Abstract Introduction: Melina (Gmelina arborea) is a tree species of great interest for its wood and medicinal properties. In Costa Rica, there are genetically superior clones that are propagated without knowledge of the ontogenic and physiological age of the materials. Objective: To evaluate how age influences the content of phenols and lignins in leaves, petioles, stems, and roots of melina plants. Methods: The total phenolic and lignins contents were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method and alkaline extraction method, respectively. Plants of five different ages were chosen for the investigation (in vitro plants “year 0” and trees of a year and a half, four, seven and 20 years). Sampling was done in March and April 2021. Results: All parts of the plant analyzed contain phenolic compounds and lignins, regardless of their age. There was no positive correlation between age and phenol and lignin content for any development condition, since the highest values were not obtained in the oldest trees. Leaf extracts from in vitro plants and seven-year-old trees showed, respectively, the highest phenol and lignin contents for all conditions (P < 0.05). The lowest average values of phenolic compounds for all conditions were obtained in four-year-old trees. Regarding lignins, the lowest content occurred in the oldest roots, although the trend was not maintained for the rest of the plant parts. Conclusions: This study provides the first results of the content of phenolic compounds and lignins present in different tissues of a forest species of different ages. Therefore, they are the first reference values about the biochemical commitment for phenolic synthesis according to the age and the specific developmental stage of a woody plant.

Resumen Introducción: La melina (Gmelina arborea), es una especie de gran interés por su madera y propiedades medicinales. En Costa Rica, existen clones genéticamente superiores que se propagan sin el conocimiento de la edad ontogénica y fisiológica de los materiales. Objetivo: Evaluar la relación del contenido de fenoles y ligninas en hojas, peciolos, tallos y raíces de plantas con diferentes edades. Métodos: Los contenidos de fenoles y ligninas totales se determinaron mediante el método colorimétrico de Folin-Ciocalteu y el método de extracción alcalina, respectivamente. Para la investigación se eligieron plantas in vitro “año cero” y árboles de año y medio, cuatro, siete y 20 años. El muestreo se realizó en marzo y abril del 2021. Resultados: Se demostró que todas las partes de la planta analizadas contienen compuestos fenólicos y ligninas, independientemente de su edad. No hubo una correlación positiva entre la edad con el contenido de fenoles y ligninas para ninguna condición de desarrollo, pues los valores más altos no se obtuvieron en los árboles más longevos. Los extractos de hojas de las plantas in vitro y los árboles de siete años mostraron, respectivamente, los contenidos más altos de fenoles y ligninas para todas las condiciones (P < 0.05). Los valores promedio más bajos de compuestos fenólicos para todas las condiciones se obtuvieron en los árboles de cuatro años. Respecto a las ligninas, el contenido más bajo se presentó en las raíces más longevas, aunque la tendencia no se mantuvo para el resto de las partes de la planta. Conclusiones: La investigación muestra los primeros resultados del contenido de compuestos fenólicos y ligninas presentes en diferentes tejidos de una especie forestal de edades diferentes. Por lo tanto, son los primeros valores de referencia acerca del compromiso bioquímico para la síntesis fenólica según la edad y el estado de desarrollo específico de una planta leñosa.

Abstract: Solid and liquid formulations based on the plant growth-promoting bacteria Bacillus subtilis Bs006 were designed as biological inoculant for vegetable nursery production. Considering the importance of microbial survival from the production process to the soil application, spore viability (CFU) in each formulation was assessed during twelve months of storage at 20, 30, and 40°C. At the three temperature levels evaluated, survival was higher than 85 and 90% for solid and liquid formulations, respectively. The bacterial biological activity was evaluated as plant growth promotion on lettuce, broccoli, and tomato in nursery. The formulations were applied at three concentrations (1x107, 5x107, 1x108 CFU/mL) at sowing and 21 days after seeding. Root and aerial part length and dry weight were the response variables evaluated. A positive effect was observed, particularly with the liquid formulation at 1x108 spores/mL, showing the longest length of root and aerial part and the highest dry weight values in the root and foliar parts. Regarding the endophytism, B. subtilis colonized roots, stems, and leaves, achieving concentrations between 8x102 and 1x105 CFU/g.

