RESUMO: O estudo das relações genotípicas entre índices de tolerância à seca e caracteres agronômicos de interesse no melhoramento de trigo é útil para traçar estratégias de seleção. Objetivou-se com este trabalho investigar as relações de causa e efeito entre características agronômicas e índices de tolerância à seca via análise de correlações canônicas. Dois ensaios (controle e estresse) foram conduzidos no inverno de 2020 em Viçosa, MG, Brasil. Foram avaliados os caracteres (dias para o espigamento, altura da planta, massa e número de grãos por espiga, massa de cem grãos e rendimento de grãos). Os dados de produtividade dos ensaios de controle e estresse foram utilizados para construir cinco índices de tolerância à seca. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de modelos mistos para estimação dos parâmetros genéticos e predição dos valores genotípicos (REML/BLUP), em seguida, os valores genotípicos foram utilizados para calcular os coeficientes de correlação entre os caracteres. Dois grupos de caracteres foram estabelecidos para o estudo das correlações canônicas, sendo o primeiro grupo constituído pelas variáveis agronômicas e o segundo pelos índices de tolerância à seca. Houve efeito significativo de genótipo para todas as características avaliadas. Os pares canônicos foram significativos, o que indicou a existência de dependência entre os grupos. O caráter dias para o espigamento pode ser utilizado na seleção indireta de genótipos de trigo para tolerância à seca. RESUMO Objetivouse Objetivou se canônicas 202 Viçosa MG Brasil planta espiga grãos. . grãos) REML/BLUP, REMLBLUP REML/BLUP , REML BLUP (REML/BLUP) seguida avaliadas significativos 20 (REML/BLUP 2

ABSTRACT: The study of genotypic relationships between drought tolerance indices and agronomic traits of interest in wheat breeding is useful for designing selection strategies. The objective of this research was to investigate the cause-and-effect relationships between agronomic traits and drought tolerance indices through the analysis of canonical correlations. Two trials (control and stress) were conducted in winter 2020 in Viçosa, MG, Brazil. The traits evaluated were: (days for heading, plant height, mass and number of grains per spike, mass of one hundred grains, and grain yield). Grain yield data from the control and stress conditions were used to construct five drought tolerance indices. The data were subjected to mixed model analysis for estimation of genetic parameters and prediction of genotypic values (REML/BLUP), and then the genotypic values were used to calculate the correlation coefficients between the traits. Two groups of traits were established for the study of canonical correlations, the first group consisting of agronomic traits and the second by drought tolerance indices. There was a significant genotype effect for all evaluated traits. The canonical pairs were significant, which indicated the existence of dependence between the groups. Days to heading trait can be used in the indirect selection of wheat genotypes for drought tolerance. ABSTRACT strategies causeandeffect cause correlations 202 Viçosa MG Brazil days height spike yield. . yield) REML/BLUP, REMLBLUP REML/BLUP , REML BLUP (REML/BLUP) 20 (REML/BLUP 2

ABSTRACT Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increase water and nutrient absorption from the soil by plants. However, its benefits to plants vary depending on the inoculated species. This study aimed to determine the influence of different species of mycorrhizal fungi on the development and productivity of grain sorghum cultivars. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in a completely randomized design in a 2 x 5 factorial scheme, consisting of two sorghum cultivars (BRS 310 and BRS 330) and five treatments (control without inoculation and four species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: Gigaspora margarita, Glomus formosanum, Acaulospora scrobiculata, and Scutellospora pellucida), with four replications. Plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, length, volume, specific surface area, root diameter, shoot dry mass, root dry mass, thousand-grain weight, grain productivity, colonization, dependence, and mycorrhizal efficiency were evaluated. The results showed that inoculation with the species S. pellucida induced higher root and shoot development of plants of the cultivar BRS 310, as well as higher productivity of sorghum grains. The cultivar BRS 330 showed higher root development when inoculated with the species G. formosanum and a higher shoot development when inoculated with the species A. scrobiculata. Mycorrhizal dependence for grain productivity was low and varied with the inoculated species of mycorrhizal fungi. The mycorrhizal efficiency for shoot dry mass was higher with the inoculation of A. scrobiculata and S. pellucida in the cultivar BRS 310 and A. scrobiculata and G. margarita in the cultivar BRS 330. However scheme 31 control pellucida, , pellucida) replications height diameter area length volume thousandgrain thousand weight colonization evaluated S grains 33 G A 3

RESUMO A cultura do sorgo é considerada uma das mais importantes do mundo devido a sua versatilidade de utilização. No entanto, o estresse hídrico pode ser considerado uma ameaça significativa para sua produtividade. A busca por produtos mitigadores do estresse hídrico é uma área de pesquisa crucial na agricultura e na gestão de recursos hídricos. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a viabilidade do uso do ácido salicílico como atenuante de estresse hídrico na cultura do sorgo. O experimento foi conduzido em ambiente telado, em delineamento em blocos ao acaso com esquema fatorial 4 × 2, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados quatro níveis hídricos (40, 60, 80 e 100% da evapotranspiração) e duas concentrações de ácido salicílico (0 e 2,76 g L-1). Foram analisados a altura das plantas, diâmetro do caule, número de folhas, trocas gasosas, pigmentos fotossintéticos e fluorescência da clorofila a. A aplicação de lâminas de irrigação deficitárias reduziu a altura da planta, diâmetro do colmo, número de folhas e clorofila total no sorgo. No entanto, quando essas lâminas foram associadas ao ácido salicílico, foi observado que houve atenuação dos danos, especialmente em relação a clorofila a e b. Além disso, o ácido salicílico quando aplicado isoladamente, contribuiu para redução da temperatura da folha e aumento da eficiência de uso da água. Assim, o ácido salicílico pode ser usado para mitigar os efeitos do estresse salino em plantas de sorgo. utilização entanto produtividade Assim telado 2 repetições 40, 40 (40 60 8 100 evapotranspiração 0 ( 276 76 2,7 L1. L1 L 1 . L-1) caule gasosas planta colmo danos b disso isoladamente água (4 6 10 27 7 L-1 L-

