ABSTRACT Hardening appears as an interesting strategy to improve the quality of seedlings in forest nurseries, favoring their survival in the field. Thus, the objective of this research was to show the physiological alterations resulting from the application of methyl jasmonate and stem flexion in three stages of growth in Eucalyptus urograndis seedlings. The experiment was carried out in Marechal Cândido Rondon, Paraná, and Eucalyptus urograndis seedlings were used. Treatments consisted of weekly applications of methyl jasmonate (MeJA), daily imposition of stem flexion and a control treatment. Analyzes included quantification of flexural stiffness, lignin content in stems and roots, phenolic compounds in leaves and roots, electrolyte leakage in roots and field survival. In seedlings of Eucalyptus urograndis at 100 days after emergence (DAE) and at the three distances used to evaluate flexural rigidity, the highest averages were observed in seedlings submitted to chemical and mechanical treatments, coinciding with the increase in lignin content in the stem. In the roots, after quantifying the extravasation of electrolytes in Stage I, the means decreased with the application of treatments. In the field phase, there were no statistically significant differences between seedling survival assessments, quantified every 15 days, for a period of 90 days after planting. However, seedlings in Stage I were lost because they were too young and could not tolerate the stressful conditions observed in the field. nurseries Thus Rondon Paraná MeJA, MeJA , (MeJA) treatment stiffness 10 DAE (DAE rigidity treatments phase assessments 1 9 planting However (MeJA

RESUMO A rustificação surge como uma estratégia interessante a fim de melhorar a qualidade das mudas nos viveiros florestais, melhorando a sobrevivência a campo. Assim, o objetivo da pesquisa foi evidenciar alterações fisiológicas resultantes da aplicação de metil jasmonato e flexões caulinares nos três estádios de crescimento em mudas de Eucalyptus urograndis. O experimento foi conduzido em Marechal Cândido Rondon, no Estado do Paraná, e foram utilizadas mudas de Eucalyptus urograndis. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de aplicações semanais de metil jasmonato (MeJA) e imposição diária de flexões caulinares, além do tratamento controle. As análises consistiram na quantificação da rigidez flexural, lignina nos caules e raízes, compostos fenólicos nas folhas e raízes, perda de eletrólitos nas raízes e sobrevivência a campo. Em Eucalyptus urograndis com 100 dias após a emergência (DAE) e nas 3 distâncias utilizadas para avaliação da rigidez flexural, as maiores médias foram observadas em mudas submetidas aos tratamentos químico e mecânico coincidindo com o aumento do teor de lignina no caule. Nas raízes, após a quantificação da perda de eletrólitos, no estádio I, houve redução das médias com a aplicação dos tratamentos. Na fase de campo, não houve diferença significativa estatística entre as avaliações morfométricas a campo e a sobrevivência de mudas, quantificadas a cada 15 dias, até completarem 180 dias do plantio. Ainda, as mudas pertencentes ao estádio I foram perdidas, visto que estas eram muitos jovens e não toleraram as condições estressantes. florestais Assim Rondon Paraná MeJA (MeJA controle flexural 10 DAE (DAE caule 1 18 plantio Ainda perdidas estressantes

Resumen Se evaluaron tres densidades de siembra, de&nidas por las distancias entre surcos, las cuales fueron: 70 cm (4375 kg biomasa ha-1), 85 cm (3750 kg biomasa ha-1) y 100 cm (3125 kg biomasa ha-1) y dos frecuencias de cosecha, a los 45 y 70 días después del corte de uniformidad (ddu). El experimento se realizó entre diciembre de 2020 y mayo de 2021 en la Finca Experimental de Santa Cruz de la Universidad de Costa Rica. Se utilizó un diseño en franjas, donde se cuanti&có la producción de biomasa fresca y seca, altura de planta, longitud de tallo y hojas, contenido de cloro&la, proteína cruda y número de nudos por tallo; para cada variable se efectuó un análisis de varianza. El uso de una distancia de siembra de 70 cm con una frecuencia de cosecha de 70 ddu, mostró valores mayores para biomasa fresca (p < 0,0001), producción de biomasa seca (p < 0,0068), altura (p < 0,0194) y longitud de tallo (p < 0,0093), en comparación con las otras combinaciones. Mientras que una combinación de distancia de siembra de 85 cm y una frecuencia de cosecha de 45 ddu presentó valores mayores para contenido de cloro&la (p < 0,0284) y porcentaje de proteína cruda (p < 0,0134). En edades de corte tempranas hubo mayor contenido de clorofila y de proteína cruda, mientras que en edades tardías hubo mayor producción de biomasa. Por productividad y por contenido de proteína, el Cuba OM-22 es una alternativa para bancos de forraje. Este trabajo formó parte del proyecto de investigación B8009 inscrito en Vicerrectoría de Investigación de la Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.