There is a global concern that rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations may impact the medicinal or nutritional properties of medicinal plants. Portulacaria afra is a South African medicinal plant that is used by traditional healers to treat various skin conditions. The aim of this study was to determine whether elevated CO2 concentrations would affect the medicinal properties of the leaves of P afra. This was achieved by comparing the phytochemical presence, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the leaves of P. afra which were exposed to ambient (420 ppm) and elevated (600 ppm) CO2 concentrations of plants grown in greenhouse conditions. The results revealed that leaf samples that were exposed to elevated CO2 concentrations exhibited a significant increase in flavonoid presence, compared to the control group. The antioxidant activity of the leaves of P. afra (DPPH activity) remained mostly unchanged in the samples that were exposed to elevated CO2 concentrations. The antimicrobial activity efficacy against Cutibacterium acnes increased with increasing global atmospheric CO2 concentration. These findings suggest that P. afra is a resilient medicinal plant and that its leaves may continue to provide relief against certain ailments, despite rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations. SIGNIFICANCE: • Portulacaria afra is a South African medicinally important species that shows great resilience against elevated CO2 concentrations. • It is important to anticipate how changing environmental factors, such as rising CO2 concentrations, may affect natural resources. • The phytochemical profile and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the various plant parts either remained the same or increased after exposure to an elevated CO2 concentration of 600 ppm.

Abstract This research was conducted during the two experimental seasons 2021/2022 and 2022/2023 to explore the effect of salicylic acid (SA) concentrations at 0.75.150 and 300 ppm, fertilization of poultry manure (PM) on rats 0, 5, 10/ and 20 m3/ha as well as their interactions on growth, yield and volatile oil components of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). It resulted in a significant increase in plant growth traits in terms of plant height, number of branches, fresh and dry weed weight, number of threads, and seed yield per plant and hectare, when plants were treated with fine particles at a high concentration (300 ppm). While the highest values for volatile oil production were when spraying at a concentration of 200 parts per million, it was also proven that poultry manure at all levels was more effective in increasing the previously studied traits. All tested variables were significantly affected by the interaction coefficients. In this respect, most of the combination therapies significantly increased all aspects examined. Moreover, foliar application at 300 ppm SA plus high level (20 m3/ha) was the most effective treatment for growth and yield characteristics while oil production was better at 200 ppm concentration with the same level of poultry manure. GC-MS analysis of the volatile oil indicated that poultry manure and foliar applications with salicylic acid concentrations also affected the major constituents. The combination of SA at 200 and 300 ppm plus PM at the higher level (20 m3/ha) resulted in increased percentages of major components compared to the untreated plants and the other treatments. 20212022 2021 2022 2021/202 20222023 2023 2022/202 (SA 075150 0 75 150 0.75.15 30 (PM 5 10 2 m3ha mha m3 ha m Coriandrum L.. L L. . L.) height branches weight threads hectare (30 ppm. ppm) million coefficients respect examined Moreover (2 GCMS GC MS constituents treatments 2021202 202 2021/20 2022202 2022/20 07515 7 15 0.75.1 3 1 (3 ( 202120 2021/2 202220 2022/2 0751 0.75. 20212 2021/ 20222 2022/ 075 0.75 07 0.7 0.

Resumo Esta pesquisa foi realizada durante as duas temporadas experimentais de 2021 a 2022 e de 2022 a 2023, com o objetivo de explorar o efeito das concentrações de ácido salicílico (AAS) a 0,75,150 e 300 ppm, a adubação com esterco de aves (PM) em ratos 0, 5, 10/ e 20 m3/ha, bem como suas interações no crescimento, produtividade e componentes voláteis do óleo de Coentro (Coriandrum sativum L.). Tais análises resultaram em um aumento significativo nas características de crescimento das plantas em termos de altura da planta, número de ramos, peso fresco e seco das ervas daninhas, número de fios e rendimento de sementes por planta e hectare, quando tratadas com partículas finas em alta concentração (300 ppm). Embora os valores mais elevados para a produção de óleo volátil tenham ocorrido quando a pulverização foi feita numa concentração de 200 ppm, também foi comprovado que o esterco de aves em todos os níveis foi mais eficaz no aumento das características previamente estudadas. Todas as variáveis testadas foram afetadas significativamente pelos coeficientes de interação. Com relação à isto, a maioria das terapias combinadas aumentaram significativamente todos os aspectos examinados. Além disso, a aplicação foliar a 300 ppm de AAS, o mais alto nível (20 m3/ha), foi o tratamento mais eficaz para características de crescimento e rendimento, enquanto a produção de óleo foi mais eficaz na concentração de 200 ppm, com o mesmo nível de esterco de aves. A análise GC-MS do óleo volátil indicou que o esterco de aves e as aplicações foliares com concentrações de ácido salicílico também afetaram os constituintes principais. A combinação de SA a 200 e 300 ppm mais PM no nível mais elevado (20 m3/ha) resultou em percentagens aumentadas de componentes principais em comparação com as plantas não tratadas e em relação aos outros tratamentos. 202 2023 AAS (AAS 075150 0 75 150 0,75,15 30 (PM 5 10 2 m3ha mha m3 ha m m3/ha Coriandrum L.. L L. . L.) ramos daninhas hectare (30 ppm. ppm) estudadas interação isto examinados disso (2 , GCMS GC MS tratamentos 07515 7 15 0,75,1 3 1 (3 ( 0751 0,75, 075 0,75 07 0,7

