Summary: The castor plant (Ricinus communis L.) is a plant that has dif ferent benefits, such as the production of biodiesel and soil bioremediation. Due to the above, the castor plant’s ability to extract arsenic (As) was evaluated. For this, a randomized block experimental design with four repetitions was carried out. The evaluated treatments consisted of two types of biosolids (oxidation lagoon biosolids (BLO) and activated sludge biosolids (BLA) and four doses of As (0, 25, 50, 100 mg kg-1), under greenhouse conditions. As concentration was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). From the quantification of As, the translocation factor (TF) and the bioaccumulation factor (FB) were estimated. The total nitrogen (N) content was quantified by the combustion method. Phosphorus (P) was analyzed by colorimetry using the metavanadate method, and the content of potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) was quantified by atomic absorption. For percentage of oil The Soxhlet method was used in the seed. The plant height and the dry weight of biomass did not vary due to the treatment ef fect (P ≤ 0.05). The Translocation Factor (TF) and the Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) registered ranges of 0.20 - 0.63 and 0.28 - 0.75, respectively. The applied doses of As did not af fect the biomass and nutrient absorption in the castor plant, which indicates that this plant species is tolerant to toxicity with productive potential in soils contaminated with this element, in concentrations up to 100 mg kg-1.

Resumen: La higuerilla (Ricinus communis L.) es una planta que tiene diferentes beneficios, como la producción de biodiesel y la biorremediación de suelo. Debido a lo anterior, se evaluó la capacidad de la higuerilla para extraer arsénico (As). Para ello, se realizó un diseño experimental de bloques al azar con cuatro repeticiones. Los tratamientos evaluados consistieron en dos tipos de biosólidos (biosólidos de lagunas de oxidación (BLO) y biosólidos de lodos activados (BLA) y cuatro dosis de As (0, 25, 50, 100 mg kg-1), bajo condiciones de invernadero. La concentración de As se determinó por espectrometría de masas por plasma acoplado inductivamente (ICP-MS). A partir de la cuantificación de As se estimó el factor de translocación (FT) y el factor de bioacumulación (FB). El contenido de nitrógeno (N) total se cuantifico por el método de combustión. El fósforo (P) se analizó por colorimetría por el método de metavanadato, y el contenido de potasio (K), calcio (Ca), magnesio (Mg), cobre (Cu), manganeso (Mn), hierro (Fe) y zinc (Zn) que se cuantificaron por absorción atómica. Para porcentaje de aceite en la semilla se utilizó el método Soxhlet. La altura de planta y el peso seco de biomasa no variaron por efecto de tratamiento (P ≤ 0.05). El Factor de translocación (FT) y el Factor de bioconcentración (FBC) registraron rangos de 0.20 - 0.63 y 0.28 - 0.75, respectivamente. Las dosis aplicadas de As no afectaron la biomasa y absorción de nutrientes en la planta de higuerilla, lo cual indica que esta especie vegetal es tolerante a la toxicidad con potencial productivo en suelos contaminados con este elemento, en concentraciones hasta de 100 mg kg-1.

RESUMEN En la Amazonía ecuatoriana, cada día son mayores los desafíos para la identificación de especies fitorremediadoras que disminuyan la contaminación por metales pesados producto de la actividad minera. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el potencial bioacumulador de metales pesados de tres especies forestales de rápido crecimiento (Ochroma pyramidale, Piptocoma discolor y Bambusa vulgaris) en un área de extracción minera, en la comunidad Yutzupino, Napo para la restauración. Se recolectaron muestras de hoja y suelo para determinar la concentración de metales pesados (Cd, Pb, Fe y Ni), mediante espectrometría de absorción atómica y se calculó el factor de bioconcentración (FBC). Los análisis foliares mostraron que B. vulgaris presentó mayor concentración de Ni (6,89 mg kg-1) y Fe (156,33 mg kg-1) y P. discolor contenía Cd (0,35 mg kg-1) y Pb (55,67 mg kg -1). Los análisis de suelos mostraron un patrón de variación en B. vulgaris superior en Cd, Ni y Pb y en O. pyramidale para Fe. El factor de bioconcentración permitió identificar la capacidad acumuladora de las especies, lo que sugiere que P. discolor puede ser utilizada como especie fitorremediadora para sitios contaminadas por Cd y Pb, O. pyramidale para Ni y B. vulgaris para Fe.

RESUMO Na Amazônia equatoriana, os desafios para a identificação de espécies de fitorremediação para reduzir a contaminação por metais pesados provenientes de atividades de mineração aumentam a cada dia. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial bioacumulativo de metais pesados de três espécies florestais de crescimento rápido (Ochroma pyramidale, Piptocoma discolor e Bambusa vulgaris) em uma área de extração de mineração na comunidade de Yutzupino, Napo, para restauração. Amostras de folhas e de solo foram coletadas para determinar a concentração de metais pesados (Cd, Pb, Fe e Ni) por espectrometria de absorção atômica e o fator de bioconcentração (BCF) foi calculado. A análise das folhas mostrou que a B. vulgaris tinha concentrações mais altas de Ni (6,89 mg kg-1) e Fe (156,33 mg kg-1) e a P. discolor continha Cd (0,35 mg kg-1) e Pb (55,67 mg kg -1). As análises do solo mostraram um padrão de variação em B. vulgaris maior em Cd, Ni e Pb e em O. pyramidale para Fe. O fator de bioconcentração identificou a capacidade de acumulação das espécies, sugerindo que P. discolor pode ser usada como uma espécie de fitorremediação para locais contaminados com Cd e Pb, O. pyramidale para Ni e B. vulgaris para Fe.