ABSTRACT The sorghum crop is considered one of the most important worldwide due to its versatility. However, water stress can be considered a significant threat to its yield. The search for products that mitigate water stress is a crucial area of research in agriculture and water resources management. Thus, the objective in this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using salicylic acid as a water stress attenuator in sorghum. The experiment was conducted in a screened environment in a randomized block design with a 4 × 2 factorial scheme, with four replicates. Four levels of water (40, 60, 80, and 100% of evapotranspiration) and two concentrations of salicylic acid (0 and 2.76 g L-1) were evaluated. Plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, gas exchange, photosynthetic pigments, and chlorophyll a fluorescence were analyzed. Application of deficit irrigation depths reduced plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, and total chlorophyll in sorghum. However, when these depths were associated with salicylic acid, it was observed that the damage was attenuated, especially in chlorophyll a and b. Furthermore, salicylic acid reduced leaf temperature and increased water use efficiency when applied alone. Thus, salicylic acid can be used to mitigate the effects of salt stress on sorghum plants. versatility However yield management Thus scheme replicates 40, 40 (40 60 80 100 evapotranspiration 0 ( 276 76 2.7 L1 L 1 L-1 evaluated height diameter leaves exchange pigments analyzed attenuated b Furthermore alone plants (4 6 8 10 27 7 2. L-

RESUMO Devido às importantes funções do cálcio na fisiologia vegetal, a suplementação deste nutriente pode ser uma estratégia viável para aumentar a tolerância das plantas à salinidade. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as trocas gasosas e o crescimento de cultivares de rúcula de folhas largas cultivadas em fibra de coco submetidas ao estresse salino. Quatro soluções nutritivas [(S1-solução nutritiva padrão (condutividade elétrica da água - CEa de 0,5 dS m-1; S2- solução nutritiva utilizando água salina com NaCl a 3,5 dS m-1; S3-S2 enriquecida com Ca(NO3)2 a 50%; S4-S2 enriquecido com Ca(NO3)2 a 100%, obtendo valores de 2,3, 5,1, 5,5 e 5,9 dS m-1, para S1, S2, S3 e S4, respectivamente], e duas cultivares de rúcula. (Donatella e Gigante Folha Larga), dispostas em esquema fatorial 2 × 4, com três repetições, foram estudadas. As plantas foram colhidas 40 dias após a semeadura e avaliadas quanto às seguintes variáveis: altura de planta, número de folhas, área foliar, massa fresca total, massa seca total, área foliar específica, suculência foliar, índice relativo de clorofila, condutância estomática, taxa de assimilação de CO2, taxa de transpiração, concentração interna de CO2 e eficiência instantânea do uso da água e eficiência intrínseca de carboxilação. A cultivar Gigante Folha Larga foi mais tolerante à salinidade da solução nutritiva. O uso de solução nutritiva salinizada afetou negativamente o crescimento e a fisiologia da rúcula, mas a adição extra de Ca(NO3)2 reduziu os efeitos nocivos da salinidade. Recomenda-se adição extra de 50% de Ca(NO3)2 na solução nutritiva para reduzir o efeito do estresse salino. vegetal Assim salino S1solução Ssolução S1 S condutividade 05 0 5 0, m1 m 1 m-1 S2 35 3 3, S3S2 SS S3-S CaNO32 CaNO Ca NO3 NO Ca(NO3) 50 S4S2 S4 S4-S 100 100% 23 2,3 51 5,1 55 5, 59 9 m1, 1, respectivamente, respectivamente , respectivamente] Donatella Larga, Larga) 4 repetições estudadas variáveis planta total específica clorofila estomática CO transpiração carboxilação Recomendase Recomenda se m- S3S CaNO3 Ca(NO3 S4S 10 2, Ca(NO

ABSTRACT Due to the important functions of calcium in plant physiology, supplementation of this nutrient may be a viable strategy to increase the tolerance of plants to salinity. Thus, the objective in this study was to evaluate the gas exchange and growth of broad-leaf arugula cultivars cultivated in coconut fiber subjected to salt stress. Four nutrient solutions [(S1 - standard nutrient solution (electrical conductivity of water - ECw of 0.5 dS m-1; S2 - nutrient solution using saline water with NaCl at 3.5 dS m-1; S3 - S2 enriched with Ca(NO3)2 at 50%; S4 - S2 enriched with Ca(NO3)2 at 100%, obtaining values of 2.3, 5.1, 5.5, and 5.9 dS m-1, for S1, S2, S3, and S4, respectively], and two cultivars of arugula (Donatella and Gigante Folha Larga), arranged in a 2 × 4 factorial scheme, with three replicates, were studied. Plants were harvested 40 days after sowing and evaluated for the following variables: plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, total fresh mass, total dry mass, specific leaf area, leaf succulence, relative chlorophyll index, stomatal conductance, CO2 assimilation rate, transpiration rate, internal CO2 concentration, instantaneous water use efficiency, and intrinsic carboxylation efficiency. The cultivar Gigante Folha Larga was more tolerant to salinity of nutrient solution. The use of salinized nutrient solution negatively affected arugula growth and physiology, but the extra addition of Ca(NO3)2 reduced the harmful effects of salinity. Extra addition of 50% of Ca(NO3)2 in the nutrient solution is recommended to reduce the effect of salt stress. physiology Thus broadleaf broad stress S1 S [(S electrical 05 0 5 0. m1 m 1 m-1 35 3 3. CaNO32 CaNO Ca NO3 NO Ca(NO3) 50 100 100% 23 2.3 51 5.1 55 5.5 59 9 5. m1, 1, respectively, respectively , respectively] Donatella Larga, Larga) scheme replicates studied variables height leaves area mass succulence index conductance CO rate concentration efficiency m- CaNO3 Ca(NO3 10 2. Ca(NO

