Groundwater is considered an important source of water aid for human consumption. However, this water can be contaminated by impurities, such contamination spots that might reach the water tables. The aim of this study was to investigate the quality of shallow groundwater in Flores neighborhood, located in the municipality of Benevides, within Belém metropolitan region, State of Pará, Brazil. Recommendations described in Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater were followed at the time to determine physical-chemical parameters such as potential hydrogen (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), apparent color, turbidity, total hardness (TH), ions and trace elements. Multivariate statistical analysis has shown that most predictive water-quality parameters set for human consumption are associated with natural events involving weathering and leaching processes. Nevertheless, parameters of nitrate, phosphate, EC, TDS and pH are also influenced by anthropic conditions in the surroundings, mainly phosphate and nitrate ions. Therefore, it can be concluded that shallow groundwaters in Flores neighborhood are unsuitable for human consumption, making it necessary for municipal public authorities to take action to solve the problem of water shortage in the borough, thus preventing the population from use those shallow groundwaters, as their consumption can bring health problems. However impurities tables Benevides region Pará Brazil physicalchemical physical chemical pH, , (pH) EC (EC) TDS, (TDS) color turbidity TH, TH (TH) elements waterquality processes Nevertheless surroundings Therefore borough problems (pH (EC (TDS (TH

Resumen: Las Reservas Ecológicas, son la base primordial para la subsistencia de la biodiversidad, desempeñan funciones cruciales para el mantenimiento de los ecosistemas, especialmente, en la preservación de los servicios ecosistémicos de regulación del clima y suministro de agua. Determinar la capacidad de acumulación del COS en tres ecosistemas de la Reserva Ecológica Arenillas (REAR) y la influencia que tienen con los factores de profundidad y el tipo de suelo, fue el objetivo de la investigación. Se partió de la hipótesis que dichos factores ejercen un efecto sobre las propiedades físicas-químicas del suelo, provocando la variabilidad del carbono. Se establecieron 14 unidades de muestreo para los tres ecosistemas; 1) Intervenido, 2) Bosque deciduo y 3) Bosque arbustal deciduo, se extrajo de cada unidad dos muestras de suelo a profundidades de (0-10 y 10-30 cm), dando un total de 28 muestras. Los resultados revelaron diferencias significativas entre los tres tipos de ecosistemas, permitiendo afirmar que, en la REAR, el contenido de COS es mayor en el ecosistema de Bosque deciduo, que en los denominados Bosque arbustal deciduo y la zona Intervenida. Así mismo, los suelos del tipo Alfisol y Entisol en el Bosque deciduo presentaron la mayor capacidad de almacenamiento de COS, siendo la capa superficial la de mayor acumulación en los tres ecosistemas. Se concluyó que las bajas precipitaciones, el aumento de la temperatura y la esporádica vegetación producida por actividades antrópicas, afectan el almacenamiento de COS, limitando la prestación de servicios ecosistémicos relacionados con la captura de carbono edáfico.

Abstract: Ecological Reserves are the primary basis for the subsistence of biodiversity, they play crucial roles in the maintenance of ecosystems, especially in the preservation of ecosystem services of climate regulation and water supply. The objective of the research was to determine the accumulation capacity of COS in three ecosystems of the Arenillas Ecological Reserve (REAR) and the influence of depth factors and soil type. It was hypothesized that these factors exert an effect on the physical-chemical properties of the soil, causing carbon variability. Fourteen sampling units were established for the three ecosystems; 1) Intervened, 2) Deciduous Forest and 3) Deciduous shrub forest, two soil samples were extracted from each unit at depths of (0-10 and 10-30 cm), giving a total of 28 samples. The results revealed significant differences between the three types of ecosystems, allowing us to affirm that, in the REAR, the COS content is higher in the deciduous forest ecosystem than in the deciduous shrub forest and the Intermediate zone. Likewise, Alfisol and Entisol soils in the deciduous forest had the highest COS storage capacity, being the surface layer the one with the highest accumulation in the three ecosystems. It was concluded that low precipitation, increased temperature and sporadic vegetation produced by anthropic activities affect COS storage, limiting the provision of ecosystem services related to soil carbon sequestration.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo é caracterizar os resíduos sólidos industriais gerados por uma indústria goiana de pré-moldados de compósitos geopoliméricos e utilizá-los na produção de argamassa, em substituição parcial ao cimento nos teores de 5%, 10%, 15% e 25%, devido ao seu provável efeito pozolânico. Para a pesquisa o resíduo passou por trituração em moinho martelo e peneiramento em malha #40 realizados na própria indústria. Em seguida, foram realizadas análises físico-químicas para verificar se o resíduo atende aos parâmetros estabelecidos pela NBR 12653 (ABNT, 2014b) Materiais Pozolânicos - Requisitos. O resíduo apresentou potencial para ser utilizado como pozolana, pois na análise granulométrica apenas 19% ficaram retidos na peneira #325 e o teor de umidade também atendeu aos parâmetros da referida norma. No entanto o teor de perda ao fogo e o teor de álcalis disponíveis em Na 2 �� foram maiores do que os requisitos da norma, devido ao fato de o resíduo possuir em sua composição, raspas de pneu e hidróxido de sódio (NaOH). Em relação ao índice de desempenho com cimento Portland aos 28 dias, a argamassa que possui em sua composição 5% de resíduo atendeu as condições da norma, mas o desempenho com cal não obteve o resultado desejado, pois a resistência diminuiu. Após análise, percebeu-se que o resíduo não se enquadra como pozolana, mas pode ser usado como enchimento. prémoldados pré moldados utilizálos utilizá los 5 10 10% 15 25 25% pozolânico 40 #4 seguida físicoquímicas físico químicas 1265 ABNT, ABNT (ABNT 2014b b Requisitos pozolana 19 325 #32 norma � NaOH. NaOH . (NaOH) dias desejado diminuiu percebeuse percebeu enchimento 1 4 # 126 32 #3 (NaOH 12 3