Abstract Three planting densities, de(ned by the distances between rows, which were: 70 cm (4375 kg biomass ha-1), 85 cm (3750 kg biomass ha-1) and 100 cm (3125 kg biomass ha-1) and two harvest frequencies, at 45 and 70 days a)er the uniform cutting grass (auc) were evaluated. 'e experiment was carried out between December 2020 and May 2021 at the Santa Cruz Experimental Farm of the University of Costa Rica. A strip design was used, where the production of fresh and dry biomass, plant height, stem and leaf length, chlorophyll content, crude protein, and number of nodes per stem were quanti(ed; an analysis of variance was performed for each variable. 'e use of a planting distance of 70 cm with a harvest frequency of 70 auc, showed higher values for fresh biomass (p < 0,0001), dry biomass production (p < 0,0068), height (p < 0,0194) and stem length (p < 0,0093), compared to the other combinations. While a combination of a planting distance of 85 cm and a harvest frequency of 45 auc, presented higher values for chlorophyll content (p < 0,0284) and percentage of crude protein (p < 0,0134). At early cutting ages there was a higher chlorophyll and crude protein content, while at later ages there was higher biomass production. Due to productivity and protein content, Cuba OM-22 is an alternative for forage banks.

ABSTRACT: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of integrated crop-livestock-forestry (ICLF) systems and the thinning of eucalyptus trees on the agronomical performance of soybean. Treatments consisted of cultivation under: crops under full sunlight (CFS) conditions; ICLF with triple-row tree configuration (ICLFT) in which trees were submitted to selective thinning in the fifth year after planting through removal of 50% of trees while maintaining triple-row bands; and ICLF with single-row tree band configuration (ICLFS) in which the lateral rows of the triple-row tree bands were subjected to systematic thinning at the fourth year after planting. The physiological and agronomical variables of the soybean crop were evaluated at the R5 and R8 reproductive stages during the eighth harvesting season (2018/2019). Soybean sampling was carried out at five random positions in the CFS and in four transects at distances of 3, 6, 10 and 15 m from the tree bands in both the north and south faces of the ICLF systems. There were no differences between soybean grown under the ICLF and CFS systems with respect to specific leaf area, plant density, lodging index and mass of a thousand grains. However, the ICLF increased dry leaf mass and leaf area index and reduced soybean plant heights. Soybean productivity was reduced by 26% in ICLF-T and 14% in ICLF-S, that is, a 12% reduction in the productivity loss with systematic thinning. It is concluded that ICLF reduces soybean productivity in the effective grain production area of the system, regardless of the degree of thinning, although systematic thinning by removing the lateral tree lines to conversion of triple-rows into single-rows minimizes the loss of soybean grain yield. ABSTRACT croplivestockforestry livestock forestry (ICLF (CFS conditions triplerow triple row ICLFT (ICLFT 50 singlerow single ICLFS (ICLFS R 2018/2019. 20182019 2018/2019 . 2018 2019 (2018/2019) 3 6 1 density grains However heights 26 T 14 ICLFS, S, S ICLF-S 12 system triplerows singlerows yield 5 2018201 2018/201 201 (2018/2019 2 201820 2018/20 20 (2018/201 20182 2018/2 (2018/20 2018/ (2018/2 (2018/ (2018 (201 (20 (2 (

RESUMO: O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da integração lavoura-pecuária-floresta (ILPF) e do desbaste das árvores de eucalipto sobre o desempenho agronômico da soja. Os tratamentos consistiram em cultivo convencional a pleno sol (CPS), ILPF com configuração de fileira tripla (ILPF-T), em que as fileiras triplas de árvores foram submetidas ao desbaste seletivo no quinto ano após o plantio por meio da remoção de 50% das árvores e ILPF com configuração de fileira simples (ILPF-S), em que as faixas triplas de árvores foram submetidas ao desbaste sistemático no quarto ano após o plantio resultando em fileiras simples. As variáveis fisiológicas e agronômicas da soja foram avaliadas nos estágios reprodutivos R5 e R8 durante a oitava safra (2018/2019). As amostragens de soja foram realizadas em cinco posições aleatórias no CPS, enquanto as coletas foram realizadas em quatro transectos a distâncias de 3, 6, 10 e 15 m das faixas das árvores nas faces norte e sul dos sistemas ILPF. Não houve diferenças entre a soja cultivada nos sistemas ILPF e CPS em relação à área foliar específica, densidade de plantas, índice de acamamento e massa de mil grãos. No entanto, a ILPF aumentou a massa de folhas secas e o índice de área foliar e reduziu as alturas das plantas de soja. No desbaste seletivo de 50% das árvores (ILPF-T) a perda de produtividade da soja foi de 26%, enquanto no desbaste sistemático (ILPF-S) ela foi de 14%, ou seja, redução de 12% na perda de produtividade da soja. Portanto, a ILPF reduz o rendimento de grãos da soja independente da intensidade do desbaste realizado e o desbaste sistemático, com remoção das linhas laterais para conversão do sistema para linhas simples (ILPF-S) proporciona menor perda de rendimento de grãos da soja. RESUMO lavourapecuáriafloresta lavoura pecuária floresta (ILPF , (CPS) ILPFT, ILPFT T 50 ILPFS, ILPFS S R 2018/2019. 20182019 2018/2019 . 2018 2019 (2018/2019) 3 6 1 específica entanto (ILPF-T 26 26% (ILPF-S 14 14% seja 12 Portanto (CPS 5 2018201 2018/201 201 (2018/2019 2 201820 2018/20 20 (2018/201 20182 2018/2 (2018/20 2018/ (2018/2 (2018/ (2018 (201 (20 (2 (

