Abstract Introduction. In major blood group incompatible bone barrow hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC-BM) transplant efficient red blood cells (RBC) depletion is essential to minimize adverse effects during and after the product infusion. Different procedures are used to reduce RBC in this case, particularly the hydroxyethyl starch sedimentation (HES) technique is widely used but is very laborious and requires experienced personnel. In this work we show the results of our laboratory in the validation of another methodology for this purpose; processing with Sepax 2 automated equipment, using the SmartRedux v314 protocol. Materials and methods. We evaluated 9 BM hematopoietic progenitor cell products. Data of post processing recovery nucleated cells (NC) and CD34+ cells, viability results, microbiological studies and processing time were obtained. Besides the adverse reactions during the infusion of the products and their engraftment. Results. A mean reduction of GR of 92.5% (88.2 - 95.4%), a recovery of NC of 74.1% (60.1 - 84.3%) and a recovery of CD34+ cells of 83.6% (62.6 - 99.5%) was obtained. The mean viability of CD45+ cells was 93.3% (87% - 98%) and of CD34 cells was 97% (94% - 99%). All microbiology results were negative. After processing, the products were all infused to patients at our institution without relevant adverse reactions, with the median hematopoietic recovery being 15 days for absolute neutrophils and 28 days for platelets. All achieved complete chimerism. Discussion. Having the possibility of implementing a new methodology for the processing of BM progenitor cell products with major blood group incompatibility, the procedure was validated according to the INCUCAI regulations and voluntary standards. An option is proposed for the processing of these products, with advantages and disadvantages. Each center must evaluate and validate the procedure with best adjustment to its needs.

Resumen Introducción. En los trasplantes de células progenitoras hematopoyéticas de médula ósea (CPH-MO) con incompatibilidad mayor de grupo sanguíneo una depleción de glóbulos rojos (GR) eficiente es fundamental para minimizar los efectos adversos durante y posterior a la infusión del producto. Distintos procedimientos se utilizan para la reducción de GR en estos casos, particularmente la técnica de sedimentación con hidroxietil almidón (HES) es ampliamente utilizada, pero es muy laboriosa y requiere de personal experimentado. En este trabajo presentamos los resultados de nuestro laboratorio en la validación de otra metodología para este propósito, el procesamiento con el equipo automatizado Sepax 2, utilizando el protocolo SmartRedux v314. Materiales y métodos. Se evaluaron 9 productos de células progenitoras hematopoyéticas de MO. Se obtuvieron datos de recuperación post procesamiento de células nucleadas (CN) y células CD34+, resultados de viabilidad, estudios microbiológicos y tiempo de procesamiento, además de las reacciones adversas durante la infusión de los productos y datos del injerto de los mismos. Resultados. Se obtuvo una media para la reducción de GR de 92,5% (88,2 - 95,4%), una recuperación de CN de 74,1% (60,1 - 84,3%) y una recuperación de células CD34+ de 83,6% (62,6 - 99,5%). La media de viabilidad de células CD45+ fue 93,3% (87% - 98%) y la de células CD34+ 97% (94% - 99%). Todos los resultados de microbiología fueron negativos. Luego del procesamiento los productos se infundieron todos a pacientes de nuestra institución sin reacciones adversas relevantes, siendo la mediana de recuperación hematopoyética de 15 días para neutrófilos absolutos y de 28 días para plaquetas. Todos lograron quimerismo completo. Discusión. Ante la posibilidad de implementar una nueva metodología para el procesamiento de productos de células progenitoras de MO con incompatibilidad mayor de grupo sanguíneo se validó el procedimiento según establecen las normas de INCUCAI y los estándares voluntarios. Se plantea una opción para el procesamiento de estos productos, con ventajas y desventajas. Cada centro deberá evaluar y validar el procedimiento que mejor se ajuste a sus necesidades.