Abstract The objective of this study is to characterize the industrial solid waste generated by a geopolymeric composites precast industry in Goiás and use them in the production of mortar, in partial replacement of cement in the contents of 5%, 10%, 15% and 25%, due to its probable pozzolanic effect. For the research the residue underwent crushing in a hammer mill and sieving in a #40 mesh conducted in the industry itself. Then, physical-chemical analyzes were conducted to verify if the residue meets the parameters established by NBR 12653 (ABNT, 2014) Pozzolanic Materials - Requirements. The residue showed potential to be used as pozzolana, as in the particle size analysis only 19% was retained on sieve #325 and the moisture content also met the parameters of the aforementioned standard. However, the fire loss content and the alkali content available in ���� 2 �� were higher than the standard requirements, because the residue contains tire shavings and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in its composition. In relation to the performance index with Portland cement at 28 days, the mortar with 5% residue in its composition met the standard conditions, but the performance with lime did not obtain the desired result, as the resistance decreased. After analysis, it has been realized that the residue does not qualify as pozzolan but can be used as a filler. 5 10 10% 15 25 25% effect 40 #4 itself Then physicalchemical physical chemical 1265 ABNT, ABNT (ABNT 2014 Requirements pozzolana 19 325 #32 However ��� � requirements NaOH (NaOH days conditions result decreased filler 1 4 # 126 201 32 #3 12 20 3

ABSTRACT The rock-fluid interaction is associated with formation damage and occurs due to the introduction of foreign fluids that cause chemical and physical imbalances in the rock matrix and in the fluids insides, which reduces the permeability of formation The objective of the research is to evaluate properties of rock-fluid interaction in an improved recovery process. The research is developed on a laboratory scale with injection of chemical formulation, in search of alternatives for the improvement of oil production and the increase of the recovery factor of the reservoirs. Wettability tests and physical-chemical characterization of the injected fluids and effluents (total dissolved solids, density, conductivity, chloride, calcium, magnesium and pH) were carried out before and after contact with the formation. Based on determinations of density, water and sediment content, asphaltenes and rheological behavior, the characterization of the crude oil from the Seboruco well was carried out, as well as the layer water that was analyzed for its ionic composition and its classification. Such tests indicated a heavy and pseudoplastic crude oil, and a sodium hydrocarbonated layer water. The rock-fluid interaction tests showed significant changes in the wettability of the rock, from to oil-wet to water-wet. The analyzes of the effluents corroborated ionic exchange in the rock-fluid system such as: The increases in pH and increased content of chloride, calcium and magnesium obtained during the formulation step, which in some way favored the displacement of crude oil in the porous medium.

RESUMEN La interacción roca-fluido se asocia al daño de la formación y ocurre por introducción de “fluidos extraños” que causan desequilibrios químicos y físicos en la matriz de la roca y en los fluidos en su interior, lo que reduce la permeabilidad de la formación. La investigación tiene como objetivo: evaluar propiedades de interacción roca-fluido en un proceso de recuperación mejorada, a escala de laboratorio, con inyección de formulación química, en búsqueda de alternativas para el mejoramiento de la producción de petróleo e incremento del factor de recobro de los yacimientos. Se realizaron ensayos de mojabilidad y caracterización física y química de los fluidos inyectados y los efluentes (sólidos totales disueltos, densidad, conductividad, cloruro, calcio, magnesio y pH) antes y después del contacto con la formación. Sobre la base de determinaciones de densidad, contenido de agua y sedimento, asfaltenos y comportamiento reológico, se realizó la caracterización del crudo del pozo Seboruco y también del agua de capa que fue analizada en cuanto su composición iónica y su clasificación. Tales ensayos indicaron un crudo pesado y seudoplástico y el agua de capa del tipo hidrocarbonada sódica. Los ensayos de interacción roca-fluido evidenciaron cambios significativos en la mojabilidad de la roca, de oleohumectada a acuohumectada. Los análisis de los efluentes corroboraron intercambio iónico en el sistema roca-fluido como son: los incrementos de pH y aumento de contenido de cloruro, calcio y magnesio, obtenido al paso de la formulación, que en alguna forma favorecieron al desplazamiento del crudo en el medio poroso.