ABSTRACT: Due to the economic importance of maize, it is essential to evaluate the performance of genotypes under environmental variations (years, locations, and seasons). Consequently, researchers have scrutinized genotype-environment (G×E) interactions to ensure reliability in genotype recommendations. Furthermore, when a G×E interaction exists, adaptability and stability analysis can be performed. This analysis enables one to identify genotypes with predictable responses and adaptability to environmental variability. Hence, this study sought to determine if there is a G×E interaction and evaluate the response of 16 maize genotypes across seven environments through adaptability and stability analyses. Seven experiments were conducted with 16 maize genotypes using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Tassel length (TL), tassel branch number (TBN), tassel dry matter (TDM), and grain yield (GY) were evaluated. Individual and joint variance analyses were performed, along with the F-test at a 5% significance level. The complex parts of the interaction between genotypes and pairs of environments were estimated, followed by adaptability and stability analyses using the Eberhart and Russell method. A genotype-environment interaction was found for TL, TBN, TDM, and GY, indicating that genotypes respond differently in various environments. However, considering all four traits, there is no indication of the ideal genotype. ABSTRACT years, years (years locations seasons. seasons . seasons) Consequently genotypeenvironment environment GE G E (G×E recommendations Furthermore exists performed variability Hence 1 replications TL , (TL) TBN (TBN) TDM (TDM) GY (GY evaluated Ftest F test 5 level estimated method However traits (TL (TBN (TDM

RESUMO: Devido à importância econômica do milho há a necessidade de avaliar o desempenho dos genótipos diante das variações ambientais (anos, locais e épocas), sendo assim, o estudo da interação entre genótipos e ambientes (G×A) têm sido realizado para garantir a segurança nas indicações dos genótipos. Além disso, quando há interação G×A a análise de adaptabilidade e estabilidade pode ser realizada. Essa análise possibilita a identificação de genótipos com resposta previsível e que sejam responsivos a variabilidade ambiental. Assim, os objetivos deste trabalho foram verificar se há interação entre genótipos e ambientes e avaliar a resposta de 16 genótipos de milho em sete ambientes, por meio da análise de adaptabilidade e estabilidade. Foram conduzidos sete experimentos com 16 genótipos de milho, no delineamento experimental blocos completos ao acaso, com três repetições. Foram avaliados o comprimento do pendão (CP), o número de ramificações do pendão (NR), a massa de matéria seca do pendão (MS) e a produtividade de grãos (PROD). Foram realizadas as análises de variância individual e conjunta e o teste F a 5% de significância. As frações da parte complexa da interação entre os genótipos e os pares de ambientes foram estimadas, e, então foram realizadas as análises de adaptabilidade e estabilidade pelo método de Eberhart e Russell. Houve interação genótipos e ambientes para o CP, NR, MS e PROD, o que evidencia que os genótipos respondem de forma diferenciada nos ambientes. Quando considerados os quatro caracteres não há indicação de genótipo ideal. RESUMO anos, anos (anos épocas, épocas , épocas) assim GA G A (G×A disso realizada ambiental Assim 1 acaso repetições CP (CP) NR (NR) (MS PROD. PROD . (PROD) 5 significância estimadas Russell ideal (CP (NR (PROD

Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae), commonly known as “pimenta rosa”, “aroeira da praia”, “aroeira”, “aroeirinha”, and “cabuí” is frequently used in traditional medicine to address various conditions, including skin wounds, ulcers, tumors, diarrhea, arthritis, as well as urinary and respiratory tract infections. This study aimed to develop and validate an analytical method using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) for quantifying gallic acid (GA) in methanolic extracts of S. terebinthifolius leaves, branches, and fruits. The chromatographic separations utilized a reversed-phase Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18 column with an isocratic elution mode of acetonitrile/methanol/water acidified with 0.2% formic acid. The flow rate was 0.8 mL min-1, and detection occurred at 254 nm. The developed HPLC-DAD method demonstrated selectivity, with a GA retention time of 5.263 min and absorption maxima at 220 and 271 nm. The method exhibited high linearity (coefficient of 0.9996), precision (relative standard deviation (RSD) values < 5%), and robustness. Accuracy ranged from 100.28 to 111.71%, with an average recovery of 105.41% and an average RSD of 3.46%. These validated results play a crucial role in assessing and standardizing raw materials containing S. terebinthifolius, emphasizing the reliability of the developed HPLC-DAD method for GA quantification in different plant parts. Anacardiaceae, Anacardiaceae , (Anacardiaceae) pimenta rosa, rosa rosa” aroeira praia, praia praia” aroeira, “aroeira” aroeirinha, aroeirinha “aroeirinha” cabuí “cabuí conditions wounds ulcers tumors diarrhea arthritis infections highperformance performance HPLCDAD HPLC DAD (HPLC-DAD (GA S leaves branches fruits reversedphase reversed phase XDBC18 XDBC XDB C18 C XDB-C1 acetonitrilemethanolwater acetonitrile methanol water 02 0 2 0.2 08 8 0. min1, min1 1, 1 min-1 25 nm selectivity 5263 5 263 5.26 22 27 coefficient 0.9996, 09996 0.9996 9996 0.9996) relative (RSD 5%, 5% 5%) robustness 10028 100 28 100.2 11171 111 71 111.71% 10541 105 41 105.41 346 3 46 3.46% parts (Anacardiaceae “aroeirinha XDBC1 C1 XDB-C min- 526 26 5.2 0999 0.999 999 1002 10 100. 1117 11 7 111.71 1054 4 105.4 34 3.46 52 5. 099 0.99 99 111.7 105. 3.4 09 0.9 9 111. 3.