Abstract Intensive growth of the pigeonpea crop in Central and South India, caused by adequate rainfall, resulted in taller plants with fewer fruited branches, leading to lower yields. However, pigeonpea crops could produce more pods if they restricted apical growth. Nipping (Cutting off the top growing portion) and planting distances are effective techniques to control apical dominance. Thus, there is a need to explore the benefits of simple techniques like nipping and planting distance, suppressing apical dominance. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the best nipping time and planting distance for pigeonpea in a rainfed environment to increase productivity. The experiment was conducted at the Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth (Agricultural University), Akola (Maharashtra), India, between 2018 and 2020. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with two factors with three replications. There were three timings of nipping (45 days after planting, 60 days after planting, and no nipping) and four planting distances (90cm x 30cm, 120cm x 30cm, 150cm x 30cm, and 180cm x 30cm). Results indicated that early loss of apical dominance due to the nipping at 45 days after planting resulted in reduced plant height, increased branches, dry-matter accumulation, pods per plant, and markedly increased pigeon pea productivity by 11 percent. In addition, Pigeonpea crops' growth and yield parameters improved when planted at 180cm x 30cm. However, growing pigeonpea at a distance of 90cm x 30cm resulted in significantly higher pigeonpea seed yield, harvest index, and rainwater use efficiency than planting at a wider spacing. India rainfall branches yields However Cutting portion Thus Therefore Dr Agricultural University, University , University) Maharashtra, Maharashtra (Maharashtra) 201 2020 replications (4 6 cm . 30cm) 4 height drymatter dry matter accumulation 1 percent addition index spacing (Maharashtra 20 202 ( 2

ABSTRACT: The objective was to characterize socioeconomically and environmentally the farms producing native cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) in the province of Bagua. It was carried out in 5 districts of the province of Bagua: La Peca, Copallín, El Parco, Imaza and Aramango. A population of234farms was considered and an unrestricted sample of 70 farms was calculated; A survey was structured with questions about socioeconomic and environmental aspects of the producer and the farm. 51 qualitative and quantitative variables were obtained, being studied by Multiple Correspondence Factor Analysis (AFCM); likewise, a conglomerate analysis was performed to group according to the similarity of the most discriminating variables. As results, the predominant profile of the producers was male with primary education and between 40 and 60 years oíd; all farms had basic services, but with limitations. Farms smaller than 5 ha predominated and with production from 400 to more than 1000 kg. ha- 1 in shaded crops with planting distances of 3 x 3; in the farms there was pest control and the cultivated soil has vegetal cover and there was presence of forest species. The cluster analysis allowed us to establish three groups of farms with similarities to each other, but with differences between the districts. Socioeconomically, the producers were predominantly male with primary education between 40 and 60 years old who own small farms and live from self-consumption; they also have basic services and access roads but with limitations. Environmentally, in general, the soils of the farms did not present erosion and had a slight slope; they managed vegetation cover, and the farms presented forest species that express that there is conservation and are related to sustainability.

RESUMEN: El estudio tuvo como objetivo caracterizar socioeconómica y ambientalmente las fincas productoras de cacao nativo (Theobroma cacao L.) en la provincia de Bagua. Se realizó en 5 distritos de la provincia: La Peca, Copallín, El Parco, Imaza y Aramango. Para recolectar los datos se consideró una población de 234 fincas de las cuales se tomó una muestra irrestricta de 70. Se estructuró una encuesta con preguntas sobre aspectos socioeconómicos y ambientales del productor y de la finca. Se obtuvieron 51 variables cualitativas y cuantitativas, que fueron estudiadas mediante el Análisis Factorial de Correspondencias Múltiples (AFCM). Asimismo, se realizó un análisis de conglomerados para agrupar según la similitud de las variables más discriminantes. Como resultado se obtuvo el perfil predominante de los productores: sexo masculino, con educación primaria y edades entre 40 y 60 años. Además se observó que todas las fincas cuentan con los servicios básicos, pero con limitaciones. En su mayoría tienen menos de 5 ha con una producción de 400 kg ha-1 hasta más de 1000 kg ha-1 en cultivos bajo sombra, con distancias de siembras de 3 x 3. Se constató que en las fincas hubo control de plagas y el suelo de cultivo tiene cobertura vegetal. También se verificó la presencia de especies forestales. El análisis de conglomerados permitió establecer tres grupos de fincas con similitudes entre sí, pero con diferencias entre los distritos. En cuanto a las características socioeconómicas, los productores son mayormente hombres, con educación primaria y edades entre 40 y 60 años, que poseen pequeñas fincas y viven del autoconsumo. Cuentan con servicios básicos y vías de acceso pero con limitaciones. Desde el punto de vista ambiental, en general los suelos de las fincas no presentan erosión y tienen una ligera pendiente. Se observó manejo de cobertura vegetal y presencia de especies forestales, lo cual evidencia interés por la conservación y la sustentabilidad.

