Abstract This article presents an application for failure probability in long-pipeline gas systems through the development of trend curves over time for the attributes of corrosion wear, which are related to the length, width, and depth of the defect. In addition, Risk-Based Inspection (RBI) is applied in the most favorable numerical failure values according to the location of the defect, with the aim of analyzing the structural reliability and the expected useful life of the gas pipeline. To do this, it was necessary to use the data provided by pig readings in 2008, 2012 and 2018 by an instrumented pig, type Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL), inspecting a gas pipeline with the finality to measure wall thickness. The 56 km long and 18 in diameter pipeline is partly onshore and partly offshore. Also, the pipeline anomalies are standardized according to the standards established in POF (2016). It is important to emphasize that the methodology described in this article can be used in the industry where the prevention of leakage incidents, the predictability of maintenance, and the elaboration of the respective inspection plans are required, since it has been theoretically possible to calculate the probability of failure in time beyond the respective impact on risk for the operational variables presented.

RESUMO A soja integral desativada (SID) foi estudada em suínos para determinar o valor energético, por meio de um ensaio de metabolismo, e avaliar o efeito da SID e da protease no desempenho, nas características da carcaça e na viabilidade econômica. Foi realizado um ensaio de metabolismo com suínos (53,80±4,15kg) para determinar os coeficientes de digestibilidade da matéria seca (MS), da matéria orgânica (MO) e da proteína bruta (PB), a energia digestível (ED), a energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e a EMA corrigida pelo nitrogênio (EMAn). Para o ensaio de desempenho, foram utilizados 60 suínos machos imunocastrados e 60 suínos fêmeas (30,09 ± 1,46kg), em arranjo fatorial 2 (sexo) x 2 (com e sem SID) x 2 (protease). Os coeficientes de metabolizabilidade da MS, MO e PB do SID foram de 83,77, 84,43 e 89,18%, respectivamente. Os valores de ED, AME, e AMEn foram 4904 ± 117, 4805±273, e 4656±255kcal/kg, respectivamente. Para o desempenho na fase de crescimento I, a enzima proporcionou um aumento no consumo médio diário de ração. Em termos de viabilidade econômica, a dieta com SID e sem a enzima teve o menor custo por quilograma de peso ganho e proporcionou o maior índice de eficiência econômica e receita líquida. A SID possui um alto valor de energia e, quando usada em dietas para suínos em crescimento e terminação, proporciona um desempenho satisfatório e uma melhor eficiência econômica.

ABSTRACT The inactivated whole soy (IWS) was studied in pigs to determine the energy value through a metabolism trial and evaluate the effect of IWS and protease on performance, carcass traits, and economic viability. Metabolism with pigs (53.80±4.15kg) to determine digestibility coefficients of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), and crude protein (CP), digestible energy (DE), apparent metabolizable energy (AME), and nitrogen-corrected AME (AMEn). For the performance trial, 60 immunocastrated male pigs and 60 female pigs (30.09±1.46kg) were used in a 2 (gender) x 2 (with and without IWS) x 2 (protease) factorial arrangement. The DM, OM, and CP metabolizability coefficients of IWS were 83.77, 84.43, and 89.18%, respectively. The DE, AME, and AMEn values were 4904±117, 4805±273, and 4656±255kcal/kg, respectively. In growth phase I, enzyme provided an increase in average daily feed intake. In the economic viability, diet with IWS and without the enzyme had the lowest cost per kilogram of weight gained and provided the highest economic efficiency index and net revenue. The IWS has a high energy value and when used in diets for growing and finishing pigs provides satisfactory performance and better economic efficiency.