ABSTRACT. The objective of this work was to study the biomass production and chemical composition of the different parts of the cassava plant during the first and second vegetative cycles, with the aim of providing data that can contribute to the understanding of the response of cassava cultivars to different harvest ages. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks in split plot scheme. Plots were represented by cultivars IAC 90 and IAC 118-95 and subplots by crop age (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18 months after planting). Our results showed that the ‘IAC 90’ allocated a higher proportion of assimilates to the leaves, stem and planted cutting than the ‘IAC 118-95’, which was more efficient in allocating dry matter to the storage roots. Storage roots showed an increase of more than 50% in starch content 14 months after planting. The cultivar IAC 118-95 is distinguished by the higher harvest index, allowing earlier harvesting, with possible valorisation of the leaves as industrial raw material. Variables showed different degrees of inter-relationships amongst themselves. Total plant fresh matter and dry matter yields were positively correlated with growth parameters and root starch for both cultivars. Harvest time and cultivar are key factors that should be considered to increase profits in the cassava agro-industrial chain. ABSTRACT cycles ages scheme 9 11895 118 95 118-9 2, 2 (2 4 6 8 10 12 16 1 planting . planting) 11895, , 118-95’ 50 index harvesting material interrelationships inter relationships themselves agroindustrial agro chain 1189 11 118- ( 5

Resumo O presente estudo foi realizado em Hayat Abad Industrial Estate, localizado em Peshawar, para avaliar os níveis de cádmio (Cd) que estavam presentes no solo, bem como nas partes da planta (raízes e brotos). Para avaliar o potencial de fitorremediação das plantas foram determinados diferentes fatores, ou seja, Fator de Bioconcentração (BCF), Fator de Translocação (TF) e Coeficiente de Bioacumulação. Essas plantas foram cultivadas em seus habitats nativos (BAC). Analisamos a concentração de cádmio do solo coletada em 50 locais diferentes, variando de 11,54 mg/Kg (o mais baixo) a 89,80 mg/Kg (o mais alto). A concentração máxima (89,80 mg/Kg) de cádmio foi encontrada em HIE-ST-16L Marble City e HIE-ST-7 Bryon Pharma (88,51 mg/Kg) enquanto sua concentração mínima (12,47 mg/Kg) foi detectada no solo do local (HIE-ST-14L Royal PVC Pipe) e (11,54 mg/Kg) no local (HIE-ST-11 Aries Pharma). A maioria das espécies de plantas mostrou um enorme potencial para abordagens baseadas em plantas, como fitoextração e fitorremediação. Eles também mostraram o potencial de fitoestabilização. Com base na concentração de cádmio, as plantas mais eficientes para fitoextração foram Cnicus benedictus, Parthenium hysterophorus, Verbesina encelioides, Conyza canadensis, Xanthium strumarium, Chenopodium album, Amaranthus viridis, Chenopodiastrum murale, Prosopis juliflora, Convolvulus arvensis, Stellaria media, Arenaria serpyllifolia, Cerastium dichotomum, Chrozophora tinctoria, Mirabilis jalapa, Medicago polymorpha, Lathyrus aphaca, Dalbergia sissoo, Melilotus indicus e Anagallis arvensis. Os metais pesados de cádmio no solo examinado foram efetivamente removidos por essas espécies de plantas. Cerastium dichotomum e Chenopodium murale foram relatados como eficazes na fitoestabilização do Cd com base nas concentrações de metais selecionados nas raízes e nos valores de BCFs, TFs e BACs.

