Summary: The municipality of Medellín, Veracruz, México has a type A landfill, whose operation level has recently increased due to landfill closure in the city of Veracruz. The objective of this study is to analyze and evaluate the quality of groundwater surrounding the landfill of the municipality of Medellín., such as hydrogen potential (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity (T), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phosphorus (TP), nitrates (NO3 -), total dissolved solids (TDS) and heavy metals Lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu) in seven groundwater wells near the landfill during the “north” and dry season. The physicochemical water results from the seven wells analyzed were within the maximum permissible limits of Mexican regulations: turbidity values exceeded international regulations and four wells were found contaminated according to COD levels. The concentrations of Pb and Cd in both seasons were higher than the maximum permissible limits for human consumption in accordance with national and international regulations. Therefore, the results indicated the negative influence of the landfill on groundwater quality.

Resumen: Los rellenos sanitarios se han vuelto una fuente de contaminación de aguas superficiales y subterráneas, debido a la generación de lixiviados que pueden llegar hasta los cuerpos de agua con efectos adversos al ambiente. El municipio de Medellín, Veracruz, México; cuenta con un relleno sanitario tipo A cuyo nivel de operación se ha incrementado recientemente debido a la clausura del relleno sanitario de la ciudad de Veracruz. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la calidad del agua subterránea aledaña al relleno sanitario del municipio de Medellín. Se evaluaron potencial de hidrógeno (pH), conductividad eléctrica (CE), turbidez (T), Demanda Química de Oxigeno (DQO), Fósforo Total (PT), Nitratos, (NO3 -), Sólidos Disueltos Totales (SDT) y metales pesados Plomo (Pb), Cadmio (Cd) y Cobre (Cu) en 7 pozos de agua subterránea próximos al relleno sanitario durante la temporada de “nortes” y estiaje. Los resultados fisicoquímicos del agua de los 7 pozos analizados se encontraron dentro de los límites máximos permisibles de la normatividad mexicana; los valores de turbidez superaron la normatividad internacional y 4 pozos mostraron estar contaminados de acuerdo a los niveles de DQO. Las concentraciones de Pb y Cd en ambas temporadas se encontraron superiores a los límites máximos permisibles para consumo humano de acuerdo con la normatividad nacional e internacional. Los resultados indicaron la influencia negativa del relleno sanitario en la calidad del agua subterránea.

Resumen: La presencia de bacterias coliformes en el agua presenta una amenaza potencial a la salud pública, ya que puede incrementar el riesgo de enfermedades infecciosas en la población más vulnerable. El asunto resulta más complicado cuando se desconoce la calidad fisicoquímica y microbiológica del agua que se consume. El presente estudio tiene la finalidad de evaluar el estado actual de la calidad de agua de consumo en tres Organizaciones Territoriales de Base (OTB’s) del Municipio de Vinto-Cochabamba y la relación de dependencia de los parámetros microbiológicos con las OTB’s. Los análisis de laboratorio de 30 muestras tomadas en los diferentes domicilios (10 muestras por OTB) muestran el cumplimiento de los límites máximos permisibles de los parámetros fisicoquímicos (pH, conductividad, alcalinidad y dureza) según la Norma Boliviana 512 (NB 512). Respecto a los parámetros microbiológicos para coliformes totales, de las 30 muestras analizadas solo 11 cumplieron con el límite máximo permisible, a diferencia del parámetro de coliformes termorresistentes, donde 25 de las 30 muestras cumplieron con el límite máximo permisible. Los parámetros microbiológicos fueron sometidos al análisis de chi-cuadrado, dando evidencia suficiente para afirmar con un 95% de confianza que los resultados de coliformes totales y termorresistentes no depende de la OTB (p=0.36). Al contrastar los resultados de agua de consumo domiciliario con la del agua suministrada, puede especularse que la contaminación de origen microbiológico ocurre ya sea en las tuberías de distribución, tanques domiciliarios y/o las prácticas de uso del agua de cada domicilio

Abstract:The presence of coliform bacteria in water presents a potential threat to public health, as it can increase the risk of infectious diseases in the most vulnerable population. The matter is more complicated when the physicochemical and microbiological quality of the water consumed is unknown. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the current state of the quality of drinking water in three Territorial Base Organizations (OTB’s) of the Municipality of Vinto-Cochabamba and the relationship of dependence of the microbiological parameters with the OTB’s. Laboratory analyzes of 30 samples taken from different homes (10 samples per OTB) show compliance with the maximum permissible limits of physicochemical parameters (pH, conductivity, alkalinity and hardness) according to Bolivian Standard 512 (NB 512). Regarding the microbiological parameters for total coliforms, of the 30 samples analyzed, only 11 met the maximum permissible limit, unlike the total coliform parameter, where 25 of the 30 samples met the maximum permissible limit. The microbiological parameters were subjected to chi-square analysis, providing sufficient evidence to affirm with 95% confidence that the results of total and heat-resistant coliforms do not depend on the OTB (p=0.36). By contrasting the results of household water consumption with that of water supplied, it can be speculated that contamination of microbiological origin occurs either in the distribution pipes, household tanks and/or the water use practices of each household.

