Abstract: This study has examined the design proposal for a support structure for a rainwater storage tank, utilizing CAD/CAE software with computational numerical analysis. These tools predict how elements will behave under specific conditions without physical construction. The necessity arises from the importance of developing the entire rainwater harvesting system to offer a sustainable water supply alternative. To this end, a storage capacity of 500 liters was determined based on locally available plastic tanks, considering the dimensions and weight the structure needs to support. 3D modeling utilized a 50 mm (2 in) square steel pipe discretized through meshing. Validation of this process achieved a skewness of 0.2401 with 414 651 elements and 601 334 nodes, defining the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. Von Mises stress measured 189.5 MPa, below the yield limit for structural steel, with structural element deformation not exceeding 0.83 mm. Design validation was accomplished through safety factor analysis, yielding a value of 1.746, closely aligning with recommended values for support structures.

Resumen: Esta investigación ha evaluado la viabilidad de un diseño para una estructura de soporte destinada a un tanque de almacenamiento de agua pluvial. Se utilizó software CAD/CAE para llevar a cabo un análisis numérico computacional debido a que estas herramientas permiten predecir comportamientos de elementos sometidos a condiciones específicas, sin necesidad de construcción. La necesidad de este diseño surge de la importancia de desarrollar un sistema integral para la captación de agua de lluvia, como una alternativa sostenible para el suministro de agua. Se estableció una capacidad de almacenamiento de 500 litros, considerando los tanques plásticos disponibles en el mercado local, para determinar las dimensiones y la carga que la estructura debe soportar. El modelado tridimensional se realizó utilizando una tubería cuadrada de acero estructural de 50 mm (2 plg), la cual fue discretizada mediante un mallado. Este proceso se validó alcanzando skewness de 0.2401, con un total de 414 651 elementos y 601 334 nodos, y se definieron las condiciones iniciales y de contorno correspondientes. El esfuerzo de Von Mises obtenido fue de 189.5 MPa, lo cual está por debajo del límite de fluencia para el acero estructural. Además, la deformación en los elementos estructurales no superó los 0.83 mm. El diseño se validó mediante un análisis del factor de seguridad, el cual fue de 1.746, aproximándose al valor recomendado para estructuras de soporte.

Groundwater is considered an important source of water aid for human consumption. However, this water can be contaminated by impurities, such contamination spots that might reach the water tables. The aim of this study was to investigate the quality of shallow groundwater in Flores neighborhood, located in the municipality of Benevides, within Belém metropolitan region, State of Pará, Brazil. Recommendations described in Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater were followed at the time to determine physical-chemical parameters such as potential hydrogen (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), apparent color, turbidity, total hardness (TH), ions and trace elements. Multivariate statistical analysis has shown that most predictive water-quality parameters set for human consumption are associated with natural events involving weathering and leaching processes. Nevertheless, parameters of nitrate, phosphate, EC, TDS and pH are also influenced by anthropic conditions in the surroundings, mainly phosphate and nitrate ions. Therefore, it can be concluded that shallow groundwaters in Flores neighborhood are unsuitable for human consumption, making it necessary for municipal public authorities to take action to solve the problem of water shortage in the borough, thus preventing the population from use those shallow groundwaters, as their consumption can bring health problems. However impurities tables Benevides region Pará Brazil physicalchemical physical chemical pH, , (pH) EC (EC) TDS, (TDS) color turbidity TH, TH (TH) elements waterquality processes Nevertheless surroundings Therefore borough problems (pH (EC (TDS (TH