Abstract The present study was carried out in Hayat Abad Industrial Estate located in Peshawar to assess the levels of cadmium (Cd) that were present in the soil as well as the plant parts (Roots and shoots). To evaluate the phytoremediation potential of the plants different factors i.e. Bioconcentration Factor (BCF), Translocation Factor (TF), and Bioaccumulation Coefficient were determined. These plants were grown in their native habitats (BAC). We have analysed, cadmium concentration from soil which are collected from 50 different locations ranged from 11.54 mg/Kg (the lowest) to 89.80 mg/Kg (highest). The maximum concentration (89.80 mg/Kg) of cadmium was found in HIE-ST-16L Marble City and HIE-ST-7 Bryon Pharma (88.51 mg/Kg) while its minimum concentration (12.47 mg/Kg) were detected in the soil of Site (HIE-ST-14L Royal PVC Pipe) and (11.54 mg/Kg) at the site (HIE-ST-11 Aries Pharma). Most plant species showed huge potential for plant based approaches like phyto-extraction and phytoremediation. They also showed the potential for phyto-stabilization as well. Based on the concentration of cadmium the most efficient plants for phytoextraction were Cnicus benedictus, Parthenium hysterophorus, Verbesina encelioides, Conyza canadensis, Xanthium strumarium, Chenopodium album, Amaranthus viridis, Chenopodiastrum murale, Prosopis juliflora, Convolvulus arvensis, Stellaria media, Arenaria serpyllifolia, Cerastium dichotomum, Chrozophora tinctoria, Mirabilis jalapa, Medicago polymorpha, Lathyrus aphaca, Dalbergia sissoo, Melilotus indicus and Anagallis arvensis. The cadmium heavy metals in the examined soil were effectively removed by these plant species. Cerastium dichotomum, and Chenopodium murale were reported to be effective in phyto-stabilizing Cd based on concentrations of selected metals in roots and BCFs, TFs, and BACs values.

Resumo Asphodelus fistulosus (A. fistulosus) é uma planta selvagem que cresce na Jordânia. Tradicionalmente, é usada para tratar diferentes condições médicas e doenças, como doenças respiratórias, contra queimaduras e infecções dermatomucosas. Bactérias positivas e Escherichia coli (E. coli) como bactérias gram-negativas e investigar qual delas será afetada por extratos brutos aquosos e/ou etanólicos de partes de tiro de A. fistulosus que foram coletadas em Jerash no norte da Jordânia. O método de difusão em poço de ágar foi utilizado para avaliar a atividade antibacteriana dos extratos brutos. Além disso, MIC (concentração inibitória mínima) e MBC (concentração bactericida mínima) foram determinados contra ambos os tipos de bactérias. Os resultados mostraram que o extrato aquoso de flores de A. fistulosus foi muito eficaz contra E. coli (20,0 + 0,50 mm) e causou uma inibição (14,0 + 0,50 mm) para S. aureus. O extrato etanólico do caule foi muito eficaz, causando inibição (19,0 + 0,50 mm) em ambas as espécies bacterianas. Respectivamente, tanto S. aureus quanto E. coli foram inibidos pelos extratos etanólico e aquoso (mistura 1 e mistura 2) (15,0 + 0,00 mm e 10,5 + 0,50 mm). A maior atividade antibacteriana foi observada para o extrato aquoso das folhas contra E. coli (0,06120 mg/mL). Os valores de CIM obtidos dos extratos de partes de A. fistulosus demonstraram atividade antibacteriana variando entre 7,606 e 0,06120 mg/mL. A maior atividade antimicrobiana foi registrada no extrato aquoso das folhas contra E. coli. O valor de CBM do extrato aquoso do caule foi de 5,00 mg/mL contra S. aureus e E. coli. Por outro lado, os extratos etanólico e aquoso das folhas apresentaram valores de CBM de 5,00 mg/mL e 0,156 mg/mL, respectivamente, contra E. coli, efeito de extratos aquosos e etanólicos de partes de tiro de A. fistulosus no crescimento de E. coli e S. aureus. Somando-se a isso, o extrato etanólico do caule é o mais eficaz contra S. aureus enquanto o extrato aquoso da flor é o mais eficaz contra E. coli. Assim, recomenda-se a realização de estudos futuros sobre os componentes bioativos do extrato bruto de partes fotografais de A. fistulosus e o mecanismo de como esses constituintes afetam esses tipos de bactérias.