This study investigated the efficacy of a commercial phytogenic-based premixed feed additive (PFA) in treating combined Lawsonia intracellularis and Brachyspira hyodysenteriae infections in finishing pigs, with tiamulin/lincomycin treatment as the control. Pigs aged 20 weeks were allocated to PFA treatment (11 pens, 45 pigs per pen) and control (7 pens, 43 pigs per pen) groups for a seven-week experimental period. Floor faecal samples and rectal swabs were collected weekly, and the percentage of pigs per pen with diarrhoea was recorded weekly. The bacterial contents of the samples were determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction, and at the end of the experiment, histological changes in ileal samples were examined. There was an intermittent decrease in L. intracellularis in the control group (from 4.85 to 0.82 DNA log10 copies/μl) and a continuous reduction in L. intracellularis in the PFA group (from 5.69 to 0.64 DNA log10 copies/μl) over a six-week period. B. hyodysenteriae was not detected in rectal swabs from the control group at week six, and an intermittent decrease in B. hyodysenteriae, from 3.04 to 0.26 DNA log10 copies/μl, was observed in the PFA group. Bacterial DNA in the floor faecal samples declined during the seven-week experimental period, as found for the rectal swabs. There were no cases of diarrhoea from week two onwards in the control group and week three onwards in the PFA group. The results of this study indicate that a PFA rich in essential oils has a therapeutic effect comparable to that of tiamulin/lincomycin in pigs with proliferative enteropathy and swine dysentery.

Resumen Introducción. Existe una gran preocupación humana por la resistencia a los antibióticos debido a su uso inadecuado como promotores del crecimiento en la cría de animales. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de altos niveles de zinc como sustituto del antibiótico en lechones destetados. Material y métodos. El estudio se realizó de junio a agosto de 2022 en la provincia de Chiriquí, Panamá. El periodo experimental estuvo compuesto por tres fases con 14 días por fase. Los cerdos destetados (n= 54) fueron asignados a uno de tres tratamientos con seis repeticiones por tratamiento y tres cerdos por repetición. Los tratamientos fueron: 1) dieta control, formulada para suplir los requerimientos nutricionales para cerdos destetados; 2) similar al tratamiento 1, más 200 mg de amoxicilina/kg de alimento y 40 mg de florfenicol/kg de alimento durante la fase 1 (P1) y fase 2 (P2), respectivamente; y 3) similar al tratamiento 1, más 2000 ppm y 1600 ppm de zinc durante P1 y P2, respectivamente. En la fase 3 (P3), todos los cerdos fueron alimentados con una dieta común. Resultados. La suplementación con zinc mejoró la ganancia de peso en todas las fases. Los cerdos alimentados con zinc tuvieron mejor relación F:G en P2 en comparación a los cerdos suplementados con antibiótico (p < 0.05). Se encontró una mayor concentración de hemoglobina y porcentaje de monocitos en cerdos alimentados con zinc que en los otros tratamientos (p < 0.05). Los cerdos alimentados con antibiótico o la dieta control tuvieron un menor porcentaje de materia seca fecal en comparación a los suplementados con zinc (p < 0.05). Conclusión. La suplementación de altos niveles de zinc ejerció mejoras, en comparación al antibiótico, en cuanto a la concentración de hemoglobina, incidencia de diarrea y ganancia de peso en cerdos durante los 42 días posteriores al destete.

Abstract Introduction. There is a great human concern about antibiotics resistance due to their inappropriate use as growth promoters in animal husbandry. Objective. To evaluate the effect of a high level of zinc as a substitute to antibiotics in nursery pigs. Material and methods. The study was carried out from June to August 2022 in the province of Chiriqui, Panama. The experimental period was composed of three phases with 14 days per phase. The nursery pigs (n= 54) were distributed to one of three treatments with six replicates per treatment and three pigs per replicate. The treatments were: 1) control diet, which was formulated to meet the nutritional requirements for nursery pigs; 2) similar to treatment 1, plus 200 mg of amoxicillin/kg of feed and 40 mg of florfenicol/kg of feed during phase 1 (P1) and phase 2 (P2), respectively; and 3) similar to treatment 1, plus 2000 ppm and 1600 ppm of zinc during P1 and P2, respectively. In phase 3 (P3), all pigs were fed a common diet. Results. The supplementation of zinc improved the average daily gain in all phases. Pigs fed zinc diet had better F:G ratio in P2 compared to pigs fed antibiotic diet (p < 0.05). A higher concentration of hemoglobin and percentage of monocytes was found in pigs fed with higher level of zinc than the other treatments (p < 0.05). Furthermore, Pigs fed the antibiotic, or the control diet had a lower percentage of fecal dry matter compared to those supplemented with zinc. (p < 0.05). Conclusion. The supplementation of high levels of zinc exerted improvements, in comparison to the antibiotic, in terms of hemoglobin concentration, incidence of diarrhea and weight gain in pigs during 42 days after weaning.