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ABSTRACT Introduction: Bovine cattle raising is the most important line of the economy of Caquetá department and El Doncello municipality, according to the figures given by the Departmental Committee of Cattlemen there is a herd of2,175,065 cattle heads in the region, many of the rural families depend on said economic activity to generate their income; To do this, the life analysis methodology examines the assets that communities have which are called community capital, and the approach they use to meet their fundamental human needs. Objective: To assess sustainable means and the application of community capital in cattle rancher families in the municipality of El Doncello, Caquetá (Colombia). Materials and methods: For the collection of information the producer families of the municipality of El Doncello were assessed; based on the sources of the Departmental Committee of Cattlemen, for this purposefamilies were surveyed and participatory workshops were carried out using the livelihood methodology framing the community capitals (human, natural, financial, physical and social) using 36 variables for the assessment of them, and the fundamental human needs (basic of the person, the environment and of action) that grouped 15 analysis variables; Subsequently, the interpretation and analysis of the data was made through aprincipal component analysis-PCA relating the typologies and each of the variables assessed in this study; all the data were run in the InfoStat Program. Results: It was found that 939 families base their economy on livestock production in the municipality of El Doncello, the human capital of these families was distributed in 72 men representing 15.55 %, 81 women (17.49 %), 143 boys (30.89 %)and 167 girls (36.07%), finding three types of families: Typology 1: families with <50 bovines on theirfarms; Typology 2: between 51 and 100 bovines, and Typology 3: >101 bovines, where financial capital is the one that represents the greatest contribution given its characteristics of income generation and well-beingfor families. The principal component analysis-ACP carried out for social capital divided according to the first principal component-PC1 with a contribution of 62.3 % to Family Typology 1 (families with <50 head of cattle) to the positive end of said component strongly associated with the variables greater participation in projects and organizations to which they belong, with the particularity of having a greater number of members at home; from Typology 3 to the negative end of said component associated with the variables greater number of shared spaces in which they participate and greater level of family participation. In the same way, for natural capital, a separation was observed between Family Typology 1, associated with the variables greater number of water sources, mainly due to the fact that a large part of these producers were in the mountain range zone, greater area in stubble, greater number of spaces used and more activities for consumption, such as plantations of plantain, cocoa, cassava and other subsistence crops and Family Typology 2 strongly associated with the variables greater number of trees in pastures and greater percentage of natural products. One of the most important capitals within the producers is the financial one, for which the following was observed: the first principal component-PC1, with a contribution of 43.7%, separates Typology 1 from the positive end of said component associated with the variable income from daily wages and income from subsidies, these families are the ones that generate the least amount of assets and through which they diversify their income that are not only dependent on livestockproduction as such, but also on other types of economic activities, of the Typology 2 to the negative extreme associated with the variables income from transfers, credits, income from formal employment and income from the sale ofprocessed products, such as cheese. The second main component-PC2, with a contribution of 24.4 %, groups Family Typology 3 strongly associated with the highest income from the sale of space-use products, These families, by owning a greater number of cattle heads, base a large part of their economy in said activity, but they diversify it with other types of income such as rubber crops, cocoa, pineapple, plantain, cassava, among others. Finally, the fundamental human needs-FHN can be defined as very similar for the three types of families studied, with slight adjustments in the basic needs for Typology 1, where food, health, shelter and security are classified as bad and regular. Although the situation does not vary much for Typology 2, but it does look better for Typology 3 in which satisfaction is good, except for security, everyone has the same perception, this is mainly due to the presence of certain illegal armed groups in the region. Regarding the needs of the person, the environment and action, there are no variations between the different types. Conclusions: Finally, it was possible to observe a high cultural tie that cattle ranchers have for this economic activity that is evidenced in human capital, where we see the number of people who directly depend on livestock and its derivatives. Also, in terms of financial capital, it can be observed that there is a great diversification of the income of families that not only depend on livestock, but also on income from formal employment, daily wages, loans and sales of other crops such as plantain, cassava, rubber and cocoa; In terms of social and natural capital, a good sustainable appropriation of environmental care and the participation of rural communities are observed. Finally, a low contribution to the fundamental human needs of the producing communities is denoted, this mainly due to the social and economic conditions of the region; In this sense, this study has repercussions as a first diagnosis in the management of the livelihoods of rural cattle-raising communities in the department of Caquetá.

ABSTRACT Currently, guiding studies on pregerminative treatments to accelerate the germination process of forest seeds is of great importance. The species Vismia baciifera is very important in reforestation programs, however, it has low germination capacity. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of pregerminative treatment with ultrasound on the germination of seeds of the species V. baccifera. A central composite design was carried out with the response surface methodology, using Design Expert version 12.0 software. 30 seeds with three replicates were used for the experimental condition, with the use of ultrasound with a frequency of 40 KHz. The variables considered were: ultrasonic bath time (1-10 min), water temperature in the bath (30-60 ºC) and germination percentage. The results demonstrated that the pregerminative treatment with ultrasound exerted a positive effect on the germination of V. baccifera seeds, with an increase in germination from 7.7 % to 67.8 % under the experimental conditions of 60 ºC and 5.9 min. This indicates the use of ultrasound as a pregerminative treatment to increase the germination of V. baccifera, which provides new incursion alternatives for forest species with low germination potential.

RESUMO Atualmente, é de grande importância orientar estudos sobre tratamentos pré-germinativos para acelerar o processo de germinação de sementes florestais. A espécie Vismia baciifera é muito importante em programas de reflorestamento, porém apresenta baixa capacidade germinativa. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do tratamento pré-germinativo com ultrassom na germinação de sementes da espécie V. baccifera. Foi realizado um planejamento composto central com a metodologia de superfície de resposta, utilizando o software Design Expert versão 12.0. Para a condição experimental foram utilizadas 30 sementes com três repetições, com uso de ultrassom com frequência de 40 KHz. As variáveis consideradas foram: tempo de banho ultrassônico (1-10 min), temperatura da água do banho (30-60 ºC) e porcentagem de germinação. Os resultados demonstraram que o tratamento pré-germinativo com ultrassom exerceu efeito positivo na germinação de sementes de V. baccifera, com aumento na germinação de 7,7 % para 67,8 % nas condições experimentais de 60 ºC e 5,9 min. Isso indica a utilização do ultrassom como tratamento pré-germinativo para aumentar a germinação de V. baccifera, o que proporciona novas alternativas de incursão para espécies florestais com baixo potencial germinativo.

