Groundwater is considered an important source of water aid for human consumption. However, this water can be contaminated by impurities, such contamination spots that might reach the water tables. The aim of this study was to investigate the quality of shallow groundwater in Flores neighborhood, located in the municipality of Benevides, within Belém metropolitan region, State of Pará, Brazil. Recommendations described in Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater were followed at the time to determine physical-chemical parameters such as potential hydrogen (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), apparent color, turbidity, total hardness (TH), ions and trace elements. Multivariate statistical analysis has shown that most predictive water-quality parameters set for human consumption are associated with natural events involving weathering and leaching processes. Nevertheless, parameters of nitrate, phosphate, EC, TDS and pH are also influenced by anthropic conditions in the surroundings, mainly phosphate and nitrate ions. Therefore, it can be concluded that shallow groundwaters in Flores neighborhood are unsuitable for human consumption, making it necessary for municipal public authorities to take action to solve the problem of water shortage in the borough, thus preventing the population from use those shallow groundwaters, as their consumption can bring health problems. However impurities tables Benevides region Pará Brazil physicalchemical physical chemical pH, , (pH) EC (EC) TDS, (TDS) color turbidity TH, TH (TH) elements waterquality processes Nevertheless surroundings Therefore borough problems (pH (EC (TDS (TH

ABSTRACT Forage soybean (Neonotonia wightii) is a legume frequently used as a cover crop in field crops. However, as a species of the Phaseoloideae subfamily, it is characterized by the physical latency of the seed, which makes it difficult to obtain a high, homogeneous, and rapid germination. The aim of the present study was to determine which method of scarification stimulates the germination process to a greater extent. The following immersion times were evaluated: 5 to 20 minutes in 98% sulfuric acid, 24 hours in 5.4% sodium hypochlorite, water, and gibberellic acid [100 ppm], 15 minutes of treatment with sandpaper and the combination of these last two. They were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design, where eight treatments and a control were evaluated, with three replicates each and 200 seeds as experimental units, subjected to controlled conditions (germination chambers at constant temperatures and a relative humidity of 27 °C and 70%, respectively) during the spring of 2022. The results were favorable, a high germination percentage was obtained from seeds subjected to a 20-minute immersion time in sulfuric acid (90% germination and an average of six germinated seeds per day) and this was significantly higher than the rest, making it an effective method to break the physical latency of the seeds, as it removes the impermeable cover allowing inhibition and consequently the activation of the seed's metabolism.

RESUMEN La soja forrajera (Neonotonia wightii) es una leguminosa frecuentemente utilizada como cubierta en cultivos de campo. Sin embargo, al ser una especie de la subfamilia Phaseoloideae, se caracteriza por la latencia física de la semilla, lo que dificulta obtener una germinación alta, homogénea y rápida. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar cuál método de escarificación estimula en mayor medida el proceso de germinación, se evaluaron tiempos de inmersión desde los 5 hasta los 20 minutos en ácido sulfúrico (98%), 24 horas en inmersión en hipoclorito de sodio (5,4%), agua y ácido giberélico [100 ppm], 15 minutos con lija y el combinado de estas dos últimas, las cuales fueron distribuidas en un diseño experimental completamente al azar, donde se evaluaron ocho tratamientos y un testigo, tres repeticiones cada uno y 200 semillas como unidades experimentales, sometidas en condiciones controladas (cámaras de germinación a temperaturas y humedad relativa constantes de 27 °C y 70%, respectivamente) durante la primavera del 2022. Los resultados fueron favorables, un alto porcentaje de germinación se obtuvo de las semillas sometidas a un tiempo de inmersión de 20 minutos en ácido sulfúrico (90% de germinación y un promedio de germinación de seis semillas germinadas por día) y fue significativamente mayor que el resto. Este método resulta efectivo para romper la latencia física de las semillas, debido a la remoción de la cubierta impermeable, permitiendo la inhibición en agua y consecuentemente la activación del metabolismo de la semilla.

ABSTRACT The software CIRS (Crop Irrigation Requirement and Scheduling) was developed to calculate the irrigation management of some crops produced in Guyana. The programming language used was Visual Basic within the Visual Studio platform. The interface was designed so that the user interacts with the software in a simple way. The program code was based on the classic irrigation management calculation procedure, but using single crop coefficients adjusted to the agro-meteorological conditions of Guyana, and estimating the physical properties of the soil according to texture, by mean a mathematical model recommended for use in the country. As a result, irrigation management parameters are obtained with greater precision to supply the water requirements of Guyana's agricultural crops.

RESUMEN Se elaboró el software CIRS (Crop Irrigation Requirement and Scheduling) para el cálculo del manejo de riego de algunos cultivos producidos en Guyana. El lenguaje de programación que se utilizó fue Visual Basic dentro de la plataforma Visual Studio. La interfaz fue diseñada para que el usuario interactúe con el software de manera sencilla. El código del programa se basó en el procedimiento clásico de cálculo del manejo del riego, pero utilizando coeficientes únicos de cultivo ajustados a las condiciones agro-meteorológicas de Guyana, y estimando las propiedades físicas del suelo según la textura, mediante un modelo matemático recomendado para usarlo en el país. Como resultado, se obtienen parámetros de manejo de riego con mayor precisión para satisfacer las demandas de agua de los cultivos agrícolas de Guyana.