RESUMEN Antecedentes: los manantiales son una buena opción como suministro de agua, ante esto, su explotación lleva a una disminución de las aguas subterráneas, afectando la cantidad y calidad del recurso. Objetivo: evaluar la calidad del agua de manantiales y determinar el índice de integridad biótica asociado a macroinvertebrados acuáticos, para evaluar el grado de conservación de los manantiales. Método: se evaluaron ocho manantiales en épocas de estiaje (mayo) y post lluvias (diciembre) a partir de un muestreo selectivo. De acuerdo a diversas Normas Mexicanas se determinaron algunos parámetros físico-químicos y bacteriológicos; simultáneamente se realizó la colecta de macroinvertebrados acuáticos. Posterior a esto, se determinó el índice de calidad del agua mediante tres métodos. Se realizaron análisis de correspondencia sin tendencia y, por último, se determinó el índice de integridad biótica asociado a macroinvertebrados acuáticos (IIBAMA). Resultados: los valores de los parámetros físico-químicos y bacteriológicos analizados indican contaminación mostrando valores más altos en la época de post lluvias. De acuerdo al IIBAMA, siete de ocho sitios (87.5 %) se valoran como impactados, al clasificarse en las categorías de “pobre y regular”, sólo el sitio Arroyo Guajolote está en la categoría de bueno (12.5 %). Conclusiones: Los manantiales de estudio se encuentran en cierta medida impactados debido a actividades antropogénicas relacionadas con el abastecimiento de agua para la población y actividades recreativas, esto compromete el buen funcionamiento del ecosistema y por consecuencia la calidad de los servicios ecosistémicos brindados.

ABSTRACT Background: springs are a good option for water supply, but their exploitation leads to a decrease in groundwater, affecting the quantity and quality of the resource. Aim: to evaluate the quality of spring water and determine the index of biotic integrity associated with aquatic macroinvertebrates to determine the degree of conservation of the springs. Methods: eight springs were evaluated during low water (May) and post rainfall (December) periods based on selective sampling. In accordance with various Mexican Standards, some physicochemical and bacteriological parameters were determined; simultaneously, aquatic macroinvertebrates were collected. Subsequently, the water quality index was determined using three methods. Correspondence analyses were performed without trend and finally, the index of biotic integrity associated with aquatic macroinvertebrates (IIBAMA) was determined. Results: the values of the physical-chemical and bacteriological parameters analyzed indicate contamination, showing higher values in the post-rainy season. According to IIBAMA, seven of eight sites (87.5 %) are rated as impacted, being classified in the “poor and fair” categories; only the Arroyo Guajolote site is in the “good” category (12.5 %). Conclusions: the springs studied are impacted due to anthropogenic activities related to water supply for the population and recreational activities, this compromises the proper functioning of the ecosystem and consequently the quality of ecosystem services provided.

Abstract This research allowed us to understand the physical-chemical and microbiological quality of rainwater collected in the downtown area and Medrano neighborhood of the city of Quibdó - Chocó. This population has a high precipitation rate which ranges from 1500mm/year and 8500mm/year, both currently and in the future, although this situation contrasts with the low drinking water coverage, which is only 28.5%. To carry out this study, 5 sampling points were identified, and 4 samples were collected at each point with a periodicity of 1 weekly sampling for 4 weeks, for a total of 20 representative samples. The selected roof tops coverings were made of zinc, asbestos cement, and mantle, and are located in areas of high vehicular and pedestrian activity. The collected samples were analyzed in an accredited laboratory for this purpose. The parameters evaluated for rainwater quality were: apparent color, real color, conductivity, pH, total alkalinity, nitrites, nitrates, total coliforms, and Escherichia Coli. The result of the microbiological analyzes was POSITIVE in 100% of the cases, while 15% of the physical analyses and 34% of the chemical analyses also yielded negative results. Due to the presence mainly of colony-forming units of Escherichia Coli and total coliforms, it was concluded that rainwater in the downtown area and Medrano neighborhood of the city of Quibdó - Chocó, does 5not meet the standards established in the evaluated parameters and required by the regulations, which means that it is not safe for human consumption due to its level of contamination.