RESUMEN En la actualidad orientar estudios sobre tratamientos pregerminativos para acelerar el proceso de germinación de semillas forestales es de gran importancia. La especie Vismia baciifera es muy importante en los programas de reforestación, sin embargo, posee baja capacidad germinativa. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto del tratamiento pregerminativo con ultrasonido sobre la germinación de semillas de la especie V. baccifera. Se realizó un diseño central compuesto con la metodología de superficie respuesta, mediante el software Design Expert versión 12.0. Se utilizaron 30 semillas con tres réplicas para condición experimental, con el uso de ultrasonido de frecuencia 40 KHz. Las variables consideradas fueron: tiempo del baño ultrasónico (1-10 min), temperatura del agua en el baño (30-60 ºC) y porcentaje de germinación. Los resultados demostraron que el tratamiento pregerminativo con ultrasonido ejerció un efecto positivo en la germinación de semillas de V. baccifera, con un incremento en la germinación de 7.7 % a 67.8 % bajo las condiciones experimentales de 60 ºC y 5.9 min. Esto indica el uso del ultrasonido como tratamiento pregerminativo para el incremento de la germinación de V. baccifera, lo que brinda nuevas alternativas de incursión para especies forestales con bajo potencial germinativo.

Abstract: The problem of hydraulic concrete in open channels stems from design factors, poor construction, and adverse weather conditions that make the concrete less durable and prone to developing surface defects that weaken its physical and mechanical strength. The study looked at the effect of cardboard ash (CC) and recycled ceramic (RC) on the physical and mechanical properties of hydraulic concrete. The research was of experimental design, which included tests of water absorption, permeability, compressive strength and flexural strength. Different combinations were used to replace cement in proportions of CC 1.5 % + RC 1 %, CC 3 % + RC 2 %, CC 4.5 % + RC 3 %, and CC 6 % + RC 4 %, which were then compared to the ASTM standard and a control sample. The results indicated a water absorption of 0.061 g/s and a permeability of 297.09 g/m2, both lower and lower. The highest mechanical strength at 7, 14 and 28 days reached compressive strengths of 191.75 ± 1.22 kg/cm2, 274.38 ± 3.06 kg/cm2, 323.34 ± 6.85 kg/cm2, and flexural resistance of 31.32 ± 0.04 kg/cm2, 33.23 ± 0.16 kg/cm2 and 35.76 ± 0.31 kg/cm2. It is concluded that the optimal combination for physical and mechanical tests is achieved with the combination of CC 3 % and CR 2 %; for a greater amount of CC and CR with respect to the optimal sample, the concrete tends to deteriorate and lose strength.

Resumen: El problema del concreto hidráulico en canales abiertos se deriva de factores de diseño, construcción deficiente y condiciones climatológicas adversas que hacen que el concreto sea menos duradero y propenso a desarrollar defectos superficiales que debilitan su resistencia física y mecánica. El estudio analizó el efecto de la ceniza de cartón (CC) y cerámica reciclada (RC) en las propiedades físicas y mecánicas del concreto hidráulico. La investigación fue de diseño experimental, que incluyó ensayos de absorción de agua, permeabilidad, resistencia a la compresión y resistencia a la flexión. Se utilizaron diferentes combinaciones para sustituir el cemento en proporciones de CC 1,5 % + RC 1 %, CC 3 % + RC 2 %, CC 4,5 % + RC 3 %, y CC 6 % + RC 4 %, que luego se compararon con la norma ASTM y una muestra control. Los resultados indicaron una absorción de agua de 0,061 g/s y una permeabilidad de 297,09 g/m2, ambas inferiores. Las mayores resistencias mecánicas a los 7, 14 y 28 días alcanzaron resistencias a compresión de 191,75 ± 1,22 kg/cm2, 274,38 ± 3,06 kg/cm2, 323,34 ± 6,85 kg/cm2, y resistencias a flexión de 31,32 ± 0,04 kg/cm2, 33,23 ± 0,16 kg/cm2 y 35,76 ± 0,31 kg/cm2. Se concluye que la combinación óptima para los ensayos físicos y mecánicos se consigue con la combinación de CC 3 % y RC 2 %; para una mayor cantidad de CC y RC respecto a la muestra óptima, el concreto tiende a deteriorarse y perder resistencia.

