ABSTRACT Cobalt (Co) and molybdenum (Mo) are essential elements with a fundamental role in biological nitrogen fixation in legumes. Vitamins such as thiamine, despite being required in small quantities, influence plant growth. This study aimed to assess the efficiency of different doses of thiamine applied as seed treatment, combined or not with Co and Mo, in enhancing the development of soybean crops. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse according to a randomized block design with a 6 × 2 factorial arrangement, comprising six thiamine doses (0, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg kg-1) in the presence or absence of Co and Mo at the recommended rate of 100 mL ha-1. At 40 days after sowing, plants were analyzed for root length, root dry weight, shoot length, shoot dry weight, nodule number, and nodule dry weight. Principal component analysis showed that combined application of Co and Mo with thiamine was negatively associated with all variables and that the thiamine doses most positively associated with the analyzed variables were 50 and 200 mg kg-1. In treatments containing thiamine alone, there was a linear direct relationship between thiamine dose and nodule dry weight. Root and shoot lengths and dry weights were highest in plants treated with thiamine only at a dose of 122 mg kg-1. Application of Co and Mo combined with thiamine via seed treatment does not promote the development of soybean crops. Thiamine application is a promising treatment to increase shoot length, root dry weight, and nodule dry weight in soybean. (Co (Mo legumes quantities growth crops arrangement 0, 0 (0 10 25 20 kg1 kg 1 kg-1 ha1. ha1 ha 1. ha-1 4 sowing length number 5 kg1. alone 12 ( kg- ha-

Summary: The castor plant (Ricinus communis L.) is a plant that has dif ferent benefits, such as the production of biodiesel and soil bioremediation. Due to the above, the castor plant’s ability to extract arsenic (As) was evaluated. For this, a randomized block experimental design with four repetitions was carried out. The evaluated treatments consisted of two types of biosolids (oxidation lagoon biosolids (BLO) and activated sludge biosolids (BLA) and four doses of As (0, 25, 50, 100 mg kg-1), under greenhouse conditions. As concentration was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). From the quantification of As, the translocation factor (TF) and the bioaccumulation factor (FB) were estimated. The total nitrogen (N) content was quantified by the combustion method. Phosphorus (P) was analyzed by colorimetry using the metavanadate method, and the content of potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) was quantified by atomic absorption. For percentage of oil The Soxhlet method was used in the seed. The plant height and the dry weight of biomass did not vary due to the treatment ef fect (P ≤ 0.05). The Translocation Factor (TF) and the Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) registered ranges of 0.20 - 0.63 and 0.28 - 0.75, respectively. The applied doses of As did not af fect the biomass and nutrient absorption in the castor plant, which indicates that this plant species is tolerant to toxicity with productive potential in soils contaminated with this element, in concentrations up to 100 mg kg-1.

Resumen: La higuerilla (Ricinus communis L.) es una planta que tiene diferentes beneficios, como la producción de biodiesel y la biorremediación de suelo. Debido a lo anterior, se evaluó la capacidad de la higuerilla para extraer arsénico (As). Para ello, se realizó un diseño experimental de bloques al azar con cuatro repeticiones. Los tratamientos evaluados consistieron en dos tipos de biosólidos (biosólidos de lagunas de oxidación (BLO) y biosólidos de lodos activados (BLA) y cuatro dosis de As (0, 25, 50, 100 mg kg-1), bajo condiciones de invernadero. La concentración de As se determinó por espectrometría de masas por plasma acoplado inductivamente (ICP-MS). A partir de la cuantificación de As se estimó el factor de translocación (FT) y el factor de bioacumulación (FB). El contenido de nitrógeno (N) total se cuantifico por el método de combustión. El fósforo (P) se analizó por colorimetría por el método de metavanadato, y el contenido de potasio (K), calcio (Ca), magnesio (Mg), cobre (Cu), manganeso (Mn), hierro (Fe) y zinc (Zn) que se cuantificaron por absorción atómica. Para porcentaje de aceite en la semilla se utilizó el método Soxhlet. La altura de planta y el peso seco de biomasa no variaron por efecto de tratamiento (P ≤ 0.05). El Factor de translocación (FT) y el Factor de bioconcentración (FBC) registraron rangos de 0.20 - 0.63 y 0.28 - 0.75, respectivamente. Las dosis aplicadas de As no afectaron la biomasa y absorción de nutrientes en la planta de higuerilla, lo cual indica que esta especie vegetal es tolerante a la toxicidad con potencial productivo en suelos contaminados con este elemento, en concentraciones hasta de 100 mg kg-1.

Abstract Introduction: Iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) are bioessential micronutrients for plants but can impair the energetic metabolism when present at high levels. Objective: To assess the photosynthetic performance and oxidative damages in Rhizophora mangle L. leaf tissues at low and high concentrations of Fe (74 and 195 mg kg-1; Feleaf) and Mn (65 and 414 mg kg-1; Mnleaf). Methods: Photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll a fluorescence, leaf CO2 assimilation and gas exchange and DPPH• radical scavenging capacity were sampled in R. mangle growing in estuarine forests in the North region of Espírito Santo State and the extreme South of Bahia State (Brazil) showing low and high Feleaf and Mnleaf. Results: Effects of high Fe and Mn were not identified on pigment levels. The increase in Feleaf and Mnleaf at the levels observed in this assessment had a positive effect on the number of reaction centers and on the efficiency of the oxygen-evolving complex, evaluated as K-band, while no changes were found in the parameters related to the excitation trapping efficiency at the active center of photosystem II. Distinct interference patterns of Fe and Mn on the functional processes of photosynthesis were identified, especially on CO2 assimilation and reactive oxygen species metabolism, with major effects on CO2 assimilation and carboxylation efficiency of Rubisco at high Mnleaf. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate the efficiency of R. mangle in positively regulating the electron transport chain in response to high Fe and Mn, at least in terms of the preservation of structure and functionality of the plant photosynthetic apparatus. Moreover, interference of high Mnleaf in R. mangle occurs at non-stomatal and biochemical levels. There is an antagonistic interference of these trace elements with the physiology of R. mangle, which is a dominant species in Brazilian mangroves.