Resumen Introducción. La expresión genética varía en relación con la etapa fisiológica del cerdo y es diferente en músculo e hígado. Objetivo. Identificar los genes con expresión genética diferencial en los procesos biológicos del cerdo en los tejidos Longissimus dorsi e hígado, por medio del análisis de transcriptoma, durante las etapas de crecimiento (55 ± 1,05 kg) y engorda final (101 ± 7,8 kg). Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó en la Unidad Académica de Agricultura de la Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, México, durante la temporada primavera-verano del año 2019. Se consideraron doce muestras totales, tres de músculo Longissimus dorsi y tres de hígado por etapa, para la extracción de ARN y la secuenciación. Con el método DESeq2 se obtuvo diferencialmente la expresión génica de los Log2FC para los grupos crecimiento y engorda final en Longissimus dorsi e hígado, y se identificó la función biológica de los genes con expresión genética diferencial. Resultados. En el hígado se identificó la mayor cantidad de genes con expresión genética diferencial, así como en el cromosoma 6, tanto en Longissimus dorsi como en el hígado. En Longissimus dorsi del grupo de crecimiento, se expresaron los genes FUT1, SESN2 y FGF21, relacionados con el crecimiento. También se identificaron genes sin expresión, como NR4A3, PDK4, PER1 y PTPRO, los cuales están involucrados en procesos del sistema inmune y ritmo circadiano. En el hígado del grupo de crecimiento, se expresaron los genes IHH y MYL7, mientras que los genes MFSD2A, LIPG, THBS1, TGFB2, LTF y APOA4, sin expresión, se identificaron como los más asociados a procesos biológicos. Conclusiones. En Longissimus dorsi del grupo de crecimiento, los genes se relacionaron con el crecimiento, y en el grupo de engorda final, con inmunidad, crecimiento y calidad de la carne. En el hígado del grupo de crecimiento, los genes se asociaron con el crecimiento, y en el grupo de engorda final, con inmunidad, crecimiento, metabolismo de nutrientes y lípidos, lipoproteínas y detoxificación.

Abstract Introduction. Gene expression varies in relation to the physiological stage of the pig and the nutritional source, and that it differs between muscle and liver. Objective. To identify genes with differential gene expression in pig biological processes in Longissimus dorsi and liver tissues, by means of transcriptome analysis, during growth (55 ± 1.05 kg) and final fattening (101 ± 7.8 kg) stages. Materials and methods. The study was conducted at the Academic Unit of Agriculture of the Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Mexico, during the summer of 2019. A total of twelve samples were considered, three from Longissimus dorsi muscle and three from liver per stage, for RNA extraction and sequencing. With the DESeq2 method, the gene expression of the Log2FC was obtained differentially for the growth group vs. final fattening of Longissimus dorsi and liver, and the biological function of the differentially expressed genes was identified. Results. The largest number of genes with differential gene expression was identified in the liver and on chromosome 6 in both Longissimus dorsi and liver. In Longissimus dorsi from the growth group, the genes FUT1, SESN2 and FGF21, associated with growth, were identified with high expression. Genes with low expression, such as NR4A3, PDK4, PER1 and PTPRO, involved in immune system processes and circadian rhythm, were also identified. In the liver of the growth group, the genes IHH and MYL7 were identified with high expression, while genes with low expression, including MFSD2A, LIPG, THBS1, TGFB2, LTF and APOA4, were identified as those most involved in biological processes. Conclusions. In Longissimus dorsi of the growth group, the genes were related to growth, while in the final fattening group, they were associated with immunity, growth and meat quality. In the liver of the growth group, the genes were related to growth, whereas in the final fattening group, they were associated with immunity, growth, nutrient and lipid metabolism, lipoproteins and detoxification.