RESUMO: O lúpulo (Humulus lupulus L.) possui grande importância econômica no planalto serrano do estado de Santa Catarina, uma vez que existem inúmeras cervejarias nesta região do Brasil. Como as cultivares disponíveis no país carecem de bons atributos qualitativos e apresentam baixa produtividade de cones, existe grande demanda por genótipos melhorados. Os resultados de experimentos de cruzamento dialélico aumentam a compreensão dos processos de herança e dos mecanismos de controle associados à transferência de alelos com ação aditiva ou não aditiva, permitindo assim que os geneticistas explorem os benefícios da heterose. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar as capacidades de combinação geral e específica (CGC e CEC, respectivamente) de quatro genótipos de lúpulo e obter híbridos F1 com características agronômicas superiores às dos genitores e habilidade para se adaptar às condições ambientais do planalto catarinense. Os cruzamentos dialélicos parciais foram realizados em delineamento de blocos casualizados envolvendo 14 tratamentos, i.e. dois genitores masculinos (Cascade e Hallertauer), quatro genitores femininos (Columbus, Chinook, Cascade e Hallertauer) e oito combinações híbridas, com três repetições cada. Os resultados mostraram que a CEC dos genitores foi o mecanismo de controle predominante para a manifestação nos híbridos das características comprimento do ramo lateral, altura de inserção do primeiro cone, massa verde da planta e produtividade de cones. Algumas combinações entre genitores também manifestaram CGC elevada, indicando a presença de alelos favoráveis com ação aditiva. A melhor combinação foi Hallertauer × Cascade e essa descoberta demonstra a importância da escolha de genitores originários de diferentes grupos genéticos (Americano × Europeu) para obter híbridos geneticamente melhorados. RESUMO Humulus L. L Catarina Brasil cones melhorados heterose respectivamente F catarinense 1 tratamentos ie i i.e Hallertauer, , Columbus, Columbus (Columbus Chinook híbridas cada lateral cone elevada Americano Europeu

ABSTRACT: Hops (Humulus lupulus L.) are of particular economic importance in the highlands of the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, by virtue of the number of breweries in the region. However, since the cultivars currently available in the country present poor qualitative attributes and low cone productivity, there is considerable demand for improved genotypes. The results of diallel crossing experiments help to increase our understanding of inheritance processes and the mechanisms controlling the transfer of alleles with additive or non-additive action, thereby allowing breeders to explore the benefits of heterosis. The present study evaluated the general and specific combining abilities (GCA and SCA, respectively) of four hop genotypes and to obtain F1 hybrids with agronomic traits superior to those of the parents and the ability to adapt to the environmental conditions in the Santa Catarina highlands. Partial diallel crosses were performed using a randomized complete block design involving 14 treatments, namely two male parents (Cascade and Hallertauer), four female parents (Columbus, Chinook, Cascade and Hallertauer) and eight hybrid combinations, with three repetitions each. The results showed that SCA was the predominant controlling mechanism for the manifestation in hybrids of the traits length of the lateral branch, height of insertion of the first cone, plant green mass and cone productivity. Some parental combinations also exhibited high GCA, indicating the presence of favorable alleles with additive action. The best combination was Hallertauer × Cascade, a finding that highlights the importance of choosing parents from different gene pools (American × European) to obtain genetically enhanced hybrids. ABSTRACT Humulus L. L Brazil region However productivity nonadditive non action heterosis GCA respectively F 1 treatments Hallertauer, , Columbus, Columbus (Columbus Chinook each branch American European

RESUMO Uma das dificuldades encontradas no manejo da cultura é o controle de plantas daninhas, pois existem poucas opções de herbicidas registrados, principalmente em pré-emergência. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a seletividade dos herbicidas préemergentes com diferentes mecanismos de ação para a cultura do trigo. Os experimentos foram divididos em duas etapas: na primeira, foi realizada uma seleção preliminar em casa de vegetação e na segunda, os tratamentos selecionados foram avaliados em campo, visando principalmente a produtividade da cultura. Em casa de vegetação foram avaliadas a fitointoxicação, o estande e a massa seca da parte aérea. Em condições de campo, foram avaliados o estande, o perfilhamento, a altura das plantas, o fechamento do dossel, o rendimento, a massa de mil grãos e o peso hectolitrico. Em estufa, [imazapic + imazapyr], pendimethalin, isoxaflutole, florpyrauxifen e halosulfuron-methyl apresentaram os melhores resultados e foram selecionados para os experimentos em condições de campo. O florpyrauxifen foi o único herbicida que se destacou positivamente na estufa e nas experiências de campo. Isoxaflutole e trifluralin não prejudicaram a cultura em nenhuma das avaliações de campo. Pendimethalin e flumioxazin, embora tenham reduzido o desempenho da cultura em algumas avaliações, forneceram resultados em rendimento, peso de hectolitros e mil massa de grãos equivalente ao controle. Florpyrauxifen (1,08 g ha-1) foi o herbicida mais promissor. Trifluralin (900 g ha-1), pendimethalin (1750 g ha-1), isoxaflutole (60 g ha-1) e flumioxazin (40 e 60 g ha-1) apresentaram um rendimento de grãos equivalente ao controle sem herbicida. daninhas registrados préemergência. préemergência pré emergência. emergência pré-emergência trigo etapas primeira segunda campo fitointoxicação aérea perfilhamento dossel hectolitrico imazapic imazapyr, imazapyr , imazapyr] halosulfuronmethyl halosulfuron methyl 1,08 108 1 08 (1,0 ha1 ha ha-1 promissor 900 (90 ha1, 1750 (175 (6 40 (4 6 1,0 10 0 (1, ha- 90 (9 175 (17 ( 4 1, (1 9 17