Resumen Introducción: El hierro (Fe) y el manganeso (Mn) son micronutrientes bioesenciales para las plantas, pero pueden afectar el metabolismo energético cuando están presentes en niveles altos. Objetivo: Evaluar el desempeño fotosintético y los daños oxidativos en tejidos foliares de Rhizophora mangle L. a bajas y altas concentraciones de Fe (74 y 195 mg kg-1; Feleaf) y Mn (65 y 414 mg kg-1; Mnleaf). Métodos: Se muestrearon pigmentos fotosintéticos, fluorescencia de clorofila a, asimilación e intercambio de gases de CO2 foliar y capacidad de eliminación de radicales DPPH• en R. mangle que crece en bosques de estuarios en la región Norte del estado de Espírito Santo y el extremo Sur del Estado de Bahía (Brasil) mostrando Feleaf y Mnleaf bajos y altos. Resultados: No se identificaron efectos de niveles elevados de Fe y Mn en los niveles de pigmento. El aumento de Feleaf y Mnleaf en los niveles observados en esta evaluación tuvo un efecto positivo en el número de centros de reacción y en la eficiencia del complejo generador de oxígeno, evaluado como banda K, mientras que no se encontraron cambios en los parámetros relacionados con la eficiencia de atrapamiento de excitación en el centro activo del fotosistema II. Se identificaron distintos patrones de interferencia de Fe y Mn en los procesos funcionales de la fotosíntesis, especialmente en la asimilación de CO2 y el metabolismo de las especies reactivas de oxígeno, con efectos importantes en la asimilación de CO2 y la eficiencia de carboxilación de Rubisco a niveles altos de Mnleaf. Conclusión: Los hallazgos demuestran la eficiencia de R. mangle en la regulación positiva de la cadena de transporte de electrones en respuesta a los altos niveles de Fe y Mn, al menos en términos de preservación de la estructura y funcionalidad del aparato fotosintético de la planta. Además, la interferencia de Mnleaf alto en R. mangle se presenta a niveles no estomáticos y bioquímicos. Hay interferencia antagónica de estos oligoelementos con la fisiología de R. mangle, que es una especie dominante en los manglares brasileños.

Abstract In order to take advantage of the antiseptic and healing properties of honey, the preparation of polymeric micro and nanofibers with honey from bees has been investigated in many parts of the world, in order to enhance their use in the development of biomedical products such as dressings, bandages and other elements that favors wound closure and tissue restoration. To contribute to this line of research, a background review is presented here on the application of the electrospinning technique in the preparation of micro and nanofiber membranes with honey, focusing on experimental methodology including the use of polymers, solvents, therapeutic agents, active principles or drugs loaded in apitherapeutic fibers. Electrospinning techniques and parameters, tests and material characterization methods have been compiled, presenting the effect of these variables on the compositional, morphological, mechanical and physicochemical properties of the fibrous meshes. A compendium of biological tests evaluated in vitro and in vivo was made in order to analyze the functionality and potential of the application of fibers in tissue engineering, as well as in the construction of devices for clinical diagnosis and in general for the development of advanced materials for wound treatment. This review sees the establishment of the methodological foundations for the design of new materials based on honey and plant extracts not yet explored, and which could be developed into compounds of high scientific and industrial interest.

Resumen Con el fin de aprovechar las propiedades antisépticas y cicatrizantes de la miel, en muchas partes del mundo se ha investigado la preparación de micro y nanofibras poliméricas con miel de abejas, con el fin de potenciar su uso en el desarrollo de productos biomédicos como apósitos, vendajes y otros elementos que favorezcan el cierre de la herida y la restauración del tejido. Para contribuir a esta línea de investigación, se presenta una revisión de antecedentes sobre la aplicación de la técnica de electrohilado en la preparación de membranas de micro y nanofibras con miel, enfocándose en la metodología experimental que incluye el uso de polímeros, solventes, agentes terapéuticos, principios activos o fármacos cargados en fibras apiterapéuticas. Se han recopilado técnicas y parámetros de electrohilado, ensayos y métodos de caracterización de materiales, presentando el efecto de estas variables sobre las propiedades composicionales, morfológicas, mecánicas y fisicoquímicas de las mallas fibrosas. Se realizó un compendio de pruebas biológicas evaluadas in vitro e in vivo con el fin de analizar la funcionalidad y potencial de la aplicación de fibras en ingeniería de tejidos, así como en la construcción de dispositivos para diagnóstico clínico y en general para el desarrollo de materiales avanzados. para el tratamiento de heridas. Esta revisión prevé el establecimiento de las bases metodológicas para el diseño de nuevos materiales basados en miel y extractos de plantas aún no explorados, y que podrían desarrollarse en compuestos de alto interés científico e industrial.