Resumen Esta investigación permitió conocer la calidad físico - química y microbiológica del agua lluvia recolectada en la Zona Centro y barrio Medrano de la ciudad de Quibdó - Chocó. Esta población presenta una alta tasa de precipitación la cual oscila entre 1500mm/año y 8500mm/año, tanto en la actualidad como en el futuro, aunque esta situación contraste con la baja cobertura de agua potable que tan solo es del 28,5%. Para realizar dicho estudio se identificaron 5 puntos de muestreo, en cada punto se recolectaron 4 muestras con una periodicidad de 1 muestreo semanal durante 4 semanas, para un total de 20 muestras representativas; las cubiertas seleccionadas fueron de zinc, asbesto cemento y manto; además, están ubicadas en zonas de alta actividad vehicular y peatonal. Las muestras recolectadas fueron analizadas en un laboratorio acreditado para tal fin. Los parámetros evaluados de la calidad del agua lluvia fueron; color aparente, color real, conductividad, pH, alcalinidad total, nitritos, nitratos, Coliformes totales y Escherichia Coli. El resultado de los análisis microbiológicos fue negativo en el 100% de los casos, mientras que el 15% de los análisis físicos y el 34% de los análisis químicos también arrojaron resultados negativos. Debido a la presencia principalmente de unidades formadoras de colonia de Escherichia Coli y Coliformes totales, se concluyó que el agua lluvia en la zona centro y el barrio Medrano de la ciudad de Quibdó - Chocó, no cumple con los estándares establecidos en los parámetros evaluados y requeridos por la norma, lo que significa que no es segura para el consumo humano debido al nivel de contaminación que presenta.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Cuban crude oil has a high content of ash, sulfur, asphaltenes and a high viscosity, among others, which, when subjected to the combustion process, results in corrosive effects in the heat transfer zones, reducing the useful life of the equipment. Objective: To design a procedure for the introduction of additives, which will increase the useful life of the equipment by improving the energy efficiency of the combustion process. Materials and Methods: It starts from the analysis of the composition and physical-chemical properties of Cuban crude oil and the characterization of the additive. The effectiveness of the additive is evaluated on a laboratory, pilot and industrial scale. The combustion parameters are adjusted and the efficiency of the steam generator is analyzed, with the aim of establishing the required dosage. The corresponding profit/economic cost analysis is carried out. Finally, the procedure is designed to compare with another additive if it exists. Results and Discussion: The procedure includes the determination of the chemical composition and physical-chemical properties of the crude oil used, the effect of the additive and the combustion efficiency. It contemplates not only the analysis of the use of an additive in use, but also the introduction of a new one and the comparison with it. It can be implemented in any industry that uses crude oil as fuel in the combustion process. Conclusions: The procedure provides the methodological indications for the introduction of additives that allow the improvement of the steam generator combustion process.

RESUMEN Introducción: El petróleo crudo cubano tiene un alto contenido de cenizas, azufre, asfaltenos y una alta viscosidad, entre otros, que, al someterse al proceso de combustión, trae como consecuencia efectos corrosivos en las zonas de transferencia de calor, disminuyendo la vida útil de los equipos. Objetivo: Diseñar un procedimiento para la introducción de aditivos, que permitan aumentar la vida útil de los equipos a partir de la mejora de la eficiencia energética del proceso de combustión. Materiales y Métodos: Se parte del análisis de la composición y las propiedades físico-químicas del petróleo crudo cubano y la caracterización del aditivo. Se evalúa la efectividad del aditivo a escala de laboratorio, piloto e industrial. Se ajustan los parámetros de la combustión y se analiza la eficiencia del generador de vapor, con el objetivo de establecer la dosificación requerida. Se realiza el análisis beneficio/costo correspondiente. Por último, el procedimiento tiene concebido la comparación con otro aditivo en caso de que exista. Resultados y Discusión: El procedimiento incluye la determinación de la composición química y las propiedades físico-químicas del petróleo crudo utilizado, el efecto del aditivo y la eficiencia de la combustión. Contempla, no solo el análisis de la utilización de un aditivo en uso, si no también, la introducción de uno nuevo y la comparación con éste. Puede ser implementado en cualquier industria que emplee el petróleo crudo como combustible en el proceso de combustión. Conclusiones: El procedimiento brinda las indicaciones metodológicas para la introducción de aditivos que permitan la mejora del proceso de combustión del generador de vapor.

SUMMARY: Tissue engineering aims to fabricate a scaffold that exhibits a suitable surface topography for a desired cellular response. Therefore, a study analyzing the characteristics of bone grafts is important for future research directions. This work aims to analyze the physical-chemical characteristics of commercially available bone grafts of human and bovine origin for dental use, using morphological analysis of the surface and chemical composition by variable pressure scanning electron microscope (VP-SEM) and energy-dispersive x-ray (EDX) spectrometry. In addition, pore diameter and surface area were analyzed by degassing method using a porosimeter, and particle size by laser diffraction. The analyzed allograft and xenograft particles differ in morphological characteristics and chemical composition. The allograft particles present a cuboidal and prismatic geometric morphology with angled edges and the absence of macropores. On the contrary, the xenograft particles present an irregular morphology with macropores in their structure. There is a statistically significant difference in C, P, and Ca between the xenograft and allografts (p < 0,05). The analyzed composition of allografts showed mainly the presence of C and O. In contrast, the composition of the xenograft was mainly Ca. These differences could influence the osteogenic properties of allografts and xenografts. This analysis provides basic information to understand the physicochemical properties of allografts and xenografts that facilitate cell-graft interaction.