RESUMEN Introducción: El precursor del factor de crecimiento epidérmico está inmerso en el contexto de la membrana plaquetaria. El procedimiento actual para obtener suero implica un reto para una interpretación suficiente del significado biológico de sus valores. Objetivo: Describir el efecto de la modificación del procedimiento de obtención de muestra para la determinación del factor de crecimiento epidérmico, y las posibles implicaciones biológicas de sus resultados. Método: Se llevó a cabo un estudio experimental in vitro, con muestras de sangre de sujetos con antecedentes de salud aparente, en edad adulta. Se determinaron los valores de factor de crecimiento epidérmico sérico con el kit de UMELISA-EGF según recomendaciones del fabricante; la variación experimental en la obtención de la muestra se realizó según recomendaciones de SAMERSAC para plasma rico en plaquetas, con ajustes. Resultados: En la casuística, la edad promedio fue de 45.89± 3.35 años, con rango de 27-62 años. Predominó el sexo femenino en una razón 1.8:1. La aplicación del procedimiento experimental evidenció diferencias significativas y notorias entre los valores de EGF (g=17.7; p=0.0001-23); no se evidenció correlación lineal entre los valores (r= 0.1305; p= 0.6843). El valor de “reserva”, fue en promedio de 1498.61±160.68 pg*mL-1, observándose diferencias de efecto grande, así como un comportamiento similar a un valor de transición. Los datos observados sugieren, a posteriori, un efecto de consumo en el curso de la lisis plaquetaria en condiciones estándar. Conclusiones: Los valores del factor de crecimiento epidérmico son superiores luego del aislamiento de las plaquetas; la existencia de una reserva intraplaquetaria de factor de crecimiento epidérmico es plausible.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Epidermal growth factor precursor is immersed in the context to Platelets membrane. The regular procedure to obtain serum implies a barrier to biological understanding of the theoretical meaning of its values. Objective: To describe the effect to modified procedure to measure sample epidermal growth factors and the possible biological implications for this. Method: An in vitro experimental study was carried put, with blood samples from individuals with apparent health history, in adulthood. Serum epidermal growth factor precursor values were determined with the UMELISA-EGF kit recommended by the manufacturer; the experimental variation in sample collection was carried out according to SAMERSAC recommendations for platelet-rich plasma, with adjustments. Results: The average age was 45.89± 3.35 years, in a range of 27 to 62 years. The female sex predominates in a 1.8:1 ratio. Application of the experimental procedure showed significant and notable differences between the epidermal growth factor values (g=17.7; p=0.0001-23); no linear correlation was evident between the values (r= 0.1305; p= 0.6843). The "reserve" value was on average 1498.61 ±160.68 pg*mL-1, observing large effect differences, as well as a similar behavior to a transition value. The observed data suggest, a posteriori, consumption effect on the course of platelet lysis under standard conditions. Conclusions: Epidermal growth factor values are higher after platelet isolation; the existence of an intraplatelet reserve of epidermal growth factor is plausible.

RESUMEN Introducción: El procedimiento terapéutico con células mononucleares autólogas ha abierto una alternativa dentro del arsenal con que se cuenta para la reparación y regeneración de los defectos óseos máxilo-mandibulares derivados de procederes quirúrgicos, que se asocian con discapacidad y detrimento de la calidad de vida. Objetivo: Evaluar la evolución de los pacientes tratados con células mononucleares autólogas como terapia regenerativa ante defectos óseos máxilo-mandibulares. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en los Servicios de Cirugía Máxilo-facial de la Clínica Estomatológica Provincial Docente y los Hospitales Provincial Docente Clinicoquirúrgico Saturnino Lora Torres, General Docente Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso, Clinicoquirúrgico Docente Joaquín Castillo Duany de Santiago de Cuba, en el periodo de enero de 2017 a diciembre de 2019. Los pacientes incluidos en el estudio fueron sometidos a procedimientos quirúrgicos por enfermedades que afectaban la arquitectura ósea, implantándose células madre movilizadas con factor estimulante de colonias de granulocitos al finalizar el acto quirúrgico. Las variables investigadas fueron enfermedades quirúrgicas, complicaciones posquirúrgicas, tamaño del defecto óseo, evidencia radiográfica y evolución del tratamiento. Resultados: Entre los 6 y 12 meses posteriores a la cirugía y la terapia celular, todas las variables de respuesta al tratamiento probaron mejoras clínicas y radiológicas, observándose hueso de neoformación y aumento de la densidad ósea. Conclusiones: La regeneración de los defectos óseos, asociados a intervenciones quirúrgicas, mediante el implante de células mononucleares autólogas de sangre periférica suspendidas en plasma rico en plaquetas quedó evidenciada clínica y radiográficamente de forma satisfactoria.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The therapeutic procedure with autologous mononuclear cells has opened an alternative within the arsenal available for repair and regeneration of the maxillomandibular bone defects derived from surgical procederes which are associated with disability and detriment to life quality. Objective: To evaluate the clinical course of patients treated with autologous mononuclear cells as regenerative therapy for maxillofacial bone defects. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in the Maxillo Facial Surgery Services of the Teaching Provincial Dentistry Clinic and the Provincial Teaching Clinical Surgical Hospitals Saturnino Lora Torres, Teaching General Juan Bruno Zayas, Teaching Clinical Surgical Joaquin Castillo Duany, in Santiago de Cuba, from January, 2017 to December, 2019. The patients included in the study underwent surgical procedures due to diseases that affected bone architecture, implanting mobilized stem cells with granulocyte colony stimulating factor at the end of the surgical procedure. The variables investigated were surgical diseases, post-surgical complications, size of the bone defect, radiographic evidence and treatment evolution. Results: Six to 12 months after the surgery and cell therapy, all the response variables to the treatment proved clinical and radiological improvements, being observed bone neoformation and increase of bone density. Conclusions: Regeneration of bone defects, associated with surgical interventions, implanting autologous mononuclear cells of peripheral blood suspended in plasm rich in platelets was clinic and radiographically evidenced in a satisfactory way.