ABSTRACT In the Ecuadorian Amazon, the challenges for identifying, phytoremediation species that reduce heavy metal contamination resulting from mining activity are increasing every day. The objective of this work was to evaluate the bioaccumulator potential of heavy metals of three fast-growing forest species (Ochroma pyramidale, Piptocoma discolor and Bambusa vulgaris) in a mining extraction area, in the Yutzupino community, Napo for restoration. Leaf and soil samples were collected to determine the concentration of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Fe and Ni) using atomic absorption spectrometry and the bioconcentration factor (BCF) was calculated. Leaf analyzes showed that B. vulgaris presented a higher concentration of Ni (6.89 mg kg-1 ) and Fe (156.33 mg kg-1 ) and P. discolor contained Cd (0.35 mg kg-1 ) and Pb (55.67 mg kg -1 ). Soil analyzes showed a pattern of variation in B. vulgaris superior in Cd, Ni and Pb and in O. pyramidale for Fe. The bioconcentration factor allowed identifying the accumulating capacity of the species, which suggests that P. discolor may be used as a phytoremediation species for sites contaminated by Cd and Pb, O. pyramidale for Ni and B. vulgaris for Fe.

Abstract Introduction: The aquaculture industry is constantly growing, registering a global production of almost 88 million tonnes by 2020. This industry brings environmental problems if its effluents are not properly treated. In 2020, the first technology-based company of CONICET was established in Argentine Patagonia whose purpose is the aquaculture production of the green sea urchin, Arbacia dufresnii to develop a range of nutraceutical products. Its cultivation system entails a commitment to sustainability since its creation, and yet it generates effluents with high levels of nitrates and phosphates. Objective: Given this scenario, and valuing bioremediation as a water treatment tool, the use of marine microalgae as phytoremediating agents of aquaculture effluent is proposed in this work. Methods: The microalgae Chaetoceros gracilis, Navicula sp., Tetraselmis suecica, Rhodomona salina, Nanochloropsis galvana and Cylindrotheca closterium were use; which are used as food for sea urchins larvae in the production process. An experiment was designed that compares the microalgal growth and the removal capacity of nutrients in the effluent in contrast to the artificial culture medium currently used in the production cycle. Results: It is possible to remedy the aquaculture industry’s effluent by employing the selected microalgae, with a percentage of removal efficiency of 100 % of the nitrate and an average removal efficiency percentage of 50 % for all the microalgae tested. Likewise, significantly higher microalgal biomass values were obtained when the culture was carried out in the effluent the culture in the artificial environment. Conclusions: The advances in research provided in this work show that it is possible to take advantage of a discard to cultivate microalgae, even improving microalgal productivity for use as food, reducing the costs involved in the microalgal production sector by changing the use of the type of current culture medium (F/2) for that from a current discard. These advances, if scaled and validated, can improve industry sustainability standards within the framework of a circular economy.

Resumen Introducción: La industria acuícola está en constante crecimiento, registrando una producción mundial de casi 88 millones de toneladas para el año 2020. Esta industria trae consigo problemas ambientales si sus efluentes no son debidamente tratados. En el 2020, se constituyó la primera empresa de base tecnológica del CONICET en la Patagonia Argentina cuyo propósito es la producción acuícola del erizo verde de mar, Arbacia dufresnii con la finalidad de elaborar una gama de productos nutracéuticos. Su sistema de cultivo conlleva un compromiso de sustentabilidad desde su creación, y sin embargo genera efluentes con niveles altos de nitratos y fosfatos. Objetivo: Ante este escenario, y valorizando la biorremediación como herramienta de tratamiento de aguas, se propone en este trabajo la utilización de las microalgas marinas como agentes fitorremediadores del efluente acuícola. Métodos: Se utilizaron las microalgas Chaetoceros gracilis, Navicula sp., Tetraselmis suecica., Rhodomona salina., Nanochloropsis galvana y Cylindrotheca closterium, las cuales son usadas como alimento de las larvas del erizo en el proceso productivo. Se diseñó un experimento que compara el crecimiento microalgal y la capacidad de remoción de los nutrientes en el efluente en contraste con el medio de cultivo artificial actualmente usado en el ciclo productivo. Resultados: Es posible remediar el efluente de la industria acuícola mediante las microalgas seleccionadas, con porcentaje de eficacia de remoción del 100 % del nitrato y un porcentaje de eficacia de remoción promedio de 50 % para todas las microalgas testeadas. Asimismo, se obtuvieron valores de biomasa microalgal significativamente mayores cuando el cultivo fue realizado en el efluente respecto del cultivo en el medio artificial. Conclusiones: Los avances en investigación proporcionados en este trabajo ponen de manifiesto que es posible el aprovechamiento de un descarte para cultivar las microalgas, incluso mejorando la productividad microalgal para su uso como alimento, disminuyendo los costos involucrados en el sector de producción microalgal cambiando el uso del tipo de medio de cultivo actual (F/2) por el proveniente de un descarte. Estos avances si son escalados y validados, pueden mejorar los estándares de sustentabilidad de la industria en el marco de una economía circular.