Abstract The objective of this study was to compare the effect of different types of inoculants (control, vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi [VAMF], phosphate-solubilizing bacteria [PSB], and co-inoculant [VAMF-PSB]) on root colonization, plant growth, macronutrient (P and N) uptake, and metal element uptake under heavy metal-contaminated soil conditions. Three species of vegetable plants, namely tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Ratna), red chili (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Gada), and hot chili (Capsicum frutescens L. cv. Pusaka Brengolo), were grown in heavy metal (Zn, Ca, Ni and Cd) -contaminated soil for eight weeks. Plants co-inoculated with VAMF-PSB showed significantly higher root colonization by VAMF as well as P and N concentrations in shoot and root than plants inoculated with only VAMF or PSB; consequently, the plant biomass also increased. In heavy metal-contaminated soil, VAMF colonization and PSB application could significantly improve the essential metal concentration (Cu and Zn) in the shoot, although there were no significant effects on the roots. On the contrary, co-inoculation with VAMF-PSB could significantly decrease Cd and Ni concentrations in the shoot, although Cd and Ni concentrations did not show a significant difference in the root. The concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Ni were higher in the roots than in the shoots of the three plant species tested. The type of inoculant used in this study selectively discriminated between plant essential (Cu, Zn) and non-essential elements (Cd, Ni).

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar el efecto de diferentes inóculos (testigo, hongos micorrícicos vesiculares arbusculares [HMVA], bacterias solubilizadoras de fosfatos [BSF] y co-inoculación [HMVA-BSF]) sobre la colonización de raíces, crecimiento vegetal, absorción de macronutrientes (P y N) y absorción de elementos metálicos en suelo contaminado con metales pesados. Durante ocho semanas se cultivaron tres especies de plantas hortícolas: tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Ratna), chile rojo (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Gada) y chile piquín (Capsicum frutescens L. cv. Pusaka Brengolo), en suelo contaminado con Zn, Ca, Ni y Cd. Las plantas co-inoculadas con HMVA-BSF mostraron una colonización de raíces por HMVA significativamente más elevada, así como una mayor concentración de P y N en brotes y raíces que las plantas inoculadas solamente con HMVA o BSF; en consecuencia, incrementó la biomasa vegetal. El suelo contaminado con metales pesados, la colonización con HMVA y la aplicación de BSF incrementaron significativamente la concentración de metales esenciales (Cu y Zn) en los brotes, aunque sin efectos significativos en las raíces. Por el contrario, la co-inoculación con HMVA-BSF disminuyó las concentraciones de Cd y Ni en los brotes, pero sin diferencia significativa en las raíces. Las concentraciones de Cu, Zn, Cd y Ni fueron más elevadas en las raíces que en los brotes en las tres especies vegetales evaluadas. El tipo de inoculación discriminó selectivamente entre los elementos esenciales (Cu, Zn) y no esenciales (Cd, Ni).

Abstract Coprolites/paleofeces are mineralised or dehydrated feces and their study allows us to reconstruct part of the environmental scenarios of the past. A few years ago, our research group began to analyze coprolites by studying different elements contained within them, such as pollen, plant remains, and silicophytoliths. Additionally, different methodological strategies were evaluated to recover as many elements as possible. The aim of this paper is to present a review of different case studies based on the multiproxy analysis of coprolites of herbivorous and omnivorous organisms found in archaeological sites in Santa Cruz northwest, Argentina. The results showed that the multiproxy approach allows for improvement in taxonomic resolution compared to other cases where a single proxy is analyzed. In addition, it emphasizes the importance of generating actualistic models for interpreting findings in coprolites. The good preservation of proxies enables us to identify plant taxa that were available to the hunter-gatherers inhabiting the northwest of Santa Cruz during the Holocene. The identified taxa from the Poaceae and Asteraceae families were recorded as dominant, providing direct evidence that these taxa were the main dietary items of the fauna accompanying the hunter-gatherers.

Resumen Los coprolitos, heces mineralizadas o deshidratadas, brindan evidencias que contribuyen a la reconstrucción de los ambientes del pasado. En nuestro grupo de investigación, hace unos años iniciamos el análisis de coprolitos mediante la exploración de diversos elementos contenidos en su interior, como polen, fragmentos vegetales y silicofitolitos. Asimismo, comenzamos a desarrollar y evaluar distintas estrategias metodológicas para maximizar la recuperación de estos elementos. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar una revisión de distintos casos de estudio realizados por los autores, enfocados en el análisis multiproxy de coprolitos de herbívoros y omnívoros hallados en sitios arqueológicos del noroeste de Santa Cruz, Argentina. Esta revisión muestra que este abordaje permite alcanzar niveles de resolución taxonómica más precisos que cuando se analiza un solo proxy. Asimismo, destaca la importancia de la generación de modelos actualísticos para la interpretación de los hallazgos en coprolitos. En los coprolitos estudiados con una buena preservación de los proxies, se observó la predominancia de taxones de las familias Poaceae y Asteraceae, lo que evidencia directamente los principales elementos de la dieta de la fauna que acompañaba a los cazadores-recolectores. Asimismo, se logró identificar taxones vegetales que estaban disponibles para los cazadores-recolectores que habitaron en el noroeste de Santa Cruz durante el Holoceno.