Resumen Introducción. En algunos países de la región andina el interés por la crianza de cuyes (Cavia porcellus) está creciendo, debido al potencial que la carne de esta especie tiene para contribuir con la seguridad alimentaria. El mejoramiento genético realizado en cuyes ha permitido que se obtengan animales de elevados rendimientos productivos. Sin embargo, estos logros no han sido acompañados con estudios de requerimientos de energía neta del cuy. Objetivo. Realizar una estimación teórica de los requerimientos de energía para mantenimiento y ganancia de peso en cuyes. Desarrollo. Mediante información bibliográfica de la nutrición energética en conejos y cuyes, se estableció un cálculo aproximado de los requerimientos de energía para ganancia de peso y mantenimiento en cuyes. Para esto, se consideró un animal con un peso inicial de 0,3 y un peso final de 1,2 kg con una ganancia promedio de 13 g/día. Se encontró que los estudios de energía en cuyes para la producción de carne están dados en densidades energéticas, en su mayoría en energía digestible (ED), cuyos valores estuvieron entre 2700 y 3000 kcal/kg de materia seca de alimento, y en menor proporción de energía metabolizable. Según los cálculos teóricos, para un animal de 0,75 kg de peso vivo promedio, los requerimientos de ED de mantenimiento y ganancia de peso fueron de 92,8 y 49,34 kcal/día, respectivamente. Con una dieta de 3000 kcal de ED en el alimento, el animal debe consumir 47,38 g de materia seca para llenar sus requerimientos totales. Conclusión. Los requerimientos de energía encontrados desde los cálculos teóricos, fueron coherentes para cuyes de producción de carne desde el punto de vista biológico.

Abstract Introduction. In some countries of the Andean region, interest in guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) breeding is growing due to the potential of this species’ meat to contribute to food security. Genetic improvement in guinea pigs has resulted in animals with high productive yields. However, these advancements have not been accompanied by studies on the net energy requirements of guinea pigs. Objective. To perform a theoretical estimation of the energy requirements for maintenance and weight gain in guinea pigs. Development. Based on bibliographic information regarding of the energy of rabbits and guinea pigs, an approximate calculation of energy requirements for weight gain and maintenance in guinea pigs was established. For this purpose, an animal with an initial weight of 0.3 kg and a final weight of 1.2 kg, with an average gain of 13 g/day, was considered. It was found that energy studies in guinea pigs for meat production are mostly expressed in energy densities, primarily in digestible energy (DE), whose values were between 2700 and 3000 kcal/kg of dry matter, and to a lesser extent of metabolizable energy. According to theoretical calculations, for an animal with an average live weight of 0.75 kg, the DE requirements for maintenance and weight gain were 92.8 and 49.34 kcal/day, respectively. With a diet providing 3000 kcal of DE in the feed, the animal must consume 47.38 g of dry matter to meet its total requirements. Conclusion. The energy requirements derived from theoretical calculations were biological consistent for meat production guinea pigs.

Abstract Zinc (Zn) is an essential element in the diet of pigs. However, there is variability in the levels, duration and sources of supplementation of this nutrient, which can generate uncertainty in swine nutritionists. The present meta-analysis was developed with the aim of evaluating the effect of dietary zinc inclusion on the productive performance of piglets. A total of 53 articles were included; effect size, heterogeneity and effect of moderators were determined using the random effects model. The results showed that inorganic zinc supplementation improved daily weight gain (+0.03581 kg day-1, p<0.00001), daily feed intake (+0.01868 kg day-1, p=0.00001), feed conversion (-0.0554 kg kg-1, p=0.00844) and feed efficiency (+0.03197 kg kg-1, p<0.00001), with respect to the control group (without supplementation). The use of organic zinc improved daily weight gain (+0.0118 kg day-1, p<0.00001), daily feed intake (+0.01697 kg day-1, p=0.01266), and feed efficiency (+0.01923 kg kg-1, p=0.01529). High heterogeneity values (>80%) were found in most of the variables evaluated, and thus meta- regressions were performed with the moderators: duration and level of zinc supplementation, and copper level. It is concluded that dietary zinc supplementation, from any source, favors the productive performance of piglets.

