightings of birds in the wild for 40 years. This subspecies is nationally and internationally classified as critically endangered and close to extinction, suffering from poaching and deforestation in its range. Here we present new records of free-living individuals made on three indigenous lands in Pará and Maranhão states: in part of Terra Indígena Mãe Maria, Bom Jesus do Tocantins, Pará; in locations within the Reserva Biológica do Gurupi/Terra Indígena Alto Turiaçu, Centro Novo do Maranhão, Maranhão; and around the Terra Indígena Rio Pindaré, Alto Alegre do Pindaré, Maranhão. We also provide recommendations to protect this bird via a dedicated conservation program which includes finding new individuals in non-sampled areas (north of BR-222), estimating population size, enhancing taxonomic and natural history knowledge, capturing wild animals in order to start urgent ex situ conservation programs, and developing environmental awareness programs with the local and indigenous populations.

ABSTRACT The mosaic of protected areas of Boqueirão da Onça (8.636 km²), created in the north of Bahia state, is located in the Caatinga, an exclusively Brazilian biome, but exposed to a range of anthropic impacts that threaten its species and natural resources. Few data are available for various zoological groups in Caatinga, including mammals. In order to characterize the community of mammals of this region, considering species richness, we installed 80 camera-trap stations. With a sampling effort of 10,370 camera-days we recorded 28 species (22 wild and six domestic). Opportunistically, we recorded four mammals, resulting in a total richness of 32 species, five of which are included in the global list of endangered species, and seven in the national list. The results are significant, since the richness of wild mammals of the Boqueirão da Onça (S = 26) presented a high value when compared to other Caatinga localities. During the study we found evidence of human activities threatening the conservation of the region, such as poaching and deforestation. Therefore, there is an urgent need in the publication of the Management Plan of the recently created Boqueirão da Onça National Park, to minimize negative impacts on biodiversity and ensure the maintenance of ecological processes.