Summary: The state of Chiapas presents degradation processes of dif ferent kinds, as a consequence of the current established agricultural model. It is estimated that, in the near future, the surface of the state of Chiapas will present more than 55% degradation, generating changes in the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil, af fecting the quality of life of human beings, mainly due to scarcity of food. The objective of this research was to evaluate the quality of the soils in three municipalities of the central depression of Chiapas, Mexico. The analysis were interpreted taking NOM-021-SEMARNAT-2000 as a reference and were classified according to the world reference base (WRB), version 2014. For the evaluation of soil quality, the sustainable use of land subindex (SUSS). 144 soil samples corresponding to 21 profiles were analyzed. Of the 21 profiles studied, 17 present poor soil qualities, two a sensitive quality, one acceptable quality and one with good quality. Only two soil groups presented good fertility and are classified as Vertisols and Phaeozems, which present good quality and capacity to maintain sustainable agricultural production in this region.

Resumen: El estado de Chiapas presenta procesos de degradación de diferente índole, como consecuencia del actual modelo agrícola establecido. Se estima que, en el futuro cercano, la superficie del estado de Chiapas presente más de 55% de degradación, generando modificaciones en las propiedades físicas, químicas y biológicas del suelo; afectando la calidad de vida de los seres humanos, principalmente por escasez de alimentos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la calidad de los suelos en tres municipios de la depresión central de Chiapas, México. Los análisis se interpretaron tomando como referencia la NOM-021-SEMARNAT-2000 y se clasificaron de acuerdo con la world reference base (WRB), versión 2014, para la evaluación de calidad del suelo se utilizó el subíndice de uso sustentable del suelo (SUSS). Se analizaron 144 muestras de suelo correspondientes a 21 perfiles. De los 21 perfiles estudiados, 17 presentan calidad de suelo pobre, dos calidades sensibles, uno calidad aceptable y uno con calidad buena. Solo dos Grupos de suelo presentaron buena fertilidad y son clasificados como Vertisols y Phaeozems, los cuales presentan buena calidad y capacidad para mantener producción agrícola sostenible en esta región.

Abstract The use of fertilizers affects not only the soil fertility and crop yield, but also significantly changes the taxonomic structure of the soil microbiocenosis. Here, based on stationary field experiment, we studied the influence of organo-mineral fertilizer (ОМF), modified by bacteria Bacillus subtilis, H-13 in comparison with different fertilizer systems (organic, mineral, organo-mineral) on (i) crop yield, (ii) physical and chemical properties, and (iii) alpha and beta diversity of the microbial community Albic Retisol (Loamic, Aric, Cutanic, Differentic, Ochric). The studies were carried out against the background of liming (рНКCl – 5.9) and without it (рНКCl – 5.1). The use of only one cattle farmyard manure was less effective than its co-application with mineral fertilizers in half doses. A similar effect was obtained when applying ОМF. In addition, the use of OMF contributes to a significant increase in the reserves of soil organic carbon in the soil layer 0-20 cm by 18%-32%. Using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA variable V4 gene sequence libraries, 10.759 taxa from 456 genera were identified, assigned to 34 fila (31 bacterial and 3 archaeotic. Unilateral application of mineral fertilizers leads to a significant decrease in the alpha diversity of the structure of soil microbial communities (OTE (other things equal) and Shannon index). A clear clustering of the microbiota was found in the variants with and without the introduction of сattle farmyard manure. It is revealed that the taxonomic structure of the microbiocenosis is formed under the influence of two main factors: crop rotation culture and applied fertilizers. The type of cultivated crop determines the dynamics of the microbiota at the level of larger taxa, such as domains, and fertilizers affect the structure of the microbial community at alower taxonomic level (phyla, orders, bloodlines). On the basis of the Deseq analysis, marker taxa were identified, according to the share participation of which it is possible to determine the type of cultivated crop and fertilizers used in the experiment. Understanding the dynamics of taxa association and other influential factors can lead to the creation of universal systems of metagenomic indication, where tracking the dynamics of microbial communities will allow for a comprehensive assessment of the agroecological state of soils and timely decisions to prevent their degradation. yield Here experiment organomineral organo ОМF, ОМF , (ОМF) subtilis H13 H 13 H-1 organic, (organic i (i ii (ii properties iii (iii Loamic, Loamic (Loamic Aric Cutanic Differentic Ochric. Ochric . Ochric) рНКCl 5.9 59 5 9 5.1. 51 5.1 1 5.1) coapplication co doses addition 020 0 20 0-2 18%32%. 1832 18% 32%. 18 32 18%-32% highthroughput high throughput S V libraries 10759 10 759 10.75 45 identified 31 (3 archaeotic OTE equal index. index index) domains phyla, phyla (phyla orders bloodlines. bloodlines bloodlines) analysis indication degradation (ОМF H1 H- 5. 02 2 0- 18%32% 183 32% 18%-32 1075 75 10.7 4 ( 18%32 18%-3 107 7 10. 18%3 18%-