Resumen El zinc (Zn) es un elemento esencial en la dieta de los cerdos. Sin embargo, existe variabilidad en los niveles, duración y fuentes de suplementación de este nutriente, lo cual puede generar incertidumbre en los nutricionistas de porcinos. El presente meta-análisis se desarrolló con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto de la inclusión alimenticia de zinc sobre el rendimiento productivo de los lechones. Para ello se incluyó un total de 53 artículos; bajo el modelo de efectos aleatorios se determinó tamaño de efecto, heterogeneidad y efecto de moderadores. Los resultados mostraron que la suplementación con zinc inorgánico mejoró la ganancia diaria de peso (+0,03581 kg día-1, p<0,00001), consumo diario de alimento (+0,01868 kg día-1, p=0,00001), conversión alimenticia (-0,0554 kg kg-1, p=0,00844) y eficiencia alimenticia (+0,03197 kg kg-1, p<0,00001), versus el grupo control (sin suplementación). El uso de zinc orgánico mejoró la ganancia diaria de peso (+0,0118 kg día-1, p<0,00001), consumo diario de alimento (+0,01697 kg día-1, p=0,01266), y eficiencia alimenticia (+0,01923 kg kg-1, p=0,01529). Se encontraron valores altos de heterogeneidad (>80%) en la mayoría de las variables evaluadas, por lo que se realizaron meta-regresiones con los moderadores: duración y nivel de suplementación de zinc y nivel de cobre. Se concluye que la suplementación alimenticia de zinc, con cualquiera de sus fuentes, favorece el rendimiento productivo en lechones.

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the productive performance of pigs, during the starter (from 11 to 25 kg of live weight) and grower (from 25 to 50 kg of live weight) stages, supplemented with increasing levels of dietary organic selenium under tropical conditions. Pigs (n=71) were distributed in randomized block design with four treatments (0, 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 mg kg-1 of feed). Organic selenium was included in the diet as selenomethionine (SeMet) from the BIOWAYS® product with a concentration of 2,000 ppm. The study was conducted over a 70-day period. The variables evaluated were voluntary feed intake, daily weight gain, and feed conversion. The daily weight gain varied between treatments in the starter stage, with average values of 0.431, 0.510, 0.466, and 0.554 g day-1 (P<0.05), but similar values of 0.890, 0.809, 0.908 and 0.884 kg day-1 were obtained in the grower stage for treatments with 0, 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 mg kg-1 of feed, respectively. Feed conversion in the starter and grower stages improved when pigs were supplemented with selenium (P<0.05). Overall, supplementation with organic selenium improves daily weight gain and feed conversion in pigs during the starter and grower stages.

Resumen En este trabajo se sostiene que el co mentario despectivo de Glaucón de que en la ciudad sana vivirían mejor los cerdos se tiene que entender con base en la clasificación de bienes que hace al inicio de su intervención, señalando de este modo que en la ciudad sana no hay bienes que sean agradables por ellos mismos, lo cual significa que no hay actividades que permitan un elogio de la justicia por sí misma (cf. 358d), en el que se distinga lo que parece justo de lo que es realmente justo (cf. 367c). Por esto Sócrates abandona la ciudad sana y lleva a cabo su defensa de la justicia en la ciudad enferma.

Abstract In this work, it is argued that Glaucon’s disparaging comment that pigs would live better in the healthy city must be understood based on the classification of goods he makes at the beginning of his speech, thus indicating that in the healthy city there are no goods that are pleasant in themselves, which means that there are no activities that allow for praise of justice for its own sake (cf 358d), in which what appears just is distinguished from what is truly just (cf. 367c). For this reason, Socrates abandons the healthy city and carries out his defense ofjustice in the sick city.

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar aislados de Escherichia coli para comprobar la presencia o ausencia de los genes f18 y stx2e. Se estudiaron 186 aislados obtenidos de cerdos menores de 50 días de edad que no tenían diarrea al momento de la toma de muestra. Los animales eran originarios de cuatro granjas de crianza tecnificada situadas en la región Lima. El muestreo fue hecho en 2019 como parte de un estudio preliminar empleando hisopados rectales. Se utilizó un kit de purificación comercial para la extracción del ADN y un protocolo de PCR convencional para la detección de los genes. En ninguno de los E. coli aislados de estos lechones pudo detectarse producto de PCR para stx2e ni f18.

ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to evaluate Escherichia coli isolates for the presence or absence of the f18 and stx2e genes. In total, 186 isolates obtained from piglets under 50 days of age that did not have diarrhoea at the time of sampling were studied. The animals were from four high-tech breeding farms located in the Lima region. Sampling was done in 2019 as part of a preliminary study using rectal swabs. A commercial purification kit was used for DNA extraction and a conventional PCR protocol was used for gene detection. No PCR product for stx2e or f18 could be detected in any of the E. coli isolated from these piglets.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto del sexo sobre el peso vivo final, las características de la canal, los rasgos de calidad de la carne y las propiedades sensoriales de una línea específica de cerdos mestizos (Landrace 75% x Yorkshire 25% “Degesa”). En el presente estudio se utilizaron ocho machos castrados (MC) y ocho nulíparas (H) seleccionados al azar. No se observaron diferencias (P˃0.05) entre sexos en cuanto a las características de la canal, el valor de la fuerza de cizallamiento o la longitud del sarcómero. Sin embargo, el grosor de la grasa dorsal, el pH@45, el pH@24, la capacidad de retención de agua, el puntaje de marmoleado y el contenido de grasa intramuscular fueron mayores (P˃0.05) en MC que en H. La carne de MC tuvo menor (P=0.04) luminosidad que la de H, pero similar (P≥0.34) rojez y amarillez. La proporción total de ácidos grasos saturados (AGS), así como los AGS individuales (C16:0 y C18:0) fueron mayores en MC que en H, pero la relación n-6:n-3 fue menor en los machos que en las hembras. En general, la carne de los machos fue mejor calificada que la carne de hembras por el panel entrenado en atributos de sabor, pero el resultado fue opuesto cuando se evaluaron las propiedades de textura. Además, una mayor puntuación general de color, así como los atributos de sabor, se asociaron positivamente con el contenido de grasa intramuscular y la tasa de AG monoinsaturados, pero se asociaron negativamente con la proporción de AG poliinsaturados. En conclusión, los resultados sugieren que la calidad de la carne de cerdos mestizos Degesa mostró marcadas diferencias relacionadas con el sexo y, por lo tanto, podría ser comercializado diferencialmente por sexo en el mercado de carne.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of sex on final live weight, carcass characteristics meat quality traits and sensory properties of a specific cross breed pig line (Landrace 75% x Yorkshire 25% “Degesa”). Eight randomly selected barrows (CM) and eight gilts (F) were used in the present study. No differences (P˃0.05) between sexes for carcass characteristics, shear-force value or sarcomere length were observed. However, back fat thickness, pH@45, pH@24, water-holding capacity, marbling score and intramuscular fat content were higher (P˃0.05) in CM than in F. Meat from CM had lower (P=0.04) lightness than F but similar (P≥0.34) redness and yellowness. Total saturated fatty acids (SFA) proportion as well as individual SFAs (C16:0 and C18:0) were greater in CM than in F, but n-6:n-3 ratio was lower in males than females. In general, meat from males were better scored than meat from females by the trained panel in flavor attributes but the result was opposed when textural properties were evaluated. In addition, greater overall color score as well as flavor attributes were positively associated with intramuscular fat content and rate of monounsaturated FA but negatively associated with rate polyunsaturated FA proportion. In conclusion, results suggest that pork quality from Degesa crossbred pigs showed marked sex-related differences and therefore, it could be deferentially commercially by sex in the meat market.

Resumen El Síndrome Respiratorio y Reproductivo del Cerdo (PRRS) es una enfermedad que impacta económicamente a la porcicultora, pues provoca baja eficiencia alimenticia y menor ganancia de peso en la fase de engorda. Se evaluó el efecto de adicionar la dieta con ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA), oleorresina de cúrcuma y capsicum (EP, extractos de plantas) sobre el desempeño productivo de cerdos en engorda y en la salud de una piara con PRRS. Novecientos sesenta cerdos con un peso promedio inicial de 5.21 ± 0.065 kg fueron asignados a uno de cuatro tratamientos: T1, testigo; T2, DHA; T3, EP; T4, DHA+EP. Las variables fueron: peso al día 70 (P70), peso a la salida al mercado (PM), ganancia diaria de peso al día 70 (GDP70), ganancia diaria de peso al mercado (GDPM), conversión alimenticia al día 70 (CA70) y conversión alimenticia a la salida al mercado (CAM). P70 y GDP mostraron que las dietas T2 y T4 (P < 0.05) superaron al testigo y a T3. En CA70, los cerdos de T2 y T4 fueron mejores que el testigo y T3 (P < 0.05). En PM, T2, T3 y T4 superaron al testigo (P < 0.05). Todos los cerdos fueron positivos a PRRS durante todo el estudio, aunque los cerdos del segundo ciclo de engorda mostraron más IgG en T2 y T4. El costo de producción para T2, T3 y T4 fue menor para GDPM, CAM y PM. En conclusión, las dietas experimentales fueron superiores al testigo en PM y, por ende, el uso de DHA y fitogénicos resultó rentable.