Abstract The soil-crop systems of the peri-urban area allow the recovery of chemical elements from the manure generated in intensive livestock production, reducing the risk of contamination of groundwater. This study evaluated the effect of the application of different doses of feedlot waste compost on the lettuce crop (Lactuca sativa L.) and on the chemical, physicochemical, and biological properties of the soil. In two consecutive years, greenhouse experiments were carried out applying doses equivalent to 128 and 500 kg ha-1 of nitrogen, determining fresh weight and apparent efficiency of nitrogen recovery in the crop, and in the soil, nitrate content, organic matter, activity overall biological, electrical conductivity, and pH. The yield of the lettuce crop increased between 29 and 55%, with apparent N recovery efficiencies of less than 5%. In the soil, the effects were mainly manifested in the first centimeters, with increases in the contents of organic matter, global biological activity, and electrical conductivity. On the other hand, there were no significant changes in the pH or nitrate content at depths greater than those reached by the roots of the crop.

Resumen Los sistemas suelo-cultivo del periurbano permiten recuperar elementos químicos del estiércol generado en la producción pecuaria intensiva, disminuyendo el riesgo de contaminación de aguas subterráneas. Este estudio evaluó el efecto de la aplicación de diferentes dosis de compost de residuos de feedlot en el cultivo de lechuga (Lactuca sativa L.) y en propiedades químicas, fisicoquímicas y biológicas del suelo. En dos años consecutivos se realizaron experimentos en invernadero, aplicando dosis equivalentes a 128 y 500 kg ha-1 de nitrógeno, determinando peso fresco y eficiencia aparente de recuperación de N en el cultivo, y en el suelo, contenido de nitratos, materia orgánica, actividad biológica global, conductividad eléctrica y pH. El rendimiento del cultivo de lechuga se incrementó entre el 29 y 55%, con eficiencias de recuperación aparente de nitrógeno menores al 5%. En el suelo, los efectos se manifestaron principalmente en los primeros centímetros, con aumentos en los contenidos de materia orgánica, actividad biológica global y conductividad eléctrica. Por otro lado, no hubo cambios significativos en el pH ni en el contenido de nitratos a profundidades mayores a la alcanzada por las raíces del cultivo.

Resumen Os sistemas solo-cultivo do periurbano permitem recuperar elementos químicos do estrume gerado na produção pecuária intensiva, disminuindo o risco de contaminação de águas subterrâneas. Este estudo avaliou o efeto da aplicação de diferentes doses de compost de resíduos de feedlot no cultivo de alface (Lactuca sativa L.) e nas propiedades químicas, fisicoquímicas e biológicas do solo. Em dois anos consecutivos realizaram-se experimentos em estufa, aplicando doses equivalentes a 128 e 500 kg ha-1 de nitrogênio, determinando peso fresco e eficiência aparente de recuperação de N no cultivo, e no solo, conteúdo de nitratos, matéria orgânica, atividade biológica global, condutividade elétrica e pH. O rendimento do cultivo de alface incrementou-se entre o 29 e 55%, com eficiências de recuperação aparente de nitrogênio menores ao 5%. No solo, os efeitos manifestaram-se principalmente nos primeiros centímetros, com aumentos nos conteúdos de matéria orgânica, atividade biológica global e condutividade elétrica. Por outro lado, não teve câmbios significativos no pH nem no conteúdo de nitratos em profundidades maiores à conseguida pelas raizes do cultivo.

Abstract A homemade water purifying filter was prepared with simple materials and activated carbon, based on white quebracho charcoal, obtained by chemical activation with lemon juice and water. It showed efficiency in terms of filtering water contaminated with soil, seeds, leaves, etc. Secondary school students were also involved in reproducing the same design, achieving similar characteristics in terms of the filtration of contaminated water. His interest, concern, responsibility and dedication in solving the problem of water pollution through scientific knowledge and technological production with local and low-cost materials stands out. The adsorptive capacity of activated carbon was evaluated in the adsorption of 4.00 g of unsweetened coffee, adsorbate, varying the amount of carbon, adsorbent. A direct proportion relationship was obtained between the adsorbed amount of coffee and the amount of activated carbon used at room temperature and a colorimetric scale was observed with the decrease in the dark tone of the coffee. Finally, some physicochemical properties of activated carbon were obtained; which are, a density of 0.30 g/cm3, a specific heat of 0.308 cal/gºC and concentrations of humidity (5.67%), volatiles (26.87%), ashes (4.62%) and fixed carbon (62.84%).

Resumen Se preparó un filtro purificador de agua casero con materiales simples y con carbón activado, basado en carbón vegetal de quebracho blanco, obtenido mediante activación química con jugo de limón y agua. El mismo mostró eficiencia en cuanto a la filtración de agua contaminada con tierra, semillas, hojas, etc. También se hizo partícipe a estudiantes del nivel secundario en la reproducción del mismo diseño, alcanzando características semejantes en cuanto a la filtración de agua contaminada. Se destaca su interés, preocupación, responsabilidad y dedicación en la resolución de la problemática de contaminación en aguas a través del conocimiento científico y la producción tecnológica con materiales locales y de bajo costo. Se evaluó la capacidad adsortiva del carbón activado en la adsorción de 4,00 g de café sin azúcar, adsorbato, variando la cantidad de carbón, adsorbente. Se obtuvo una relación de proporción directa entre la cantidad adsorbida de café y la empleada de carbón activado a temperatura ambiente y se apreció una escala colorimétrica con la disminución en la tonalidad oscura del café. Finalmente, se obtuvieron algunas propiedades fisicoquímicas del carbón activado; las cuales son, una densidad de 0,30 g/cm3, un calor específico de 0,308 cal/gºC y concentraciones de humedad (5,67 %), volátiles (26,87 %), cenizas (4,62 %) y carbono fijo (62,84 %).