Resumen Se muestrearon tres sitios de linderos maderables con Araucaria hunsteinii, cada uno de estos presentó un distanciamiento diferente. Se midieron variables dasométricas como el diámetro a altura de pecho, la altura comercial y total, a las cuales se aplicó un análisis de la varianza y una diferenciación de las medias mediante una prueba de Tukey. Se obtuvo que el crecimiento diamétrico no presentó diferencias significativas, con un promedio general de 57,7 cm, no así en la altura total, donde la mayor altura alcanzada fue de 28,34 m. Se extrapolaron los datos de volumen a una línea de 1 km en cada distanciamiento para obtener un rendimiento aproximado, en el cual se obtuvo un máximo 782,07 m3 km-1 en volumen total con 412,37 m3 km-1 de volumen comercial para el menor distanciamiento.

Abstract Three sites with timber boundaries with Araucaria hunsteinii were sampled, each of which presented a different distance. Dasometric variables such as diameter at breast height, commercial height and total height were measured, to which an analysis of variance and a differentiation of the means using a Tukey test were applied. It was obtained that the diametric growth did not present significant differences with a general average of 57.7 cm, not so in the total height, where the highest total height reached was 28.34 m. The volume data was extrapolated to 1 km line at each planting distance, in order to obtain an approximate volume performance, it got a maximum of 782.07 m3 km-1 in total volume was obtained with 412.37 m3 km-1 of commercial volume for the smallest distance.

ABSTRACT The research was developed at the Tropical Crops Research Institute, with the aim of defining the best planting distance of the banana clone 'Manzano INIVIT'. It was planted on a carbonated soft brown soil. Fourth plantation frames of 3.50 m x 2.00 m were used; 3.50 m x 2.50 m; 3.50 m x 3.00 m and 3.50 m x 3.50 m. The evaluations made were, plant height, pseudostem perimeter, number of leaves in flowering and harvest, bunch weight and agricultural yield. The height of the plant showed its lowest values in the intermediate distances. The thickness of the pseudostem presented the highest value with the distances between plants 3.50 m and 3.0 m of planting density. Regarding the number of leaves at flowering, there were no significant differences between the treatments. The number of hands ranged from 9 to 10 hands per bunch, the distance 3.50 m x 3.00 m being the lowest value compared to the other distances used. The number of fingers per cluster was 115 to 123, where the distance 3.50 m x 3.00 m reached the lowest values. Regarding the weight of the bunch, the highest weights were reached with the distance 3.50 m x 3.50 m. In turn, the best yields were obtained with the distances 3.50 m x 2.00 m and 3.50 m x 2.50 m, the values were 19.29 and 17.71 t ha-1.

RESUMEN La investigación se desarrolló en el Instituto de Investigaciones de Viandas Tropicales, con el objetivo de definir la mejor distancia de plantación del clon de banano 'Manzano INIVIT'. Se plantó sobre un suelo Pardo mullido carbonatado. Se utilizaron cuarto marcos de plantación de 3,50 m x 2,00 m; 3,50 m x 2,50 m; 3,50 m x 3,00 m y 3,50 m x 3,50 m. Las evaluaciones realizadas fueron, altura de la planta, perímetro de seudotallo, número de hojas en la floración y la cosecha, peso del racimo y rendimiento agrícola. La altura de la planta mostró sus valores más bajos en las distancias intermedias. EL grosor del seudotallo presentó el mayor valor con las distancias entre plantas 3,50 m y 3,0 m de densidad de siembra. En cuanto al número de hojas a la floración, no hubo diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos. El número de manos estuvo en rangos de 9 a 10 manos por racimo siendo la distancia 3,50 m x 3,00 m la de menor valor en comparación con las demás distancias utilizadas. La cantidad de dedos por racimo fue de 115 a 123, donde la distancia 3,50 m x 3,00 m alcanzó los menores valores. Los mayores pesos de racimos se alcanzaron a la distancia 3,50 m x 3,50 m; a su vez, los mejores rendimientos fueron obtenidos en las distancias 3,50 m x 2,00 m y 3,50 m x 2,50 m con 19,29 y 17,71 t ha-1, respectivamente.