Abstract Pig Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome (PRRS) is a disease with economic repercussions for pig farmers worldwide as it causes low feed efficiency and, therefore, less weight gain in the fattening stage. The effect of dietary supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), turmeric oleoresin and capsicum (EP, plant extracts) on the productive performance of fattening pigs and on the health of a herd affected by PRRS was evaluated. Nine-hundred and sixty fattening pigs with an initial average weight of 5.21 ± 0.065 kg was randomly assigned to one of four treatments, T1, control; T2, DHA; T3, EP; T4, DHA+EP. The variables analyzed were weight at day 70 of life (P70), weight at market (PM), daily weight gain at day 70 of life (GDP70), daily weight gain to market (GDPM), feed conversion at day 70 of life (CA70) and feed conversion at market (CAM). T2 and T4 diets exceeded the control and T3 in P70 and GDP (P < 0.05), T2 and T4 did better than the control and T3 in CA70 (P < 0.05). T2, T3, and T4 surpasssed the control in PM (P < 0.05). All pigs had antibodies against PRRS throughout the study, although pigs in the second fattening cycle showed higher IgG values for T2 and T4. The cost of production for T2, T3 and T4 was lower for GDPM, CAM and PM. In conclusion, the treatments T2, T3, and T4 were superior to the control in PM and therefore, the use of DHA and phylogens wasp cost-effective.

Resumo Este artigo investiga os processos de reconfiguração e percepção da vacinação infantil contra Covid-19 no Brasil e o cuidado da criança no pós-pandemia. Por meio da etnografia em ambientes digitais, analisamos os argumentos utilizados para questionar a vacina a partir de quatro campos (Telegram, Twitter, YouTube e Instagram). Com isso, buscamos compreender qual é a percepção dos indivíduos em relação à segurança e os riscos do imunizante, como se dá a reconfiguração da cultura da vacinação infantil no Brasil e como isso acaba reverberando em outras instâncias da vida social. Observamos que os argumentos apresentados pelos indivíduos para negar a vacina já foram utilizados em emergências sanitárias anteriores (como o HPV e a H1N1) e possuem um forte apelo por liberdade e pela manutenção dos direitos individuais, além de colocar a criança como responsabilidade da família, não cabendo esse papel ao Estado. Covid19 Covid 19 Covid-1 póspandemia. póspandemia pós pandemia. pandemia pós-pandemia digitais Telegram, Telegram (Telegram Twitter Instagram. Instagram . Instagram) imunizante social H1N1 HN H N individuais família Estado Covid1 1 Covid- H1N

Abstract This article investigates the processes of reconfiguration and perception of childhood vaccination against COVID-19 in Brazil and childcare in the post-pandemic context. Through ethnography in digital environments, we analyze the arguments used to question the vaccine across four platforms (Telegram, Twitter, YouTube, and Instagram). Thus, we seek to understand individuals’ perceptions of the safety and risks of the vaccine, how the reconfiguration of childhood vaccination culture occurs in Brazil, and how this resonates in other instances of social life. We observe that arguments used to reject the vaccine have been employed in previous health emergencies (such as HPV and H1N1), emphasizing a strong appeal for freedom, the preservation of individual rights, and positioning the child as the family’s responsibility, excluding the State from this role. COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 postpandemic post pandemic context environments Telegram, Telegram (Telegram Twitter YouTube Instagram. Instagram . Instagram) Thus individuals life such H1N1, H1N1 HN , H N H1N1) freedom rights familys family s responsibility role COVID1 1 COVID- H1N