ABSTRACT In current agriculture it is necessary to control the safety of the food that is produced, for this it is vital to take into account the levels of contamination caused by heavy metals. One aspect to consider is the study of soil quality to preserve or improve its productivity, in order to guarantee environmental protection, human health and food safety. Trace elements in high concentrations in soils are food toxins with negative effects on health that manifest themselves in the long term as a result of the consumption of contaminated food and water. The objective of this work is: to study mathematical models to predict the behavior of cobalt, lead and zinc concentrations in agricultural soil, adjacent to the dumping of industrial waste in the San José de las Lajas municipality. For this, the concentration data of heavy metals cobalt (Co), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) were taken from the year 2005 to the year 2018 to predict their behavior from the use of statistical-mathematical tools until the year 2034. It was obtained that, according to the mathematical models obtained, these soils should not be used to grow vegetables for consumption, at least until 10 years after this investigation.

RESUMEN En la agricultura actual es necesario controlar la inocuidad de los alimentos que se producen, para ello es vital tener en cuenta los niveles de contaminación que provocan los metales pesados. Un aspecto a considerar es el estudio de calidad del suelo para conservar o mejorar su productividad, de forma que se garantice la protección ambiental, la salud humana y la seguridad alimentaria. Elementos traza en concentraciones elevadas en suelos son tóxicos alimentarios con efectos negativos sobre la salud que se manifiestan a largo plazo como resultado del consumo de aguas y alimentos contaminados. El presente trabajo plantea como objetivo: estudiar modelos matemáticos para predecir el comportamiento de las concentraciones de cobalto, plomo y zinc en un suelo agrícola, aledaño al vertimiento de residuos industriales en el municipio San José de las Lajas. Para ello se tomaron los datos de concentración de metales pesados cobalto (Co), plomo (Pb) y zinc (Zn) desde el año 2005 al año 2018 para predecir su comportamiento a partir del uso de herramientas estadístico-matemáticas hasta el año 2034. Se obtuvo que, según los modelos matemáticos obtenidos, estos suelos no deban emplearse para cultivar hortalizas con objeto de consumo, al menos hasta 10 años después de esta investigación.

ABSTRACT Boron toxicity is a severe abiotic stress affecting plant growth and productivity in semi-arid regions of the world including Anatolian plateau. In this study, we investigated antioxidative responses of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) as well as four different B transporter and aquaporin gene activities, which are early B stress responders, by using miR408 overexpression strategy. miR408 is a conserved microRNA in plant kingdom involved in almost all physiological responses of the plants as well as responses under abiotic and biotic stresses. Our results showed that, miR408 overexpression improved overall antioxidative status of cotton plants under B stress, in terms of reduced ion leakage and malondialdehyde levels and increased proline, chlorophyll and relative water contents. We also detected strong B transporter BOR1, BOR2 and water channel PIP1;1 and PIP2;1 gene expression in cotton leaf tissues under almost all treatments. miR408 overexpressing plants exhibited differential gene expression patterns when compared to control plants, always increasing with stress duration, revealing direct or indirect regulation of the genes by miR408 under B toxicity. Our results showed that, miR408 overexpression can be used as a strategy to improve B toxicity tolerance of cotton plants to increase agricultural production or for phytoremediation purposes on B rich soils.

Resumo A contaminação dos recursos naturais com metais pesados liberados pelas siderúrgicas é a principal causa da poluição do solo e da água no Dargai Malakand, localizado no lado norte do Paquistão. Portanto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar o teor de metais pesados em amostras de solo e água desta área. O cultivo de plantas silvestres (nove plantas nativas: Pteris vittata, Populus nigra, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Persicaria maculosa, Arundo donax, Xanthium strumarium, Verbascum thapsus, Ricinus communis e Parthenium hysterophorus) foi testado quanto às suas capacidades de fitorremediação, que é um meio ambiente, geralmente utilizado, e abordagem de baixo custo para eliminar metais pesados de solos e águas poluídas. Amostras de solo, água e efluentes foram retiradas dos locais contaminados de sete siderúrgicas no distrito de Dargai, Malakand, e submetidas à análise de metais pesados. Com base no fator de bioconcentração (BCF) e fator de translocação (TF) calculados, o maior BCF para zinco foi registrado para as raízes de Pteris vittata (3,93), enquanto o menor valor foi observado para as folhas de Verbascum thapsus (0,306). A raiz de Pteris vittata apresentou o maior BCF para ferro (1,618), enquanto as folhas de Ricinus communis apresentaram o menor (0,023). O maior valor de BCF para cromo foi maior para raízes de Populus nigra (0,717), enquanto o menor valor foi registrado para folhas de Persicaria maculosa (0,031). Para os metais selecionados, Fe, Zn e Cr, os maiores TF foram registrados para Pteris vittata (0,988), Verbascum thapsus (0,944) e Xanthium strumairum (0,968), respectivamente. Portanto, recomenda-se que essas plantas sejam cultivadas próximas a siderúrgicas para recuperar metais pesados de efluentes industriais, solo poluído e água poluída.