ABSTRACT The common climatic characteristics in semi-arid regions can cause abiotic stress and be a limiting factor for crops. Under these conditions, the use of beneficial elements such as selenium (Se) is an alternative to mitigate the harmful effects of abiotic stresses and increase yield. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the agronomic performance of onion grown in a semi-arid region under the application of Se. A field experiment was performed in a randomized block design, where five doses of Se (0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 g ha-1), by foliar application, were tested on two onion hybrids (Andrômeda and Rio das Antas). Growth, nutritional and yield variables were analyzed. Se increased the height and accumulation of dry mass in onion plants, with a maximum at the 60 g ha-1 dose of Se, the same dose at which the highest commercial (78.15 t ha-1) and total (86.03 t ha-1) bulb yields were obtained in Rio das Antas; however, for Andrômeda, there was no effect of Se on yield. Applied Se doses also increased the content of this element in the bulbs. Despite increasing bulb yields only in the Rio das Antas hybrid, 60 g ha-1 of Se is recommended for onions due to its effects on plant growth and the biofortification of bulbs with Se. semiarid semi arid crops conditions (Se Therefore design 0, 0 (0 15 30 45 6 ha1, ha1 ha 1 , Andrômeda Antas. . Antas) Growth analyzed plants ha- 78.15 7815 78 (78.1 86.03 8603 86 03 (86.0 however hybrid ( 3 4 78.1 781 7 (78. 86.0 860 8 (86. 78. (78 86. (86 (7 (8

RESUMO As características climáticas comuns em regiões semiáridas podem causar estresse abiótico e ser um fator limitante ao cultivo agrícola. Nessas condições, o uso de elementos benéficos como o selênio (Se) é uma alternativa para mitigar os efeitos deletérios dos estresses abióticos e aumentar a produtividade. Portanto, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho agronômico da cebola cultivada em região semiárida sob aplicação de Se. Foi conduzido um experimento de campo, delineado em blocos casualizados completos, onde foram testadas cinco doses de Se (0, 15, 30, 45 e 60 g ha-1), por aplicação foliar, em dois híbridos de cebola (Andrômeda e Rio das Antas). Foram analisadas variáveis de crescimento, nutricional e produtividade. O Se aumentou a altura e o acúmulo de massa seca em plantas de cebola, com máxima na dose 60 g ha-1 de Se, mesma dose em que foi obtida a maior produtividade comercial (78,15 t ha-1) e total (86,03 t ha-1) de bulbos em Rio das Antas, todavia, para Andrômeda, não ocorreu efeito do Se sobre a produtividade. As doses de Se também aumentaram o teor desse elemento nos bulbos. Apesar de aumentar a produtividade de bulbos apenas em Rio das Antas, recomenda-se a aplicação de 60 g ha-1 de Se em cebola devido aos efeitos no crescimento da planta e na biofortificação dos bulbos com Se. agrícola condições (Se Portanto campo completos 0, 0 (0 15 30 4 6 ha1, ha1 ha 1 , foliar Andrômeda Antas. Antas . Antas) ha- 78,15 7815 78 (78,1 86,03 8603 86 03 (86,0 todavia recomendase recomenda se ( 3 78,1 781 7 (78, 86,0 860 8 (86, 78, (78 86, (86 (7 (8

Resumen Se desarrolló una metodología heurística, con el propósito de seleccionar un tratamiento pasivo caracterizado por poseer procesos químicos y/o biológicos para tratar los drenajes ácidos de mina, el cual no utiliza equipos externos y pueden cumplir su funcionamiento hasta por 20 años, lo anterior como alternativa para la remediación de un drenaje ácido de mina en la región de Soto Norte, Santander y que, de acuerdo con estudios realizados, presentó niveles de concentración de elementos, compuestos, tales como hierro, plomo, cobre, aluminio y sulfatos elevados, y pH ácido. Con el objetivo de encontrar alternativas exitosas y replicables de otras partes del mundo que presentan problemáticas similares, se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica, que dio como resultado, 40 plantas industriales ubicadas en los siguientes países: Estados Unidos, Reino Unido, España, Nueva Zelanda y Canadá. Posteriormente, se evaluó cada una de ellas y se definieron las siguientes variables para su selección: la dilución de elementos contaminantes, flujo y el tiempo de funcionamiento, luego se procedió a graficarlas, categorizarlas y priorizarlas según su probabilidad de éxito. En este proceso, se obtuvo como resultado 3 plantas con una categorización de muy alta y 8 plantas con alta probabilidad de éxito, de las cuales, la planta denominada Cadillac Molybdenite de Canadá presentó el mejor desempeño teniendo en cuenta, el costo, número de etapas entre otros indicadores evaluados y la posibilidad que estas tecnologías puedan ser replicadas en Santander.

Abstract Aheuristic methodology was developed, with the purpose of selecting a passive treatment characterized by having chemical and/or biological processes to treat acid mine drainage, which does not use external equipment and can operate for up to 20 years, the above as an alternative to remediation of acid mine drainage in the province of Soto Norte, Santander and that, according to studies carried out, showed high concentration levels of elements, compounds such as iron, lead, copper, aluminum and sulphates, and acid pH. In order to find successful and replicable alternatives from other parts of the world that present similar problems, a bibliographic search was carried out, which resulted in 40 industrial plants located in the following countries: United States, United Kingdom, Spain, New Zealand and Canada. Subsequently, each of them was evaluated and the following variables were defined for their selection: dilution of pollutants, flow and time of operation, then they were graphed, categorized and prioritized according to their probability of success. In this process, we obtained as a result 3 plants with a very high categorization and 8 plants with high probability of success, of which, the plant called Cadillac Molybdenite of Canada presented the best performance taking into account, the cost, number of stages among other indicators evaluated and the possibility that these technologies can be replicated in Santander.