Abstract Asphodelus fistulosus (A. fistulosus) is a wild plant grows in Jordan. Traditionally, it is used to treat different medical conditions and diseases such as respiratory ailments, against burns and dermatomucosal infections.This study aims to find out the effects of A. fistulosus aqueous and ethanolic crude extracts on Staphylococcus aureus(S. aureus) as gram positive bacteria and Escherichia coli (E. coli) as gram negative bacteria and to investigate which one will be affected either by aqueous and/or ethanolic crude extracts of A. fistulosus shooting parts that were collected from Jerash in the north of Jordan. Agar well diffusion method was used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the crude extracts. In addition, MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) as well as MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration) were determined against both types of bacteria. The results showed that flower aqueous extract of A. fistulosus was very effective against E. coli (20.0 ± 0.50) mm and caused a (14.0 ± 0.50) mm inhibition to S. aureus. The ethanolic extract of stem was very effective cauesed a (19.0 ± 0.50) mm inhibition in both bacterial species. Respectively, both S. aureus and E. coli were inhibited by ethanolic and aqueous extracts (mixture1 and mixture2) (15.0 ± 0.00 mm and 10.5 ± 0.50 mm). The highest antimbacterial activity was observed for the leaves aqueous extract against E.coli (0.06120 mg/mL). The obtained MIC values from A. fistulosus parts extracts demonstrated antibacterial activity ranged between 7.606 and 0.06120 mg/mL. The highest antimicrobial activity was recorded in the leaves aqueous extract against E. coli.The MBC value of stem aqueous extract was 5.00 mg/mL against both S. aureus and E. coli. On the other hand, ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the leaves gave MBC values 5.00 mg/mL, and 0.156 mg/mL, respectively, against E. coli.Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that there is good inhibitory effect of aqueous and ethanolic of A. fistulosus shooting parts extracts on growth of E. coli and S. aureus. Adding to that, stem ethanolic extract has the most effective against S. aureus while aqueous extract of flower has the most effective against E. coli.So, it is recommended to have further future studies on the A. fistulosus shooting parts crude extract bioactive components and the mechanism of how these constituents affect these types of bacteria.

Resumo O Índice de Área Foliar (IAF) é a razão da área da superfície do solo coberta por folhas. O IAF desempenha um papel significativo nas características estruturais dos ecossistemas florestais. Portanto, é necessário um processo de estimativa preciso. Um método para estimar o IAF é o uso da Fotografia de Cobertura Digital. No entanto, a maioria das aplicações para processamento do IAF usando fotos digitais não considera a cor marrom das partes das plantas. Pesquisas anteriores, que incluem a cor marrom no cálculo, potencialmente produziram resultados enviesados devido ao aumento na contagem de pixels da foto original. Este estudo tem como objetivo aprimorar a precisão da estimativa do IAF. Os métodos propostos consideram a cor marrom enquanto minimizam erros. O processamento de imagem é realizado em duas etapas para separar os pixels de folhas e não folhas, usando o modelo de cor RGB na primeira etapa e aplicando o modelo de cor CIELAB na segunda etapa. Os métodos propostos e as aplicações existentes são avaliados em relação ao valor real do IAF obtido por meio da Varredura a Laser Terrestre (TLS) como referência. Os resultados demonstram que os métodos propostos identificam efetivamente as partes não foliares e apresentam as menores taxas de erro em comparação com outros métodos. Concluindo, este estudo oferece técnicas alternativas para aprimorar a precisão da estimativa do IAF em ecossistemas florestais . (IAF Portanto preciso Digital entanto plantas anteriores cálculo original erros TLS (TLS referência Concluindo

Abstract Leaf Area Index (LAI) is the ratio of ground surface area covered by leaves. LAI plays a significant role in the structural characteristics of forest ecosystems. Therefore, an accurate estimation process is needed. One method for estimating LAI is using Digital Cover Photography. However, most applications for processing LAI using digital photos do not consider the brown color of plant parts. Previous research, which includes brown color as part of the calculation, potentially produced biased results by the increased pixel count from the original photo. This study aims to enhance the accuracy of LAI estimation. The proposed methods consider the brown color while minimizing errors. Image processing is carried out in two stages to separate leaves and non-leaf pixels by using the RGB color model for the first stage and applying the CIELAB color model in the second stage. Proposed methods and existing applications are evaluated against the actual LAI value obtained using Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) as the ground truth. The results demonstrate that the proposed methods effectively identify non-leaf parts and exhibit the lowest error rates compared to other methods. In conclusion, this study provides alternative techniques to enhance the accuracy of LAI estimation in forest ecosystems. (LAI ecosystems Therefore needed Photography However research calculation photo errors nonleaf non leaf TLS (TLS truth conclusion