Abstract The contamination of natural resources with heavy metals released from steel mills is the primary cause of soil and water pollution in the Dargai Malakand, located on the northern side of Pakistan. Therefore, the present study was aimed to determine the level of heavy metals in soil and water samples of this area. The wild plant growing (nine native plants: Pteris vittata, Populus nigra, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Persicaria maculosa, Arundo donax, Xanthium strumarium, Verbascum thapsus, Ricinus communis and Parthenium hysterophorus) there were then tested for their phytoremediation capabilities which is an environmentally friendly, generally utilized, and low-cost approach to eliminate heavy metals from polluted soils and water. Soil, water, and effluent samples were taken from the contaminated sites of seven steel mills in Dargai District Malakand and subjected to heavy metals analysis. Based on bioconcentration factor (BCF) and translocation factor (TF) calculated, The highest BCF for zinc was recorded for Pteris vittata roots (3.93), while the lowest value was observed for Verbascum thapsus leaves (0.306). Pteris vittata root showed the highest BCF for iron (1.618), while Ricinus communis leaves showed the lowest (0.023). The highest BCF value for chromium was highest for Populus nigra roots (0.717), while the lowest value was recorded for Persicaria maculosa leaves (0.031). For the selected metals; Fe, Zn and Cr the highest TF were recorded for Pteris vittata (0.988), Verbascum thapsus (0.944) and Xanthium strumairum (0.968) respectively. Therefore, it is recommended that these plants should be grown near to steel mills to reclaim heavy metals from industrial effluent, polluted soil as well as from polluted water.

Resumo O presente estudo foi realizado em Hayat Abad Industrial Estate, localizado em Peshawar, para avaliar os níveis de cádmio (Cd) que estavam presentes no solo, bem como nas partes da planta (raízes e brotos). Para avaliar o potencial de fitorremediação das plantas foram determinados diferentes fatores, ou seja, Fator de Bioconcentração (BCF), Fator de Translocação (TF) e Coeficiente de Bioacumulação. Essas plantas foram cultivadas em seus habitats nativos (BAC). Analisamos a concentração de cádmio do solo coletada em 50 locais diferentes, variando de 11,54 mg/Kg (o mais baixo) a 89,80 mg/Kg (o mais alto). A concentração máxima (89,80 mg/Kg) de cádmio foi encontrada em HIE-ST-16L Marble City e HIE-ST-7 Bryon Pharma (88,51 mg/Kg) enquanto sua concentração mínima (12,47 mg/Kg) foi detectada no solo do local (HIE-ST-14L Royal PVC Pipe) e (11,54 mg/Kg) no local (HIE-ST-11 Aries Pharma). A maioria das espécies de plantas mostrou um enorme potencial para abordagens baseadas em plantas, como fitoextração e fitorremediação. Eles também mostraram o potencial de fitoestabilização. Com base na concentração de cádmio, as plantas mais eficientes para fitoextração foram Cnicus benedictus, Parthenium hysterophorus, Verbesina encelioides, Conyza canadensis, Xanthium strumarium, Chenopodium album, Amaranthus viridis, Chenopodiastrum murale, Prosopis juliflora, Convolvulus arvensis, Stellaria media, Arenaria serpyllifolia, Cerastium dichotomum, Chrozophora tinctoria, Mirabilis jalapa, Medicago polymorpha, Lathyrus aphaca, Dalbergia sissoo, Melilotus indicus e Anagallis arvensis. Os metais pesados de cádmio no solo examinado foram efetivamente removidos por essas espécies de plantas. Cerastium dichotomum e Chenopodium murale foram relatados como eficazes na fitoestabilização do Cd com base nas concentrações de metais selecionados nas raízes e nos valores de BCFs, TFs e BACs.

Abstract The present study was carried out in Hayat Abad Industrial Estate located in Peshawar to assess the levels of cadmium (Cd) that were present in the soil as well as the plant parts (Roots and shoots). To evaluate the phytoremediation potential of the plants different factors i.e. Bioconcentration Factor (BCF), Translocation Factor (TF), and Bioaccumulation Coefficient were determined. These plants were grown in their native habitats (BAC). We have analysed, cadmium concentration from soil which are collected from 50 different locations ranged from 11.54 mg/Kg (the lowest) to 89.80 mg/Kg (highest). The maximum concentration (89.80 mg/Kg) of cadmium was found in HIE-ST-16L Marble City and HIE-ST-7 Bryon Pharma (88.51 mg/Kg) while its minimum concentration (12.47 mg/Kg) were detected in the soil of Site (HIE-ST-14L Royal PVC Pipe) and (11.54 mg/Kg) at the site (HIE-ST-11 Aries Pharma). Most plant species showed huge potential for plant based approaches like phyto-extraction and phytoremediation. They also showed the potential for phyto-stabilization as well. Based on the concentration of cadmium the most efficient plants for phytoextraction were Cnicus benedictus, Parthenium hysterophorus, Verbesina encelioides, Conyza canadensis, Xanthium strumarium, Chenopodium album, Amaranthus viridis, Chenopodiastrum murale, Prosopis juliflora, Convolvulus arvensis, Stellaria media, Arenaria serpyllifolia, Cerastium dichotomum, Chrozophora tinctoria, Mirabilis jalapa, Medicago polymorpha, Lathyrus aphaca, Dalbergia sissoo, Melilotus indicus and Anagallis arvensis. The cadmium heavy metals in the examined soil were effectively removed by these plant species. Cerastium dichotomum, and Chenopodium murale were reported to be effective in phyto-stabilizing Cd based on concentrations of selected metals in roots and BCFs, TFs, and BACs values.