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el comportamiento productivo de cuyes en crecimiento, alimentados con forraje verde de alfalfa y un suplemento artesanal ampliamente difundido en el Valle del Mantaro, Perú, elaborado a base a subproducto de trigo, maíz amarillo integral y torta de soya en la proporción base de 3:2:1, comparado con cuatro alimentos comerciales, en términos de incremento de peso (IP), conversión alimenticia (CA), rendimiento de carcasa (RC) y mérito económico. Se utilizaron 60 cuyes machos y hembras de línea colorada de 18 ± 3 días de edad con pesos de 318 ± 35 g. Fueron distribuidos en cinco jaulas metálicas de cuatro niveles cada uno. Se utilizó un Diseño de Bloques Completos al azar considerando al sexo como bloque. El efecto logrado por el suplemento artesanal sobre IP, CA y RC fue similar a lo conseguido por dos productos comerciales, pero superior a los otros dos; sin embargó, evidenció un mejor retorno económico en términos de margen de utilidad unitaria y rentabilidad relativa, debido al menor costo de alimentación registrado. Se concluye que el suplemento alimenticio artesanal es apropiado para ser usado en el engorde de cuyes debido a su fácil elaboración y eficacia para conseguir una adecuada respuesta productiva y mayor retribución económica.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the productive performance of growing guinea pigs, fed with green alfalfa forage and an artisanal supplement widely spread in the Mantaro Valley, Peru, made from wheat byproduct, whole yellow corn and soy cake in the base ratio of 3:2:1, compared to four commercial feeds, in terms of weight gain (BWG), feed conversion (FC), carcass yield (CY), and economic merit. In total, 60 male and female red-line guinea pigs, 18 ± 3 days old and weighing 318 ± 35 g, were used. They were distributed in five metal cages with four levels each. A randomized Complete Block Design was used considering sex as a block. The effect achieved by the artisanal supplement on BWG, FC and CY were similar to that achieved by two commercial products, but superior to the other two; however, it showed a better economic return in terms of unit profit margin and relative profitability due to the lower food cost recorded. It is concluded that the artisanal formulation is appropriate to be used in the fattening of guinea pigs due to its easy preparation and effectiveness in achieving an adequate productive response and greater economic remuneration.

Resumen El circovirus porcino tipo 2 (PCV2) es un virus de tipo DNA que tiene afinidad por células del sistema inmune y que genera depleción de linfocitos por lo que favorece el desarrollo de enfermedades causadas por otros agentes oportunistas, así mismo está relacionado con la generación de diferentes síndromes. Por lo anterior, este virus produce importantes afecciones a la industria porcícola, sin embargo, fácilmente se pueden prevenir los síndromes asociados a PCV2 mediante la adecuada aplicación de medidas de bioseguridad y vacunación. Por otro lado, las unidades de producción a pequeña escala (UPPs) suelen carecer de este tipo de manejo preventivo, así como de vigilancia rutinaria por parte de un médico veterinario. Si bien, el PCV2 se considera un virus ampliamente distribuido, no existen reportes de su presencia en las UPPs en Nuevo León. Se determinó la presencia de anticuerpos contra PCV2 mediante el uso de un kit comercial y se realizó la biometría hemática de los animales. Se localizaron 48 UPPs en las que se encontró un 91.67% de positividad, así como un 89.7% de seropositividad en los animales. En la biometría se encontró que la HGB y el HCT se presentaron disminuidos en los individuos que resultaron positivos a anticuerpos comparados contra los negativos (P=0.03 y P=0.01, respectivamente), por el contrario, el valor de células blancas totales se encontró disminuido en los individuos que resultaron negativos a la presencia de anticuerpo contra PCV2 (P=0.01).

Abstract Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is a DNA-type virus that has an affinity for cells of the immune system and generates lymphocyte depletion so it favors the development of diseases caused by other opportunistic agents, it is also related to the generation of different syndromes. Therefore, this virus causes major illnesses on the pig industry; nevertheless, PCV2-associated syndromes can easily be prevented through the proper application of biosecurity and vaccination measures. On the other hand, small-scale production units (SPUs) often lack this type of preventive management, as well as routine surveillance by a veterinarian. Although PCV2 is considered a widely distributed virus, there are no reports of its presence in SPUs in Nuevo León. The presence of antibodies against PCV2 was determined using a commercial kit and complete blood count was performed on the animals. A total of 48 SPUs were found, with 91.67 % positivity and 89.7 % seropositivity in the animals. In the complete blood count, it was found that HGB and HCT were decreased in individuals who were positive for antibodies compared to negative ones (P=0.03 and P=0.01, respectively); on the contrary, the value of total white blood cells was found to be decreased in individuals who were negative for the presence of antibodies against PCV2 (P=0.01).