INTRODUCTION: The bone marrow is responsible for haemopoiesis, but when it fails, oral mucosal lesions may be seen due to reduced platelets, white blood cells, or red blood cells. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: This study aims to report on three patients who presented with leukaemia, aplastic anaemia and neutropenia, respectively, with spontaneous bleeding, ulceration and mucosal pallor. DESIGN/METHODS: The oral mucosal features of three patients who presented at the University of Pretoria Oral Health Centre, with varying degrees of bone marrow failure, were recorded. Special investigations were performed to check their bone marrow function. The patients were managed collaboratively with their respective physicians. RESULTS: These cases demonstrate that dentists should be cognisant of disorders of bone marrow failure so that patients are a) diagnosed timely and appropriately, b) referred back to their treating clinician due to relapse of a known disease, or c) managed in collaboration with their treating clinician to confirm a suspected diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Dentists play a pivotal role in diagnosing haematological disease that results from bone marrow failure. Bleeding, ulceration and mucosal pallor are important diagnostic indicators of reduced platelet, neutrophil and red blood cell counts.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Endoscopic endonasal procedures allow surgical removal of complex tumors at the cranial base. However, the cranial base repair phase is challenging. Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of a cranial base repair strategy in endoscopic endonasal procedures. Method: A descriptive, longitudinal, prospective investigation was carried out that included 190 adult patients at the Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital with a diagnosis of benign tumors of the cranial base who underwent surgery using endoscopic endonasal procedures for which a repair strategy was designed. The following variables were evaluated: effectiveness of the repair barrier and the repair strategy, as well as complications, especially cerebrospinal fluid fistula. For data analysis, absolute and relative frequencies were used as summary measures. Results: Effectiveness of the cranial base repair strategy was evident in 97.4% of patients. The incidence of cerebrospinal fluid fistula was only 2.6%. Conclusions: The cranial base repair strategy for cranial base tumors by endoscopic endonasal approach is safe and effective, with low incidence of complications.

RESUMEN Introducción: Los procedimientos endonasales endoscópicos permiten la exéresis quirúrgica de tumores complejos en la base craneal. Sin embargo, la fase de reparación de la base craneal constituye un desafío. Objetivos: Evaluar la efectividad de una estrategia de reparación de la base craneal en los procedimientos endonasales endoscópicos. Método: Se realizó una investigación descriptiva, longitudinal, prospectiva que incluyó 190 pacientes adultos en el Hospital Hermanos Ameijeiras con diagnóstico de tumores benignos de la base craneal intervenidos quirúrgicamente mediante procedimientos endonasales endoscópicos para lo cual se diseñó una estrategia de reparación de la base craneal. Se evaluaron las siguientes variables: efectividad de la barrera de reparación y de la estrategia de reparación, así como complicaciones en especial la fístula de líquido cefalorraquídeo. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizaron frecuencias absolutas y relativas como medidas resumen. Resultados: Se evidenció una efectividad de la estrategia de reparación de la base craneal en el 97,4 % de los pacientes. La incidencia de fístula de líquido cefalorraquídeo fue de solo 2,6 %. Conclusiones: La nueva estrategia de reparación de la base craneal para tumores de la base craneal por vía endonasal endoscópica es segura y efectiva con una baja incidencia de complicaciones.