Resumo O cádmio (Cd) é um dos metais pesados não essenciais que é liberado no meio ambiente de forma natural ou antropogênica. São metais tóxicos altamente persistentes que prejudicam excepcionalmente as atividades industriais e agrícolas, contaminando o solo, a água e os alimentos. Sua resistência de longa duração no solo e na água resulta em acúmulo e absorção pelas plantas, levando à cadeia alimentar. Isso se torna um sério problema global que ameaça humanos e animais como componentes da cadeia alimentar. Os organismos vivos, principalmente os humanos, são expostos ao Cd através das plantas como uma das principais fontes de alimento vegetativo. Este artigo de revisão concentra-se nos sintomas das plantas afetadas pela toxicidade do Cd. A absorção de Cd desencadeia vários sintomas visíveis e invisíveis por plantas poluídas, como crescimento atrofiado, clorose, necrose e murcha. Além disso, são elaborados fatores que afetam a absorção e translocação de Cd nas plantas para entender o mecanismo que contribui para o seu acúmulo. A partir do conhecimento do acúmulo de Cd, esta revisão também discutiu as técnicas de fitorremediação - fitoextração, fitoestimulação, fitoestabilização, fitovolatização e rizofiltração na biorremediação do Cd.

Abstract Cadmium (Cd) is one of non-essential heavy metals which is released into environment naturally or anthropogenically. It is highly persistent toxic metals that are exceptionally distressing industrial and agriculture activities by contaminating soil, water and food. Its long-duration endurance in soil and water results in accumulation and uptake into plants, leading to the food chain. This becomes a serious global problem threatening humans and animals as food chain components. Living organisms, especially humans, are exposed to Cd through plants as one of the main vegetative food sources. This review paper is concentrated on the symptoms of the plants affected by Cd toxicity. The absorption of Cd triggers several seen and unseen symptoms by polluted plants such as stunted growth, chlorosis, necrosis and wilting. Apart from that, factors that affect the uptake and translocation of Cd in plants are elaborated to understand the mechanism that contributes to its accumulation. By insight of Cd accumulation, this review also discussed the phytoremediation techniques-phytoextraction, phytostimulation, phytostabilization, phytovolatization and rhizofiltration in bioremediating the Cd.

Resumo O avanço e intensificação de atividades industriais e mineradoras tem gerado uma série de impactos sobre ecossistemas naturais, combinados ao uso inadequados de agroquímicos e o descarte errôneo de produtos eletrônicos, contribuem para contaminação de solos com uma diversidade de elementos químicos, entre eles os metais pesados. Devido a isto, este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar a o efeito das dosagens crescentes de níquel na anatomia, bioquímica e sistema oxidativo do mogno brasileiro (Swietenia macrophylla), espécie florestal da Amazônia, buscando indicar o potencial de uso desta espécie em programas de fitorremediação de solos contaminados com metais pesados. As sementes foram cultivadas sob temperatura constante de 28°C, umidade relativa do ar (UR) de 90% com fotoperíodo de 12h por 43 dias. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos casualizados (DBC), com cinco tratamentos (0, 2, 4, 6 e 8 mg.L-1 de Níquel), com seis repetições. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA) e as médias foram testadas para diferenças significativas pelo teste Tukey a 5% de significância. Foi observado mudanças na anatomia dos diferentes órgãos, com diferenças nas células da região central da folha, no caule e na raiz. A concentração de carboidratos totais não teve diferenças estatísticas com a aplicação do níquel, porém foi observado mudanças nos pigmentos fotossintéticos, açúcares redutores e sacarose como forma adaptativa ao níquel. O aumento das dosagens de níquel foi acompanhado pela síntese de amônio, aminoácidos e prolina na raiz, em contra partida diminui-se a síntese de glicina. Já na folha, houve o aumento dos aminoácidos com o aumento do metal, acompanhado da diminuição de glicina. O sistema de defesa antioxidante de plantas foi eficiente para atenuar os efeitos tóxicos das EROs, com ações significativas das enzimas CAT e SOD na raiz, enquanto na folha teve ação principal da APX e CAT. O cultivo de plantas de mogno pode ser defendido para mitigar a poluição de Ni nessas áreas, já que esta espécie florestal possui uma característica particular de resistência às condições de estresse em contato com o metal pesado. naturais eletrônicos químicos pesados isto Swietenia macrophylla, macrophylla , macrophylla) Amazônia 28C C 28 28°C UR (UR 90 h 4 dias DBC, DBC (DBC) 0, 0 (0 2 mg.L1 mgL1 mgL mg.L 1 mg L mg.L- Níquel, Níquel Níquel) repetições ANOVA (ANOVA 5 significância órgãos raiz fotossintéticos amônio diminuise diminui se glicina EROs áreas pesado 9 (DBC ( L1