Hierdie artikel ondersoek twee aspekte wat die outentiekheid van 'n plaaslike regering raak, naamlik die antesedente en die gevolglikheid daarvan. 'n Begripsraamwerk en 'n sosiale ontologie van sorg van "plaaslike regering" is as teoretiese lense vir die ondersoek gebruik. Wat die antesedente van plaaslike regering betref (magtiging, inwoners, natuurlike en fisiese ligging, samewerkende regerings, en vermoëns), het Orania nie as gevolg van magtigende maatreëls soos die Grondwet en voortspruitende wetgewing ontstaan nie, maar as gevolg van 'n kultuurgemeenskap se strewe en gevolglike aankoop van 'n stuk grond. Anders as die inwoners van munisipaliteite in die res van Suid-Afrika het Orania se inwoners verblyfreg verkry op grond van hul onderskrywing van Orania se ontstaansredes. Die eiesoortige fisiese ligging van Orania is doelbewus deur die grondleggers gekies en is bepalend vir die voorsiening van energie, water en ander infrastruktuur-verwante dienste deur Orania Dorpsraad. Die dorpsadministrasie blyk voorts oor voldoende fondse, raadslede en amptenare te beskik om sy funksies uit te voer en sodoende 'n tuiste vir sy gemeenskap te skep. Wat die gevolglikheid van plaaslike regering betref (lewensgehalte, demokratiese en verantwoordelike regering, volhoubare dienslewering, maatskaplike en ekonomiese ontwikkeling, en veilige en gesonde omgewing) blyk die Orania inwonersgemeenskap goeie lewensgehalte te ervaar. Hulle blyk deurlopend betrokke te wees by verskeie gemeenskapsorganisasies, 'n demokratiese en verant-woordingspligtige Orania Verteenwoordigende Raad (OVR) en dorpsadministrasie. Voorts ontvang hulle volhoubare munisipale dienslewering, ervaar maatskaplike en ekonomiese ontwikkeling en leef in 'n veilige en gesonde omgewing. 'n Outentieke plaaslike regering blyk een te wees wat goed geïntegreer is met sy plaaslike gemeenskap en omsluitende wêrelde, voortdurend ongemaklik is met die hede, en met sorg, besorgdheid en sorgsaamheid daarop reageer. Orania is klaarblyklik só 'n plaaslike regering.

Local government is distinguished from other spheres of government based on its unique institutional characteristics, the local nature of its governmental functions, and the territorial delineation of its local jurisdiction. Despite being localised, local governments often fail to meet the specific needs of their residents. The implication is that they are not authentic local governments. This article examines two aspects that have an impact on the authenticity of a local government: the necessary conditions (antecedents) for and the consequences of an authentic local government. These aspects are considered through a case study of Orania as a non-typical instance of a South African local government. A conceptual framework and a social ontology of care are used as theoretical lenses to analyse and understand the antecedents and consequences of a local government. In the preceding article, it was reported that the case of Orania does indeed align with the characteristics associated with the concept of "local government". The antecedents of local government have been shown to be authorisation, residents, natural and physical location, cooperative governments, and capabilities. It appears that Orania did not originate due to authorising measures such as the Constitution and subsequent legislation. Instead, it came about because of a cultural community's aspirations and the subsequent acquisition of a piece of land while obtaining legal authorisation at a later stage by means of an order of the High Court. The residents of Orania do not seem to be accidental inhabitants; but are residents based on their alignment with Orania's founding principles. The unique physical location of Orania was deliberately chosen and plays a crucial role in the provision of energy, water, and other infrastructure-related services by the Orania Town Council and administration. The Town Council and its administration appear to have sufficient funds, competent and ethical council members and officials to carry out its functions and create a home for its community. Regarding the consequences of local government, the Orania community seems to experience a good quality of life while actively engaging in various community organisations, participating in the democratic election of an accountable Orania Representative Council (OVR) and Town Council, receiving sustainable municipal services, and witnessing social and economic development. Additionally, they enjoy a safe and healthy environment. An authentic local government is thus one that is integrally connected to its local community and the surrounding world. It continually grapples with present challenges and genuinely cares for its community and the world it inhabits. Orania, therefore, appears to embody the characteristics of a local government.

ABSTRACT Aggregate stability (EA) is the best soil physical health indicator. However, its determination is complex and time-consuming, which discourages its frequent use. Other proposed indicators are either the mean weighted diameter change between capillary wetting (MC) and aggressive wetting (MV) (∆DMPMC-MV), which requires six water sieving, or the normalized stability index (IEN), which also requires a correction by sand size. This study aimed to evaluate simpler and quicker soil parameters as EA indicators. Soil samples were taken at 0-20 cm from Entisols with sandy loam surface texture of San Luis Province (Argentina) under four soil uses. The IEN, the ∆DMPMC-MV, aggregate mean weight diameter after MV (DMPMV, three sievings), the change of macroaggregate (2000-8000 µm, MA) mass between MC and MV (∆masaMAMC-MV, two sievings), and the MA mass after MV (masaMAMV, one sieving) were determined. The IEN was not able to differentiate the four soil uses assessed. The ∆DMPMC-MV was closely related to ∆masaMAMC-MV (R2=0,99), allowing to reduce the number of water sievings from six to two. However, neither ∆DMPMC-MV nor ∆masaMAMC-MV significantly reflected the effect of soil use, since they presented a high variability and negative values that hinder their interpretation. The DMPMV is a good indicator of EA and its use would allow to reduce the number of water sievings to three. However, DMPMV was very closely related to masaMAMV (R2=0,99). Thus, EA could be determined through the stability of MA measured through masaMAMV, which requires only one water sieving. This would encourage soil physical health monitoring. Nevertheless, it is necessary to continue the research considering a greater range of edaphoclimatic conditions.