Abstract Background: Traditional Agroforestry Systems in Mexico are diverse and contribute to the conservation of vegetation and also to the well-being of rural communities. However, the Traditional Agroforestry Systems of the Tropical Deciduous Forest, have been poorly documented, particularly those of the Sierra de Huautla Biosphere Reserve, Morelos, Mexico. Questions: What are the Traditional Agroforestry Systems present in the Sierra de Huautla Biosphere Reserve?; what agricultural and forestry elements are characteristic of each one of them?; what socio-ecological benefits do they provide to communities?; how do they contribute to the conservation of Tropical Dry Forest in the Sierra de Huautla Biosphere Reserve, Morelos, Mexico? Studied species: Several of Tropical Deciduous Forest. Study site and dates: Reserva de la Biósfera Sierra de Huautla, Morelos, México. 2014-2022. Methods: Literature review, ethnobotanical hikes and semi-structured interviews. With this information, a classification was made based on the number of species present, management strategies and agroforestry practices. Results: Six Traditional Agroforestry Systems were documented (Homegardens, Milpas, Agrosilvopastoral Systems, Pitayeras, Bursera Agroforestry System, and Tlacololes). In these, 514 species of plants are managed, which contribute to satisfying the diverse needs of the communities and provide several environmental benefits. Conclusions: Traditional Agroforestry Systems of the south region of Morelos, contribute to the conservation of the Tropical Deciduous Forest and help to maintain biocultural diversity in the Sierra de Huautla Biosphere Reserve.

Resumen Antecedentes: Los Sistemas Agroforestales Tradicionales en México son diversos y constribuyen a la conservación de la vegetación y también al bienestar de las personas de comunidades rurales. Sin embargo los Sistemas Agroforestales Tradicionales del Bosque Tropical han sido poco documentados, particularmente los de la Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra de Huautla, Morelos. Preguntas: ¿Cuáles son los Sistemas Agroforestales Tradicionales presentes en la Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra de Huautla?; ¿qué elementos agrícolas y forestales son característicos de cada uno de ellos?; ¿qué beneficios socioecológicos proveen a las comunidades?; ¿cómo contribuyen a la conservación del Bosque Tropical Caducifolio en la Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra de Huautla? Especies de estudio: Varias del Bosque Tropical Caducifolio Sitio y año de estudio: Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra de Huautla, Morelos, México. 2021-2022. Métodos: Revisión de literatura, recorridos etnobotánicos y entrevistas semiestructuradas. Con esta información se realizó una clasificación en función del número de especies presentes, estrategias de manejo y prácticas agroforestales. Resultados: Se documentaron seis Sistemas Agroforestales Tradicionales (Huertos, Milpas, Sistemas Agrosilvopastoriles, Pitayeras, Sistema Agroforestal de Burseras y Tlacololes). En éstos se manejan 514 especies de plantas, las cuales contribuyen a satisfacer diversas necesidades de las comunidades y proveen diversos beneficios ambientales. Conclusiones: Los Sistemas Agroforestales Tradicionales contribuyen a la conservación del BTC y ayudan a mantener la diversidad biocultural en la REBIOSH.

Abstract Moisture in the soil can be studied in several ways, but a fundamental way is the suction with which the water is retained. The retention exerted by the soil or soil substrate in its pore space on moisture is a representation of the amount of negative pressure that the plant must exert through its roots to suck the water found in it. If this magnitude of suction is high, then it can become restrictive to plant growth. The water found in the porous space, usually called soil solution, is not found in a pure state, but is normally found in solution and has chemical elements that the plant may or may not need for its growth and development, whereby absorbing said water, also absorbs the chemical elements in solution. For these reasons, 4 treatments were planted which consisted of maintaining the soil in ranges of 5 - 15 kPa, 15 - 25 kPa, 25 - 35 kPa and 35 - 45 kPa of water retention and quantifying the nutritional absorption. With respect to nutritional uptake which was present in the soil substrate, Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P) showed significant difference (Pvalue < 0,05) in the soil water suction ranges of 5 - 15 kPa, 15 - 25 kPa, 25 - 35 kPa and 35 - 45 kPa and Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg) and Sulfur (S) showed significant difference (Pvalue < 0,05) in the 5 - 15 kPa, 15 - 25 kPa, 25 - 35 kPa ranges but showed no significant difference (Pvalue > 0,05) in the 25 - 35 kPa and 35 - 45 kPa ranges. Therefore, it was concluded that there is an inverse effect of the increase of water suction in the soil on the decrease of nutritional absorption capacity.