Anthropogenic activities in general and mining in particular, are at the root of the pollution of water resources by metals and metalloids in the Ivory Coast. These pollutants have harmful effects on the health of the population and therefore must be eliminated from the impacted water before consumption. Based on its mineralogical composition and physico-chemical properties, this study aimed to assess the capacity of Katiola clay (Côte d'lvoire) to remove metals (Hg, Pb, Cd) and arsenic in aqueous solutions. Adsorption was used to remove the chemical species. Different parameters that can influence the adsorption were studied (mass, pH, contact time and initial concentration). Relative to monometallic adsorption, the removal of chemical species decreased as follows: Pb<Hg<Cd<As. This removal reached 63.86% for Pb, 45.25% for Hg, 31.92% for Cd and 25.46% for As. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model better described the adsorption. As for the adsorption isotherms, the Langmuir model better represented the elimination of arsenic. While the Freundlich linearization better described the adsorption of metal cations (Pb, Hg and Cd). During polymetallic adsorption, lead and cadmium hindered the removal of arsenic. However, the use of the fine fraction of the clay saturated with sodium or magnesium optimized the adsorption efficiency of arsenic.

ABSTRACT. This work wass designed to analyze the possibility of heavy metals inducing oxidative stress and biochemical perturbations effect on fresh water fish and their impact directly or indirectly on the human race. Due to continuous drainage of municipal waste, tanneries, and pesticides in Ganga River, lifeline of millions of people is heavily affected. The physico-chemical qualities of Ganga River were analyzed in quarterly basis during year 2018 to 2021, by taking the freshwater sample of different locations in Kanpur. While collecting the sample water the average temperature 27.6°, DO value of selected locations were fairly poor with an average of DO 6.67 mg L-1 and BOD ranged from 11.93 to 20.79 mg L-1. On the other hand the BOD ranged from 11.93 to 20.79 mg L-1 which is far more than WHO standards. Additionally, levels of antioxidants in enzymatic and non-enzymatic tissues serve as proxies for fish exposure to oxidant pollutants. Higher physico-chemical responses indicate contaminants and heavy metals may be playing an important role that have to be considered. The heavy metals are affecting the antioxidant defense system particularly seen in liver and kidney of fish and this affect on kidney and liver functioning as the concentrations of heavy metals rises. The relation between enzymatic activity and the metabolite showing negatively correlation that is noted highly significant to this study (r = -0.87, t = 10.14, p* ≤0.05). ABSTRACT race waste tanneries affected physicochemical physico chemical 201 2021 Kanpur 276 27 6 27.6° 667 67 6.6 L1 L 1 L- 1193 11 93 11.9 2079 20 79 20.7 L1. 1. standards Additionally nonenzymatic non pollutants considered rises r 0.87, 087 0 87 -0.87 1014 10 14 10.14 p ≤0.05. 005 ≤0.05 . 05 ≤0.05) 202 2 27.6 66 6. 119 9 11. 207 7 20. 0.87 08 8 -0.8 101 10.1 00 ≤0.0 27. 0.8 -0. 10. ≤0. 0. -0 ≤0 - ≤

RESUMO Ao longo da fronteira entre a Argélia e a Tunísia, no nordeste do país, as águas subterrâneas são consideradas a principal fonte de água potável e agrícola para a comunidade local. Essa situação é resultado da baixa pluviosidade e da limitação das águas superficiais. O objetivo deste trabalho de pesquisa é descobrir como as descargas de águas residuais afetam a qualidade físico-química e bacteriológica das águas subterrâneas aluviais. Trinta e seis poços e boreholes foram utilizados para coletar amostras de água. Os resultados da análise mostram que as águas variaram de ácidas a neutras (6,46 ≤ pH ≤ 8,3) e de moderadamente a altamente mineralizadas (754 μS/cm < C.E < 11680 μS/cm). Os principais tipos de água, de acordo com o diagrama de Piper, são bicarbonato cálcico (HCO3- Ca2+) e cloreto cálcico (Cl- Ca2+). Coliformes totais e Escherichia Coli foram detectados em 60 e 100% das amostras de água analisadas, respectivamente. Os dados geoespaciais mostram que a poluição química e bacteriológica progride de montante para jusante, do rio Oued El Kebir, no sudeste, até o rio Oued Chabro, no noroeste. A análise estatística multivariável (análise de componentes principais e análise de aproximação) destacou que a mineralização da água é controlada por três fenômenos principais, que são a interação hidrólise da água-rocha, a lixiviação de formações geológicas e a influência de atividades antropogênicas. Tunísia país local superficiais físicoquímica físico aluviais 6,46 646 6 46 (6,4 8,3 83 8 3 754 (75 μScm μS cm CE C E 1168 μS/cm. . μS/cm) Piper HCO3 HCO (HCO3 Ca2+ Ca2 Ca Cl (Cl Ca2+. 100 analisadas respectivamente jusante Kebir sudeste Chabro noroeste aproximação águarocha, águarocha rocha, rocha água-rocha antropogênicas 6,4 64 4 (6, 8, 75 (7 116 (HCO 10 6, (6 7 ( 11 1