Abstract: Some systemic inflammatory indices have been reported to be associated with intracerebral hemorrhage in adults. However, the relationship between systemic inflammatory indices and intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in premature neonates is still not completely understood. Objective: To evaluate the relationship between systemic inflammatory indices obtained on the first day of life in premature infants and the development of severe IVH. Patients and Method: Premature newborns < 32 weeks of gestational age were included. Eligible patients were divided into 2 groups: Group 1: without IVH or grade I and II hemorrhage, and Group 2: grade III and IV HIV. Demographic characteristics, clinical outcomes, monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), systemic immune inflammation index (SII), pan-immune inflammation value (PIV), and Systemic inflammation response index (SIRI) were compared between groups. Results: A total of 1176 newborns were included in the study, 1074 in Group 1 and 102 premature babies in Group 2. There was no difference between the groups in terms of the count of leukocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes and platelets (p > 0.05). The values of NLR, MLR, PLR, PIV, SII and SIRI were similar in both groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: While the relationship between inflammation, hemodynamics and IVH is still under discussion, our results show that systemic inflammatory indices have no predictive value for IVH.

Resumen El recuento plaquetario elevado es un signo de una variedad de trastornos que pueden conllevar a cuadros graves o significar enfermedades subyacentes, como el cáncer o enfermedades inflamatorias. Por ello es importante determinar la etiología de la trombocitosis para evaluar el riesgo e indicar el tratamiento adecuado. Objetivo. Investigar las causas asociadas a la trombocitosis mediante una revisión sistemática de la literatura. Método. De acuerdo a las pautas de PRISMA se realizó una revisión sistemática. La búsqueda utilizó la base de datos de PubMed, SCOPUS y Springer. La búsqueda incluyó palabras clave y los operadores booleanos AND y OR. Se consideraron estudios y artículos de revisión en inglés publicados entre 2019 y 2023. Resultados. Se analizaron 17 artículos recientes de un total de 1634, demostrando una etiología diversa y compleja de la trombocitosis. Dentro de la etiología destacan condiciones primarias, como la mutación MPL y JAK2V617F, edad prematura También están las causas secundarias como el infarto esplénico, EPOC, espondiloartritis, anemia ferropénica, los procesos neoplásicos como el cáncer colorrectal, cáncer de pulmón, cáncer epitelial de ovario, entre otros. Enfermedades que desarrollaron trombocitosis en la edad pediátrica fueron el COVID-19, epilepsia e infecciones por Clostridium perfringens. Conclusión. Si bien es cierto que las enfermedades y condiciones que conllevan a la trombocitosis son múltiples, todas tienen mecanismos similares que pueden ser explicados con la etiología primaria. Este análisis resalta la importancia de considerar el recuento plaquetario como indicador en el diagnóstico y terapia.

Abstract High platelet count leads to a variety of disorders that can lead to serious conditions or signify underlying diseases such as cancer or inflammatory diseases. Therefore, it is important to determine the etiology of thrombocytosis to evaluate the risk and provide appropriate treatment. Objective. To investigate the causes associated with thrombocytosis through a systematic review of the literature. Method. According to PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review was carried out. The search used the PubMed, SCOPUS and Springer databases. The search included keywords and boolean AND and OR connections. Studies and review articles in English published between 2019 and 2023 were considered. Results. 17 recent articles out of a total of 1634 were analyzed, demonstrating a diverse and complex etiology of thrombocytosis. Within the etiology, primary conditions stand out such as the MPL and JAK2V617F mutation, premature age. There are also secondary causes such as splenic infarction, COPD, spondyloarthritis, iron deficiency anemia, neoplastic processes such as colorectal cancer, lung cancer, epithelial ovarian cancer, among others. Diseases that developed thrombocytosis in pediatric age were COVID-19, epilepsy and Clostridium perfringens infections. Conclusion. Although it is true that the diseases and conditions that lead to thrombocytosis are multiple, they all have similar mechanisms that can be explained with the primary etiology. This analysis highlights the importance of considering platelet count as an indicator in diagnosis and therapy.

Introdução: O L-PRF é concentrado de plaquetas e leucócitos em rede de fibrina, obtido pela centrifugação autóloga coletada no momento da cirurgia. Faz parte da segunda geração de concentrados plaquetários, sendo de baixo custo, fácil preparo, simples obtenção e tem a capacidade de acelerar a cicatrização de tecidos moles e duros. Objetivo: Revisar o reparo ósseo de defeitos não críticos em calvária utilizando o L-PRF isoladamente e em associação com osso autógeno particulado. Método: Revisão integrativa da literatura retirada das plataformas SciELO, Pubmed e Scopus em inglês e português utilizando os seguintes descritores: “L-PRF, cicatrização óssea, defeitos em calvária. Coelhos” em AND ou OR pelo título ou resumo. Após a seleção apenas os artigos cosiderados pertinentes foram lidos na íntegra. Resultados: Foram incluídos 39 artigos. Conclusão: O L-PRF isoladamente teve efeito positivo na formação óssea no decorrer das semanas.