RESUMEN El cultivo de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) bajo sistemas agroforestales, genera condiciones ambientales beneficiosas para la fisiología de este cultivo. Se llevó a cabo un experimento para evaluar el efecto de los árboles de sombrío (árboles de olmo españoles - Cordia alliodora) plantados en asocio con cacao (clon CCN51) bajo un sistema agroforestal, para analizar los efectos de la intensidad de la luz que llega al dosel de la hoja de cacao sobre los parámetros de intercambio gaseoso. El experimento se desarrolló en el Centro de Investigación el Nus - Agrosavia, ubicado en el municipio de San Roque (Antioquia). El diseño experimental utilizado fue de bloques completos al azar para las distancias de plantación de cacao de la primera fila de olmos españoles en la intersección con la plantación de cacao (4 m, 7 m, 10 m, 13 m). El análisis estadístico se realizó estimando el área bajo curva de cada variable (AUC), utilizando la ecuación trapezoidal por medio del entorno estadístico SAS® 9,4, para determinar diferencias significativas entre tratamientos se realizó un análisis de varianza, y se usó la prueba de Tukey al 5% de probabilidad para estimar diferencias entre medias. Hubo diferencias en los tratamientos con respecto a la tasa neta de fotosintética (A), la conductividad estomática (gs) y la transpiración (E). Los valores más altos de los parámetros de intercambio de gaseoso se encontraron en las plantas ubicadas a 13 m de los Olmos, mientras que los valores más bajos se presentaron en la posición de 4 m. Las plantas en posición 7 m y 10 m siempre presentaron valores intermedios para todos los parámetros de intercambio gaseoso. En el mismo sentido, las plantas en la posición de 13 m presentaron un mayor uso eficiente de la radiación (RUE) en comparación con las plantas en la posición de 4 m. El componente arbóreo modificó las condiciones ambientales sobre los árboles de cacao en relación con su distribución, generando una respuesta diferencial del comportamiento fisiológico de las plantas de cacao.

ABSTRACT The cultivation of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) under agroforestry systems, generates beneficial environmental conditions for cocoa crop physiology. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of shade trees (Spanish elm trees - Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pavon) Oken) planted along with cocoa (clone CCN51) under an agroforestry system on cocoa's gas exchange parameters regarding the reduction of the light intensity over the cocoa-leaf canopy. The experiment was developed in the Centro de Investigación el Nus - Agrosavia, located in the municipality of San Roque, Antioquia. The experimental design used was a randomized complete block design for the cocoa planting distances from the first row of Spanish elm trees interfacing with the cocoa plantation (4 m, 7 m, 10 m, 13 m). The statistical analysis was performed by estimating the area under the curve (AUC) of each variable, using the trapezoid equation of the statistical environment SAS® 9.4, an analysis of variances was performed to determine if there were statistical differences between treatments, and Tukey's test at 5% probability was used to estimated statistical differences between means. There were significant differences in the treatments regarding the net photosynthetic rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs), and transpiration rate (E). The highest values of gas exchange parameters were found in the plants located 13 m from elm trees, while the lowest values were presented at 4 m. Plants at 7 m and 10 m always showed intermediate values for all gas exchange parameters. In the same sense, plants at 13 m had a higher radiation use efficiency (RUE) compared to plants at 4 m. The arboreal component modified the environmental conditions on cocoa trees regarding its distribution, generating a differential response to the physiological behavior of cocoa plants.

Resumen: La situación de los agricultores alinea objetivos macro, condiciones y actividades propias en su diario convivir; las variables interactúan en los diferentes escenarios que desarrollan los productores de maíz duro en Manabí-Ecuador, teniendo un efecto en el desarrollo productivo del país. Este trabajo se realizó a partir de la aplicación del modelo multivariante basado en un estudio multipropósito, obteniéndose conglomerados interrelacionados de las variables sociales, económicas, políticas, productivas y ambientales. Los resultados presentan una alta similitud de agrupamiento tanto en las observaciones y entre variables, demostrando el alto impacto que tienen las variables influyentes, especialmente las relacionadas a la producción (época de siembra, superficie de siembra, disponibilidad de agua de riego) y económicas (facturación anual, cantidad de empleados), en tanto la diversidad en las observaciones están afectadas con menores distancias, para las variables relacionadas en la toma de decisiones, sociales, políticas y ambientales generando un impacto positivo en los productores.