ABSTRACT Along the Algerian-Tunisian border in northeastern Algeria, groundwater is regarded as the primary source of agricultural and drinking water for the local community. This situation is the result of low rainfall and limited surface water. Finding out how wastewater discharges affect the physicochemical and bacteriological quality of alluvial groundwater is the objective of this research paper. Thirty-six wells and boreholes were targeted to collect water samples. The analysis results show that the waters ranged from acidic to neutral (6.46 ≤ pH ≤ 8.3), and moderately to highly mineralized (754 μS/cm < C.E < 11680 μS/cm). The main water types, according to the Piper diagram, are calcic bicarbonate (HCO3- Ca2+) and calcic chloride (Cl- Ca2+). Total coliforms and Escherichia Coli were detected in 60 and 100% of the water samples analyzed, respectively. The geospatial data shows that the chemical and bacteriological pollution progresses from upstream to downstream, from Oued El Kebir river in the South East to Oued Chabro River in the North West. The multivariable statistical analysis (Principal Component Analysis and Closer Analysis) highlighted that water mineralization is controlled by three major phenomena, which are water-rock hydrolysis interaction, leaching of geological formations, and influence of anthropogenic activities. AlgerianTunisian Algerian Tunisian Algeria community paper Thirtysix Thirty six 6.46 646 6 46 (6.4 8.3, 83 8.3 , 8 3 8.3) 754 (75 μScm μS cm CE C E 1168 μS/cm. . μS/cm) types diagram HCO3 HCO (HCO3 Ca2+ Ca2 Ca Cl (Cl Ca2+. 100 analyzed respectively downstream West Principal phenomena waterrock rock interaction formations activities 6.4 64 4 (6. 8. 75 (7 116 (HCO 10 6. (6 7 ( 11 1

Hospital laundry is an important source of environmental pollution because its effluent contains high loads of organic matter and microorganisms. Conventionally, the treatment is carried out using aluminum sulfate, a low-cost and highly efficient coagulant that is related to secondary contamination due to the generation of non-biodegradable sludge, its ability to accumulate metals and toxicity. Aiming for sustainable alternatives, the efficiency of tannin from the natural coagulant and Moringa oleifera seed was evaluated in relation to aluminum sulfate, seeking to adapt the color and turbidity parameters and determine the antimicrobial activity of the seed. Using a concentration of 100 mg L-1 of aluminum sulfate, 97.4 and 93.95% of color and turbidity removals in the effluent were obtained, respectively. With 50 mg L-1 tannin showed an efficiency of 84.96% for color removal and 89.75% for turbidity. Tests were also carried out with Moringa oleifera seeds using saline seed extract, crushed seeds and aqueous seed extract, with a reduction in conductivity by more than 99%, removing pollutant ions for the saline extract. Of the methodologies used, the best result was obtained with the aqueous extract, achieving removals of 89.63% of color, 78.33% of turbidity, and inhibition of more than 98.1% of microorganism growth. microorganisms Conventionally sulfate lowcost low cost nonbiodegradable non biodegradable sludge toxicity alternatives 10 L1 L 1 L- 974 97 4 97. 9395 93 95 93.95 respectively 5 8496 84 96 84.96 8975 89 75 89.75 extract 99 99% used 8963 63 89.63 7833 78 33 78.33 981 98 98.1 growth 9 939 93.9 849 8 84.9 897 7 89.7 896 6 89.6 783 3 78.3 98. 93. 84. 89. 78.

Abstract The sustainability of urban areas nowadays faces significant challenges, due to high levels of pollution caused by population density. Therefore, the availability of water resources appears to be becoming increasingly compromised, as a result of inappropriate management of the solid and liquid waste generated by different human activities. The Ocloro River is a clear example of this problem, as evidenced by the deterioration of its environmental health. A mixed methodology was used to know about it, the first method was to characterize water quality using physicochemical and microbiological parameters, later on, the determination of the Duch index, giving a total of 16 samples of class 5 “extreme contamination” and 4 samples of class 4 “severe contamination”, from 2019 to 2021. In the second stage, a perception survey was conducted among a specific sector of the Barrio Luján population, approaching information from 80 homes, where 54 people indicated that the river pollution had affected them; additionally, the majority rated the level of pollution as 8, where 10 was the value with the highest level of pollution. Finally, the POSH method was used, which allowed the identification of some of the main point sources of pollution near the river, determining 27.1 % of high pollution, 22.3 % of moderate pollution, and 50,6 % of reduced pollution; this last one corresponds to the northern part of the river micro-basin in the communities of San Pedro, Los Yoses, and Francisco Peralta.

Resumen La sostenibilidad de las zonas urbanas hoy en día enfrenta grandes desafíos, debido a los altos niveles de contaminación causados por la densidad poblacional. Por consiguiente, la disponibilidad del recurso hídrico se ve cada vez más comprometido, producto a la inapropiada gestión de residuos sólidos y líquidos, generados por diferentes actividades humanas. El río Ocloro es un claro ejemplo de esta problemática, el deterioro de su salud ambiental es una evidencia de ello. Para conocerla, se utilizó una metodología mixta, el primer método fue la caracterización de la calidad del agua mediante parámetros fisicoquímicos y microbiológicos, posteriormente, la determinación del índice holandés, obteniendo un total de 16 muestras clase 5 “contaminación muy severa” y 4 muestras clase 4 “contaminación severa”, del 2019 al 2021. En la segunda etapa se aplicó una encuesta de percepción entre un sector específico de la población de Barrio Luján, alcanzando información de 80 viviendas, donde 54 personas indicaron haber tenido afectación por la contaminación del río; asimismo, la mayoría calificó el nivel de contaminación en 8, donde 10 era el valor con mayor nivel de contaminación. Finalmente se utilizó el método POSH, el cual permitió identificar algunas de las principales fuentes puntuales de contaminación en las cercanías del río, determinando 27,1 % de contaminación elevada, 22,3 % de contaminación moderada y 50,6 % de contaminación reducida; este último le corresponde a la parte norte de la microcuenca en los barrios de San Pedro, Los Yoses y Francisco Peralta.