RESUMEN La estabilidad de agregados (EA) es el mejor indicador de salud física del suelo. No obstante, su determinación es compleja e insume mucho tiempo, lo que desalienta su uso frecuente. El cambio de diámetro medio ponderado entre un mojado por capilaridad (MC) y un mojado violento (MV) (∆DMPMC-MV) que demanda seis tamizados en agua, y el índice de estabilidad normalizado (IEN) que requiere, además, una corrección por tamaño de arenas, son indicadores de la EA propuestos. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar parámetros más sencillos y rápidos de obtener como indicadores de la EA. Se tomaron muestras de suelo en 0-20 cm en cuatro usos del suelo en Entisoles con textura superficial franco arenosa de la Provincia de San Luis (Argentina). Se determinaron el IEN, ∆DMPMC-MV, el diámetro medio ponderado del MV (DMPMV, tres tamizados), el cambio de masa de macroagregados (2000-8000 µm, MA) entre el MC y el MV (∆masaMAMCMV, dos tamizados) y la masa de MA del MV (masaMAMV, un tamizado). El IEN presentó un dudoso desempeño para diferenciar entre usos del suelo. El ∆DMPMC-MV se relacionó estrechamente con el ∆masaMAMC-MV (R2=0,99), permitiendo reducir el número de tamizados a dos. No obstante, ni ∆DMPMC-MV ni ∆masaMAMC-MV reflejaron significativamente el efecto del uso del suelo, y presentaron gran variabilidad y valores negativos que dificultan su interpretación. El DMPMV es un buen indicador de la EA y su uso permitiría reducir el número de tamizados en agua a tres. Sin embargo, DMPMV se relacionó muy estrechamente con la masaMAMV (R2=0,99). Así, la EA se podría determinar mediante la estabilidad de los MA medida a través de la masa-MAMV que requiere de sólo un tamizado en agua. Esto alentaría el monitoreo de la salud física del suelo. No obstante, es necesario continuar la investigación en un mayor rango de condiciones edafoclimáticas.

IrO2 is a current state-of-the-art catalyst for polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolyser (PEMWE) applications due to its high stability during the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). However, its activity needs to be significantly improved to justify the use of such a high-cost material. In this study, the activity of the IrO2 catalyst was improved by optimising and comparing two synthesis methods: the modified Adams fusion method (MAFM) and the molten salt method (MSM). Optimum OER performances of the IrO2 catalysts synthesised with the two synthesis methods were obtained at different temperatures. For the MAFM, a synthesis temperature of 350 °C produced the IrO2 catalyst with an overpotential of 279 mV and the highest OER stability of ~82 h at 10 mAcm-2. However, for the MSM, the lowest overpotential of 271 mV was observed for IrO2 synthesised at 350 °C, while the highest stability of ~75 h was obtained for the IrO2 synthesised at 500 °C. SIGNIFICANCE: IrO2 is still currently a state-of-the-art catalyst in PEMWE due to its high stability in the highly acidic and oxidising conditions of the OER. High-performance IrO2 catalysts were successfully produced via the MAFM and MSM. Both the MAFM and MSM are simple and easily scalable for high-volume production of metal oxide catalysts. This study showed that the physical/structural properties of the IrO2 catalysts can be tailored through synthesis methods and synthesis conditions to improve their OER performance.

Abstract Considering the cooperative sector capabilities in organizing rural people, primarily focusing on empowering manpower and adopting a sustainable approach to basic resources (water and soil), village-cooperative initiative has emerged as a new concept by registering and forming 4565 new cooperatives in Iran’s rural regions. The present research which was conducted in two qualitative and quantitative phases designed a new model by integrating the new village-cooperative approach along with the sustainable livelihood’s framework theory. The study sample of the qualitative phase included 32 theorists of the village-cooperative initiative. To analyze the data, the grounded theory and three-step process of open coding, axial coding and selective coding were used using MAXqda18 software. Finally, a paradigm model was designed whose most important components included causal conditions (shocks and seasonal conditions), contextual conditions (trends and governmental support), intervening conditions (control and market development), central categories (sustainable livelihoods with a village- cooperative approach), strategies (coping and adaptation) and consequences (creating jobs, establishing cooperatives, supporting smart agriculture and strengthening social capital). The statistical quantitative phase population consisted of cooperatives members in the village-cooperative initiative (N=405), being selected through Cochran's formula with proportional sampling method summing up to198 people from 5 provinces. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity and reliability were confirmed. The Bayesian structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. The results of the research quantitative phase showed that the variables of financial capital, physical capital, social capital, coping and adaptation strategies, human capital and natural capital were the most effective variables on village-cooperative initiative members’ sustainable livelihoods, respectively. Finally, a hybrid model based on the qualitative and quantitative studies was designed and suggestions were made; for instance, the creation of suitable grounds for off-farm activities such as rural industries and ecotourism. water soil, soil , soil) villagecooperative village 456 Irans Iran s regions livelihood 3 threestep three step MAXqda MAXqda1 software Finally shocks conditions, conditions) trends support, support support) control development, development development) approach, approach) creating jobs capital. . capital) N=405, N405 N N=405 405 (N=405) Cochrans Cochran to19 provinces researchermade researcher made confirmed respectively instance offfarm off farm ecotourism 45 N40 N=40 40 (N=405 to1 4 N4 N=4 (N=40 N= (N=4 (N= (N