Introduction: L-PRF is a concentrate of platelets and leukocytes in a fibrin network, obtained by autologous centrifugation collected at the time of surgery. It is part of the second generation of platelet concentrates, being low cost, easy to prepare, simple to obtain and has the ability to accelerate the healing of soft and hard tissues. Objective: To review bone repair of non-critical calvarial defects using L-PRF alone and in association with particulated autogenous bone. Method: Integrative review of literature taken from the SciELO, Pubmed and Scopus platforms in English and Portuguese using the following descriptors: “L-PRF, bone healing, calvarial defects, rabbit” in AND or OR by the title or summary. After selection, only articles considered relevant were read in full. Results: 39 articles were included. Conclusion: L-PRF alone had a positive effect on bone formation over the weeks.

Abstract: In pediatrics, a process called Pediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome (PIMS) associated with recent infection by SARS-CoV-2 virus has been observed. One of its variants presents similarities with Kawasaki disease (KD). Objective: to compare the clinical presentation, laboratory testing, and evolution of KD with PIMS Kawasaki phenotype (PIMS-KD) in patients hospitalized before the pandemic, compared with the pandemic period. Patients and Method: Cross-sectional study in two groups of patients at the Hospital Exequiel González Cortés: typical KD (group 1) and PIMS-KD (group 2). Data on demographic, clinical, and biochemical details were collected, as well as echocardiogram, treatment, and evolution records. IgG and IgM serology for SARS-CoV-2 was performed in both groups. Results: In the KD group and the PIMS-KD group, 20 and 33 patients were analyzed, respectively. There were differences in age, days of fever, count of leukocytes, lymphocytes, and platelets, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and hospital stay. In 25% of the KD group, there were alterations in the echocardiogram and, in the PIMS-K group, all patients received corticosteroids and 25 patients received intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). In both groups, a favorable clinical evolution was observed, characterized by the absence of complications and mortality. Conclusions: Based on the data obtained in our study, the importance of the epidemiological link is emphasized as an essential factor in differentiating between both pathologies, highlighting the need to consider factors such as age, duration of fever, count of leukocytes, lymphocytes, and platelets, and degree of cardiac involvement, for a differential evaluation between patients with PIMS-KD versus KD.

Resumen: En pediatría, se ha observado un proceso denominado Síndrome Inflamatorio Multisistémico asociado a infección reciente por virus SARS-CoV-2 (PIMS). Una de sus variantes, presenta similitudes con la Enfermedad de Kawasaki (EK). Objetivo: comparar la presentación clínica, laboratorio y evolución de EK con PIMS fenotipo Kawasaki (PIMS-EK) en pacientes hospitalizados antes de la pandemia, comparado con el periodo de pandemia. Pacientes y Método: Estudio de corte transversal en dos grupos de pacientes del Hospital Exequiel González Cortés: EK típica (grupo 1) y PIMS-EK (grupo 2). Se recopilaron datos demográficos, clínicos, bioquímicos, ecocardiograma, tratamiento y evolución. En ambos grupos se realizó serología IgG e IgM para SARS-CoV-2. Resultados: En el grupo 1 se analizaron 20 pacientes y en el grupo 2, 33 pacientes. Hubo diferencias en edad, días de fiebre, valores de leucocitos, linfocitos, plaquetas, velocidad de eritrosedimentación (VHS) y días de hospitalización. En 25% de pacientes del grupo EK hubo alteraciones en el ecocardiograma y en el grupo PIMS-EK todos recibieron corticoides y 25 pacientes Inmunoglobulina endovenosa (IGEV). En ambos grupos, se observó una evolución clínica favorable, caracterizada por la ausencia de complicaciones y mortalidad. Conclusiones: En base a los datos obtenidos en nuestro estudio, se destaca la importancia del nexo epidemiológico como un factor esencial para diferenciar entre ambas patologías, resaltando la necesidad de considerar factores como la edad, la duración de la fiebre, los valores de leucocitos, linfocitos y plaquetas, grado de compromiso cardíaco, para una evaluación diferencial entre pacientes con PIMS-EK versus EK.