Hierdie artikel ondersoek twee aspekte wat die outentiekheid van 'n plaaslike regering raak, naamlik die antesedente en die gevolglikheid daarvan. 'n Begripsraamwerk en 'n sosiale ontologie van sorg van "plaaslike regering" is as teoretiese lense vir die ondersoek gebruik. Wat die antesedente van plaaslike regering betref (magtiging, inwoners, natuurlike en fisiese ligging, samewerkende regerings, en vermoëns), het Orania nie as gevolg van magtigende maatreëls soos die Grondwet en voortspruitende wetgewing ontstaan nie, maar as gevolg van 'n kultuurgemeenskap se strewe en gevolglike aankoop van 'n stuk grond. Anders as die inwoners van munisipaliteite in die res van Suid-Afrika het Orania se inwoners verblyfreg verkry op grond van hul onderskrywing van Orania se ontstaansredes. Die eiesoortige fisiese ligging van Orania is doelbewus deur die grondleggers gekies en is bepalend vir die voorsiening van energie, water en ander infrastruktuur-verwante dienste deur Orania Dorpsraad. Die dorpsadministrasie blyk voorts oor voldoende fondse, raadslede en amptenare te beskik om sy funksies uit te voer en sodoende 'n tuiste vir sy gemeenskap te skep. Wat die gevolglikheid van plaaslike regering betref (lewensgehalte, demokratiese en verantwoordelike regering, volhoubare dienslewering, maatskaplike en ekonomiese ontwikkeling, en veilige en gesonde omgewing) blyk die Orania inwonersgemeenskap goeie lewensgehalte te ervaar. Hulle blyk deurlopend betrokke te wees by verskeie gemeenskapsorganisasies, 'n demokratiese en verant-woordingspligtige Orania Verteenwoordigende Raad (OVR) en dorpsadministrasie. Voorts ontvang hulle volhoubare munisipale dienslewering, ervaar maatskaplike en ekonomiese ontwikkeling en leef in 'n veilige en gesonde omgewing. 'n Outentieke plaaslike regering blyk een te wees wat goed geïntegreer is met sy plaaslike gemeenskap en omsluitende wêrelde, voortdurend ongemaklik is met die hede, en met sorg, besorgdheid en sorgsaamheid daarop reageer. Orania is klaarblyklik só 'n plaaslike regering.

Local government is distinguished from other spheres of government based on its unique institutional characteristics, the local nature of its governmental functions, and the territorial delineation of its local jurisdiction. Despite being localised, local governments often fail to meet the specific needs of their residents. The implication is that they are not authentic local governments. This article examines two aspects that have an impact on the authenticity of a local government: the necessary conditions (antecedents) for and the consequences of an authentic local government. These aspects are considered through a case study of Orania as a non-typical instance of a South African local government. A conceptual framework and a social ontology of care are used as theoretical lenses to analyse and understand the antecedents and consequences of a local government. In the preceding article, it was reported that the case of Orania does indeed align with the characteristics associated with the concept of "local government". The antecedents of local government have been shown to be authorisation, residents, natural and physical location, cooperative governments, and capabilities. It appears that Orania did not originate due to authorising measures such as the Constitution and subsequent legislation. Instead, it came about because of a cultural community's aspirations and the subsequent acquisition of a piece of land while obtaining legal authorisation at a later stage by means of an order of the High Court. The residents of Orania do not seem to be accidental inhabitants; but are residents based on their alignment with Orania's founding principles. The unique physical location of Orania was deliberately chosen and plays a crucial role in the provision of energy, water, and other infrastructure-related services by the Orania Town Council and administration. The Town Council and its administration appear to have sufficient funds, competent and ethical council members and officials to carry out its functions and create a home for its community. Regarding the consequences of local government, the Orania community seems to experience a good quality of life while actively engaging in various community organisations, participating in the democratic election of an accountable Orania Representative Council (OVR) and Town Council, receiving sustainable municipal services, and witnessing social and economic development. Additionally, they enjoy a safe and healthy environment. An authentic local government is thus one that is integrally connected to its local community and the surrounding world. It continually grapples with present challenges and genuinely cares for its community and the world it inhabits. Orania, therefore, appears to embody the characteristics of a local government.

ABSTRACT The software CIRS (Crop Irrigation Requirement and Scheduling) was developed to calculate the irrigation management of some crops produced in Guyana. The programming language used was Visual Basic within the Visual Studio platform. The interface was designed so that the user interacts with the software in a simple way. The program code was based on the classic irrigation management calculation procedure, but using single crop coefficients adjusted to the agro-meteorological conditions of Guyana, and estimating the physical properties of the soil according to texture, by mean a mathematical model recommended for use in the country. As a result, irrigation management parameters are obtained with greater precision to supply the water requirements of Guyana's agricultural crops.

RESUMEN Se elaboró el software CIRS (Crop Irrigation Requirement and Scheduling) para el cálculo del manejo de riego de algunos cultivos producidos en Guyana. El lenguaje de programación que se utilizó fue Visual Basic dentro de la plataforma Visual Studio. La interfaz fue diseñada para que el usuario interactúe con el software de manera sencilla. El código del programa se basó en el procedimiento clásico de cálculo del manejo del riego, pero utilizando coeficientes únicos de cultivo ajustados a las condiciones agro-meteorológicas de Guyana, y estimando las propiedades físicas del suelo según la textura, mediante un modelo matemático recomendado para usarlo en el país. Como resultado, se obtienen parámetros de manejo de riego con mayor precisión para satisfacer las demandas de agua de los cultivos agrícolas de Guyana.