Resumo Considerando as capacidades do setor cooperativo na organização da população rural, focando principalmente na capacitação de mão de obra e na adoção de uma abordagem sustentável para os recursos básicos (água e solo), a iniciativa de cooperativa de aldeia surgiu como um novo conceito ao registrar e formar 4.565 novas cooperativas nas regiões rurais do Irã. A presente pesquisa, que foi conduzida em duas fases qualitativas e quantitativas, projetou um novo modelo integrando a nova abordagem cooperativa de aldeia junto com a teoria da estrutura de subsistência sustentável. A amostra do estudo da fase qualitativa incluiu 32 teóricos da iniciativa vila-cooperativa. Para analisar os dados, a teoria fundamentada e o processo de três etapas de codificação aberta, codificação axial e codificação seletiva foram usados o software MAXqda18. Finalmente, um modelo de paradigma foi desenhado, cujos componentes mais importantes incluíam condições causais (choques e condições sazonais), condições contextuais (tendências e apoio governamental), condições intervenientes (controle e desenvolvimento de mercado), categorias centrais (subsistência sustentável com uma abordagem cooperativa de aldeia), estratégias (enfrentamento e adaptação) e consequências (criação de empregos, estabelecimento de cooperativas, apoio à agricultura inteligente e fortalecimento do capital social). A população da fase quantitativa estatística consistiu de cooperados na iniciativa vila-cooperativa (N = 405), sendo selecionados através da fórmula de Cochran com método de amostragem proporcional totalizando 198 pessoas de cinco províncias. A ferramenta de coleta de dados foi um questionário elaborado pelo pesquisador cuja validade e confiabilidade foram confirmadas. A modelagem de equações estruturais bayesianas foi utilizada para analisar os dados. Os resultados da fase quantitativa da pesquisa mostraram que as variáveis de capital financeiro, capital físico, capital social, estratégias de enfrentamento e adaptação, capital humano e capital natural foram as variáveis mais eficazes na subsistência sustentável dos membros da iniciativa cooperativa de aldeia, respectivamente. Finalmente, um modelo híbrido baseado nos estudos qualitativos e quantitativos foi desenhado e sugestões foram feitas; por exemplo, a criação de terrenos adequados para atividades não agrícolas, como indústrias rurais e ecoturismo. rural água solo, solo , solo) 4565 4 565 4.56 Irã quantitativas 3 vilacooperativa. vilacooperativa vila cooperativa. aberta MAXqda18 MAXqda Finalmente choques sazonais, sazonais sazonais) tendências governamental, governamental governamental) controle mercado, mercado mercado) aldeia) adaptação empregos social. social . social) N 405, 405 405) 19 províncias confirmadas financeiro físico respectivamente feitas exemplo agrícolas ecoturismo 456 56 4.5 MAXqda1 40 1 45 5 4.

RESUMEN Introducción: En actividades físicas prolongadas, la reposición de agua y el glucógeno muscular son factores limitantes en los corredores de maratón. La carga de carbohidratos (CHO) en los días previos a la competencia de resistencia es un método empleado para optimizar las reservas de glucógeno muscular y el rendimiento del ejercicio. Cómo cada gramo de glucógeno muscular se une a ≈ 2,7 a 4 gramos de agua, puede producirse retención de agua durante las dietas ricas en carbohidratos. Objetivo: Evaluar las diferencias entre las estrategias de carga de carbohidratos (Bergström y Sherman) en el contenido de agua intracelular (AIC) o extracelular (AEC). Métodos: Veintitrés corredores fueron asignados aleatoriamente a dos intervenciones (Bergström y Sherman) en un diseño cruzado. Los participantes se sometieron a una evaluación inicial antes de los 3 días de agotamiento del glucógeno, seguido de 3 días de carga de carbohidratos con un tiempo de “washout” de 30 días que consistía en una dieta y entrenamiento normales. Se utilizó bioimpedancia multifrecuencia (BIS) para evaluar AIC y AEC al inicio, después del agotamiento y después de CHO para determinar cualquier diferencia entre las dos intervenciones. También se obtuvieron muestras de sangre para evaluar el potasio. Se determinaron asociaciones entre AIC, AEC y glucógeno muscular. Resultados: No hubo diferencias en el contenido de AIC o AEC entre las dos intervenciones en ningún momento. Hubo un efecto de tiempo para AIC, con un aumento desde Post-agotamiento hasta Post-CHO sin ninguna diferencia entre las intervenciones. El potasio plasmático disminuyó entre el inicio y el post-agotamiento en ambas condiciones. No hubo diferencia en el contenido de glucógeno muscular entre las intervenciones o momentos. Conclusión: No hubo diferencias en el contenido de AIC y AEC entre las dos intervenciones en ningún momento. Nivel de Evidencia I; Pruebas de Criterios Diagnóstico Desarrollados Previamente. Introducción prolongadas maratón (CHO ejercicio 27 2 7 2, Objetivo Bergström Sherman (AIC AEC. . (AEC) Métodos cruzado washout “washout normales BIS (BIS Resultados momento Postagotamiento Post PostCHO postagotamiento post condiciones momentos Conclusión I Previamente (AEC