ABSTRACT Alterations in blood cell counts are the most prominent and recurrent clinical findings among patients suffering from both acute and chronic liver disease. These changes are an important marker of liver failure and often play a key role in the evaluation and management of these patients. Together with the prolongation of coagulation tests, thrombocytopenia is the most common disorder among these individuals. This condition, as well as leukopenia, is largely attributable to hypersplenism, a disorder in which the spleen retains and destroys blood cells, including platelets. However, when the platelet count drops below 10x103/µl, it is essential to consider other causes, such as autoimmune factors that may be contributing to the development of thrombocytopenia. Anemia, defined as a decrease in red blood cell count or hemoglobin levels, is another common characteristic of liver disease. Although in most cases macrocytic anemia occurs, in some situations it can be secondary to hemolytic events, as observed in Zieve’s syndrome. This wide range of manifestations of anemia among liver patients highlights the complex interaction between liver and blood components. Despite advances in understanding the underlying causes of these cytopenias, treatment options remain limited. Therapeutic options generally focus on the transfusion of blood products to compensate for deficiencies in cell counts or on the use of thrombopoietin (TPO) analogues to temporarily stimulate platelet production in the bone marrow. However, these treatments tend to address the symptoms rather than the root causes of hematologic disorders in liver disease. The persistence and worsening of these disorders may serve as early indicators of the progression of liver failure. The complicated relationship between liver and hematological homeostasis remains the subject of research. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms could potentially open the door toward more targeted and effective therapeutic approaches to address cytopenias in the context of liver disease.

RESUMEN Las alteraciones en los recuentos celulares sanguíneos representan los hallazgos clínicos más notorios y recurrentes en pacientes que padecen enfermedad hepática, tanto aguda como crónica. Estos cambios constituyen un marcador importante de la disfunción hepática y, a menudo, desempeñan un papel crucial en la evaluación y manejo de estos pacientes. En conjunto con el alargamiento de las pruebas de coagulación, la trombocitopenia es la irregularidad más prevalente en estos individuos. Esta condición, así como las leucopenias, se le atribuye en gran medida al hiperesplenismo, una alteración en la que el bazo retiene y destruye las células sanguíneas, incluidas las plaquetas. Sin embargo, cuando el conteo plaquetario desciende por debajo de 10 x 103/µl, es fundamental considerar otras causas, como factores autoinmunitarios que pueden estar contribuyendo con la trombocitopenia. La anemia, definida como una disminución en el número de glóbulos rojos o en los niveles de hemoglobina, es otra característica constante que acompaña a la enfermedad hepática. Aunque en la mayoría de los casos la anemia es macrocítica, en algunas situaciones puede ser secundaria a eventos hemolíticos, como lo observado en el síndrome de Zieve. Esta diversidad en las manifestaciones de la anemia en pacientes hepáticos subraya la complejidad de las interacciones entre el hígado y los componentes sanguíneos. A pesar de los avances en la comprensión de las causas subyacentes de estas citopenias, las opciones del tratamiento siguen siendo limitadas. Generalmente, las opciones terapéuticas se enfocan en la administración de transfusiones de hemocomponentes para compensar las deficiencias en los recuentos celulares o en el uso de análogos de trombopoyetina (TPO) para estimular temporalmente la producción de las plaquetas en la medula ósea. No obstante, estos tratamientos tienden a abordar los síntomas más que las causas fundamentales de las alteraciones hematológicas en la enfermedad hepática. La persistencia y el empeoramiento de estas alteraciones pueden servir como indicadores tempranos de la progresión de la disfunción hepática. La relación intrincada entre el hígado y la homeostasis hematológica continúa siendo objeto de investigación, la compresión más profunda de estos mecanismos podría abrir potencialmente la puerta hacia enfoques terapéuticos más específicos y efectivos para abordar las citopenias en el contexto de la enfermedad hepática.

Abstract The evolutionary conserved link between coagulation and innate immunity is a biological process characterized by the thrombosis formation stimulus of immune cells and specific thrombosis-related molecules. In physiological settings, the relationship between the immune system and thrombosis facilitates the recognition of pathogens and damaged cells and inhibits pathogen proliferation. However, when deregulated, the interplay between hemostasis and innate immunity becomes a pathological process named immunothrombosis, which is at the basis of several infectious and inflammation-related thrombotic disorders, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In advanced stages, alterations in both coagulation and immune cell function due to extreme inflammation lead to an increase in blood coagulability, with high rates of thrombosis and mortality. Therefore, understanding underlying mechanisms in immunothrombosis has become decisive for the development of more efficient therapies to treat and prevent thrombosis in COVID-19 and in other thrombotic disorders. In this review, we outline the existing knowledge on the molecular and cellular processes involved in immunothrombosis, focusing on the role of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), platelets and the coagulation pathway. We also describe how the deregulation of hemostasis is associated with pathological conditions and can significantly aggravate a patient's condition, using COVID-19 as a clinical model. thrombosisrelated related molecules settings proliferation However deregulated inflammationrelated disorders 201 COVID19. COVID19 COVID 19 . (COVID-19) stages coagulability mortality Therefore COVID-1 review NETs, NETs , (NETs) pathway patients patient s condition model 20 COVID1 1 (COVID-19 COVID- (NETs 2 (COVID-1 (COVID- (COVID