Resumen Introducción: El uso frecuente de plaguicidas es considerado actualmente una causa de contaminación ambiental debido a las altas tasas de ingreso de estas sustancias a los agroecosistemas. Esta situación es un riesgo para las especies que habitan en estos ecosistemas, en particular los anuros cuyas características los hacen propensos a la exposición e interacción con contaminantes ambientales. Objetivo: Informar la presencia de anormalidades en larvas del sapo común Rhinella arenarum que habitan en estanques rodeados por un agroecosistema. Métodos: En dos primaveras consecutivas (2015 y 2016), se monitorearon los eventos reproductivos del sapo común proveniente de sistemas de estanques temporales ubicados en zonas agrícolas y no agrícolas, cerca de la ciudad de La Plata (Buenos Aires, Argentina). Se midieron los parámetros fisicoquímicos de los estanques y se registraron las etapas de cada evento reproductivo como el número de sapos adultos, amplexos y nidadas. En el laboratorio, las larvas fueron medidas y fotografiadas, se registró su estado de desarrollo y se examinó la morfología de cada una bajo microscopio estereoscópico. Se procesaron muestras representativas (normales y anormales) de cada estanque estudiado para análisis histopatológico. Resultados: En la población de R. arenarum que vive dentro de un agroecosistema, se observó un menor número de adultos reproductores y puestas en relación con la del estanque en la zona no agrícola. Se recolectaron un total de 1 910 larvas: 529 y 1 381 larvas de estanques ubicados en zonas no agrícolas y agrícolas, respectivamente. Las larvas del agroecosistema mostraron dos tipos de anormalidades: severa flexión de la cola y distensión abdominal. Además, se pudo determinar cinco grados de gravedad en relación con la distensión abdominal. Conclusiones: Una alta frecuencia y severidad de anormalidades en los estadios tempranos de larvas de R. arenarum que viven dentro de un agroecosistema proporciona evidencia del impacto negativo que las actividades agrícolas causan en los ecosistemas acuáticos rodeados por áreas de cultivo.

Abstract Introduction: The frequent use of pesticides is currently considered a cause of environmental pollution due to the high rate of entry of these substances into agroecosystems. This constitutes a risk for the species that inhabit these ecosystems, in particular anurans whose characteristics make them prone to exposure to and interaction with environmental pollutants. Objective: To report the occurrence of abnormalities in larvae of the common toad Rhinella arenarum inhabiting ponds surrounded by agroecosystems. Methods: In two consecutive springs (2015 and 2016), reproductive events of common toads were monitored in temporary pond systems in agricultural and non-agricultural areas, located near the city of La Plata (Buenos Aires, Argentina). The physicochemical parameters of the ponds were measured, and the stage of each reproductive event was recorded, such as the numbers of adult toads, amplexus and clutches. In the laboratory, the larvae were measured and photographed, their stage of development was recorded, and their morphology was examined under a stereomicroscope. Representative samples (normal and abnormal) from each pond studied were processed for histopathological analysis. Results: In the field studies carried out on a population of R. arenarum collected in an agroecosystem, a lower number of reproductive adults and clutches were observed in relation to the population of a non-agricultural pond. A total of 1 910 larvae were collected: 529 and 1 381 larvae from ponds located in non-agricultural and agricultural areas, respectively. Larvae from the agroecosystem showed two types of abnormalities: severe tail flexure and abdominal bloating. In addition, five degrees of severity could be determined in relation to abdominal bloating. Conclusions: This work reports the high frequency and severity of abnormalities observed in the early stages of R. arenarum larvae living within an agroecosystem, providing evidence of the negative impact that agricultural activities cause on aquatic ecosystems surrounded by farming areas.

Abstract Introduction: Socioeconomic growth has caused pressure on marine ecosystems, and there is little information that can be used for the management of beaches in Nicoya, Costa Rica. Objective: To determine the physicochemical and microbiological quality of marine-coastal water in Nicoya, Costa Rica. Methods: In October 2021, and May and June 2022, we used standard methods to assess physicochemical and microbiological water conditions, in three beaches with different administrations and number of tourists. Results: Water temperature ranged between 26,1°C to 31,2°C, salinity between 22 to 31ups, dissolved oxygen from 3,6 to 7,3mg/L, and total suspended hydrocarbon values were below the detection limit. Higher fecal contamination was found in the rainy season, with maximum values of 3,5x103 NMP/100mL fecal coliforms, 1,1x103 NMP/100mL Escherichia coli and 2,4x103 NMP/100mL Enteroccocus faecalis. Conclusion: While fecal contamination was high during the rainy season, physicochemical parameters were acceptable in the three beaches.