Abstract: Farmers´ situation aligns macro objectives, conditions and their own daily living activities. Variables interact in different scenarios developed by hard-corn growers in Manabí-Ecuador; variables have an effect on the country´s productive development. This work started from the application of a multivariate model, which was based on a multipurpose study. This generated an interrelated conglomerates concerning social, economic, political, productive and environmental variables. A high grouping similarity was presented in results, both in observation techniques and between the analyzed variables. The high impact of influential variables, especially those related to economic and to productive variables was demonstrated. Productive variable includes planting time, planting area and irrigation water availability. The economic variable includes annual invoicing and employee number. Observation diversity is affected by shorter distances for social, political and environmental variables related to decision-taking; a positive impact is generated by hard-corn growers.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of planting distances of 1.60 m and furrow with a wide base (0.40 m x 1.40 m) on the growth and agricultural yield of sugarcane. The experimental design used was random blocks with four replications and two treatments equivalent to the plantation frameworks most used in this crop in Cuba; the cultivar used was C90-469. At 30 days after planting (ddp) the number of shoots per linear meter was evaluated; at field closure, 120 ddp, the length, width and number of active leaves and the leaf area per plant were evaluated; at 360 ddp, length, diameter and number of internodes, length of stems, number of stems per linear meter, weight of stems, number of stems per hectare, and agricultural yield were evaluated. In the framework of a wide-base furrow plantation, there was an increase in the number of shoots per linear meter; the leaf area, mean internodes, length and diameter of the same, length of the stems and weight of the stems was less than the planting distance of 1.60 m; however, the number of stems per hectare at the time of harvest was higher, reaching 97 290 and an increase in agricultural yield of 11.8 % in relation to the distance 1.60 m.

RESUMEN El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de las distancias de plantación 1,60 m y surco de base ancha (0,40 m x 1,40 m) sobre el crecimiento y rendimiento agrícola de la caña de azúcar. El diseño experimental utilizado fue bloques al azar con cuatro repeticiones y dos tratamientos equivalentes a los marcos de plantación más utilizados en este cultivo en Cuba; el cultivar empleado fue C90-469. A los 30 días después de la plantación (ddp) se evaluó el número de brotes por metro lineal; al cierre del campo, 120 ddp, se evaluó la longitud, ancho y número de hojas activas y el área foliar por planta; a los 360 ddp se evaluó la longitud, diámetro y número de entrenudos, longitud de los tallos, número de tallos por metro lineal, peso de los tallos, número de tallos por hectárea y se estimó el rendimiento agrícola. En el marco de plantación surco de base ancha se produjo un incremento del número de brotes por metro lineal; el área foliar, promedio de entrenudos, largo y diámetro de los mismos, longitud de los tallos y peso de los tallos fue inferior a la distancia de plantación de 1,60 m; no obstante, el número de tallos por hectárea en el momento de la cosecha fue superior, alcanzándose 97 290 y un incremento del rendimiento agrícola en 11,8 % con relación a la distancia 1,60 m.

Abstract The cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var botrytis L.) has received increased interest due to its high price and high demand. The study aimed to assess the effect of planting time and plant spacing on the growth and yield of cauliflower plants intercropped with sweet corn under high-temperature conditions in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. The main plot consisted of three different sweet corn planting times: four weeks before cauliflower planting, two weeks before cauliflower planting and simultaneous planting with cauliflower. In the sub-plots three different plant spacing distances were used for sweet corn: J1 = 60 cm, J2 = 30 cm and J3 = 20 cm. Variables analyzed in this study were air temperature, leaf area, plant dry weight, curd weight, curd diameter and curd yield. Results showed that planting sweet corn two weeks before transplanting the cauliflower and the J1 distance gave an air temperature, in the cauliflower plant canopy, suitable for leaf area growth and an increase in both plant dry weight and cauliflower curd yield (4.18 y 5.07 t·ha-1).

Resumen El cultivo de coliflor (Brassica oleracea var botrytis L.) ha despertado gran interés debido a su alto precio y gran demanda. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto del momento de la siembra y el espacio entre plantas sobre el crecimiento y el rendimiento de plantas de coliflor, en un sistema intercalado con maíz dulce bajo condiciones de temperatura elevada en Kalimantan Central, Indonesia. Esta investigación se realizó entre mayo y septiembre de 2016, para lo cual se utilizó un diseño experimental de parcelas divididas. La parcela principal constó de tres diferentes tiempos de sembrado de maíz dulce: cuatro semanas previo al trasplante de coliflor, dos semanas previo al trasplante de coliflor y siembra simultánea con la coliflor. En las sub-parcelas se utilizaron tres distancias diferentes de sembrado del maíz dulce: J1 = 60 cm, J2 = 30 cm y J3 = 20 cm. Las variables analizadas en este estudio fueron temperatura del aire, área foliar, peso seco de la planta, peso de pella, diámetro de pella y rendimiento. Los resultados mostraron que la siembra del maíz dulce dos semanas antes del trasplante de la coliflor y la distancia J1 arrojaron una temperatura del aire, en el dosel de las plantas de coliflor, adecuada para el crecimiento del área foliar y el aumento tanto del peso seco de la planta como del rendimiento de la pella de la coliflor (4.18 y 5.07 t·ha-1).