RESUMEN: La ingeniería de tejidos tiene como objetivo fabricar un andamio que muestre una topografía de superficie adecuada para una respuesta celular deseada. Por tanto, un estudio que analice las características de los injertos óseos es importante para futuros enfoques de investigación. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar las características físico-químicas de injertos óseos de origen humano y bovino disponibles comercialmente para uso odontológico, mediante análisis morfológico de la superficie y composición química mediante microscopio electrónico de barrido de presión variable (VP-SEM) y x-dispersivo de energía. espectrometría de rayos (EDX). Además, el diámetro de los poros y el área superficial se analizaron mediante el método de desgasificación utilizando un porosímetro y el tamaño de las partículas mediante difracción láser. Las partículas de aloinjerto y xenoinjerto analizadas difieren en características morfológicas y composición química. Las partículas del aloinjerto presentan una morfología geométrica cúbica y prismática con bordes angulados y ausencia de macroporos. Por el contrario, las partículas de xenoinjerto presentan una morfología irregular con macroporos en su estructura. Existe una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en C, P y Ca entre el xenoinjerto y los aloinjertos (p < 0,05). La composición analizada de los aloinjertos mostró principalmente la presencia de C y O. Por el contrario, la composición del xenoinjerto fue principalmente Ca. Estas diferencias podrían influir en las propiedades osteogénicas de los aloinjertos y xenoinjertos. Este análisis proporciona información básica para comprender las propiedades fisicoquímicas de aloinjertos y xenoinjertos que facilitan la interacción célula-injerto.

Resumo Objetivo: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo predizer algumas propriedades físico-químicas como fator acêntrico (ω), temperatura crítica (Tc), volume crítico (Vc) e pressão crítica (pc) de ácidos graxos puros e triglicerídeos. Metodologia: Modelos e equações disponíveis na literatura têm sido adotados como técnica de modelagem não linear e abordagem computacional baseada em alguns descritores moleculares relevantes. Um escasso número de pontos experimentais foi usado para verificar os modelos e equações usados, incluindo alguns pontos para temperatura de ebulição (Teb) e Tc, para ácidos com cadeia de carbono longa. Resultados e discussões: Os resultados dos modelos mostraram boa precisão, confirmado pelos baixos valores de desvio relativo que variaram de 0,25 a 0,87 % para estimativa de Teb dos ácidos graxos, e pelos baixos valores de erros calculados, que variaram de 0,25 a 13,4 % para os melhores modelos para estimativa de Tc e pc de ácidos graxos. Em relação aos triglicerídeos, os autores recomendam que dados experimentais sejam obtidos com antecedência para uma avaliação confiável. Conclusão: Os modelos forneceram resultados satisfatórios, superando a maioria dos modelos citados na literatura. Esta abordagem de trabalho pode ser aplicada em engenharia de petróleo e outras áreas relacionadas, como biocombustíveis, para determinar com precisão o fator acêntrico, temperatura de ebulição e propriedades críticas de compostos puros que participaram da reação de hidrólise do óleo de macaúba e outros biocombustíveis.

Abstract Objective: The current work aimed to predict some physical-chemical properties such us acentric fator (ω), critical temperature (Tc), critical volume (Vc), and critical pressure (pc) of pure fatty acids and triglycerides. Methodology: Models and equations available in the literature have been adopted as a nonlinear modeling technique and computational approach based on a few relevant molecular descriptors. A set of scarcy data points was used to check the used models and equations, including some points for ebulition temperature (Teb) and Tc, for acids with long carbon chain. Results and discussions: The results of the models showed good precision, confirmed by the low values of relative deviation ranging from 0.25 to 0.87 % for Teb estimation for the fatty acids, and the low values of calculated errors, that ranged from 0.25 to 13.4 % for the best models for estimation of Tc and pc for fatty acids. Regarding the tryglicerides, the authors recommend that experimental data must be obtained in advance to have a reliable evaluation. Conclusion: The models provided satisfactory results, outperforming most of the models mentioned in the literature. This work approach can be applied in petroleum engineering and other related fields such as biofuels to accurately determine the acentric factor, ebullition temperature and critical properties of pure compounds which have taken part of hydrolisis reaction of Macaúba oil and others biofuels.