ABSTRACT Weed control is a challenge in crop management due to the limited number of registered herbicides, especially for preemergent application. This study aimed to investigate the selectivity of pre-emergent herbicides with different mechanisms of action for wheat. The experiment consisted of two stages: the first involved screening under greenhouse conditions, and the second assessing the selected treatments under field conditions, with a focus on crop yield. Plant phytointoxication, crop stand, and shoot dry weight were assessed in the greenhouse experiment, and tillering, crop stand, plant height, canopy closure, yield, 1000-grain weight, and hectoliter weight in the field. Under greenhouse conditions, [imazapic + imazapyr], pendimethalin, isoxaflutole, florpyrauxifen, and halosulfuron-methyl produced the best results and were selected for the field experiment. Florpyrauxifen was the only herbicide that was selective both in greenhouse and field experiments. Isoxaflutole and trifluralin did not damage wheat in any of the field evaluations. Despite reducing crop performance in some assessments, pendimethalin and flumioxazin provided yield, hectoliter weight, and 1000-grain weight results equivalent to the herbicide-free control. Florpyrauxifen (1.08 g ha-1) was the most promising herbicide. Trifluralin (900 g ha-1), pendimethalin (1750 g ha-1), isoxaflutole (60 g ha-1), and flumioxazin (40 and 60 g ha-1) also produced grain yields equivalent to the control without herbicide. application pre emergent stages conditions yield phytointoxication stand tillering height closure 1000grain 1000 imazapic imazapyr, imazapyr , imazapyr] florpyrauxifen halosulfuronmethyl halosulfuron methyl experiments evaluations assessments herbicidefree free 1.08 108 1 08 (1.0 ha1 ha ha-1 900 (90 ha1, 1750 (175 (6 40 (4 6 100 1.0 10 0 (1. ha- 90 (9 175 (17 ( 4 1. (1 9 17

RESUMO O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o desempenho agronômico e selecionar genótipos de sorgo biomassa para diferentes regiões do Brasil a partir da análise de adaptabilidade e estabilidade pelo método GGE Biplot. Foram avaliados 25 genótipos, que constituíram os ensaios de valor de cultivo e uso (VCU’s) de sorgo biomassa do Programa de Melhoramento da Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, conduzido em oito locais do Brasil (Sobral-CE, Jaguariúna-SP, Nova Porteirinha-MG, Planaltina-GO, Sete Lagoas-MG, Narandiba-SP, Vilhena-RO e Terra Rica-PR), na safra de 2021/2022. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com três repetições. Foram realizadas as análises de variância conjuntas para as características altura de plantas, florescimento e produtividades de matéria verde e seca. Constada interação (GxA), procedeu-se a análise de adaptabilidade e estabilidade pelo método de GGE Biplot, para todas as características. Com os valores de médias ajustadas, foram obtidos os agrupamentos de médias pelo teste de Scott-Knott (p < 0.05). Os genótipos de sorgo biomassa apresentam maior ciclo, bem como altura e produtividade de biomassa superior a genótipos de sorgo forrageiro. Os híbridos experimentais 202129B014 e 202129B016, bem como o híbrido comercial BRS 716 podem ser recomendados para todos os ambientes, pois apresentam alta adaptabilidade e estabilidade para todos os ambientes para a produção de matéria verde e seca. Biplot 2 VCUs VCU s (VCU’s Sorgo SobralCE, SobralCE Sobral CE, CE (Sobral-CE JaguariúnaSP, JaguariúnaSP Jaguariúna SP, SP Jaguariúna-SP PorteirinhaMG, PorteirinhaMG Porteirinha MG, MG Porteirinha-MG PlanaltinaGO, PlanaltinaGO Planaltina GO, GO Planaltina-GO LagoasMG, LagoasMG Lagoas Lagoas-MG NarandibaSP, NarandibaSP Narandiba Narandiba-SP VilhenaRO Vilhena RO RicaPR, RicaPR Rica PR , Rica-PR) 20212022 2021 2022 2021/2022 casualizados repetições plantas seca GxA, GxA (GxA) procedeuse procedeu se ajustadas ScottKnott Scott Knott p 0.05. 005 0.05 . 0 05 0.05) ciclo forrageiro B 202129B01 202129B016 71 Rica-PR 2021202 202 2021/202 (GxA 00 0.0 202129B0 7 202120 20 2021/20 0. 202129B 20212 2021/2 2021/

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic performance and select biomass sorghum genotypes for growing in different regions of Brazil based on adaptability and stability analysis using the GGE biplot method. The 25 genotypes evaluated were from trials of value for cultivation and use (VCU) of biomass sorghum of the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa Maize and Sorghum) Breeding Program, conducted in eight locations across Brazil (Sobral, CE; Jaguariúna and Narandiba, SP; Nova Porteirinha and Sete Lagoas, MG; Planaltina, DF; Vilhena, RO; and Terra Rica, PR) during the 2021-2022 crop season. A randomized block experimental design with three replications was used. The following traits of were subjected to joint analysis of variance: plant height, flowering, and fresh and dry matter yields. The confirmation of genotype-by-environment interaction (G×E) was followed by adaptability and stability analysis using the GGE biplot method for all traits. The adjusted means were used to obtain the mean clustering using the Scott-Knott test (p < 0.05). Biomass sorghum genotypes showed a longer growth cycle, taller plants, and higher biomass yield than forage sorghum genotypes. The experimental sorghum hybrids 202129B014 and 202129B016 and the commercial hybrid BRS 716 can be recommended for fresh and dry matter production in all tested environments due to their high adaptability and stability. 2 VCU (VCU Embrapa Sorghum Program Sobral, Sobral (Sobral CE Narandiba SP Lagoas MG Planaltina DF Vilhena RO Rica PR 20212022 2021 2022 2021-202 season variance height flowering yields genotypebyenvironment genotype environment G×E GE G E (G×E ScottKnott Scott Knott p 0.05. 005 0.05 . 0 05 0.05) cycle plants B 202129B01 71 2021202 202 2021-20 00 0.0 202129B0 7 202120 20 2021-2 0. 202129B 20212 2021-