Abstract The advancement and intensification of industrial and mining activities has generated a series of impacts on natural ecosystems, combined with the inappropriate use of agrochemicals and the erroneous disposal of electronic products, contributing to soil contamination with a diversity of chemical elements, including heavy metals. Due to this, this work aimed to evaluate the effect of increasing dosages of nickel on the anatomy, biochemistry and oxidative system of Brazilian mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), a forest species from the Amazon, seeking to indicate the potential use of this species in phytoremediation programs. of soils contaminated with heavy metals. The seeds were grown under a constant temperature of 28°C, relative humidity (RH) of 90% with a 12-hour photoperiod for 43 days. The experimental design used was randomized blocks (DBC), with five treatments (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 mg.L-1 of Nickel), with six replications. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means were tested for significant differences using the Tukey test at 5% significance. Changes in the anatomy of the different organs were observed, with differences in the cells in the central region of the leaf, the stem and the root. The concentration of total carbohydrates had no statistical differences with the application of nickel, however changes were observed in photosynthetic pigments, reducing sugars and sucrose as an adaptive form to nickel. The increase in nickel dosages was accompanied by the synthesis of ammonium, amino acids and proline in the root, while the synthesis of glycine was reduced. In the leaf, there was an increase in amino acids with an increase in metal, accompanied by a decrease in glycine. The plant antioxidant defense system was efficient in attenuating the toxic effects of ROS, with significant actions of CAT and SOD enzymes in the root, while the leaf had the main action of APX and CAT. The cultivation of mahogany plants can be advocated to mitigate Ni pollution in these areas, as this forest species has a particular characteristic of resistance to stressful conditions in contact with the heavy metal. ecosystems products elements metals Swietenia macrophylla, macrophylla , macrophylla) Amazon programs 28C C 28 28°C RH (RH 90 12hour hour 12 4 days DBC, DBC (DBC) 0, 0 (0 2 mg.L1 mgL1 mgL mg.L 1 mg L mg.L- Nickel, Nickel Nickel) replications ANOVA (ANOVA 5 significance root pigments ammonium reduced metal ROS areas 9 (DBC ( L1

Abstract We analysed the capacity of Salvinia minima plants collected from different seasons to accumulate Cr(VI) in presence or absence of mineral nutrients. Plants were collected in August and November and they were grown in both water and Hoagland solution with and without Cr(VI). August plants showed development of new fronds, a low content of soluble sugars, and an increase in biomass. In November plants, a lower number of new fronds, a higher content of soluble sugars, and a lower increase in biomass were observed. November plants accumulated more Cr than those from August and the growth media showed an increase in DO. These results would indicate that a greater accumulation of biomass (August plants) does not necessarily lead to a greater Cr accumulation. Salvinia plants did not show demand for mineral nutrients except for phosphate and magnesium. Changes in the ion composition of growing media during the assay show possible differences in mineral requirement between higher and lower plants. Our results showed that Cr(VI) accumulation in S. minima plants depends on the development stage and the mineral nutrients composition of the growth medium. CrVI VI Cr(VI CrVI. . fronds sugars observed DO magnesium S medium

Resumo Analisamos a capacidade de plantas de Salvinia minima coletadas em diferentes estações do ano em acumular Cr(VI) na presença ou ausência de nutrientes minerais. As plantas foram coletadas em agosto e novembro e cultivadas em água e solução de Hoagland com e sem Cr(VI). As plantas de agosto apresentaram desenvolvimento de novas folhagens, baixo teor de açúcares solúveis e aumento de biomassa. Nas plantas de novembro, observou-se menor número de novas folhas, maior teor de açúcares solúveis e menor aumento de biomassa. As plantas de novembro acumularam mais Cr do que as de agosto e o meio de cultivo apresentou aumento de OD. Esses resultados indicam que um maior acúmulo de biomassa (plantas de agosto) não necessariamente leva a um maior acúmulo de Cr. As plantas de Salvinia não apresentaram demanda por nutrientes minerais, exceto fosfato e magnésio. Mudanças na composição de íons do meio de cultivo durante o ensaio mostram possíveis diferenças na exigência de minerais entre plantas superiores e inferiores. Nossos resultados mostraram que o acúmulo de Cr(VI) em plantas de S. minima depende do estádio de desenvolvimento e da composição de nutrientes minerais do meio de cultivo. CrVI VI Cr(VI CrVI. . folhagens observouse observou se folhas OD magnésio inferiores S

Abstract In this work, we studied the effects of different types of soils contaminated with diesel on the germination and early growth of four plant species (Xanthium strumarium, Avena sativa, Daucus carota, and Cerinthe major). We used four potting soils that we contaminated with different levels of diesel: 2.5%, 5%, and the control (0%). The results showed that the effect of the contamination depends on the species. Thus, compared with the three other species, X. strumarium showed the best results. This species showed good germination rates, with a lower rate of 50%. Its root length and weight were stimulated in the contaminated soils, and its shoot growth was less affected than that of the other species. The results depend also on the soil type. X. strumarium showed the best results in the different types of soils; thus, in soil three, at 5% diesel, all species showed a germination rate of 0%, but X. strumarium showed a rate of 50%. Our study demonstrated the variation in diesel effects across different plant species and soil types. The four species showed different levels of tolerance that varied with diesel concentrations, soil types, and parameters. We recommend performing phytoremediation tests in soils contaminated with petroleum products using preferably X. strumarium, but it would be interesting to test the other species. Additionally, it would be interesting to test the tolerance of this species using seeds extracted from the burs, to investigate the role of the X. strumarium burs in its tolerance to diesel contamination. work Xanthium sativa carota major. major . major) 25 2 5 2.5% 0%. 0 0% (0%) Thus X rates 50 50% type thus concentrations parameters Additionally 2.5 (0% 2. (0 (