Resumen Objetivo: El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo predecir algunas propiedades fisicoquímicas como el factor acéntrico (ω), temperatura crítica (T c ), volumen crítico (V c ) y presión crítica (p c ) de ácidos grasos puros y triglicéridos. Metodos: Los modelos y ecuaciones disponibles en la literatura se han adoptado como una técnica de modelado no lineal y un enfoque computacional basado en algunos descriptores moleculares relevantes. Se utilizó un número escaso de puntos experimentales para verificar los modelos y ecuaciones utilizados, incluidos algunos puntos para temperatura de ebullición (Teb) y T c , para ácidos con cadenas de carbono largas. Resultados y discusiones: Los resultados de los modelos mostraron una buena precisión, que se confirma por los bajos valores de desviación relativa que variaron de 0,25 a 0,87 % para estimar Teb de ácidos grasos; y además, por los bajos valores de errores calculados, que variaron de 0,25 a 13,4 % en los mejores modelos para estimar T c y p c de ácidos grasos. Con respecto a los triglicéridos, los autores recomiendan que los datos experimentales se obtengan con anticipación para una evaluación confiable. Conclusiones: En consecuencia, los modelos proporcionaron resultados satisfactorios, superando a la mayoría de los modelos citados en la literatura. Este enfoque de trabajo se puede aplicar en la ingeniería petrolera y otras áreas relacionadas, como los biocombustibles, para determinar con precisión el factor acéntrico, la temperatura de ebullición y las propiedades críticas de los compuestos puros que participan en la reacción de hidrólisis del aceite de macaúba y otros biocombustibles.

ABSTRACT • Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Neem) is a tree native to India that, due to its multiple properties, is currently widely distributed throughout the world, mainly in tropical and semi-arid areas, being able to withstand adverse conditions such as high temperatures and soils. arid, infertile, stony or acid. Insect repellents and insecticides, fungicides and fertilizers of extraordinary value for integrated or organic agriculture are made from this plant. The objective of this research is the determination of quality parameters of the physical-chemical variables of the oil from the seeds of Azadirachta indica A. Juss (neem). The oil was extracted, by artisanal cold pressing, from the seeds of fruits collected from specimens cultivated in the San Antonio del Sur municipality of the Guantánamo province. The quality parameters were determined: density, acidity index, pH, refractive, iodine and saponification indices. The values of the oil quality parameters of the neem seeds were shown to be similar to the results of other researchers and to be within the ranges required by the Codex. Of all the parameters, the only one that is above the required values is the acidity index. The Neem oil from trees located in Guantánamo could be an alternative to replace imported vegetable oils for industrial use, although with previous refining processes

RESUMEN • Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Neem) es un árbol originario de la India que, por sus múltiples propiedades, se encuentra en la actualidad distribuido ampliamente en el mundo, principalmente en zonas tropicales y semiáridas, pudiendo soportar condiciones adversas tales como: altas temperaturas y suelos áridos, no fértiles, pedregosos o ácidos. A partir de esta planta se elaboran repelentes de insectos e insecticidas, fungicidas y fertilizantes de extraordinario valor para la agricultura integral o biológica. El objetivo de esta investigación es la determinación de parámetros de calidad de las variables físico-químicas del aceite de las semillas de Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Neem). El aceite se extrajo, mediante prensado al frío artesanal, de las semillas de frutos recolectados de especímenes cultivados en el municipio San Antonio del Sur de la provincia de Guantánamo. Se determinaron los parámetros de calidad: densidad, índice de acidez, pH, índices de refracción, de yodo y de saponificación. Los valores de los parámetros de calidad del aceite de las semillas de Neem mostraron ser similares a los resultados de otros investigadores y que se encuentran dentro los rangos exigidos por el Códex. De todos los parámetros el único que está por encima de los valores exigidos es el índice de acidez. El aceite de neem de árboles localizados en Guantánamo podría constituir una alternativa en la sustitución de aceites vegetales importados de uso industrial, aunque con previos procesos de refinación.

Abstract Coffee cultivation has strong social and historical-cultural roots in the mountainous area of the state of Veracruz. Its ancestral cultivation was carried out in agroforestry systems, the original pattern of which has been modified. The association of coffee with cash crops is conceived as an option to address its low profitability. Therefore, the objective was to compare the level of sustainability of traditional polyculture coffee versus commercial polyculture coffee in three communities in Chocamán, Veracruz during 2021. A survey and a sampling were carried out to estimate plant and soil biodiversity; a physical-chemical analysis of the soil was also performed. Regarding the environmental aspect, organic matter had a higher percentage in commercial polyculture coffee. In the economic dimension, commercial polyculture coffee was 50% more profitable compared to traditional polyculture coffee. On the social side, there were differences in schooling, age of producers, off-farm activities, level of organization and type of agriculture. It was concluded that commercial polyculture coffee had better economic indicators, while traditional polyculture coffee achieved better environmental and social indicators.