ABSTRACT A field study was conducted to evaluate the impact of phosphorous fertilization and the introduction of white clover (Trifolium repens) in native grasslands dominated by Festuca dolichophylla (festuca). The study area was located at 4500 m of altitude in the Ayaracra sector, Pasco region, which corresponds to the Puna ecoregion of Peru. The experimental design was a 2x2x5 factorial in blocks with two levels of phosphorus (0 and 80 kg/ha), two distances between clump seeding gaps (0.5 and 1.0 m) and five climatic seasons. Plant height, foliar expansion, vigor (volume, height), plant weight (g/m2), number of flowering heads (inflorescences), degree of nodulation, nitrogen content in the leaves and stems of fescue were evaluated and nitrogen content in the soil where white clover was present. Phosphorus fertilization (80 kg/ha) and planting spacing (0.5 cm) showed a significant effect on the clover height, foliar expansion and degree of nodulation. In F. dolichophylla, phosphorous fertilization showed a significant improvement in plant volume and height, planting spacing of 0.5 cm improved the number of inflorescences and spacing at 1 m improved height. Precipitation (during the rain peak) favored the response of foliar expansion and plant height.

RESUMEN Un estudio de campo fue conducido para evaluar el impacto de la fertilización fosforada y la introducción del trébol blanco (Trifolium repens) en praderas naturales dominadas por Festuca dolichophylla (festuca). El área de estudio estuvo ubicado a 4500 msnm, en el sector Ayaracra, región Pasco, la cual corresponde a la eco región Puna del Perú. El diseño experimental fue factorial 2x2x5 en bloques con dos niveles de fósforo (0 y 80 kg/ha), dos distanciamientos entre puntos de siembra (0.5 y 1.0 m) y cinco épocas climáticas de crecimiento. Se evaluó la altura de planta, expansión foliar, vigor (volumen, altura), peso de la planta (g/m2), numero de cabezas florales (inflorescencias), grado de nodulación, contenido de nitrógeno en la hojas y tallos de festuca y contenido de nitrógeno en el suelo con presencia de trébol. La fertilización con fósforo (80 kg/ha) y el distanciamiento de siembra (0.5 cm) mostraron un efecto significativo en la altura, expansión foliar y grado de nodulación del trébol. En la festuca, la fertilización fosforada mostró una mejora significativa en el volumen y altura de planta, el distanciamiento de siembra de 0.5 cm mejoró el número de inflorescencias, y el distanciamiento a 1 m mejoró la altura. La precipitación (durante el pico de lluvia) favoreció la respuesta de expansión foliar y altura de planta del trébol y festuca.

ABSTRACT The experimental work was carried out during the wet period of the Integral Weed Control Campaign, in plantations of the cold season (June - December) of 2018, in the Sugarcane Growers Farm “Vitalio Acuña”, belonging to the Sugar Mill Dos Ríos, Santiago de Cuba. The objective was to assess the effectiveness of two planting methods for weed management in sugarcane. The experiment was laid out in split plot design using three replications, each plot contained 14 furrows of 100 m long, on a cambisol soil. In each planting methods the weeds coverage at 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after the application of herbicide were determined and field closure was evaluated. The Environmental Impact Coefficient and the pollutant load to the atmosphere were determined. Field closure in dual furrow system occurred 60 days before the traditional one, thus limiting the presence of weeds. There were significant differences between the two planting systems. Traditional plantation required four more tasks for weed control. The performance of more control tasks increased the environmental impact coefficient and the expulsion of polluting gases into the atmosphere. The most effective planting method for weed control in sugarcane was dual furrow system, which at the same time reduces pollution to the environment.

RESUMEN El trabajo se realizó durante el período húmedo de la campaña de Control Integral de Malezas, en plantaciones del periodo junio - diciembre de 2018 de la Unidad Básica de Producción Cañera “Vitalio Acuña”, perteneciente a la Unidad Empresarial de Base Dos Ríos, Santiago de Cuba, con el objetivo de evaluar la efectividad de dos métodos de plantación en el manejo de arvenses en caña de azúcar plantada en época de frío. El ensayo se ejecutó bajo un diseño en franjas, con tres réplicas, cada franja contó de 14 surcos, sobre un suelo Sialitizado Cálcico. A los diferentes métodos de plantación se le determinó la cobertura de arvenses a los 30, 60, 90 y 120 días posteriores a la aplicación de herbicida y se evaluó el cierre de campo. Se determinó el Coeficiente de Impacto Ambiental y la carga contaminante a la atmósfera. El cierre de campo en el surco de base ancha se produjo 60 días antes que el tradicional, limitando así la presencia de las arvenses, donde fue menor el porcentaje de cobertura de las mismas con diferencias significativas respecto a la siembra tradicional, la cual demandó cuatro labores más de control. La realización de mayores cantidades de labores de control aumentó el coeficiente de impacto ambiental y la expulsión de gases contaminantes a la atmósfera. El método de plantación más efectivo para el control de arvenses es el de surcos de base ancha que a la vez reduce la contaminación al medioambiente.