Abstract Biomedical waste management is an integral part of health care as being the mainstay of hospital cleanliness, hygiene, and maintenance activities. Medical care is crucial for human health but mismanagement of biomedical waste harms the flora and fauna of ecosystem on earth, and badly influences the human health. Due to their stability, biomedical wastes are not eliminated by the solid or sewage treatment plants, and get bioaccumulated in environment, and eventually get to population through various means. They are harmful due to their potential carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, mutagenicity, and other toxicities. Current disposal techniques employed in disposing biomedical wastes are sewage/drains, incineration, and landfills. These practices are normally costly and might transform pollutants from one toxic form to another. Whereas bioremediation is an inexpensive method of employing naturally occurring microorganisms or plants to detoxify man-made pollutants to harmless products that make soil fertile as well in the process. Researchers have also evolved genetically engineered microbes to remediate environmental pollutants including radionuclides. Phytoremediation is also a type of sustainable methods, which is reasonable and competent in handling heavy metals and radioactive waste generated from hospitals. In this article, we have summarized rational applications of bioremediation techniques of using effective microorganisms and plants in enhanced removal of several recalcitrant pollutants including biomedical waste. Our review highlights the challenges and future perspectives to bioremediate non-biodegradable and potentially toxic hospital wastes. cleanliness hygiene activities earth stability environment means carcinogenicity genotoxicity mutagenicity toxicities sewagedrains drains sewage/drains incineration landfills another manmade man made process radionuclides methods hospitals article nonbiodegradable non biodegradable

Abstract In aquaculture, biological treatments usually have an excellent benefit-cost ratio. This study evaluated the efficiency of different ecotechnologies on aquaculture wastewater treatment. Two experimental units were installed. In the first one, tanks were individually vegetated with free-floating aquatic macrophytes. In the second experimental unit, 10.72 m² of artificial substrate were added for periphyton colonization. The hydraulic retention time of the wastewater was of 30 days. Both physical and chemical characterizations of the effluent were carried out at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. The periphyton community attached to the substrate was catalogued. In the first unit, the pH, nitrite, and orthophosphate values were significantly different. The tanks vegetated with Azolla filiculoides were the only ones where the electrical conductivity values were reduced. Tanks vegetated with Azolla filiculoides and Pontederia crassipes presented decreased the nitrate concentration. On the other hand, the concentration of ammonia and total phosphorus decreased in all vegetated tanks. In the second unit, only the nitrate and ammonia values did not decrease in the last day of the experiment. 33 taxa belonging to the classes Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Trebouxiophyceae, Coleochaetophyceae, Coscinodiscophyceae and Zygnematophyceae were identified in the substrate. The experimental units were effective in mitigating the nutrients in aquaculture wastewater that cause eutrophication. benefitcost benefit cost ratio treatment installed one freefloating free floating macrophytes unit 1072 10 72 10.7 m colonization 3 days experiment catalogued pH nitrite reduced hand Cyanophyceae Chlorophyceae Bacillariophyceae Trebouxiophyceae Coleochaetophyceae eutrophication 107 1 7 10.

ABSTRACT Although zinc (Zn) is a micronutrient, excessive amounts in the soil can have toxic effects on plants. Fertilizers, limestone materials, pesticides, and fungicides added with Zn have contributed to increasing the concentration of this element in agricultural soils. Accordingly, it is necessary to find Zn-tolerant plant species to be properly used in degraded soil restoration programs. Thus, the current study aims to investigate the influence of different Zn concentrations on photosynthetic variables, antioxidant activity, and growth of I. marginata and A. edulis seedlings to determine their potential to be used as phytoremediation species. The experiment was installed in a 2×5 factorial scheme, with the first factor being two species (Allophylus edulis and Inga marginata), and the second factor: five concentrations of Zn (2, 75, 150, 225, and 300 μM), with three replications per treatment. Each sampling unit consisted of a pot with five plants. Photosynthetic, morphological variables of the shoot and root systems, chlorophyll a fluorescence, photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant enzyme activity, lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide concentration, and Zn accumulated in the roots and shoot were evaluated. Zn stress has activated an efficient antioxidant system, which reduced oxidative damage in the leaves of both species; consequently, it did not decrease shoot biomass production in Inga marginata and Allophylus edulis seedlings. High Zn accumulation in plant tissues and lack of negative effects on Inga marginata and Allophylus edulis shoot have suggested that these plant species are tolerant to Zn and may be indicated for Zn-polluted soil phytoremediation purposes. (Zn micronutrient plants Fertilizers materials pesticides soils Accordingly Zntolerant programs Thus activity I A 25 2 5 2× scheme marginata, , marginata) 2, (2 75 150 225 30 μM, μM μM) treatment Photosynthetic systems fluorescence pigments peroxidation evaluated system consequently Znpolluted polluted purposes ( 7 15 22 3 1