Resumen El cultivo del café tiene un fuerte arraigo social e histórico-cultural en la zona montañosa del estado de Veracruz. Su cultivo ancestral se realizaba en sistemas agroforestales, cuyo patrón original se ha modificando. La asociación de café con cultivos comerciales se concibe como una opción para afrontar su baja rentabilidad. Por tanto, el objetivo fue comparar el nivel de sustentabilidad de café policultivo tradicional, contra café policultivo comercial, en tres comunidades de Chocamán, Veracruz durante 2021. Se realizaron encuesta y muestreo para estimar biodiversidad vegetal, edáfica y análisis físico-químico del suelo. En lo ambiental, la materia orgánica tuvo mayor porcentaje en el café policultivo comercial. En la dimensión económica, el café policultivo comercial fue 50% más rentable respecto al café policultivo tradicional. En la parte social, hubo diferencias en escolaridad, edad de los productores, actividad extrafinca, nivel de organización y tipo de agricultura. Se concluyó que el café policultivo comercial tuvo mejores indicadores económicos, mientras que el café policultivo tradicional alcanzó mejores indicadores ambientales y sociales.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Craft beer production generates solid waste in significant quantities, which is not put to proper use. Trüb (brewers' waste) has important nutrients, such as proteins and carbohydrates, and physical-chemical compounds; however, its applications are hindered by its astringent taste. Objective: To estimate the enrichment of flour from malts processed in craft beer by addition of fermentable Trüb (sediment). Materials and Methods: The methodology applied was experimental, carrying out the physical-chemical characterization of processed samples of craft beer waste, evaluating moisture, ash, fat, acidity, protein, and fiber, based on the established standards. Results and Discussion: As a result, it was obtained that the best mixture of malt with sediment was the dark malt with kveik sediment with a proportion of 25 %, obtaining protein increase values of 26.73 %. Conclusions: With an increase in protein the best malt and sediment sample was the dark malt - sediment Kveik from 12.95 - 26.73 % w/w, without addition and addition to 25 % of the sediment.

RESUMEN Introducción: La producción de cerveza artesanal genera residuos sólidos en cantidades importantes, a los cuales no se les da un uso adecuado. El Trüb (desecho cervecero) tiene nutrientes importantes, como proteínas y carbohidratos, y compuestos físico - químicos; sin embargo, sus aplicaciones se ven obstaculizadas por el sabor astringente. Objetivo: Estimar el enriquecimiento de harina de maltas procesadas en cerveza artesanal mediante agregado de Trüb (sedimento) fermentable. Materiales y Métodos: La metodología aplicada fue de tipo experimental, realizando la caracterización físico- química de muestras procesadas de residuos de cerveza artesanal, evaluando la humedad, cenizas, grasas, acidez, proteínas y fibras, basándose en las normativas establecidas. Resultados y Discusión: Como resultado se obtuvo que la mejor mezcla de malta con sedimento fue la de malta oscura con sedimento kveik con una proporción del 25 %, obteniendo valores de incremento de proteína 26,73 %. Conclusiones: Con un incremento de proteína la mejor muestra de malta y sedimento fue la de malta oscura - sedimento Kveik desde 12,95 - 26,73 % p/p, sin adición y adición al 25 % del sedimento.

ABSTRACT Studies on the adaptability of raspberry cultivars to subtropical regions are needed since growth, yield, and fruit quality may differ from levels observed in temperate climates. This study evaluated the phenology, yield, physical-chemical attributes, and bioactive compounds of raspberries produced in a subtropical region of Brazil under an organic cropping system. The experiment was carried out in three production cycles 2018/2019, 2019/2020, and 2020/2021 in Pinhais, Paraná State, Brazil. We evaluated ten raspberry cultivars, eight primocanes (Alemãzinha, Autumn Bliss, Bababerry, Fallgold, Golden Bliss, Heritage, Indian Summer and Polana), and two floricane cultivars (Schoenmann and Willamette). Phenological evaluations were carried out weekly at the beginning and end of flowering and harvesting. The soluble solids content, titratable acidity, the pH, and bioactive compounds were analyzed. Primocane cultivars showed two flowering and fruiting periods, the first in spring/summer and the other in summer/autumn, except for the Indian Summer cultivar, which showed a floricane-fruiting behavior, bearing fruit only on one-year-old canes, like Schoenmann and Willamette cultivars. ‘Alemãzinha’ shows better adaptation to the region under study with higher yield and concentration of total polyphenols, but its fruits are small and acidic. ‘Heritage’ is also an option for cultivation in this region, even though it is less productive, as the fruits are larger, less acidic, and have high levels of bioactive compounds. Yellow cultivars Fallgold and Golden Bliss are good options for diversifying the color offer, with yields similar to ‘Heritage’ and with a high total soluble solids/titratable acidity ratio. growth climates phenology physicalchemical physical chemical attributes system 20182019 2018 2019 2018/2019 20192020 2020 2019/2020 20202021 2021 2020/202 Pinhais State Alemãzinha, Alemãzinha (Alemãzinha Bababerry Heritage Polana, Polana , Polana) Willamette. . Willamette) harvesting content pH analyzed periods springsummer spring summer summerautumn autumn summer/autumn cultivar floricanefruiting behavior oneyearold one year old canes ‘Alemãzinha polyphenols acidic ‘Heritage productive larger offer solidstitratable ratio 2018201 201 2018/201 2019202 202 2019/202 2020202 2020/20 201820 20 2018/20 201920 2019/20 202020 2020/2 20182 2 2018/2 20192 2019/2 20202 2020/ 2018/ 2019/