ABSTRACT Introduction: In prolonged physical activities, water replacement and muscle glycogen content are limiting factors in marathon runners. Carbohydrate-loading (CHO) in the days prior to endurance competition is a commonly employed method to optimise muscle glycogen stores and optimise exercise performance. Since each gram of muscle glycogen binds ∼2.7-4 grams of water, water retention may occur during carbohydrate-loading diets. Objective: To evaluate differences between CHO loading strategies (Bergström and Sherman) on intracellular (ICW) and extracellular (ECW) water content. Methods: Twenty-three runners were randomly allocated to two interventions (Bergström and Sherman) in a crossover design. Participants underwent a baseline evaluation before 3 days of glycogen depletion followed by 3 days of carbohydrate loading with a washout of 30 days consisting of normal diet and training. Multifrequency bioimpedance (BIS) was used to assess ICW and ECW at Baseline, Post-depletion and Post-CHO to determine any differences between Bergström and Sherman protocols. Blood samples were also obtained to assess potassium levels. Associations between ICW and ECW and muscle glycogen were determined. Results: There were no differences in ICW or ECW content between the two interventions at any moment. There was an effect of time for ICW, with an increase from Post-depletion to Post-CHO without any difference between interventions. Plasma potassium decreased from Baseline to Post-depletion in both conditions. There was no difference in muscle glycogen content between interventions or moments. Conclusion: There were no differences in ICW and ECW content between the Bergström and Sherman interventions at any moment. Level of Evidence I; Tests of Previously Developed Diagnostic Criteria. Introduction activities Carbohydrateloading Carbohydrate (CHO performance ∼2.74 274 ∼2.7 4 2 7 ∼2.7- carbohydrateloading diets Objective (ICW (ECW Methods Twentythree Twenty three design training BIS (BIS Postdepletion Post PostCHO protocols levels determined Results moment conditions moments Conclusion I Criteria 74 27 ∼2. ∼2 ∼

RESUMO Introdução: Em atividades físicas prolongadas a reposição hídrica e o conteúdo de glicogênio muscular são fatores limitantes em corredores de maratonas. O carregamento de carboidrato (CHO) nos dias anteriores à competição de resistência é um método comumente empregado para otimizar os estoques de glicogênio muscular e o desempenho no exercício. Uma vez que cada grama de glicogênio muscular liga-se a ≈2,7 a 4 gramas de água, a retenção hídrica pode ocorrer durante dietas de carregamento de carboidrato. Objetivo: Avaliar diferenças entre as estratégias de carregamento de carboidratos (Bergström e Sherman) no teor de água intracelular (AIC) ou água extracelular (AEC). Métodos: Vinte e três corredores foram alocados aleatoriamente para duas intervenções (Bergström e Sherman) num delineamento em “crossover”. Os participantes foram submetidos a uma avaliação inicial antes dos 3 dias de depleção de glicogênio, seguidos por 3 dias de carga de carboidratos com tempo de “washout” de 30 dias consistindo em dieta e treinamento normais. Utilizou-se a bioimpedância multifrequencial (BIS) para avaliar AIC e AEC na Etapa Inicial, Pós-depleção e Pós-CHO para determinar quaisquer diferenças entre os protocolos de Bersgstrom e Sherman. Também foram obtidas coletas de sangue para avaliar o potássio. Foram determinadas associações entre AIC, AEC e glicogênio muscular. Resultados: Não houve diferenças no conteúdo de AIC ou AEC entre as duas intervenções em qualquer momento. Houve um efeito do tempo para AIC, com aumento da etapa Pós-depleção para Pós-CHO sem qualquer diferença entre as intervenções. O potássio plasmático diminuiu entre a Linha de base e Pós-depleção em ambas condições. Não houve diferença no conteúdo de glicogênio muscular entre intervenções ou momentos. Conclusão: Não houve diferenças no conteúdo de AIC e AEC entre as intervenções de Bergström e Sherman em qualquer momento. Nível de Evidência I; Testes de Critérios Diagnósticos Desenvolvidos Anteriormente. Introdução maratonas CHO (CHO exercício ligase liga se 27 2 7 ≈2, Objetivo (AIC AEC. . (AEC) Métodos crossover. crossover “crossover” washout “washout normais Utilizouse Utilizou BIS (BIS Inicial Pósdepleção Pós PósCHO Resultados momento condições momentos Conclusão I Anteriormente ≈2 (AEC “crossover ≈