RESUMEN Introducción: La medicina regenerativa y terapia celular representa una alternativa segura y eficaz en la regeneración hística. La fibrina rica en plaquetas y leucocitos favorece la cicatrización de la base craneal, con una disminución significativa en las complicaciones, en especial la fístula de líquido cefalorraquídeo. Objetivo: Describir los resultados del empleo de la fibrina rica en plaquetas y leucocitos como elemento accesorio en la reparación de la base craneal. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal en 250 pacientes en el Hospital Hermanos Ameijeiras, operados por procedimientos endonasales endoscópicos con diversos tumores de la base craneal, en los cuales se empleó la fibrina rica en plaquetas y leucocitos durante la fase de reconstrucción. Se realizó una evaluación de la barra de reparación y las complicaciones presentes. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizaron frecuencias absolutas y relativas como medidas resumen. Resultados: El 97,2 % de las barreras de reparación fue catalogada de óptima. Se reporta con el uso de la fibrina rica en plaquetas y leucocitos 2,0 % de fístula de líquido cefalorraquídeo, 0,8 % de infección del sistema nervioso central, 4,0 % de costras nasales posoperatorias. Conclusiones: El presente estudio evidencia el efecto positivo del empleo de la fibrina rica en plaquetas y leucocitos en la reparación del base craneal con gran impacto en el índice de fístula de líquido cefalorraquídeo y la calidad de vida nasosinusal.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Regenerative medicine and cell therapy represents a safe and effective alternative in tissue regeneration. Fibrin rich in platelets and leukocytes promotes healing of the cranial base, with a significant decrease in complications, especially cerebrospinal fluid leak. Objective: Describe the results of using fibrin rich in platelets and leukocytes as an accessory element in the repair of the cranial base. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out in 250 patients at the “Hermanos Ameijeiras” Hospital operated by endoscopic endonasal procedures with various tumors of the cranial base, in which fibrin rich in platelets and leukocytes was used during the reconstruction phase. An evaluation of the repair bar and the complications present was performed. For data analysis, absolute and relative frequencies were used as summary measures. Results: 97.2% of the repair barriers were classified as optimal. With the use of fibrin rich in platelets and leukocytes, 2.0% of cerebrospinal fluid leak, 0.8% of central nervous system infection, 4.0% of postoperative nasal scabs are reported. Conclusions: The present study evidences the positive effect of the use of leukocyte-platelet-rich fibrin in the repair of the skull cranial base, with great impact on the rate of cerebrospinal fluid leak and sinonasal quality of life.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the haematological parameters of adult Pelibuey sheep under conditions of the humid tropics of Mexico. Erythrocytes (RBC, x106/µL), haemoglobin (HB, g/dL), haematocrit (HTO, %), mean corpuscular volume (MCV, fL), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH, pg), and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration were analysed. (MCHC, g/dL), leukocyte count (WBC, x103/µL) and platelets (PLT, x103/µL) through descriptive statistics of 86 adult, non-pregnant, non-lactating sheep. The values were: RCB 10.35±1.08 x106 /µL; HB 10.83 ± 1.53 g/dL, HTO 33.97 ± 3.79%, MCV 32.78 ±2.49 fL, MCH 10.63 ±1.16 pg, MCHC 32.55 ±3.35 g/dL, WBC 10.75 ±5.78 x103/ µL, PLT 340±658 x103/µL. The haematological parameters obtained are within the average values of the species.

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar los parámetros hematológicos de ovejas Pelibuey adultas bajo condiciones del trópico húmedo de México. Se analizaron eritrocitos (RBC, x106 /µL), hemoglobina (HB, g/dL), hematocrito (HTO, %), volumen corpuscular medio (VCM, fL), hemoglobina corpuscular media (HCM, pg), concentración de hemoglobina corpuscular media (CHCM, g/dL), conteo de leucocitos (WBC, x103 /µL) y plaquetas (PLT, x103 /µL) a través de estadística descriptiva de 86 ovejas adultas, no gestantes no lactantes. Los valores fueron: RCB 10.35±1.08 x106 /µL; HB 10.83 ±1.53 g/dL, HTO 33.97±3.79%, VCM 32.78 ±2.49 fL, HCM 10.63±1.16 pg, CHCM 32.55 ±3.35 g/dL, WBC 10.75 ±5.78 x103 /µL, PLT 340±658 x103 /µL. Los parámetros hematológicos obtenidos se encuentran dentro de los valores medios de la especie.