Resumo O uso de fertilizantes afeta não apenas a fertilidade do solo e o rendimento das culturas, mas também altera significativamente a estrutura taxonômica da microbiocenose do solo. Aqui, com base em experimento de campo estacionário, estudou-se a influência do fertilizante organomineral (FOM), modificado pela bactéria Bacillus subtilis (H-13), em comparação com diferentes sistemas de fertilizantes (orgânico, mineral, organomineral) em (i) rendimento da colheita, (ii) propriedades físicas e químicas, e (iii) diversidade alfa e beta da comunidade microbiana Albic Retisol (Loamic, Aric, Cutanic, Differentic, Ochric). O experimento foi conduzido sob duas condições: com calagem (pHKCl - 5,9) e sem calagem (pHKCl - 5,1). O uso apenas de esterco bovino foi menos eficaz do que sua coaplicação com fertilizantes minerais em metade das doses. Um efeito semelhante foi obtido ao aplicar FOM. Além disso, o uso de FOM contribui para um aumento significativo nas reservas de carbono orgânico do solo na camada de solo de 0-20 cm em 18%-32%. O sequenciamento de alto rendimento das bibliotecas de sequências do gene variável V4 do rRNA 16S identificou 10.759 táxons pertencentes a 456 gêneros, classificados em 34 filos (31 bacterianos e 3 arqueanos). A aplicação unilateral de fertilizantes minerais levou a uma diminuição significativa da diversidade alfa da estrutura das comunidades microbianas do solo (OTE [outras coisas iguais] e índice de Shannon). Foi observada uma aglutinação da microbiota nas variantes com e sem a aplicação de esterco bovino. O estudo revelou que a estrutura taxonômica da microbiocenose é formada sob a influência de dois fatores principais: cultura de rotação de culturas e fertilizantes aplicados. O tipo de cultura cultivada determina a dinâmica do microbiota ao nível de taxa maiores, como os domínios, e os fertilizantes afetam a estrutura da comunidade microbiana a um nível taxonômico inferior (filos, ordens, famílias). Com base na análise Deseq, foram identificados taxa marcadores, de acordo com a participação dos quais é possível determinar o tipo de cultura cultivada e os fertilizantes utilizados na experiência. A compreensão da dinâmica da associação de taxa e de outros fatores influentes pode levar à criação de sistemas universais de indicaçadores metagenômicos, onde o rastreio da dinâmica das comunidades microbianas permitirá uma avaliação abrangente do estado agroecológico dos solos e decisões oportunas para prevenir a sua degradação. Aqui estacionário estudouse estudou se FOM, , (FOM) H13, H13 H 13 (H-13) orgânico, (orgânico mineral i (i colheita ii (ii químicas iii (iii Loamic, Loamic (Loamic Aric Cutanic Differentic Ochric. Ochric . Ochric) condições pHKCl 5,9 59 5 9 5,1. 51 5,1 1 5,1) doses disso 020 0 20 0-2 18%32%. 1832 18% 32%. 18 32 18%-32% V S 10759 10 759 10.75 45 gêneros 31 (3 arqueanos. arqueanos arqueanos) OTE outras iguais Shannon. Shannon Shannon) principais aplicados maiores domínios filos, (filos ordens famílias. famílias famílias) Deseq marcadores experiência metagenômicos degradação (FOM H1 (H-13 5, 02 2 0- 18%32% 183 32% 18%-32 1075 75 10.7 4 ( (H-1 18%32 18%-3 107 7 10. (H- 18%3 18%- (H