Resumen La humedad en el suelo se puede estudiar de varias maneras, pero una forma fundamental es la succión con que el agua es retenida. La retención que ejerce el suelo o sustrato de suelo en su espacio poroso sobre la humedad es una representación de la cantidad de presión negativa que debe ejercer la planta por medio de sus raíces para poder succionar el agua que se encuentra en el mismo. Si esta magnitud de succión es alta, entonces puede llegar a ser restrictiva para el crecimiento de la planta. El agua que se encuentra en el espacio poroso llamada usualmente solución del suelo, no se encuentra en estado puro, sino que se encuentra normalmente en disolución y posee elementos químicos que puede o no necesitar la planta para su crecimiento y desarrollo donde al absorber dicha agua, absorbe también los elementos químicos en disolución. Por estas razones se plantaron 4 tratamientos que consistieron en mantener el suelo en ámbitos de 5 – 15 kPa (kilo pascales), 15 – 25 kPa, 25 – 35 kPa y 35 – 45 kPa de retención de agua. Con respecto a la absorción nutricional que se presentó en el sustrato de suelo, el nitrógeno (N) y el Fósforo (P) mostraron diferencia significativa (Pvalue < 0,05) en los ámbitos de succión de agua en el suelo de 5 – 15 kPa, 15 - 25 kPa, 25 – 35 kPa y 35 – 45 kPa y el Potasio (K), Calcio (Ca), Magnesio (Mg) y Azufre (S) mostraron diferencia significativa (Pvalue < 0,05) en los ámbitos de 5 – 15 kPa, 15 - 25 kPa, 25 – 35 kPa, pero no mostraron diferencia significativa (Pvalue > 0,05) en los ámbitos de 25 – 35 kPa y 35 – 45 kPa. Por lo anterior, se concluyó que si existe un efecto inverso del aumento de la succión de agua en el suelo en la disminución de la capacidad de absorción nutricional.

ABSTRACT A tidal thermal power plant is a system capable of using of ocean thermal gradients to produce electricity. It is a thermal machine in which surface water acts as a heat source, while water extracted from the depths acts as a coolant. The aim is to mathematically model the open cycle or Anderson tidal thermal power plants located on the coast and connected to the electrical system. For that, the bibliography related to the elements that make up this plant was reviewed, each component was mathematically modeled, from the functional diagram proposed by the authors, the model of these plants was obtained in MatLab/Simulink, which allowed to determine for a given scenario the power produced by the generator and the delivery of electrical energy to the electrical system.

RESUMEN Una central maremotérmica es un sistema capaz de aprovechar los gradientes térmicos oceánicos para producir electricidad. Se trata de una máquina térmica en la que el agua superficial actúa como fuente de calor, mientras que el agua extraída de las profundidades actúa como refrigerante. El objetivo es modelar matemáticamente las centrales maremotérmicas de ciclo abierto o de Anderson emplazadas en la costa y conectadas al sistema eléctrico. Para esto se revisó la bibliografía relacionada con los componentes de esta central, se modeló matemáticamente cada componente, a partir del diagrama funcional propuesto por los autores de este trabajo, se obtuvo el modelo de dichas centrales en MatLab/Simulink, lo que permitió determinar para un escenario dado la potencia producida por el generador y la entrega de energía eléctrica al sistema eléctrico.

Abstract The increase in prices of fertilizers, energy and other materials necessary for the industry triggered a global economic crisis. Reason that was investigated on the biological and chemical characteristics in relation to the yield of radish nourished with humus from plant residue. The objective was to determine the appropriate dose of humus to obtain greater yield and its relationship with the chemical and biological characteristics of the radish. It is based on applied methodology with an experimental approach; Therefore, the Completely Random Block Design model was used, which consisted of 3 blocks and 5 treatments that were T1 with 0, T2 with 4, T3 with 6, T4 with 8 and T5 with 10 t/ha of humus and They applied 15 days after sowing. The physical characteristics of the radish were evaluated and processed using analysis of variance and Duncan. Concentration of elements in leaves and stomatal density were also analyzed. It was determined that T5 stood out in total plant length with 28.95 cm, plant weight with 76.87 g, equatorial diameter with 4,404 cm and commercial yield with 20,296 t/ha. Nitrogen consumption in relation to yield with 247.44 kg/ha. Stomatal density 459 stomata/mm2 and profitability with 150% and nutrient concentration in leaves highlighted T4 with N, K, Ca, Mg, Mo and Zn. It concludes that T5 stood out with 20,296 t/ha, which differed by 26.04% in relation to the control (T1) with 15,011 t/ha. Therefore, this dose added nutrients to the soil that improved the availability for plant absorption and this influenced the concentration of nutrients in leaves such as N, P and Fe and stomatal density with 459 stomata/mm2, which had a response in good development, strengthening against environmental stress and therefore greater performance. fertilizers crisis residue approach Therefore used T 0 4 6 1 tha t ha sowing Duncan analyzed 2895 28 95 28.9 7687 76 87 76.8 g 4404 404 4,40 20296 20 296 20,29 24744 247 44 247.4 kgha kg kg/ha 45 stomatamm2 stomatamm stomata mm2 mm stomata/mm 150 N K Ca Mg Zn 2604 26 04 26.04 (T1 15011 011 15,01 development performance 289 2 9 28. 768 7 76. 440 40 4,4 2029 29 20,2 2474 24 247. 260 26.0 (T 1501 01 15,0 202 20, 26. 15,