RESUMEN Antecedentes. El índice de calidad del agua (ICA) es una herramienta práctica y útil para estimar la calidad de los cuerpos de agua, este método se ha utilizado en muchos países. Objetivos. Evaluar la calidad del agua de la cuenca del río Ayuquila-Armería, con base en dos categorías de posible uso del recurso agua, uso en riego agrícola, protección de la vida acuática y uso potable. Métodos. Se realizó el análisis de variables físicas y químicas, análisis de metales pesados y nutrientes y la caracterización de aniones y cationes; además se complementaron las variables con la utilización de un índice de integridad biótica basado en familias de macroinvertebrados acuáticos, para estimar la contaminación orgánica y la determinación de coliformes fecales, en los cuarenta sitios de muestreo a lo largo de la parte alta, media y baja de la cuenca. Resultados. De los cuarenta sitios, la calidad del agua para uso en riego agrícola presento rangos del ICA de condiciones regulares (35%), buenas (27.5%) y excelentes (37.5 %). En cuanto a la comparación realizada para la calidad del agua para protección de la vida acuática y uso potable, se encontró que ocho sitios (44.4%) presenta condiciones de mala calidad, otros ocho sitios (44.4%) presentan buena calidad y solo dos sitios (11.11%) una condición de calidad excelente. Conclusiones. Para el uso de agua en riego agrícola no se encuentra ningún sitio que presente mala calidad del recurso, además mediante la utilización de diferentes parámetros relacionados con la agricultura se puede asegurar que no existe riesgo de pérdida o daño en cultivos por utilizar el agua para irrigación. Para el caso de la calidad del agua en cuanto a la protección de la vida acuática y uso potable, en general la cuenca presenta malas condiciones. En este sentido los organismos acuáticos están sufriendo afectaciones tanto en su hábitat como en las condiciones fisicoquímicas que pueden menguar sus poblaciones, por otra parte, las comunidades humanas cercanas a los cauces hídricos serán más susceptibles a tener problemas relacionados con la salud.

ABSTRACT Background. The water quality index (ICA) is a practical and useful tool to estimate the quality of water bodies, this method has been used in many countries. Goals. Evaluate the water quality of the Ayuquila-Armería river basin, based on two categories of possible use of the water resource, use in agricultural irrigation, protection of aquatic life and drinking use. Methods. The analysis of physical and chemical variables, analysis of heavy metals and nutrients and the characterization of anions and cations were carried out; In addition, the variables were complemented with the use of a biotic integrity index based on families of aquatic macroinvertebrates, to estimate organic contamination and the determination of fecal coliforms, in the forty sampling sites along the upper, middle, and lower part. of the basin. Results. Of the forty sites, the quality of the water for use in agricultural irrigation presented ICA ranges of regular (35%), good (27.5%) and excellent (37.5%) conditions. Regarding the comparison made for the quality of water for the protection of aquatic life and drinking use, it was found that eight sites (44.4%) present poor-quality conditions, another eight sites (44.4%) present good quality and only two sites (11.11%) an excellent quality condition. Conclusions. For the use of water in agricultural irrigation, there is no site that presents poor quality of the resource, in addition, by using different parameters related to agriculture, it can be ensured that there is no risk of loss or damage to crops by using water for irrigation. In the case of water quality in terms of the protection of aquatic life and potable use, in general the basin presents poor conditions. In this sense, aquatic organisms are suffering effects both in their habitat and in the physicochemical conditions that can decrease their populations, on the other hand, human communities near watercourses will be more susceptible to health-related problems.

Resumen Marca-Zevallos, M. J.; W. Galiano, R. Chevarría, G. Sebastián, K. Huamani, J. A. Ochoa & J. Mendoza. 2024. Influencia de factores ambientales en la composición de macrofitas acuáticas en lagos (cochas) de la Amazonía sur del Perú. Darwiniana, nueva serie 12(1): 170-191. La riqueza y composición de macrofitas acuáticas está influenciada por la morfometría y las condiciones físicas y químicas del cuerpo acuático. Sin embargo, el efecto de estos factores en las comunidades vegetales no ha sido corroborado para los lagos con forma de herradura o comúnmente llamados como “cochas” de la Amazonía peruana. En el presente estudio se evaluó 10 cochas desconectadas del curso principal del río en la Amazonia Sur del Perú para conocer 1) la riqueza de macrofitas acuáticas, 2) su forma de vida y 3) la influencia del área y la profundidad del cuerpo acuático, la transparencia, pH, oxígeno disuelto, sólidos totales disueltos y la temperatura del agua en la riqueza y en los cambios de la composición de especies. Se reportó 68 taxones, donde Cyperaceae y Poaceae fueron las familias más diversas. Además, las formas de vida predominantes fueron las emergentes (47,1 %) y anfibias (36,8 %). Finalmente, se encontró que cochas con mayor área, pH y oxígeno disuelto, a la vez, con menor temperatura, abrigan una mayor riqueza de especies y favorecen el establecimiento de especies estrictamente acuáticas, indicando que existe un recambio de especies a lo largo de la gradiente conformada por la asociación de estas variables. Estos resultados demuestran que la Amazonía sur del Perú posee una importante riqueza de macrofitas acuáticas que está asociada al área, pH, oxígeno disuelto y temperatura del cuerpo acuático.