Resumo O trabalho de pesquisa foi projetado para investigar a densidade e diversidade de rotíferos pelágicos em um lago perto de Marala Headworks. Foram avaliados os parâmetros físico-químicos da água como pH, oxigênio dissolvido, temperatura, condutividade elétrica, transparência e turbidez. A correlação entre rotíferos e esses parâmetros também foi estudada. A amostragem do plâncton foi realizada mensalmente para verificar a densidade populacional dos rotíferos. No total, foram identificadas 18 espécies de rotíferos pertencentes a 11 gêneros. O maior número de rotíferos e sua diversidade foi demonstrado pelos gêneros Brachionus, Keratella e Filinia. O Brachionus calyciflorus foi a espécie dominante em todas as amostras, com densidade populacional média (41%). A análise de variância dos parâmetros físico-químicos mostrou que a temperatura do ar e da água, condutividade elétrica, transparência, oxigênio dissolvido e saturação de oxigênio foram estatisticamente significantes em todos os meses. Enquanto o pH foi estatisticamente não significativo (p≥0,05), a correlação de Pearson mostrou que o oxigênio e a transparência foram negativamente correlacionados com a densidade e diversidade dos rotíferos. A temperatura do ar e da água, a concentração de íons de hidrogênio (pH), a condutividade elétrica e a salinidade mostraram relação positiva com a densidade e diversidade de rotíferos.

Abstract Research work was designed to investigate the density and diversity of pelagic rotifers in a Lake near Marala Headworks. The physico-chemical parameters of water such as pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, electrical conductivity, transparency and turbidity were evaluated. Correlation between rotifers and these parameters was also studied. Plankton sampling was done on monthly basis in order to check the population density of rotifers. In total, 18 species of rotifers were identified which belonged to 11 genera. The highest number of rotifers and their diversity was shown by genera namely Brachionus, Keratella, and Filinia. The Brachionus calyciflorus was dominant species in all the samples with mean population density (41%). Analysis of variance of physico-chemical parameters presented that the air and water temperature, electrical conductivity, transparency, dissolved oxygen and oxygen saturation were statistically significant in all the months. While pH was statistically non-significant (p≥0.05. Pearson correlation showed that oxygen and transparency were negatively correlated with rotifers density and diversity. Air and water temperature, concentration of hydrogen ions (pH), electrical conductivity and salinity showed positive relationship with density and diversity of rotifers.

Abstract The development potential of byproducts from wastes of grape processing can be a promising alternative due to environmental questions. Moreover, there is the possibility of using this material in the development of products with added value. In this study, the wastes of grape skin (GSk), grape seed (GSe), and defatted grape seed with skin fragments (DGS) from ‘Ives noir’ grape (Vitis labrusca L.), grown under organic farming conditions, had their chemical composition and physical-chemical properties evaluated. Parameters of chemical composition, contents of phenolic compounds, total anthocyanins, flavonoids, and minerals, the antioxidant capacity, and water sorption capacity were evaluated. The wastes of grape were also analyzed by FTIR and TG/DTG. All residues had a high fiber content (54.1 - 74.3 wt.%), the DGS waste had the highest contents of phenolic compounds as flavonoids, and the GSk waste had the highest content of total anthocyanins. Antioxidant capacity values were higher in the ABTS+ method, with no statistical difference. On the other hand, in the DPPH antioxidant assay, the DGS and GSe wastes had higher antioxidant activity; these wastes also had greater thermal stability. The GSk waste had the highest water sorption capacity. The results show that the wastes from grape processing have the potential to be reused in applications with more value added. questions Moreover study GSk, , (GSk) GSe, (GSe) (DGS Ives noir Vitis L., L L. L.) conditions physicalchemical physical evaluated anthocyanins flavonoids minerals TGDTG TG DTG TG/DTG 54.1 541 54 1 (54. 743 74 3 74. wt.%, wt wt.% wt.%) ABTS method difference hand assay activity stability (GSk (GSe 54. 5 (54 7 wt. (5 (