Resumo O aumento dos preços dos fertilizantes, energia e outros materiais necessários à indústria desencadeou uma crise econômica global. Motivo que foi investigado sobre as características biológicas e químicas em relação ao rendimento de rabanete nutrido com húmus de resíduo vegetal. O objetivo foi determinar a dose adequada de húmus para obtenção de maior rendimento e sua relação com as características químicas e biológicas do rabanete. Baseia-se em metodologia aplicada com abordagem experimental. Para tanto, utilizou-se o modelo de Delineamento em Blocos Completamente Aleatórios, que consistiu de 3 blocos e 5 tratamentos, que foram T1 com 0, T2 com 4, T3 com 6, T4 com 8 e T5 com 10 t/ha de húmus, e aplicaram 15 dias após a semeadura. As características físicas do rabanete foram avaliadas e processadas por meio de análise de variância e Duncan. Também foram analisadas a concentração de elementos nas folhas e a densidade estomática. Foi determinado que o T5 se destacou no comprimento total da planta com 28,95 cm, peso da planta com 76,87 g, diâmetro equatorial com 4.404 cm e produtividade comercial com 20.296 t/ha. Consumo de nitrogênio em relação à produtividade com 247,44 kg/ha. Densidade estomática 459 estômatos/mm2 e rentabilidade com 150% e concentração de nutrientes nas folhas destacadas T4 com N, K, Ca, Mg, Mo e Zn. Conclui que o T5 se destacou com 20.296 t/ha, que diferiu em 26,04% em relação ao controle (T1) com 15.011 t/ha. Portanto, esta dose adicionou nutrientes ao solo que melhoraram a disponibilidade para absorção pelas plantas e isso influenciou na concentração de nutrientes nas folhas como N, P e Fe e na densidade estomática com 459 estômatos/mm2, que teve resposta em bom desenvolvimento, fortalecendo contra o estresse ambiental e, portanto, maior desempenho. fertilizantes global vegetal Baseiase Baseia experimental tanto utilizouse utilizou Aleatórios tratamentos T 0 4 6 1 tha t ha semeadura Duncan 2895 28 95 28,9 7687 76 87 76,8 g 4404 404 4.40 20296 20 296 20.29 24744 247 44 247,4 kgha kg kg/ha 45 estômatosmm2 estômatosmm estômatos mm2 mm estômatos/mm 150 N K Ca Mg Zn 2604 26 04 26,04 (T1 15011 011 15.01 Portanto desenvolvimento portanto desempenho 289 2 9 28, 768 7 76, 440 40 4.4 2029 29 20.2 2474 24 247, 260 26,0 (T 1501 01 15.0 4. 202 20. 26, 15.

Resumo O avanço e intensificação de atividades industriais e mineradoras tem gerado uma série de impactos sobre ecossistemas naturais, combinados ao uso inadequados de agroquímicos e o descarte errôneo de produtos eletrônicos, contribuem para contaminação de solos com uma diversidade de elementos químicos, entre eles os metais pesados. Devido a isto, este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar a o efeito das dosagens crescentes de níquel na anatomia, bioquímica e sistema oxidativo do mogno brasileiro (Swietenia macrophylla), espécie florestal da Amazônia, buscando indicar o potencial de uso desta espécie em programas de fitorremediação de solos contaminados com metais pesados. As sementes foram cultivadas sob temperatura constante de 28°C, umidade relativa do ar (UR) de 90% com fotoperíodo de 12h por 43 dias. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos casualizados (DBC), com cinco tratamentos (0, 2, 4, 6 e 8 mg.L-1 de Níquel), com seis repetições. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA) e as médias foram testadas para diferenças significativas pelo teste Tukey a 5% de significância. Foi observado mudanças na anatomia dos diferentes órgãos, com diferenças nas células da região central da folha, no caule e na raiz. A concentração de carboidratos totais não teve diferenças estatísticas com a aplicação do níquel, porém foi observado mudanças nos pigmentos fotossintéticos, açúcares redutores e sacarose como forma adaptativa ao níquel. O aumento das dosagens de níquel foi acompanhado pela síntese de amônio, aminoácidos e prolina na raiz, em contra partida diminui-se a síntese de glicina. Já na folha, houve o aumento dos aminoácidos com o aumento do metal, acompanhado da diminuição de glicina. O sistema de defesa antioxidante de plantas foi eficiente para atenuar os efeitos tóxicos das EROs, com ações significativas das enzimas CAT e SOD na raiz, enquanto na folha teve ação principal da APX e CAT. O cultivo de plantas de mogno pode ser defendido para mitigar a poluição de Ni nessas áreas, já que esta espécie florestal possui uma característica particular de resistência às condições de estresse em contato com o metal pesado. naturais eletrônicos químicos pesados isto Swietenia macrophylla, macrophylla , macrophylla) Amazônia 28C C 28 28°C UR (UR 90 h 4 dias DBC, DBC (DBC) 0, 0 (0 2 mg.L1 mgL1 mgL mg.L 1 mg L mg.L- Níquel, Níquel Níquel) repetições ANOVA (ANOVA 5 significância órgãos raiz fotossintéticos amônio diminuise diminui se glicina EROs áreas pesado 9 (DBC ( L1