Resumen Introducción: El crecimiento socioeconómico ha causado presión sobre los ecosistemas marinos, y existe poca información que pueda ser utilizada para el manejo de playas en Nicoya, Costa Rica. Objetivo: Determinar la calidad fisicoquímica y microbiológica del agua marino-costera en Nicoya, Costa Rica. Métodos: En octubre de 2021, y mayo y junio de 2022, usamos métodos estándar para evaluar las condiciones fisicoquímicas y microbiológicas del agua, en tres playas con diferentes administraciones y número de turistas. Resultados: La temperatura del agua osciló entre 26,1°C y 31,2°C, la salinidad entre 22 y 31ups, el oxígeno disuelto entre 3,6 y 7,3mg/L y los valores de hidrocarburos totales suspendidos estuvieron por debajo del límite de detección. La mayor contaminación fecal se encontró en época de lluvias, con valores máximos de 3,5x103 NMP/100mL coliformes fecales, 1,1x103 NMP/100mL Escherichia coli y 2,4x103 NMP/100mL Enteroccocus faecalis. Conclusión: Si bien la contaminación fecal fue alta durante la época de lluvias, los parámetros fisicoquímicos fueron aceptables en las tres playas.

ABSTRACT The Morroa aquifer, which is an essential source of water supply in Sucre, Colombia, with more than 500,000 users, may be at risk because of pesticide contamination that comes from different agricultural activities. The aim of this research was to evaluate the relationship between the presence of pesticides and the physicochemical properties of soils in the most vulnerable areas of the Morroa aquifer. Therefore, farmers were surveyed about pesticide usage and soil samples which were taken for analysis of pesticide and physicochemical properties. The results demonstrated that soils in these areas were relatively homogeneous in terms of texture, pH, cation exchange capacity and organic matter content. Pesticides detected in these soils were malathion, β-BCH, p-p’DDE, m-p’DDD, p-p’DDT, endosulfan, endrincetone, chlorpyrifos, dieldrin, endosulfan-sulfate, heptachlor-epoxide, and parathion. Physicochemical properties such as pH and texture of soils and intrinsic characteristics of the pesticide were found as the most influential variables according to statistical results. This study also presents a map of the spatial distribution of pesticide concentration according to the concentration of pesticides, which constitutes an important tool for the planning of agricultural activities that supports decision-making and the implementation of measures to mitigate potential impacts caused by pesticide pollution. aquifer Sucre Colombia 500000 500 000 500,00 users Therefore content malathion βBCH, βBCH β BCH, BCH β-BCH ppDDE, ppDDE p DDE, DDE p-p’DDE mpDDD, mpDDD m DDD, DDD m-p’DDD ppDDT, ppDDT DDT, DDT p-p’DDT endosulfan endrincetone chlorpyrifos dieldrin endosulfansulfate, endosulfansulfate sulfate, sulfate endosulfan-sulfate heptachlorepoxide, heptachlorepoxide heptachlor epoxide, epoxide heptachlor-epoxide parathion decisionmaking decision making pollution 50000 50 00 500,0 5000 5 0 500,

RESUMO O aquífero de Morroa é uma fonte essencial para o abastecimento de água em Sucre, Colômbia, com mais de 500.000 usuários que podem estar em risco devido à contaminação por pesticidas que provêm de diferentes atividades agrícolas. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a relação entre a presença de pesticidas e as propriedades físico-químicas dos solos nas áreas mais vulneráveis do Aquífero Morroa. Para isso foi aplicado um inquérito sobre a utilização de pesticidas aos agricultores e foram coletadas amostras de solo para análise de pesticidas e propriedades físico-químicas. Os resultados mostraram que os solos nestas áreas são relativamente homogéneos em termos de textura, pH, Capacidade de Troca Catiônica e Matéria Orgânica. Os pesticidas detectados nestes solos foram Malathion, β-BCH, p-p’DDE, m-p’DDD, p-p’DDT, Endosulfan, Endrincetone, Chlorpyrifos, Dieldrin, Endosulfan-Sulfate, Heptachlor-epóxido e Parathion. O pH, a textura do solo e as características intrínsecas do pesticida são as variáveis mais influentes de acordo com os resultados estatísticos. Este estudo também mostra a distribuição espacial da concentração de pesticidas em toda a área do aquífero. O mapa elaborado constitui uma ferramenta para o planeamento de atividades agrícolas que subsidia a tomada de decisões e a implementação de medidas para mitigar os potenciais impactos causados pela poluição causada pelos pesticidas. Sucre Colômbia 500000 500 000 500.00 físicoquímicas físico químicas físicoquímicas. químicas. pH Orgânica Malathion βBCH, βBCH β BCH, BCH β-BCH ppDDE, ppDDE p DDE, DDE p-p’DDE mpDDD, mpDDD m DDD, DDD m-p’DDD ppDDT, ppDDT DDT, DDT p-p’DDT Endosulfan Endrincetone Chlorpyrifos Dieldrin EndosulfanSulfate, EndosulfanSulfate Sulfate, Sulfate Endosulfan-Sulfate Heptachlorepóxido Heptachlor epóxido Parathion estatísticos 50000 50 00 500.0 5000 5 0 500.

Resumen Introducción: La microcuenca del río Durazno en Costa Rica es fuente de agua para consumo humano, pero se sospecha de contaminación microbiológica por varios usos del suelo. Objetivo: Evaluar la calidad del agua de la microcuenca del Durazno desde el punto de vista fisicoquímico, microbiológico y antibiótico. Métodos: Utilizamos el índice holandés de calidad del agua; Métodos Estándar para el Examen de Agua y Aguas Residuales; y extracción en fase sólida y cromatografía líquida de ultra alta resolución con espectrometría de masas en tándem. Resultados: Si bien los parámetros fisicoquímicos indicaron una calidad de agua adecuada, microbiológicamente esta agua no es aceptable para el consumo humano. El agua tiene doxiciclina y cefotaxima, posiblemente de origen agrícola. Este es el primer reporte de Cefotaxima en agua de Costa Rica. El índice holandés no tiene en cuenta parámetros microbiológicos que también son importantes. Conclusión: El río Durazno no cumple con los estándares para consumo humano de agua y el índice holandés necesita ser complementado con parámetros microbiológicos.