Abstract Menegua is the first variety of cotton specifically for acid soils in Colombia with recommendation, in addition to including in the corn-soybean rotation system, as a strategy to expand the cotton frontier in the sub-region ‘altillanura plana’. However, its agronomic management in relation to planting distance requires adjustment as a strategy to improve the competitiveness of cotton in terms of yield, quality and costs. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the ultra-narrow groove compared to the conventional one in the productive performance and quality of cotton under conditions of an oxisol acid soil in the Colombian altillanura plana. An experiment was carried out in Puerto Gaitan-Meta, during the 2015B agricultural cycle, a randomized complete block design was used with two treatments corresponding to distances between rows in cm): T1 = 0.4 and T2 = 0.8 and four repetitions; the Menegua variety with specific adaptation for acid soils was used and production and fiber quality variables were determined. The change of the conventional distance from 80 cm to 40 cm caused an increase of 13.1% in the height of the plant, a 29.2% reduction in the number of specks plant-1 and a decrease of 23.1% and 23.9% in the yield of seed cotton and yield of fiber cotton, respectively, the percentage of fiber extraction and its quality was not affected. It is concluded that in the subregion ‘altillanura plana’ on an oxisol acid soil the ultra-narrow groove compared to the conventional affect the Menegua variety in a negative way the productive behavior without detriment of the quality of the fiber in cotton.

Resumen Menegua es la primera variedad de algodón específicamente para suelos ácidos en Colombia con recomendación, además de incluir en el sistema de rotación maíz-soya, como estrategia para ampliar la frontera algodonera en la subregión ‘altillanura plana’. No obstante, su manejo agronómico en relación con la distancia de siembra requiere de un ajuste como una estrategia para mejorar la competitividad del algodón en términos de rendimiento, calidad y costos. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el efecto del surco ultra-estrecho en comparación con el convencional en el desempeño productivo y calidad del algodón en condiciones de un suelo ácido oxisol en la altillanura plana colombiana. Se realizó un experimento en Puerto Gaitán-Meta, durante el ciclo agrícola 2015B, se usó un diseño de bloques completos al azar con dos tratamientos correspondientes a distancias entre surcos en cm): T1= 0.4 y T2= 0.8 y cuatro repeticiones; se utilizó la variedad Menegua con adaptación específica para suelos ácidos y se determinaron variables productivas y de calidad de fibra. El cambio de la distancia convencional de 80 cm a 40 cm ocasionó incremento de 13.1% en la altura de la planta, reducción 29.2% en el número de motas planta-1 y disminución 23.1% y 23.9% en el rendimiento de algodón semilla y rendimiento de algodón fibra, respectivamente, el porcentaje de extracción de fibra y su calidad no fue afectada. Se concluye que en la subregión ‘altillanura plana’ en un suelo ácido oxisol el surco ultra estrecho en comparación con el convencional afecto la variedad Menegua de manera negativa el comportamiento productivo sin detrimento de la calidad de la fibra en el algodón.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o sistema radicular de plantas de café conilon (Coffea canephora) e café arábica (Coffea arabica) no perfil do solo, com uso de semivariogramas. As avaliações foram realizadas em área localizada no município de Jaguaré, no estado do Espírito Santo. Foram avaliadas as cultivares Verdebrás G30/G35 do café conilon e a Catuaí Vermelho IAC 44 do café arábica. Monólitos de solo com raízes de café foram coletados em três distâncias do tronco do cafeeiro, no sentido da linha, e em seis distâncias do tronco, no sentido da entrelinha de plantio, em seis níveis de profundidade. As raízes foram coletadas e lavadas e, depois, digitalizadas e processadas no programa Safira. A variabilidade espacial dos atributos avaliados foi caracterizada pela técnica geoestatística, por meio de semivariogramas, com uso do programa GS+ 7.0. A área de superfície, o comprimento e o volume das raízes foram quantificados para as duas espécies de café. O café conilon tem tendência de apresentar sistema radicular com menor área superficial, comprimento e volume de raízes por volume de solo, bem como com distribuição menos discrepante na superfície do solo e em profundidade, em comparação ao café arábica.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the root system of Conilon coffee (Coffea canephora) and Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) plants in the soil profile, using semivariograms. The evaluations were carried out in an area located in the municipality of Jaguaré, in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. The Verdebrás G30/G35 Conilon coffee and the Catuaí Vermelho IAC 44 Arabica coffee cultivars were assessed. Soil monoliths with coffee plant roots were collected at three distances from the trunk in the planting row and at six distances from the trunk between rows, at six depths. The roots were collected and washed and then digitized and processed in the Safira software. The spatial variability of the evaluated attributes was characterized by the geostatistical technique, through semivariograms, using the GS+ 7.0 software. Root surface area, length, and volume were quantified for the two coffee species. Conilon coffee plants have a tendency of showing a root system with a smaller surface area, shorter length, and lower volume by volume of soil, as well as a less discrepant distribution on soil surface and in deeper layers, compared with Arabica coffee.