ABSTRACT The high Brazilian dependence on potash fertilizers has encouraged the agricultural and forestry use of silicate rock powders. Dozens of rock powders, including glauconitic rocks produced in several states in Brazil are currently registered with the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock (MAPA) as Soil Remineralizers, being generally known as alternative sources of K. The indication of these materials as potassium fertilizers is based on the high Brazilian dependence on K from abroad, which reached around 96% in the 2021 and 2022 harvests. Glauconitic rocks, such as verdetes, slates, and glauconitic siltstones occur in extensive areas in the State of Minas Gerais (Abaeté, Quartel Geral, Cedro do Abaeté, Sete Lagoas, Matutina, and São Gotardo), predominating in the Serra da Saudade formation as the sedimentary cover of the São Francisco Craton. In these rocks, K-K2O contents generally vary in the range of 5-12% m/m. It is soluble in water (0.1-1.4%) and 2% citric acid (0.7-2.3%). In these rocks, the degree of glauconite crystallinity is variable due to different formation conditions and degree of alteration by weathering, especially in rocky outcrops. The use of natural glauconitic rocks as potassium fertilizers has shown low agronomic efficiency due to their low solubility and reactivity. Physical and thermal treatments in the presence of fluxing, chemical (acid or alkaline attacks), and biological (Acidithiobacillus sp.) agents have shown potential for dissolving glauconites. However, studies showing the financial viability of these materials are necessary for both such treatments and their direct use as fertilizers. powders MAPA (MAPA Remineralizers abroad 96 202 harvests verdetes slates Abaeté (Abaeté Geral Lagoas Matutina Gotardo, Gotardo , Gotardo) Craton KK2O KKO K2O O 512% 512 5 12% 12 5-12 mm m m/m 0.11.4% 0114 0.1 1.4% 0 1 4 (0.1-1.4% 2 0.72.3%. 0723 0.7 2.3% . 7 3 (0.7-2.3%) weathering outcrops reactivity fluxing attacks, attacks attacks) Acidithiobacillus sp. sp glauconites However 9 20 KK KO 51 5-1 11 0.11.4 011 01 0. 14 1.4 (0.1-1.4 72 0.72.3% 072 07 23 2.3 (0.7-2.3% 5- 0.11. 1. (0.1-1. 0.72.3 2. (0.7-2.3 0.11 (0.1-1 0.72. (0.7-2. (0.1- 0.72 (0.7-2 (0.1 (0.7- (0. (0.7 (0 (

Abstract The development potential of byproducts from wastes of grape processing can be a promising alternative due to environmental questions. Moreover, there is the possibility of using this material in the development of products with added value. In this study, the wastes of grape skin (GSk), grape seed (GSe), and defatted grape seed with skin fragments (DGS) from ‘Ives noir’ grape (Vitis labrusca L.), grown under organic farming conditions, had their chemical composition and physical-chemical properties evaluated. Parameters of chemical composition, contents of phenolic compounds, total anthocyanins, flavonoids, and minerals, the antioxidant capacity, and water sorption capacity were evaluated. The wastes of grape were also analyzed by FTIR and TG/DTG. All residues had a high fiber content (54.1 - 74.3 wt.%), the DGS waste had the highest contents of phenolic compounds as flavonoids, and the GSk waste had the highest content of total anthocyanins. Antioxidant capacity values were higher in the ABTS+ method, with no statistical difference. On the other hand, in the DPPH antioxidant assay, the DGS and GSe wastes had higher antioxidant activity; these wastes also had greater thermal stability. The GSk waste had the highest water sorption capacity. The results show that the wastes from grape processing have the potential to be reused in applications with more value added. questions Moreover study GSk, , (GSk) GSe, (GSe) (DGS Ives noir Vitis L., L L. L.) conditions physicalchemical physical evaluated anthocyanins flavonoids minerals TGDTG TG DTG TG/DTG 54.1 541 54 1 (54. 743 74 3 74. wt.%, wt wt.% wt.%) ABTS method difference hand assay activity stability (GSk (GSe 54. 5 (54 7 wt. (5 (

ABSTRACT Advancements in computational capabilities have enabled engineers and scientists to numerically model complex turbulent phenomena such as hydraulic jumps. This research assesses the capability of numerically simulating a hydraulic jump that occurs in the UHE Porto Colômbia's stilling basin at a flow rate of 4,000 m3/s. To achieve this, simulation results were compared with data from three hydraulic physical models (scales 1:32, 1:50, and 1:100) and full-scale measurements. The simulations employed the Ansys CFX solver, utilizing a Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) approach, the RNG κ-ε turbulence model, and the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method for air-water interactions. Various variables were analyzed, with satisfactory results for mean pressures, conjugated depths, roller length, water profile in less aerated areas, and mean velocity at the submerged hydraulic jump upstream section, with errors below 10%. However, the submerged hydraulic jump's start position and the representation of the water surface profile in the region near the jump toe yielded more disparate results. In conclusion, the methods and conditions applied in the simulations are apt for representing variables less impacted by aeration phenomena, establishing CFD simulations as a valuable tool for hydraulic jump analysis. jumps Colômbias Colômbia s 4000 4 000 4,00 m3s ms m3 m m3/s this scales 132, 132 1 32, 32 1:32 150, 150 50, 50 1:50 1100 100 1:100 fullscale full scale measurements solver ReynoldsAveraged Reynolds Averaged NavierStokes Navier Stokes RANS (RANS approach κε κ ε VOF (VOF airwater air interactions analyzed pressures depths length areas section 10 10% However conclusion analysis 400 00 4,0 13 3 1:3 15 5 1:5 110 1:10 40 0 4, 1: 11 1:1