RESUMO A salinidade é um fator abiótico que prejudica o crescimento e os mecanismos fisiológicos, bioquímicos e moleculares das plantas. Entre as plantas, a soja é uma cultura importante mundialmente, portanto, o manejo de fatores abióticos é essencial para mitigar os danos às plantas. No entanto, bioestimulantes, como a melatonina, estão sendo usados para aliviar o estresse causado por esses fatores. Portanto, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o crescimento, os pigmentos fotossintéticos e as relações hídricas de plantas de soja aplicadas a níveis de salinidade e aplicação exógena de melatonina. A pesquisa foi realizada em área experimental pertencente à Universidade Federal Rural do SemiÁrido, Mossoró, RN, Brasil. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, arranjados em esquema fatorial 3 x 3 (três níveis de salinidade na água de irrigação - 0.50, 3.00 e 5.00 dS m-1 e três concentrações de melatonina - 0, 0.5 e 1 mM), com três repetições. Aos 47 dias após o plantio, foram avaliados a altura da planta, diâmetro do caule, número de folhas, comprimento radicular, teor de clorofila (a, b e total), conteúdo relativo de água, umidade foliar e extravasamento de eletrólitos. As plantas de soja toleraram os efeitos da salinidade nos aspectos de crescimento, nos pigmentos fotossintéticos e nas relações hídricas até 3,00 dS m-1, independentemente da concentração de melatonina. A aplicação exógena de melatonina mitigou os efeitos do estresse salino na clorofila b e no conteúdo relativo de água, no nível de salinidade de 5.00 dS m-1 e concentração de 1 mM. fisiológicos mundialmente portanto entanto bioestimulantes Portanto SemiÁrido Mossoró RN Brasil casualizados 050 0 50 0.50 300 00 3.0 500 5 5.0 m1 m m- 05 0. mM, mM , mM) repetições 4 plantio planta caule folhas radicular a, (a total, total total) eletrólitos 3,0 m1, 1, 30 3. 5. 3,

ABSTRACT Salinity is an abiotic factor that impairs the growth and physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms of plants. Among plants, soybeans are an important crop worldwide, so managing abiotic factors is essential to mitigate plant damage. However, biostimulants, such as melatonin, are being employed to alleviate the stress caused by these factors. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the growth, photosynthetic pigments, and water relations of soybean plants subjected to salinity levels and exogenous melatonin application. The research was conducted in experimental area belonging to the Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid Region, Mossoró, RN, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks, arranged in a 3 x 3 factorial scheme (three salinity levels in the irrigation water - 0.50, 3.00, and 5.00 dS m-1 and three melatonin concentrations - 0, 0.5, and 1 mM) with three replications. At 47 days after planting, plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, root length, chlorophyll content (a, b, and total), relative water content, leaf moisture, and electrolyte leakage were evaluated. Soybean plants tolerated the effects of salinity on growth aspects, photosynthetic pigments, and water relations up to 3.00 dS m-1, regardless of melatonin concentration. Exogenous application of melatonin mitigated the effects of salt stress on chlorophyll b and relative water content at salinity level of 5.00 dS m-1 and concentration of 1 mM. physiological biochemical worldwide damage However biostimulants Therefore pigments SemiArid Semi Arid Region Mossoró RN Brazil blocks 050 0 50 0.50 300 00 500 5 5.0 m1 m m- 05 0.5 mM replications 4 planting height diameter leaves length a, (a total, total , total) moisture evaluated aspects 3.0 m1, 1, 30 5. 0. 3.

Abstract The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of supplementary foliar application of liquid commercial products of B+3 (Basfoliar® with 13 % B), Mn+2 (CRECITEC Mn® with 5 % Mn) and Mo+6 (MOLIBION® with 9.2 % Mo) on tomato yield and phytochemicals. The treatments were: B+3 (1 mL L-1), Mn+2 (2 mL L-1), Mo+6 (1.5 mL L-1), their interactions (B+3+Mn+2, B+3+Mo+6, Mn+2+Mo+6, and B+3+Mn+2+Mo+6) and a control, applied every 15 days after transplantation. A randomized complete block design with eight treatments and 10 repetitions was used. The application of the microelements did not modify the yield. For plant height all treatments exceeded the control except for B+3 and Mn+2. The Mo+6 treatment increased the dry biomass. In fruit, Mn increased proteins, B+3+Mo+6 and Mn+2+Mo+6 decreased phenols, B+3, Mo+2 and Mn+2+Mo+6 increased flavonoids, and B+3+Mn+2 and Mn+2+Mo+6 decreased glutathione. B+3+Mo+6 increased lycopene, but decreased β-carotene. Regarding lipophilic antioxidant capacity of the fruit, it was increased by B+3+Mn+2 and decreased by B+3+Mo+6. This study shows that the supplementary application of these microelements is an alternative to increase phytochemicals in crops, without affecting yields.