ABSTRACT Invasive species affect ecosystems all over the world. Their impacts intensify when there are beneficial effects among different invasive species, an invasional meltdown. The Argentine black and white tegu lizard, Salvator merianae (Squamata: Teiidae), and the plant Eugenia uniflora (Myrtaceae) are native to mainland South America but behave as invasive species in other parts of the world. We tested the effectiveness of S. merianae as a seed disperser of E. uniflora. Tegu feces containing seeds of E. uniflora were collected to compare the seed germination of gut-passed seeds, manually de-pulped seeds, and seeds of whole fruits. Survival analysis indicated that Tegu lizards behave as seed dispersers of E. uniflora, and there was a tendency for gut-passed seeds to germinate faster than non-gut-passed seeds. Tegu lizards may carry seeds in their guts for considerable distances, facilitating the spread of E. uniflora where both species co-occur as native and invasive (e.g., southern USA). The results indicate a mutualistic interaction between the Tegu lizard and E. uniflora in their native range, which should be considered by initiatives to monitor and control the invasion of the lizard and the plant. world meltdown Squamata (Squamata Teiidae, Teiidae , Teiidae) Myrtaceae (Myrtaceae S E gutpassed gut passed depulped de pulped fruits nongutpassed non distances cooccur co occur e.g., eg e g (e.g. USA. USA . USA) range e.g. (e.g e.g

ABSTRACT The main objective of this research work was to investigate active constituents and potential biological activities of Stipagrostis ciliata aerial parts, which may re-explore this plant as an important medicinal plant rather than being used only forage for animals. The results indicated that the total phenolic contents of the methanol, hexane and acetate leaf extract vary from 34.45 and 263.16 mg gallic acid equivalent (EAG)/g of extract. The highest concentrations of phenolics were found in the methanol extract. The results were suggestive that methanol extract is very rich in antioxidant compounds. The highest antioxidant activity was obtained in methanol extract. Stipagrostis ciliata ethyl acetate extract has an IC50 from 0.3 μg/mL. The antibacterial activity of S. ciliata extracts against six bacterial strains showed varying degrees of inhibition on the tested strains. The methanol extract was found to be the most potent (8 to 20.41 mm) against most tested strains and Escherichia coli was the most vulnerable bacteria with a MIC value of 15 µgmL−1. The Liquid Chromatography Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometric (LC-ESI-MS/MS) analyses of methanol and ethyl acetate fractions allowed the identification of six phenolic acids and six flavonoids. The present study shows that S. ciliata could be regarded as a promising plant source of bioactive phenolic compounds with good antioxidant and antibacterial activities. parts reexplore re explore animals 3445 34 45 34.4 26316 263 16 263.1 EAG/g EAGg EAG /g g IC IC5 03 0 3 0. μgmL μg mL μg/mL S 8 ( 2041 20 41 20.4 mm 1 µgmL1 µgmL µgmL−1 LCESIMS/MS LCESIMSMS LC ESI MS/MS MS (LC-ESI-MS/MS flavonoids 344 4 34. 2631 26 263. 204 2 20. µgmL− LCESIMS MSMS

Abstract The increasing need for sustainable alternatives to synthetic insecticides has driven the analysis of extracts from Solanum habrochaites, a wild tomato, through fractionated column chromatography. Potential bioactive compounds for pest management, a clean and promising biotechnological solution, have been reported from this plant. The objective is to provide detailed gas chromatography data, including peaks, structural formulas, and retention indices for the extracts of S. habrochaites aerial parts. Column chromatographic analysis was conducted with five fractions (F1, F2, F5, F3, and F4) of S. habrochaites extracts. Long-chain hydrocarbons such as hexadecanoic acid and docosano were identified in the F1 fraction; fatty acid esters, including hexadecanoate and octadecenoate ethyls in the F2 and methyl ketones, with tridecan-2-one as the major component in the F5, while no identifiable compounds were disclosed in the F3 and F4 fractions. The column chromatography provided valuable insights into compounds in the F1, F2, and F5 fractions of S. habrochaites extracts, highlighting fatty acid esters, long-chain hydrocarbons, and methyl ketones. The bioactive compounds, from extracts of this plant, including the first record of the docosanoate, hexadecanoate and octadecanoate ethyls in S. habrochaites and Solanaceae, reinforces their promising biological application in different areas of science. tomato management solution plant data peaks formulas S parts F (F1 Longchain Long chain fraction esters ketones tridecan2one tridecanone tridecan 2 one longchain long docosanoate Solanaceae science (F