RESUMO A evolução da capacidade de processamento e memória dos computadores propiciou aos engenheiros e cientistas a modelagem numérica de fenômenos de natureza turbulenta complexa, tal como os ressaltos hidráulicos. Essa pesquisa avalia a capacidade de simular numericamente um ressalto hidráulico que ocorre na bacia de dissipação da UHE Porto Colômbia com uma vazão de 4,000 m3/s. Para isso, os resultados das simulações foram comparados com dados medidos três modelos físicos hidráulicos (escalas 1:32, 1:50 e 1:100) e medições em protótipo. As simulações utilizaram o solver Ansys CFX, empregando uma abordagem baseada em nas equações médias de Navier-Stokes por decomposição de Reynolds (RANS), o modelo de turbulência RNG κ-ε e o método Volume of Fluid (VOF) para interações água-ar. Diversas variáveis foram analisadas, com resultados satisfatórios para pressões médias, profundidades conjugadas, comprimento do rolo, perfil da linha d'água em áreas menos aeradas e velocidade média na seção de montante do ressalto hidráulico submerso, com erros inferiores a 10%. No entanto, a posição de início do ressalto hidráulico submerso e a representação do perfil da superfície da água na região próxima ao pé do ressalto apresentaram resultados mais discrepantes. Em conclusão, os métodos e condições aplicados nas simulações são adequados para representar variáveis menos afetadas pelo fenômeno de aeração, estabelecendo as simulações em CFD como uma ferramenta valiosa para a análise de ressaltos hidráulicos. complexa 4000 4 000 4,00 m3s ms m3 s m m3/s isso escalas 132, 132 1 32, 32 1:32 150 50 1:5 1100 100 1:100 protótipo CFX NavierStokes Navier Stokes RANS, RANS , (RANS) κε κ ε VOF (VOF águaar. águaar ar. ar água-ar analisadas conjugadas rolo dágua d 10 10% entanto discrepantes conclusão aeração 400 00 4,0 13 3 1:3 15 5 1: 110 1:10 (RANS 40 0 4, 11 1:1

ABSTRACT Knowledge on the viability of the seeds is important in the management of the Germplasm Bank, as it allows monitoring the longevity and the need for regeneration of the accessions. The objective was to validate the efficiency of the Gomez-Campo methodology for seed conservation by evaluating physical dormancy and physiological quality of 11 Stylosanthes spp. accessions stored between seven and 13 years in the Forage Germplasm Bank of the State University of Feira de Santana (FGB-UEFS). One-hundred seed were used to determine moisture degree (%) and the viability with the descriptors: percentage of germination (G), germination speed index (GSI), synchronicity (Z) and average germination time (AGT). Sowing was done in plates moistened with water, arranged under controlled conditions (BOD chambers: at 20/30 °C and 12 hours/light) and in a completely randomized design in a 2 x 11 factorial scheme (scarified/non-scarified seeds and 11 accessions). After 14 days, it was observed that most of the accessesion presented high G (greater than 70%), GSI less than 2 seeds.day-1, Z with a mean value of 0,52 and AGT with a mean value of 2 days, characterizing a synchronous and rapid event. Thus, the methodology used in storage is efficient for the conservation of Stylosanthes seeds in the medium term. GomezCampo Gomez Campo 1 spp FGBUEFS. FGBUEFS FGB UEFS . (FGB-UEFS) Onehundred One hundred % (% descriptors G, , (G) GSI, (GSI) (Z AGT. (AGT) water BOD chambers 2030 20 30 20/3 C hours/light hourslight hours light scarified/nonscarified scarifiednonscarified scarified/non scarified non accessions) days greater 70%, 70 70% 70%) seeds.day1, seedsday1 seedsday seeds.day 1, day seeds.day-1 052 0 52 0,5 event Thus term (FGB-UEFS ( (G (GSI (AGT 203 3 20/ nonscarified scarifiednon 7 day1 seeds.day1 seeds.day- 05 5 0,