Abstract The advancement and intensification of industrial and mining activities has generated a series of impacts on natural ecosystems, combined with the inappropriate use of agrochemicals and the erroneous disposal of electronic products, contributing to soil contamination with a diversity of chemical elements, including heavy metals. Due to this, this work aimed to evaluate the effect of increasing dosages of nickel on the anatomy, biochemistry and oxidative system of Brazilian mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), a forest species from the Amazon, seeking to indicate the potential use of this species in phytoremediation programs. of soils contaminated with heavy metals. The seeds were grown under a constant temperature of 28°C, relative humidity (RH) of 90% with a 12-hour photoperiod for 43 days. The experimental design used was randomized blocks (DBC), with five treatments (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 mg.L-1 of Nickel), with six replications. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means were tested for significant differences using the Tukey test at 5% significance. Changes in the anatomy of the different organs were observed, with differences in the cells in the central region of the leaf, the stem and the root. The concentration of total carbohydrates had no statistical differences with the application of nickel, however changes were observed in photosynthetic pigments, reducing sugars and sucrose as an adaptive form to nickel. The increase in nickel dosages was accompanied by the synthesis of ammonium, amino acids and proline in the root, while the synthesis of glycine was reduced. In the leaf, there was an increase in amino acids with an increase in metal, accompanied by a decrease in glycine. The plant antioxidant defense system was efficient in attenuating the toxic effects of ROS, with significant actions of CAT and SOD enzymes in the root, while the leaf had the main action of APX and CAT. The cultivation of mahogany plants can be advocated to mitigate Ni pollution in these areas, as this forest species has a particular characteristic of resistance to stressful conditions in contact with the heavy metal. ecosystems products elements metals Swietenia macrophylla, macrophylla , macrophylla) Amazon programs 28C C 28 28°C RH (RH 90 12hour hour 12 4 days DBC, DBC (DBC) 0, 0 (0 2 mg.L1 mgL1 mgL mg.L 1 mg L mg.L- Nickel, Nickel Nickel) replications ANOVA (ANOVA 5 significance root pigments ammonium reduced metal ROS areas 9 (DBC ( L1

Summary The co-evolution of plants, environment and cultures makes possible the existence of plant varieties known as landraces. Dynamically conserved by farmers, landraces constitute identity elements of the productive communities in which they are maintained to satisfy nutritional, medicinal, and cultural needs, among others. This study provides empirical evidence for the understanding of cultural processes and traditional knowledge associated with the cultivation of native varieties, developed and shared by family farmers in three Uruguayan towns, in a context of homogenization of agrodiversity. Based on the analysis of interviews and observation, results indicate that there are productive as well as affective and emotional reasons for in situ conservation of many native varieties integrated into production systems and worlds of life of two types of farmers: traditional and neo-rural. Both types of farmers produce knowledge, practices and meanings linked to the native varieties that they treasure as their own resources in an interdependence between nature and community. coevolution co evolution plants nutritional medicinal needs others towns agrodiversity observation neorural. neorural neo rural. rural neo-rural community

Resumen La co-evolución de plantas, ambientes y culturas hace posible la existencia de variedades vegetales denominadas criollas. Conservadas de forma dinámica por agricultores, constituyen elementos identitarios de las comunidades productivas en las que son mantenidas para satisfacer necesidades alimenticias, medicinales, culturales, entre otras. Esta investigación aporta evidencias empíricas para la comprensión de los procesos culturales y conocimientos tradicionales asociados al cultivo de variedades criollas, desarrollados y compartidos por agricultores familiares en tres localidades uruguayas, en un contexto de homogeneización de la agrodiversidad. A partir del análisis de entrevistas e instancias de observación, los resultados indican que existen motivos productivos, a la vez que afectivos y emocionales para la conservación in situ de decenas de variedades criollas integradas a los sistemas productivos y mundos de vida de dos tipos de agricultores: tradicionales y neorrurales. Ambos tipos de productores desarrollan conocimientos, prácticas y significados vinculados a las variedades criollas que atesoran como recursos propios en procesos de interdependencia entre naturaleza y comunidad. coevolución co evolución plantas alimenticias medicinales otras uruguayas agrodiversidad observación neorrurales comunidad

ABSTRACT Carbon flows into and out of the soil are important processes that contribute to controlling the global climate. The relationship between soil organisms and the climate is interdependent since the organisms that contribute to carbon and greenhouse gas fluxes are simultaneously affected by climate change and soil management. Temperature, soil moisture, pH, nutrient level, redox potential and organic matter quality are key elements affecting the microorganisms involved in organic carbon flows in the soil. Climate, topography (slope and position in the landscape), soil texture, soil mineralogy and land-use regulate those key elements and, thus, the C fluxes in the pedosphere. Soil microbes can increase carbon influx and storage by promoting plant growth, mycorrhizal establishment, and particle aggregation. Conversely, microorganisms contribute to carbon efflux from the soil via methanogenesis, rhizospheric activity, and organic carbon mineralization. Nevertheless, strategies and management practices could be used to balance out carbon emissions to the atmosphere. For example, carbon influx and storage in the soil can be stimulated by plant growth promoting microorganisms, greater plant diversity via crop rotation and cover crops, cultivating mycotrophic plants, avoiding or reducing the use of fungicides and adopting organic farming, no-tillage crop systems and conservative soil management strategies. Therefore, this review aimed to shed light on how soil microorganisms can contribute to increase C influxes to the soil, and its significance for climate change. Then, we also seek to gather the practical actions proposed in the scientific literature to improve carbon sequestration and storage in the soil. In summary, the review provides a comprehensive basis on soil microorganisms as key to carbon fluxes and helpers to lessen climate change by increasing carbon fixation and storage in agroecosystems via stimulation or application of beneficial microorganisms. Temperature moisture pH level Climate slope landscape, landscape , landscape) texture landuse land thus pedosphere establishment aggregation Conversely methanogenesis activity mineralization Nevertheless atmosphere example crops plants farming notillage no tillage Therefore Then summary