ABSTRACT Inadequate management of pasture soils in the Amazon has resulted in a predominance of degraded pastures. Considering the natural characteristics of this region can favor more appropriate strategies for sustainability, the objective of this study was to evaluate the differences in the chemical and physical attributes of pasture and forest soils in the Southern Amazon and to identify the most sensitive attributes of their fertility. Additionally, this study suggests appropriate management practices for sustainable pastures. Soil samples from the 0 to 0.20 m layer were analyzed to determine pH, exchangeable bases (calcium, magnesium, and potassium), exchangeable aluminum, potential acidity, phosphorus, organic carbon, bulk density, and texture. Pasture soils had a higher pH, calcium content, and bulk density than forest soils. However, the pasture soils had lower phosphorus and organic matter content. The soil organic carbon stocks were also lower in pasture soils, with levels 0.8 to 12 Mg ha-1 lower than in forest soils. The fertility attributes most sensitive to soil management in these pastures were phosphorus, pH, organic carbon, and bulk density. The lack of nutrients and soil and water conservation practices have contributed to the degradation of these pastures. Therefore, the recommended management for these pastures should aim to improve the organic matter content, reduce compaction, and replenish and cycle nutrients. sustainability Additionally 020 20 0.2 pH calcium, (calcium magnesium potassium, potassium , potassium) aluminum acidity texture content However 08 8 0. 1 ha1 ha ha- Therefore compaction 02 2

RESUMO O manejo inadequado de solos de pastagens na Amazônia resulta em predomínio de pastagens degradadas. Considerando as características naturais dessa região pode favorecer estratégias mais adequadas para sua sustentabilidade, o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar as diferenças de atributos químicos e físicos de solos de pastagens e florestas no sul da Amazônia e identificar os atributos mais sensíveis de sua fertilidade. Além disso, sugerir práticas de manejo mais adequadas para essas pastagens em direção à sustentabilidade. Amostras de solo da camada de 0 a 0,20 m foram analisadas para determinação de pH, bases trocáveis (cálcio, magnésio e potássio), alumínio trocável, acidez potencial, fósforo, carbono orgânico, densidade aparente e textura. Os solos de pastagem tiveram maior pH, cálcio e densidade aparente do que os solos de floresta. No entanto, os solos de pastagem apresentaram menores teores de fósforo e matéria orgânica. Os estoques de carbono orgânico do solo também foram menores nas pastagens, com teores de 0,8 a 12 Mg ha-1 inferiores aos solos da floresta. Os atributos de fertilidade mais sensíveis ao manejo do solo nessas pastagens foram fósforo, pH, carbono orgânico e densidade aparente. A carência de nutrientes e de práticas de conservação do solo e da água têm contribuído para o estado de degradação dessas pastagens. Portanto, o manejo recomendado para essas pastagens deve visar a melhoria da matéria orgânica, redução da compactação, além da reposição e ciclagem de nutrientes. degradadas sustentabilidade disso 020 20 0,2 pH cálcio, (cálcio potássio, potássio , potássio) trocável potencial textura floresta entanto orgânica 08 8 0, 1 ha1 ha ha- Portanto compactação 02 2