RESUMO Embora o zinco (Zn) seja um micronutriente, quantidades excessivas no solo podem causar efeitos tóxicos às plantas. Fertilizantes, materiais calcários, pesticidas e fungicidas adicionados de Zn têm contribuído para aumentar a concentração deste elemento nos solos agrícolas. Dessa forma, é necessário encontrar espécies de plantas tolerantes ao Zn para serem adequadamente utilizadas em programas de restauração de solos degradados. Assim, o presente estudo tem como objetivo investigar a influência de diferentes concentrações de Zn nas variáveis fotossintéticas, na atividade antioxidante e no crescimento de mudas de I. marginata e A. edulis para determinar seu potencial para serem utilizadas como espécies fitorremediadoras. O experimento foi instalado em esquema fatorial 2×5, sendo o primeiro fator duas espécies (Allophylus edulis e Inga marginata), e o segundo fator: cinco concentrações de Zn (2, 75, 150, 225 e 300μM), com três repetições por tratamento. Cada unidade amostral foi constituída por um vaso com cinco plantas. Foram avaliadas variáveis fotossintéticas, morfológicas da parte aérea e do sistema radicular, fluorescência da clorofila a, pigmentos fotossintéticos, atividade de enzimas antioxidantes, peroxidação lipídica, concentração de peróxido de hidrogênio e Zn acumulado nas raízes e na parte aérea. O estresse por Zn ativou um eficiente sistema antioxidante, que reduziu o dano oxidativo nas folhas de ambas as espécies; consequentemente, não diminuiu a produção de biomassa aérea em mudas de Inga marginata e Allophylus edulis. O alto acúmulo de Zn nos tecidos vegetais e a falta de efeitos negativos na parte aérea de Inga marginata e Allophylus edulis sugeriram que essas espécies de plantas são tolerantes ao Zn e podem ser indicadas para fins de fitorremediação de solos poluídos com Zn. (Zn micronutriente Fertilizantes calcários agrícolas forma degradados Assim fotossintéticas I A fitorremediadoras 25 2 5 2×5 marginata, , marginata) 2, (2 75 150 22 300μM, 300μM μM 300μM) tratamento radicular fotossintéticos antioxidantes lipídica consequentemente 2× ( 7 15 1

RESUMEN La fitorremediación es una alternativa para limpiar suelos contaminados utilizando plantas y sus microorganismos asociados. El presente trabajo evaluó la fitotoxicidad y la fitorremediación de un suelo contaminado con gasolina por plantas de girasol (Helianthus annuus L.) asistida con bacterias rizosféricas nativas. Esta investigación contempló tres fases experimentales partiendo de un suelo artificialmente contaminado con gasolina. La primera fase evaluó la germinación de semillas de girasol y su crecimiento en un suelo contaminado (0, 200, 400, 800, 1600, 2400 y 3200 mg/kg), observándose la germinación y la tolerancia de las plántulas en todas las concentraciones de gasolina, a los 20 días. En la segunda fase se aislaron bacterias totales del suelo contaminado y se caracterizaron mediante pruebas bioquímicas relacionadas con el crecimiento vegetal y se identificaron molecularmente. La gasolina inhibió el crecimiento bacteriano, y se seleccionaron 10 cepas con capacidad promotora del crecimiento vegetal, sobresaliendo los géneros Bacillus, Streptomyces, Pseudomonas, Priestia, Massilia y Sphingobium. La tercera fase consistió en un bioensayo de fitorremediación del suelo contaminado (0, 1600 y 3200 mg/kg) inoculando plantas con las 10 bacterias aisladas de la fase 2, aplicadas en consorcio. A los 60 días, a pesar de no influir en el crecimiento vegetal, las bacterias disminuyeron significativamente la presencia del contaminante en el suelo (~50 % remoción). La inoculación de girasol con bacterias nativas es una alternativa para reducir la contaminación de gasolina en el suelo.

ABSTRACT Phytoremediation is an alternative for cleaning contaminated soils using plants and associative microorganisms. This study evaluated the phytotoxicity and phytoremediation of a gasoline-contaminated soil by sunflower plants (Helianthus annuus L.) assisted with native rhizosphere bacteria. The research consisted of three experimental phases based on artificially gasoline-contaminated soil. The first phase evaluated the seed germination and seedling emergence under contaminated soil (0, 200, 400, 800, 1600, 2400, and 3200 mg/kg); for 20 days, seed germination and seedling tolerance were achieved at all concentrations. The second phase of the study isolated bacteria from the contaminated soil, characterized by biochemical tests related to plant growth promotion, and molecularly identified. Gasoline inhibited bacterial growth, and ten potential plant growth-promoting bacteria were isolated, which belonged to Bacillus, Streptomyces, Pseudomonas, Priestia, Massilia, and Sphingobium. The third phase consisted of a bioassay for phytoremediation of gasoline-contaminated soil (0, 1600, and 3200 mg/kg) by inoculating sunflower plants with the ten bacteria obtained from phase 2 as a bacterial consortium. After 60 days, despite not having influenced plant growth, bacterial inoculation significantly diminished the soil contaminant (~50 % removal). The inoculation of the sunflower plants with ten native bacteria reduced the gasoline-contamination in soil.