Resumen En el estudio se evaluó la aplicación foliar suplementaria de productos comerciales líquidos de B+3 (Basfoliar® con 13 % de B), Mn+2 (CRECITEC Mn® con 5 % de Mn) y Mo+6 (MOLIBION® con 9.2 % de Mo) sobre el rendimiento y fitoquímicos de tomate. Los tratamientos fueron: B+3 (1 mL L-1), Mn+2 (2 mL L-1), Mo+6 (1.5 mL L-1), sus interacciones (B+3+Mn+2, B+3+Mo+6, Mn+2+Mo+6 y B+3+Mn+2+Mo+6) y un testigo cada 15 d después del trasplante. Se utilizo un diseño de bloques completos al azar con ocho tratamientos y 10 repeticiones. Los tratamientos no modificaron el rendimiento, sin embargo, B+3+Mo+6 mejoró el diametro ecuatorial del fruto. Para altura de planta los tratamientos superaron al control a excepción de B+3 y Mn+2, y el número de hojas se incrementó con Mn+2 y Mo+6. El tratamiento de Mo+6 aumentó el peso seco total. En fruto, Mn incrementó las proteínas, B+3+Mo+6 y Mn+2 +Mo+6 disminuyeron los fenoles, B+3, Mo+6 y Mn+2+Mo+6 aumentaron los flavonoides y B+3+Mn+6 y Mn+3+Mo+6 disminuyeron el glutatión. B+3+Mo+6 incrementó licopeno, pero disminuyó el β-caroteno. Para capacidad antioxidante lipofílica, B+3+Mn+2 la incrementó y B+3+Mo+6 la disminuyó. La aplicación suplementaria de estos microelementos es adecuada para incrementar fitoquímicos en cultivos, sin afectar rendimientos.

Abstract Introduction: Evidence suggests that herbivores, such as peccaries, shape vegetation structure and diversity through predation, trampling, dispersal, and rooting behavior. Objective: To evaluate the impact of peccaries (Dycotiles tajacu) on the understory vegetation of the tropical rainforest in the Nogal-La Selva Local Biological Corridor, Costa Rica, comparing a site with the absence of peccaries to another with the presence of these animals. Methodology: From June to November 2021, 20 experimental exclusions and 20 free access plots, each measuring 2 m2 were used to quantify herbivory, the number of leaf blades, damaged leaves, healthy leaves, sapling height, and fallen biomass at both sites. Results: A higher sapling density was found in the Nogal Reserve, but a lower sapling diversity, while in La Selva there was a higher sapling diversity, but a lower density of seedlings. Herbivory and sapling height in La Selva exceeded those in Nogal. The exclusion of peccaries reduced seedling damage but did not affect the dynamics of fallen biomass. Conclusion: For the design, implementation, and evaluation of the effectiveness of biological corridors, it is crucial to consider plant-animal interactions to enhance the flow of ecological processes through functional and structural connectivity, analyzed from interactions such as those presented in this paper.

Resumen Introducción: Existe evidencia que herbívoros, como los saínos, dan forma a la estructura y diversidad de la vegetación a través del comportamiento de depredación, pisoteo, dispersión y enraizamiento. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de los saínos (Dycotiles tajacu) en la vegetación del sotobosque del bosque tropical húmedo en el Corredor Biológico Local Nogal-La Selva, Costa Rica, en un sitio con ausencia y en otro con presencia de saínos. Métodos: De junio a noviembre de 2021 se utilizaron 20 exclusiones experimentales y 20 parcelas de acceso libre de 2 m2, se cuantifico la herbivoría, número de láminas foliares, hojas dañadas, hojas sanas, altura de brinzales y biomasa caída en ambos sitios. Resultados: Se encontró una mayor densidad de brinzales en Reserva Nogal pero una menor diversidad, contrario en La Selva donde se encontró una mayor diversidad de brinzales, pero una menor densidad de plántulas. La herbivoría y la altura de brinzales en La Selva fue mayor que en Nogal. La exclusión de los saínos disminuyó el daño a las plántulas, pero no afectó la dinámica de la biomasa caída. Conclusión: Es necesario contemplar para el diseño, implementación y evaluación de la efectividad de corredores biológicos, las interacciones planta-animal, para potencializar el flujo de procesos ecológicos mediante la conectividad funcional y estructural, analizada a partir de interacciones como las presentadas en este trabajo.

Abstract The use of plant extracts as biostimulants is an alternative in agricultural production. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of foliar spraying of aqueous extracts of nopal (Opuntia ficus-indica) and coriander (Coriandrum sativum) on the growth and nutrient concentration of lettuce leaves. Thirty-day-old seedlings were sprayed with the treatments for 28 d, at seven-day intervals. Spraying of the extracts did not modify plant height or leaf number. The nopal extract increased the concentration of P, Fe and Zn; while the coriander extract increased the concentration of N, P, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, B and Zn. The evaluated plant extracts had no influence on growth, but did have an influence on the concentration of nutrients in lettuce leaves.

Resumen El uso de extractos vegetales como bioestimulantes, es una alternativa en la producción agrícola. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto de la aspersión foliar de extractos acuosos de nopal (Opuntia ficus-indica) y cilantro (Coriandrum sativum), en el crecimiento y concentración nutrimental de hojas de lechuga. Plántulas de 30 d de edad, se asperjaron con los tratamientos durante 28 d, en intervalos de siete días. La aspersión de los extractos no modificó la altura de planta, ni el número de hojas. El extracto de nopal incrementó la concentración de P, Fe y Zn; mientras que el extracto de cilantro, aumentó la concentración de N, P, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, B y Zn. Los extractos vegetales evaluados no tienen influencia en el crecimiento, pero sí en la concentración de nutrimentos en hojas de lechuga.