Abstract. Marca-Zevallos, M. J.; W. Galiano, R. Chevarría, G. Sebastián, K. Huamani, J. A. Ochoa & J. Mendoza. 2024. Influence of environmental factors on aquatic macrophytes composition in oxbow lakes in the Southern Peruvian Amazon. Darwiniana, nueva serie 12(1): 170-191. Species richness and composition of aquatic macrophytes are influenced by morphometry and physical and chemical conditions of the aquatic body. However, the influence of these variables has not been confirmed for oxbow lakes or commonly called “cochas” in the Peruvian Amazon. 10 cochas disconnected from the main course of the river were investigated in the Southern Amazon of Peru to know 1) the species richness of aquatic macrophytes, 2) their life form, and 3) the influence of area and depth of the water body and, transparency, pH, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, and temperature of the water on species richness and composition changes of aquatic macrophytes. 68 taxa were reported, where Cyperaceae and Poaceae were the most diverse families. Moreover, he predominant life forms were emergent (47,1 %) and amphibian (36,8 %). Finally, cochas with greater area, pH, and dissolved oxygen, at the same time, with lower temperature, shelter a higher species richness and favour strictly aquatic species establishment, indicating that exists a species turnover along the conformed gradient by the association of these variables. These results demonstrate that southern Amazon of Peru has an important aquatic macrophytes richness that is associated with area, pH, dissolved oxygen, and temperature of the aquatic body.

RESUMEN Los suelos con condiciones apropiadas de agua y aire mejoran la actividad microbiológica, pero la agricultura frecuentemente deteriora las condiciones físicas del suelo, lo que perjudica la supervivencia de los microbios. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la relación entre las condiciones físicas del suelo y la actividad microbiológica, bajo diferentes sistemas de uso y manejo agrícola en clima tropical cálido de Colombia. Para evaluar las condiciones físicas del suelo, se midieron la densidad aparente (Bd), la porosidad total (Pt), la macroporosidad (MPt), el contenido de agua, la temperatura y la resistencia mecánica a la penetración (MPR), en suelo superficial (0 a 10 cm) en tres sistemas de manejo: arroz irrigado (IR), pasto (P) y bosque nativo con cacao (FC). Se midió el carbono de la biomasa microbiana (C-MB), la presencia de bacterias y hongos. Se determinó el carbono orgánico del suelo (COS) para calcular el cociente microbiológico (MQ). El C-MB fue significativamente mayor en FC (132,25) y P (148,11), pero menor en IR (41,61). No se observaron diferencias significativas entre los sistemas de uso del suelo en el conteo de bacterias y el conteo de hongos. El MQ (0,44) fue mayor en IR (0,22), revelando un efecto significativo del sistema de uso del suelo sobre la actividad microbiológica. La menor intervención antrópica y la cobertura vegetal permanente, como FC y P, potencian los microorganismos, evidenciados por un mayor contenido de C-MB, que se correlaciona con el Bd y el MPt del suelo. La abundancia de bacterias y hongos es afectada por las condiciones físicas, especialmente por Pt y MPt. Sin embargo, los hongos sobreviven mejor con menor contenido de agua, existiendo un efecto diferenciado de las condiciones físicas del suelo.

ABSTRACT Soils with appropriate water and air conditions improve microbiological activity, but agriculture frequently deteriorates soil's physical requirements and impairs microbes' survival. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between physical soil conditions and microbiological activity under different agricultural use and management systems in the warm tropical climate of Colombia. To evaluate physical soil conditions, bulk density (Bd), total porosity (Pt), macroporosity (MPt), water content, temperature, and mechanical penetration resistance (MPR) were measured on surface soil (0 to 10 cm) at three different use and management systems: irrigated rice (IR), pasture (P) and native forest with cacao (FC). The measured biological properties were the carbon of microbial biomass (C-MB) and the presence of bacteria and fungi. Soil organic carbon (SOC) was determined to calculate the microbiological quotient (MQ). The C-MB was significantly higher in FC (132.25) and P (148.11) but lower in IR (41.61). No significant differences were observed between the soil use system in the count of bacteria and fungi. The MQ (0.44) was higher in IR (0.22), revealing a significant effect of the soil use system on microbiological activity. Less anthropic intervention and permanent plant covers, such as FC and P, enhance microorganism's survival, evidenced by higher C-MB content, correlated with soil Bd and MPt. The abundance of bacteria and fungi in the soil is affected by the physical conditions, primarily by Pt and MPt. However, fungi survive better with less water content, existing a differentiated effect of the physical conditions of the soil.

Stress is a condition that affects or even inhibits growth, development and metabolism in plants. The type of stress, duration of application and severity also affect plants significantly. In this study, the weekly responses of Narince, a wine grape variety, to high temperature stress (HTS) in in vitro conditions were followed and stress was applied in two different periods, for 12 and 18 hours at 40°C. Some growth development (viability, fresh shoot weight, dry shoot weight, number of leaves, shoot length), physiological (ion flow and relative water content (RWC)) and biochemical (malondialdehyde (MDA)) analyses were done, with weekly follow-ups after the applications. In addition, the damage was graded visually. At the end of the application of both stresses, the percentage viability rate started to decrease. This rate decreased more slowly during HTS for 12 hours, while a faster decrease was observed in HTS for 18 hours. The number of healthy plants to be evaluated could not be reached after the fourth week. Growth and development parameters - fresh shoot weight (g), dry shoot weight (g) and shoot length (mm) - decreased after both stress applications, and these values were found to be statistically significant. After 12 hours of HTS application, the highest MDA value was determined at 0.274 nmol in the sixth week, while the lowest MDA value was determined in the first week, at 0.137 nmol. After 18 hours of HTS application, the highest MDA value was determined in the fourth week, at 0.263 nmol, while the lowest MDA value of 0.103 nmol was determined in the first week.