Abstract Introduction: The micro-basin of the Durazno River in Costa Rica is a source of water for human consumption, but is suspected of microbiological pollution from several land uses. Objective: To assess the water quality of the Durazno micro-basin from the physicochemical, microbiological and antibiotics points of view. Methods: We used the Dutch Water Quality index; Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater; and solid-phase extraction and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Results: While physicochemical parameters indicated an adequate water quality, microbiologically this water is not acceptable for human consumption. The water has Doxycycline and Cefotaxime, possibly of agricultural origin. This is the first report of Cefotaxime in water from Costa Rica. The Dutch index fails to take into account microbiological parameters that are also important. Conclusion: The Durazno River does not meet the standards for human water consumption and the Dutch index needs to be complemented with microbiological parameters.

Abstract In this paper, a couple of pretreatments were applied to raw cheese whey to increase its biodegradability in an anaerobic reactor. The first stage consisted of coagulation/flocculation using Carica papaya seeds as a biocoagulant, and the second stage was a study of Fenton and photo-Fenton processes. The cheese whey was collected from a dairy industry plant and characterized according to physicochemical parameters to check the pollution potential (chemical oxygen demand — COD of 55.96 g L−1 and biochemical oxygen demand — BOD of 21.51 g L−1). The coagulation/flocculation process provided high turbidity removal (94–96%). After preliminary experiments with Fenton reactions in coagulated whey, a central composite design, a desirability function and a response surface were applied to obtain the optimal operating conditions (reaction time: 90 min, H2O2: 1.95 M; H2O2/Fe2+ ratio: 55) resulting in 66.4 and 62.6% of COD and TOC removals, respectively. The kinetic evaluation of photo-Fenton reaction under optimal conditions revealed the potential minimization of iron (H2O2/Fe2+ ratio: 65) and reaction time (60 min) to achieve 70.1% of COD removal under visible ultraviolet light irradiation (UV/vis). After applying the coagulation/flocculation and photo-Fenton processes, an increase in biodegradability was achieved (BOD5/COD > 0.4), allowing the application of the biological process. The batch treatment in a UASB reactor achieved 86–88% COD removal from the 24th day of operation. The proposed hybrid process eliminated between 96–98% of total COD. paper coagulationflocculation coagulation flocculation biocoagulant photoFenton photo processes chemical 5596 55 96 55.9 L1 L 1 L− 2151 21 51 21.5 L−1. . L−1) 94–96%. 9496 94–96% 94 (94–96%) design 9 min H2O2 HO H O 195 95 1.9 M H2O2Fe2 HOFe Fe2 Fe H2O2/Fe2 ratio 664 66 4 66. 626 62 6 62.6 removals respectively (H2O2/Fe2 65 60 (6 701 70 70.1 UV/vis. UVvis UV/vis UV vis (UV/vis) BOD5/COD BOD5COD BODCOD BOD5 0.4, 04 0.4 , 0 0.4) 8688 86 88 86–88 th operation 9698 98 96–98 559 5 55. 215 2 21. 949 94–96 (94–96% H2O 19 1. H2O2Fe H2O2/Fe 62. (H2O2/Fe ( 7 70. (UV/vis 0. 868 8 86–8 969 96–9 94–9 (94–96 86– 96– 94– (94–9 (94– (94 (9

Resumo Neste artigo, dois pré-tratamentos foram aplicados ao soro de queijo bruto para aumentar sua biodegradabilidade na aplicação de um reator anaeróbio. A primeira etapa consistiu na coagulação/floculação utilizando sementes de Carica papaya como biocoagulante, e a segunda etapa foi o estudo dos processos Fenton e foto-Fenton. O soro foi coletado em uma fábrica de laticínios e caracterizado quanto a parâmetros físico-químicos para verificar o potencial poluidor (demanda química de oxigênio — DQO 55,96 g L−1 e demanda bioquímica de oxigênio — DBO de 21,51 g L−1). O processo de coagulação/floculação promoveu a remoção de nível alto de turbidez (94–96%). Após testes preliminares das reações Fenton no soro coagulado, houve a aplicação do delineamento de composto central, da função desejabilidade e da superfície de resposta para obter as condições ótimas de operação (tempo reacional: 90 min, H2O2: 1,95 M e razão H2O2/Fe2+: 55), resultando em 66,4 e 62,6% de remoção de DQO e TOC, respectivamente. A avaliação cinética da reação foto-Fenton nas condições otimizadas revelou o potencial da minimização da concentração de ferro (razão H2O2/Fe2+: 65) e do tempo reacional (60 min) para atingir 70,1% de remoção de DQO sob irradiação de luz ultravioleta visível (UV-vis). Após aplicação dos processos de coagulação/floculação e foto-Fenton, um aumento da biodegradabilidade foi alcançado (DBO5/DQO > 0,4), possibilitando a aplicação do processo biológico. O tratamento batelada em reator anaeróbio de manta de lodo de fluxo ascendente (UASB) promoveu 86–88% de remoção de DQO a partir do 24º dia de operação. O processo de tratamento híbrido proposto eliminou entre 96 e 98% da DQO total. artigo prétratamentos pré tratamentos coagulaçãofloculação coagulação floculação biocoagulante fotoFenton. fotoFenton foto Fenton. físicoquímicos físico químicos 5596 55 55,9 L1 L 1 L− 2151 21 51 21,5 L−1. . L−1) 94–96%. 9496 94–96% 94 (94–96%) coagulado central 9 min H2O2 HO H 195 95 1,9 H2O2/Fe2+ H2O2Fe2 HOFe Fe2 Fe 55, , 55) 664 66 4 66, 626 62 6 62,6 TOC respectivamente 65 60 (6 701 70 70,1 UVvis. UVvis UV vis (UV-vis) fotoFenton, Fenton, DBO5/DQO DBO5DQO DBODQO DBO5 0,4, 04 0,4 0 0,4) biológico UASB (UASB 8688 86 88 86–88 º 98 total 559 5 215 2 21, 949 94–96 (94–96% H2O 19 1, H2O2/Fe2 H2O2Fe 62, ( 7 70, (UV-vis 0, 868 8 86–8 94–9 (94–96 H2O2/Fe 86– 94– (94–9 (94– (94 (9