Abstract: Some systemic inflammatory indices have been reported to be associated with intracerebral hemorrhage in adults. However, the relationship between systemic inflammatory indices and intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in premature neonates is still not completely understood. Objective: To evaluate the relationship between systemic inflammatory indices obtained on the first day of life in premature infants and the development of severe IVH. Patients and Method: Premature newborns < 32 weeks of gestational age were included. Eligible patients were divided into 2 groups: Group 1: without IVH or grade I and II hemorrhage, and Group 2: grade III and IV HIV. Demographic characteristics, clinical outcomes, monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), systemic immune inflammation index (SII), pan-immune inflammation value (PIV), and Systemic inflammation response index (SIRI) were compared between groups. Results: A total of 1176 newborns were included in the study, 1074 in Group 1 and 102 premature babies in Group 2. There was no difference between the groups in terms of the count of leukocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes and platelets (p > 0.05). The values of NLR, MLR, PLR, PIV, SII and SIRI were similar in both groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: While the relationship between inflammation, hemodynamics and IVH is still under discussion, our results show that systemic inflammatory indices have no predictive value for IVH.

Abstract: In pediatrics, a process called Pediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome (PIMS) associated with recent infection by SARS-CoV-2 virus has been observed. One of its variants presents similarities with Kawasaki disease (KD). Objective: to compare the clinical presentation, laboratory testing, and evolution of KD with PIMS Kawasaki phenotype (PIMS-KD) in patients hospitalized before the pandemic, compared with the pandemic period. Patients and Method: Cross-sectional study in two groups of patients at the Hospital Exequiel González Cortés: typical KD (group 1) and PIMS-KD (group 2). Data on demographic, clinical, and biochemical details were collected, as well as echocardiogram, treatment, and evolution records. IgG and IgM serology for SARS-CoV-2 was performed in both groups. Results: In the KD group and the PIMS-KD group, 20 and 33 patients were analyzed, respectively. There were differences in age, days of fever, count of leukocytes, lymphocytes, and platelets, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and hospital stay. In 25% of the KD group, there were alterations in the echocardiogram and, in the PIMS-K group, all patients received corticosteroids and 25 patients received intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). In both groups, a favorable clinical evolution was observed, characterized by the absence of complications and mortality. Conclusions: Based on the data obtained in our study, the importance of the epidemiological link is emphasized as an essential factor in differentiating between both pathologies, highlighting the need to consider factors such as age, duration of fever, count of leukocytes, lymphocytes, and platelets, and degree of cardiac involvement, for a differential evaluation between patients with PIMS-KD versus KD.

Resumen: En pediatría, se ha observado un proceso denominado Síndrome Inflamatorio Multisistémico asociado a infección reciente por virus SARS-CoV-2 (PIMS). Una de sus variantes, presenta similitudes con la Enfermedad de Kawasaki (EK). Objetivo: comparar la presentación clínica, laboratorio y evolución de EK con PIMS fenotipo Kawasaki (PIMS-EK) en pacientes hospitalizados antes de la pandemia, comparado con el periodo de pandemia. Pacientes y Método: Estudio de corte transversal en dos grupos de pacientes del Hospital Exequiel González Cortés: EK típica (grupo 1) y PIMS-EK (grupo 2). Se recopilaron datos demográficos, clínicos, bioquímicos, ecocardiograma, tratamiento y evolución. En ambos grupos se realizó serología IgG e IgM para SARS-CoV-2. Resultados: En el grupo 1 se analizaron 20 pacientes y en el grupo 2, 33 pacientes. Hubo diferencias en edad, días de fiebre, valores de leucocitos, linfocitos, plaquetas, velocidad de eritrosedimentación (VHS) y días de hospitalización. En 25% de pacientes del grupo EK hubo alteraciones en el ecocardiograma y en el grupo PIMS-EK todos recibieron corticoides y 25 pacientes Inmunoglobulina endovenosa (IGEV). En ambos grupos, se observó una evolución clínica favorable, caracterizada por la ausencia de complicaciones y mortalidad. Conclusiones: En base a los datos obtenidos en nuestro estudio, se destaca la importancia del nexo epidemiológico como un factor esencial para diferenciar entre ambas patologías, resaltando la necesidad de considerar factores como la edad, la duración de la fiebre, los valores de leucocitos, linfocitos y plaquetas, grado de compromiso cardíaco, para una evaluación diferencial entre pacientes con PIMS-EK versus EK.