Resumen Muchas especies forestales del Matorral Espinoso Tamaulipeco (MET) presentan problemas de germinación de sus semillas que limitan la propagación de planta en vivero para su uso en los proyectos de restauración o reforestación. El objetivo de este estudio fue definir los tratamientos que promueven la germinación en semillas de cinco especies del MET con latencia física. Las especies estudiadas fueron: Ebenopsis ebano, Havardia pallens, Parkinsonia aculeata, Prosopis laevigata y Vachellia farnesiana. Se recolectó semilla en poblaciones naturales y de individuos fenotípicamente superiores. Se examinaron tratamientos de escarificación que consistieron en diferentes tiempos de inmersión en peróxido de hidrógeno, agua hirviendo y ácido sulfúrico, además de un tratamiento testigo. El ensayo se realizó en cajas Petri con papel filtro dentro de una cámara de germinación en condiciones controladas de humedad y temperatura. Se utilizó un diseño experimental completamente al azar con cuatro repeticiones de 50 semillas por especie. La germinación se contabilizó durante 16 días considerando la emergencia de la radícula de 1 cm de longitud. Se determinó el porcentaje de germinación y se construyeron curvas de germinación acumulada. Se realizó un análisis de varianza y las medias se compararon con la prueba de Tukey a un nivel de significancia de 0.05. Hubo diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos en todas las especies evaluadas. Cada tratamiento tuvo un efecto diferente en función de la especie, destacándose que en la mayoría como es el caso de E. ebano, H. pallens, P. laevigata y V. farnesiana funcionaron los tratamientos con ácido sulfúrico, pero con diferente tiempo de inmersión (5 o 25 min). En P. aculeata la germinación se incrementó sumergiendo las semillas en agua hirviendo durante 5 minutos. Estos resultados tienen implicaciones prácticas para mejorar el manejo de las semillas de las especies estudiadas en los proyectos de restauración o reforestación en el MET.

Abstract Many forest species of the Tamaulipan Thornscrub (MET) present seed germination problems that limit seedling propagation in nurseries for use in restoration or reforestation projects. The objective of this study was to define the treatments that promote germination in seeds of five MET species with physical dormancy. The species studied were: Ebenopsis ebano, Havardia pallens, Parkinsonia aculeata, Prosopis laevigata and Vachellia farnesiana. Seed was collected from natural populations and from phenotypically superior individuals. Scarification treatments consisting of different immersion times in hydrogen peroxide, boiling water and sulfuric acid were examined, in addition to a control treatment. The trial was carried out in Petri dishes with filter paper inside a germination chamber under controlled conditions of humidity and temperature. A completely randomized experimental design was used with four replicates of 50 seeds per species. Germination was counted for 16 days considering the emergence of the 1 cm long radicle. The germination percentage was determined, and cumulative germination curves were constructed. Analysis of variance was performed, and means were compared with Tukey's test at 0.05 significance level. There were significant differences among treatments in all species evaluated. Each treatment had a different effect depending on the species, highlighting that in most of them, as is the case of E. ebano, H. pallens, P. laevigata and V. farnesiana, the treatments with sulfuric acid worked, but with different immersion times (5 or 25 min). In P. aculeata germination was increased by immersing the seeds in boiling water for 5 min. These results have practical implications for improving seed management of the species studied in restoration or reforestation projects in the MET.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the duplicity and synergism of slow drying and storage processes at low temperatures, using a refrigerated room under suitable conditions for coffee fruit just after harvest. A cold room was prepared to receive and store coffee fruit in bulk directly from the field, perform slow drying, and maintain water content at approximately 12% during three months of storage. The room operated at temperatures between 7 and 14 ºC and relative humidity between 37 and 41%. The coffee variety used was the Conilon Yellow 62. The initial water content reduction period from 54% (wb) to 12% (wb) was two months. For comparison, coffee harvested from the same batch was dried on a covered suspended bed. Results showed that the coffee dried and stored in the cold room received a sensory score of 86.41, while that dried on a suspended bed obtained a sensory score of 84.16. Moreover, the coffee dried and stored in the cold room had a higher energy content. Colorimetric analysis showed that the dried grains stored in the cold room had a reduction in the "a" coordinate, indicating an approximation to the green color. The cold room also allowed for extended storage of the coffee grains. harvest field 12 1 3 41 41% 62 54 wb (wb comparison 8641 86 86.41 8416 84 16 84.16 Moreover "a coordinate color 4 6 5 864 8 86.4 841 84.1 86. 84.