Abstract The sedimentary basins in the Continental Rift of Southeastern Brazil (CRSB) provide an opportunity for ichnological analyses due to its well-known facies relationships and paleoenvironmental interpretations. This study reports invertebrate trace fossils from the Neogene fluvial deposits (Floriano Formation) and applies integrated ichnological and facies analyses to reconstruct the environmental conditions recorded in this lithostratigraphic unit. Fieldworks revealed a rich ichnofauna in the Floriano Formation, whose facies associations have been interpreted as indicative of meandering river environments. Four sedimentary facies were identified, including bioturbated sandstone, horizontally stratified sandstone, laminated sandstone, and mudstone. Six ichnogenera were identified, Arenicolites, Beaconites, Camborygma, Palaeophycus, Skolithos, and Taenidium. Those ichnogenera occur as Skolithos, Taenidium, and Beaconites ichnocoenoses. The Skolithos ichnocoenosis is primarily represented within sand bar deposits, indicating arthropod colonization in abandoned channels. The Taenidium ichnocoenosis, which is observed within mudstone layers and presents Camborygma burrows, suggests transitional environments between aquatic and subaerial conditions, locally with high water table levels. The Beaconites ichnocoenosis indicates changes in substrate consistency associated with progressive desiccation and extended exposure time. Therefore, the identified ichnocoenoses, combined with the analysis of physical sedimentary structures, suggest generally humid conditions during colonization by invertebrates of the meandering river deposits of the Floriano Formation. CRSB (CRSB wellknown well known interpretations Formation unit sandstone Arenicolites Palaeophycus ichnocoenoses channels burrows levels time Therefore structures

Abstract One of the major paradigms in ecology is the understanding of processes and patterns related to the structure of biological communities. Reef ecosystems, with their high productivity, habitat heterogeneity, and fish diversity provide a model for studying these processes. We sampled four sites three times during the season associated with the California Current and two times associated with the North Equatorial Current using video-transects on the coast of Zihuatanejo, Guerrero, Mexico to determine the relationship between the habitat characteristics and the structure of the fish assemblage. We recorded a total of 26 families and 54 species and estimated fish richness and abundance. In addition to measuring local water variables such as temperature (°C), salinity (PPT), pH and dissolved oxygen (O2%), we determined habitat heterogeneity by processing photographs of the substrate and calculated rugosity using the tape chain. Oxygen and temperature were the variables associated to sea water conditions that differentiated the sampled sites. The fish community structure presented high correlations with temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen, followed by the heterogeneity components such as rugosity and substrate diversity. Our results showed that seasonal changes in water conditions and physical components in the coast of Zihuatanejo promotes changes in the fish community. communities ecosystems productivity videotransects video transects Guerrero assemblage 2 5 abundance °C, C °C , (°C) PPT, PPT (PPT) O2%, O2 O O2% (O2%) chain (°C (PPT (O2% (O2 (O

Resumen Uno de los principales paradigmas en ecología es el entendimiento de procesos y patrones relacionados con la estructura de las comunidades biológicas. Los ecosistemas de arrecifes, con su alta productividad, heterogeneidad de hábitat y diversidad de peces, proporcionan un modelo para estudiar estos procesos. Muestreamos cuatro sitios tres veces durante la temporada asociada a la Corriente de California y dos veces asociada a la Corriente Ecuatorial Norte utilizando video-transectos en la costa de Zihuatanejo, Guerrero, México para determinar la relación entre las características del hábitat y la estructura de la comunidad de peces. Registramos un total de 26 familias y 54 especies, y estimamos la riqueza y abundancia de peces. Además de medir variables locales del agua como temperatura (°C), salinidad (PPT), pH y oxígeno disuelto (O2%), determinamos la heterogeneidad del hábitat procesando fotografías del sustrato y calculamos la rugosidad usando una cadena. El oxígeno y la temperatura fueron las variables asociadas a las condiciones del agua de mar que diferenciaron los sitios muestreados. La estructura de la comunidad de peces presentó altas correlaciones con la temperatura, salinidad y oxígeno disuelto, seguido por los componentes de la heterogeneidad como rugosidad y diversidad del sustrato. Nuestros resultados mostraron que los cambios estacionales en las condiciones del agua y los componentes físicos en la costa de Zihuatanejo promueven cambios en la estructura de la comunidad de peces. biológicas arrecifes productividad videotransectos video transectos Guerrero 2 5 especies °C, C °C , (°C) PPT, PPT (PPT) O2%, O2 O O2% (O2%) cadena muestreados (°C (PPT (O2% (O2 (O

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the duplicity and synergism of slow drying and storage processes at low temperatures, using a refrigerated room under suitable conditions for coffee fruit just after harvest. A cold room was prepared to receive and store coffee fruit in bulk directly from the field, perform slow drying, and maintain water content at approximately 12% during three months of storage. The room operated at temperatures between 7 and 14 ºC and relative humidity between 37 and 41%. The coffee variety used was the Conilon Yellow 62. The initial water content reduction period from 54% (wb) to 12% (wb) was two months. For comparison, coffee harvested from the same batch was dried on a covered suspended bed. Results showed that the coffee dried and stored in the cold room received a sensory score of 86.41, while that dried on a suspended bed obtained a sensory score of 84.16. Moreover, the coffee dried and stored in the cold room had a higher energy content. Colorimetric analysis showed that the dried grains stored in the cold room had a reduction in the "a" coordinate, indicating an approximation to the green color. The cold room also allowed for extended storage of the coffee grains. harvest field 12 1 3 41 41% 62 54 wb (wb comparison 8641 86 86.41 8416 84 16 84.16 Moreover "a coordinate color 4 6 5 864 8 86.4 841 84.1 86. 84.