Abstract Aim This study aimed to evaluate the interference of intensive fish farming in the physicochemical variables of water and in the zooplankton community from a tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus, 1758) pond in southern Brazil. In addition, it was verified whether the analyzed zooplankton groups could be bioindicators of changes in the quality of pond water. Methods The water and zooplankton sample collections were carried out monthly in different places of the pond: at the water supply site (affluent), in the middle of the pond and at the water outlet site (effluent). Analyzes related to nitrogen series (total nitrogen, total ammonia, nitrite + nitrate), dissolved oxygen, total hardness, total alkalinity, total phosphorus, pH, turbidity and water temperature were performed at all sampling sites. In addition, the density of the zooplankton groups Copepoda (adults and nauplii), Rotifera and Cladocera was determined. Results Regarding the changes between the quality variables of the affluent and effluent water of the pond, the outlet water showed a significant increase only in the variable total alkalinity. Rotifers were the most abundant organisms, and nauplii Copepoda showed a significant increase in the density of organisms in the middle of the pond compared to the inlet water. Both the redundancy analysis (RDA) and the Spearman correlation matrix revealed that zooplanktonic groups are associated with certain physicochemical variables of the water. According to the Analysis of Indicator Species (IndVal), the evaluated organisms are not related to bioindicator species in this environment. Conclusions Therefore, intensive production of O. niloticus caused changes only in the total alkalinity of the pond water. The zooplanktonic organisms correlated with the physicochemical variables of the water and between the groups, and did not show potential for bioindicators of water quality in the different locations of the pond. Oreochromis Linnaeus 1758 Brazil addition affluent, , (affluent) effluent. . (effluent) ammonia nitrate, nitrate nitrate) oxygen hardness phosphorus pH sites adults nauplii, nauplii) determined RDA (RDA IndVal, IndVal (IndVal) environment Therefore O 175 (affluent (effluent (IndVal 17 1

Resumo Objetivo Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a interferência da piscicultura intensiva nas variáveis físico-químicas da água e na comunidade zooplanctônica de um viveiro de tilápias (Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus, 1758) no sul do Brasil. Além disso, verificou-se se os grupos de zooplâncton analisados poderiam ser bioindicadores de alterações na qualidade da água do viveiro. Métodos As coletas de amostras de água e zooplâncton foram realizadas mensalmente em diferentes locais do viveiro: no local de abastecimento de água (afluente), no meio do viveiro e no local de saída de água (efluente). Foram realizadas análises relacionadas a série nitrogenada (nitrogênio total, amônia total, nitrito + nitrato), oxigênio dissolvido, dureza total, alcalinidade total, fósforo total, pH, turbidez e temperatura da água em todos os locais de amostragem. Além disso, foi determinada a densidade dos grupos de zooplânctons Copepoda (adultos e náuplios), Rotifera e Cladocera. Resultados Em relação às variações entre as variáveis de qualidade da água afluente e efluente do viveiro, a água de saída apresentou aumento significativo apenas na variável alcalinidade total. Os rotíferos foram os organismos mais abundantes, e os Copepoda náuplios apresentaram um aumento significativo na densidade de organismos no meio do viveiro em comparação com a água de entrada. Tanto a análise de redundância (RDA) quanto a matriz de correlação de Spearman revelaram que grupos zooplanctônicos estão associados a determinadas variáveis físico-químicas da água. De acordo com a Análise de Espécies Indicadoras (IndVal), os organismos avaliados não apresentam relação como espécies bioindicadoras deste ambiente. Conclusões A produção intensiva de O. niloticus causou alterações apenas na alcalinidade total da água do viveiro. Os organismos zooplanctônicos apresentaram correlação com as variáveis físico-químicas da água e entre os grupos, e não apresentaram potencial para bioindicadores da qualidade da água nos diferentes locais do viveiro. físicoquímicas físico químicas Oreochromis Linnaeus 1758 Brasil disso verificouse verificou afluente, , (afluente) efluente. . (efluente) nitrogênio nitrato, nitrato nitrato) dissolvido pH amostragem adultos náuplios, náuplios) Cladocera abundantes entrada RDA (RDA IndVal, IndVal (IndVal) ambiente O 175 (afluente (efluente (IndVal 17 1