Summary: The present study aimed to evaluate caporal hybrid tomatoes’ antioxidant capacity and fruit quality under greenhouse conditions when applying a combination of a marine bacteria (Stenotrophomonas rhizophila) and different doses of vermicompost. A random block design was used, with 12 treatments: Inorganic fertilized (IF, control treatment), S. rhizophila (Sr), 60, 150, and 300 g of vermicompost (V), and the combination of Sr+V (Sr+V60, Sr+V150, and Sr+V300), with 20 repetitions each. Plant height, stem diameter, number of flowers, number of fruits, colony-forming units (CFU), polar and equatorial diameter of the fruit, fruit firmness, titratable acidity, total soluble solids (TSS), lycopene, vitamin C, fruit weight and yield per plant were evaluated. These were analysed with the Statistical Package and the Tukey mean test with a significance level of 0.05%. The analysis showed significant differences for all the variables evaluated with Sr+V300 as the best treatment. It is concluded that the use of bacterium isolated from marine environments in combination with vermicompost favors the antioxidant contents and fruit yield being an alternative use in this vegetable.

Resumen: El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la capacidad antioxidante y la calidad del fruto de tomate en condiciones de invernadero al aplicar la combinación de una bacteria marina (Stenotrophomonas rhizophila) y diferentes dosis de vermicomposta. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques al azar con 12 tratamientos: fertilizado inorgánico (IF, tratamiento control), S. rhizophila (Sr), 60, 150 y 300 g de vermicompost (V) y la combinación de Sr+V (Sr+V60, Sr+V150 y Sr+V300) con 20 repeticiones por tratamiento. Se cuantifico: altura de la planta, diámetro del tallo, número de flores, número de frutos, unidades formadoras de colonias (UFC), diámetro polar y ecuatorial del fruto, firmeza del fruto, acidez titulable, sólidos solubles totales (SST), licopeno, vitamina C, peso del fruto y rendimiento por planta. Se utilizó un paquete estadístico y la prueba de medias de Tukey con un nivel de significancia del 0.05%. El análisis mostró diferencias significativas para todas las variables evaluadas con Sr+V300 como el mejor tratamiento. Se concluye que el uso de la bacteria aislada del ambiente marino en combinación con vermicomposta favorece el contenido de antioxidantes y el rendimiento de fruto en esta hortaliza.

Summary: Bioestimulants such as chitosan in traditional agriculture have proven effective in promoting plant growth and development, as well as protecting them from diseases. However, in aquaponic production systems its effect is not documented, therefore the objective of the present work was to determine the effect of chitosan concentration (0, 500 and 1000 mg L-1) in three varieties (Great Lakes, Regina 500 and Red Rock) of lettuce (Latuca sativa L.), on production parameters in a circular aquaponics system. Using a completely randomized design with a 3×3 factorial arrangement, chitosan was applied by spraying at 10 and 45 days after transplantation. After the analysis of variance, the differences due to the variety were determined using the Tukey test and the effect of chitosan concentration through orthogonal polynomials, in addition to a correlation analysis and simple linear regression between the yield, height, number and length of the leaves. The results showed that the variables number of leaves, length of leaves and root, plant weight, plant height and yield increased as the dose of chitosan increased. The Red Rock variety outperformed the Regina 500 and Great Lakes varieties. No presence of insects or diseases was detected. It is concluded that chitosan favors the growth, development and yield of the lettuce plant in a circular aquaponic system, especially with doses of 1000 mg L-1 of chitosan, and that with respect to these same variables, the Red Rock variety surpasses to the Regina 500 and Great Lakes varieties.

Resumen: Los bioestimulantes como el quitosano en la agricultura tradicional han demostrado su eficacia para promover el crecimiento y desarrollo de las plantas, así como protegerlas de enfermedades. Sin embargo, en sistemas de producción acuapónicos su efecto no está documentado, por ello el objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar el efecto de la concentración de quitosano (0, 500 y 1000 mg L-1) en tres variedades (Grandes Lagos, Regina 500 y Red Rock) de lechuga (Latuca sativa L.), sobre los parámetros de producción en un sistema circular de acuaponía. Utilizando un diseño completamente al azar con un arreglo factorial 3×3 el quitosano se aplicó mediante aspersión a los 10 y 45 días después del trasplante. Posterior al análisis de varianza, las diferencias debido a la variedad se determinaron utilizando la prueba de Tukey y, el efecto de la concentración de quitosano mediante polinomios ortogonales, además de un análisis de correlación y regresión lineal simple entre el rendimiento, altura, número y longitud de las hojas. Los resultados demostraron que las variables número de hojas, longitud de hojas y raíz, peso de planta, altura de planta y rendimiento, se incrementó conforme se aumentó la dosis de quitosano. La variedad Red Rock superó a las variedades Regina 500 y Grandes Lagos. No se detectó la presencia de insectos ni enfermedades. Se concluye que el quitosano favorece el crecimiento, desarrollo y rendimiento de la planta de lechuga en un sistema circular de acuaponía, sobre todo con dosis de 1000 mg L-1 de quitosano, y que respecto a estas mismas variables, la variedad Red Rock supera a las variedades Regina 500 y Grandes Lagos.