Resumo A crescente necessidade por alternativas sustentáveis no manejo de pragas motivou a análise de extratos de plantas do tomate silvestre, Solanum habrochaites, por cromatografia em coluna de fração. O objetivo foi detalhar resultados da cromatografia gasosa, incluindo picos, fórmulas estruturais e índices de retenção para compostos de extratos de partes aéreas de S. habrochaites. A análise cromatográfica em coluna foi realizada para cinco frações (F1, F2, F5, F3 e F4) dos extratos de S. habrochaites. Hidrocarbonetos de cadeia longa, como ácidos hexadecanóico e docosanoato, foram identificados na fração F1; ácidos graxos, incluindo hexadecanoato de etila e octadecanoato de etila na F2 e metilcetonas, com tridecan-2-ona como o composto majoritário, na F5 e nenhum composto nas frações F3 e F4. A análise dos extratos de S. habrochaites, por cromatografia em coluna, identificou compostos nas frações F1, F2 e F5, desta planta, destacando ésteres de ácidos graxos, metilcetonas e hidrocarbonetos de cadeia longa e o primeiro relato dos docosanoato, hexadecanoato e octadecanoato nessa planta e em Solanaceae. silvestre habrochaites gasosa picos S F1 F (F1 F4 docosanoato graxos tridecan2ona tridecanona tridecan 2 ona majoritário Solanaceae (F

Poplars (Populus alba, Populus canadensis, Populus canescens, Populus deltoides, Populus fremontii, Populus nigra and Populus simonii) are found throughout the world and are invasive in South Africa, where they are spatially permitted in certain areas under controlled conditions, as specified in the country's invasive species legislation. To better trace their geographic distribution, this study predicts the potentially suitable habitat of poplar trees in South Africa based on generalised linear model (GLM), Random Forests (RF) and Support Vector Machines (SVM) models and also assesses the climatic variables with the greatest impact on prediction performance. The results show excellent performance for all models (Area Under the Receiver Operation Characteristics Curve [AUC] > 0.9) in predicting the poplar distribution, with RF achieving the best performance (r = 0.83 and AUC = 0.965), followed by SVM (r = 0.72 and AUC = 0.959) and then GLM (r = 0.65 and AUC = 0.937). In a geographical perspective, all models show a similar pattern, with the highest concentrations being in the south-western parts of the Western Cape, the Southern Cape on the Garden Route, the central-eastern Free State, Mpumalanga, and the southern parts of Limpopo. The evaluation of the relative importance of the bioclimates used showed that the warmest and driest quarter's precipitation and annual precipitation significantly contribute to the poplar population. These results demonstrate the power of machine learning and regression models for predicting suitable habitats and extracting valuable environmental-climatic knowledge for monitoring and managing invasive tree species such as poplars. CONSERVATION IMPLICATIONS: Poplars are among the most aggressive invasive plant species in South Africa. The results of this study are expected to help conservation authorities understand the current climatic factors affecting the species distribution, as well as potential sites

ABSTRACT In this research, an analysis of the influences of social, technological and organizational conditions in a production process of an industrial plant that produces spare parts for industries, located in the city of San Lorenzo in Paraguay, was carried out. In order to collect and analyze the relevant data, a mixed methodology combining different types of analysis was used for the development of the research. Specifically, a sequential exploratory design was used, which allowed a detailed and complete vision of the factors involved to be obtained. To gather information, surveys, interviews and secondary data analysis were conducted. In addition, technical evaluations were carried out in order to obtain a deeper understanding of the production processes in the industrial plant dedicated to the production of parts. All data collection instruments were validated through pilot tests, which guaranteed the quality and reliability of the results obtained. From the data collected and analyzed, the elements and factors that had a significant impact on the productivity levels of the industrial plant were identified. These findings provided a solid basis for proposing optimization strategies at both the production and organizational levels. Specific proposals were developed that would enable the industry to adapt effectively to the prevailing industrial conditions in Paraguay.

RESUMEN En esta investigación se realizó el análisis de las influencias de las condiciones sociales, tecnológicas y organizacionales en un proceso productivo de una planta industrial que produce piezas de repuestos para industrias, ubicada en la ciudad de San Lorenzo en Paraguay. Con el objetivo de recopilar y analizar los datos relevantes, se empleó una metodología mixta que combinó diferentes tipos de análisis para el desarrollo de la investigación. Específicamente, se utilizó un diseño exploratorio secuencial, el cual permitió obtener una visión detallada y completa de los factores involucrados. Para recopilar información, se realizaron encuestas, entrevistas y análisis de datos secundarios. Además, se ejecutaron evaluaciones técnicas con el fin de obtener una comprensión más profunda de los procesos productivos en la planta industrial dedicada a la producción de piezas. Todos los instrumentos de recolección de datos fueron validados mediante pruebas piloto, lo que garantizó la calidad y confiabilidad de los resultados obtenidos. A partir de los datos recopilados y analizados, se identificaron los elementos y factores que tenían un impacto significativo en los niveles de productividad de la planta industrial. Estos hallazgos proporcionaron una base sólida para proponer estrategias de optimización tanto en el ámbito productivo como en el organizacional. Se desarrollaron propuestas específicas que permitirían a la industria adaptarse de manera efectiva a las condiciones industriales imperantes en Paraguay.