Abstract This study investigated the impact of ‘storage condition’ and ‘period of storage’ on selected physico-mechanical properties and fracture reliability of a resin-based composite (RBC). Specimens, prepared from a nanofilled RBC (Filtek Z350 XT; 3M ESPE), underwent tests for degree of conversion (DC), flexural strength (σ), flexural modulus (E), and hardness. The specimens were initially grouped into dry storage at 37°C or wet storage in distilled water at 37°C. Subsequently, they were further divided into four subgroups based on the period of storage: 6, 24, 72, or 168 hours. Specimens tested immediately after preparation served as control. Data analysis employed two-way ANOVA and Weibull analysis (α = 5%). Compared to the control, an increase in DC was observed only after 72 hours of dry storage; σ showed higher values after both dry and wet storage, regardless of the storage period (except for the group wet-stored for 168 hours); E increased with dry storage for at least 24 hours or wet storage for 72 hours; and hardness increased after dry storage for at least 24 hours or wet storage for up to 72 hours. The Weibull modulus remained unchanged under any of the distinct storage conditions. Dry storage resulted in greater characteristic strength than the control, whereas wet storage contributed to higher strength values only at shorter periods (up to 24 hours). Overall, the inherent properties of RBCs with a similar composition to that tested in this study may change with varying storage conditions and periods. condition physicomechanical physico mechanical resinbased resin RBC. . (RBC) Filtek Z Z35 XT M ESPE, ESPE , ESPE) DC, (DC) σ, (σ) E, (E) 37C C 37 Subsequently 6 16 control twoway two way α 5%. 5 5% 5%) 7 except wetstored stored hours) 2 Overall (RBC Z3 (DC (σ (E 3 1

RESUMO: A crescente demanda por água de coco tem ocasionado a expansão do cultivo de coqueiro-anão-verde irrigado, no entanto, o uso ineficiente da água tem contribuído com a degradação e desperdício dos recursos hídricos, tornando fundamental estudos que visem otimizar o uso da água. Objetivou-se determinar a produtividade física e a produtividade da água do coqueiro-anão-verde, nas condições climáticas de Santa Izabel do Pará, leste da Amazônia, Brasil. O experimento foi realizado no período de 2020 a 2021, em um plantio de coqueiro-anão-verde em espaçamento 7,5 m x 7,5 m em triângulo, na Fazenda Reunidas Sococo, apresentando uma área de aproximadamente 7 ha. A produtividade da água (PA) foi determinada tanto em termos de produção de frutos (PAf) como de produção de água de coco (PAac), através da relação da produtividade de frutos (biomassa do fruto e volume de água) com a evapotranspiração acumulada. O coqueiro-anão apresentou uma produção total de 105 e de 186 frutos planta-1 e de 37 e de 62 L planta-1 de água de coco nos anos de 2020 e 2021. A evapotranspiração total foi de 56,2 m³ (2020) e 53,2 m-3 (2021). A PAf foi de 1,87 frutos m-3 (2020) e 2,94 frutos m-3 (2021) e a PAac de 0,66 L m-3 (2020) e 0,98 L m-3 (2021). RESUMO coqueiroanãoverde coqueiro anão verde irrigado entanto hídricos Objetivouse Objetivou se coqueiroanãoverde, verde, Pará Amazônia Brasil 202 2021 75 5 7, triângulo Sococo ha PA (PA (PAf PAac, , (PAac) biomassa acumulada coqueiroanão 10 18 planta1 planta 1 planta- 3 6 562 56 2 56, (2020 532 53 53, m3 m- . 187 87 1,8 294 94 2,9 (2021 066 0 66 0,6 098 98 0,9 20 (PAac (202 8 1, 29 9 2, 06 0, 09 (20 (2 (

ABSTRACT: The growing demand for coconut water has led to the expansion of irrigated green dwarf coconut cultivation; however, the inefficient use of water has contributed to the degradation and waste of water resources, making fundamental studies aiming to optimize the use of water. The objective of this study was to determine the physical productivity and water productivity of green dwarf coconut palms under the climatic conditions of Santa Izabel do Pará, eastern Amazonia, Brazil. The experiment was carried out from 2020 to 2021, in a green dwarf coconut plantation spaced 7.5 m x 7.5 m in a triangle, at Fazenda Reunidas Sococo, with an area of approximately 7 ha. Water productivity (WP) was determined both in terms of fruit production (WPf) and coconut water production (WPca), through the relationship of fruit productivity (fruit biomass and water volume) with accumulated evapotranspiration. The dwarf coconut tree presented a total production of 105 and 186 fruits plant-1 and 37 and 62 L plant-1 of coconut water in the years 2020 and 2021. The largest volumes of water and the highest weights occurred during the wettest season. WPf was of 1.87 fruits m-3 (2020) and 2.94 fruits m-3 (2021) and WPca 0.66 L m-3 (2020) and 0.98 L m-3 (2021). ABSTRACT cultivation however resources Pará Amazonia Brazil 202 2021 75 5 7. triangle Sococo ha WP (WP (WPf WPca, , (WPca) volume evapotranspiration 10 18 plant1 plant 1 plant- 3 6 season 187 87 1.8 m3 m- (2020 294 2 94 2.9 (2021 066 0 66 0.6 098 98 0.9 . 20 (WPca 8 1. (202 29 9 2. 06 0. 09 (20 (2 (