Summary: The castor plant (Ricinus communis L.) is a plant that has dif ferent benefits, such as the production of biodiesel and soil bioremediation. Due to the above, the castor plant’s ability to extract arsenic (As) was evaluated. For this, a randomized block experimental design with four repetitions was carried out. The evaluated treatments consisted of two types of biosolids (oxidation lagoon biosolids (BLO) and activated sludge biosolids (BLA) and four doses of As (0, 25, 50, 100 mg kg-1), under greenhouse conditions. As concentration was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). From the quantification of As, the translocation factor (TF) and the bioaccumulation factor (FB) were estimated. The total nitrogen (N) content was quantified by the combustion method. Phosphorus (P) was analyzed by colorimetry using the metavanadate method, and the content of potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) was quantified by atomic absorption. For percentage of oil The Soxhlet method was used in the seed. The plant height and the dry weight of biomass did not vary due to the treatment ef fect (P ≤ 0.05). The Translocation Factor (TF) and the Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) registered ranges of 0.20 - 0.63 and 0.28 - 0.75, respectively. The applied doses of As did not af fect the biomass and nutrient absorption in the castor plant, which indicates that this plant species is tolerant to toxicity with productive potential in soils contaminated with this element, in concentrations up to 100 mg kg-1.

Resumen: La higuerilla (Ricinus communis L.) es una planta que tiene diferentes beneficios, como la producción de biodiesel y la biorremediación de suelo. Debido a lo anterior, se evaluó la capacidad de la higuerilla para extraer arsénico (As). Para ello, se realizó un diseño experimental de bloques al azar con cuatro repeticiones. Los tratamientos evaluados consistieron en dos tipos de biosólidos (biosólidos de lagunas de oxidación (BLO) y biosólidos de lodos activados (BLA) y cuatro dosis de As (0, 25, 50, 100 mg kg-1), bajo condiciones de invernadero. La concentración de As se determinó por espectrometría de masas por plasma acoplado inductivamente (ICP-MS). A partir de la cuantificación de As se estimó el factor de translocación (FT) y el factor de bioacumulación (FB). El contenido de nitrógeno (N) total se cuantifico por el método de combustión. El fósforo (P) se analizó por colorimetría por el método de metavanadato, y el contenido de potasio (K), calcio (Ca), magnesio (Mg), cobre (Cu), manganeso (Mn), hierro (Fe) y zinc (Zn) que se cuantificaron por absorción atómica. Para porcentaje de aceite en la semilla se utilizó el método Soxhlet. La altura de planta y el peso seco de biomasa no variaron por efecto de tratamiento (P ≤ 0.05). El Factor de translocación (FT) y el Factor de bioconcentración (FBC) registraron rangos de 0.20 - 0.63 y 0.28 - 0.75, respectivamente. Las dosis aplicadas de As no afectaron la biomasa y absorción de nutrientes en la planta de higuerilla, lo cual indica que esta especie vegetal es tolerante a la toxicidad con potencial productivo en suelos contaminados con este elemento, en concentraciones hasta de 100 mg kg-1.

Abstract Background: Although the loss of Melipona beecheii colonies in meliponaries suggests insufficient availability of melliferous blooming plants, there is limited knowledge about the diversity and conditions of the surrounding vegetation. Question: What is the diversity, structure, and composition of the melliferous and non-melliferous vegetation surrounding meliponaries, and how does it affect the availability of food sources for bees? Study site and dates: The vegetation surrounding nine meliponaries, three in each political state of the Yucatán Peninsula encompassing the main vegetation types, was studied in 2022 and 2023. Methods: Four 150-meter-long transects with the point-centered quadrants method were traced in each meliponary to estimate plant species composition, the availability of melliferous and blooming plants (IVI), diversity parameters (Hill-numbers), tree density, and diameter per strata. Results: 312 taxa, 250 genera, and 73 plant families were recorded. In five meliponaries, blooming melliferous plants accounted for less than 9 % of the IVI, with one meliponary having no blooming species. The highest diversity was found in a meliponary surrounded by semi-evergreen forest. The high stratum had a mean tree height of 5.5 (SD ± 2.9) meters and 3,390 (SD ± 2,702) trees/hectare across vegetation types. The tree diameter was lowest in meliponaries located in the semi-deciduous forest. Conclusions: The meliponaries are surrounded by young secondary vegetation with high density of small trees and predominance of the low stratum. We found a similar vegetation diversity among meliponaries and scarce blooming melliferous plants. Human activity seems to impact plant diversity and food availability for M. beecheii.

Resumen Antecedentes: Aunque la pérdida de colonias de Melipona beecheii en meliponarios sugiere insuficientes plantas melíferas en floración, existe conocimiento limitado sobre la diversidad y condiciones de la vegetación circundante. Pregunta: ¿Cuál es la diversidad, estructura y composición de la vegetación melífera y no melífera circundante a los meliponarios y cómo afecta a la disponibilidad de fuentes de alimento para las abejas? Sitio de estudio y fechas: Vegetación circundante de nueve meliponarios, tres por cada estado de la Península de Yucatán, abarcando los principales tipos de vegetación en 2022 y 2023. Métodos: Con cuatro transectos de 150-metros por meliponario y método de cuadrantes centrados en puntos, se estimó composición, disponibilidad de plantas melíferas y con flores (IVI), parámetros de diversidad (números de Hill), densidad y diámetros de árboles. Resultados: 312 taxa, 250 géneros y 73 familias de plantas registradas. En cinco meliponarios, las plantas melíferas floreciendo representaron menos del 9 % del IVI y uno no tuvo especies floreciendo. La mayor diversidad fue en un meliponario rodeado de selva mediana subperennifolia. La altura promedio de árboles en el estrato alto fue 5.5 (DE ± 2,9) metros, con 3,390 (DE ± 2.702) árboles/hectárea en todos los tipos de vegetación. El diámetro de árboles fue menor en meliponarios en selva mediana subcaducifolia. Conclusiones: Los meliponarios están rodeados de vegetación secundaria joven, alta densidad de árboles pequeños, predominio del estrato bajo, características similares y escasas plantas melíferas floreciendo, sugiriendo que, la actividad humana afecta la diversidad vegetal y disponibilidad de alimento para M. beecheii.