ABSTRACT Shaded coffee systems may offer a series of benefits, however, studies on shaded cultivation of Conilon coffee crops are still scarce in the literature. This study aimed to evaluate the soil physical, chemical, and biological properties of two Conilon coffee intercropping systems from southeastern Brazil. Two commercial coffee crops – one shaded by macadamia trees and the other by green dwarf coconut trees – were evaluated according to three treatments: coffee plants in the inter-row of the tree species; coffee plants in the same row of the trees; and unshaded coffee. The experimental design was a completely randomized with four replicates. Coffee plants intercropped with macadamia trees, both intra- and inter-row, resulted in less soil compaction than unshaded systems. As for intercropping with green dwarf coconut trees, the unshaded system presented lower soil resistance to penetration. Differences in physical properties between treatments allow no inferences about intercropping systems influence on green coconut trees. Intercropped coffee improves soil chemical properties, resulting in greater soil fertility than unshaded systems, and showed greater soil organisms. These findings indicate that Conilon coffee-macadamia intercropped with tree species represents a promising alternative for sustainable soil management. benefits however literature Brazil interrow inter replicates intra interrow, row, penetration organisms coffeemacadamia management

Abstract Sugarcane cultivation methods and processes usually have negative impacts on the environment. However, this industry has been seeking more sustainable technologies, ranging from the adequate disposal of the organic residues produced to the elimination of pre-harvest burning and introduction of mechanized harvest. The objective of this work was to verify the influence of vinasse application and mechanized harvesting on the physical and chemical aspects of a dystrophic Red Yellow Argisol of medium texture, cultivated with sugarcane. For this, a field experiment in a Completely Randomized Design, with a factorial scheme was conducted. Four management treatments, with three replications, were evaluated: T1 - Without application of vinasse, burned cane followed by manual harvest, without irrigation; T2 - With application of vinasse, mechanized harvest, without irrigation; T3 - With application of vinasse, mechanized harvest, with irrigation; T4 - With application of vinasse, burned cane followed by manual harvest, without irrigation. Soil samples were collected in three depths (0 - 20 cm, 20 - 40 cm and 40 - 60 cm) and soil physical and chemical characteristics were determined. The data obtained were submitted to ANOVA and compared by the Tukey test (p≤0.05) of probability, using the statistical program ASSISTAT 7.7 beta. The results showed that fertigation with vinasse did not influence soil density, particle density, and total porosity. However, mechanized harvesting increased soil density and total porosity. The soil in the experimental unit without vinasse application presented a more acidic pH and high levels of aluminum saturation, causing a decrease in the availability of nutrients, and the soils treated with vinasse had an increase in nutrient availability. Therefore, the addition of vinasse can be an important strategy in maintaining and increasing long-term soil fertility in sugarcane cropping systems. environment However technologies preharvest pre harvest texture Design conducted treatments replications evaluated T irrigation 0 ( 2 4 6 determined p≤0.05 p005 p 05 (p≤0.05 probability 77 7 7. beta porosity saturation nutrients Therefore longterm long term systems p≤0.0 p00 (p≤0.0 p≤0. p0 (p≤0. p≤0 (p≤0 p≤ (p≤ (p

Resumo O plantio da cana-de-açúcar emprega métodos e processos produtivos de alto potencial de impacto no meio ambiente. Todavia, essas indústrias vêm investindo em tecnologias buscando soluções, que vão desde o descarte dos resíduos produzidos até a erradicação das queimadas. Objetivou-se nesse trabalho verificar a influência da vinhaça e colheita mecanizada nos aspectos físicos e químicos de um Argissolo Vermelho Amarelo distrófico de textura média, cultivados com cana-de-açúcar. Para as análises da densidade do solo, densidade de partícula e porosidade total, a coleta de dados foi realizada através de um experimento em Delineamento Inteiramente Casualizado, com esquema fatorial, em três repetições, a fim de se analisar a interação entre os fatores tratamentos x profundidades. Para tanto, foram utilizados quatro tratamentos (T1, T2, T3 e T4), em três profundidades (0 - 20 cm, 20 - 40 cm e 40 - 60 cm), e com três repetições. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à ANOVA e comparados pelo teste de Tukey (p≤0,05) de probabilidade, utilizando-se o programa estatístico ASSISTAT 7.7 beta. Os resultados mostraram que a fertirrigação não influenciou na densidade do solo, densidade de partícula e porosidade total. Ainda em relação aos atributos físicos do solo, a colheita mecanizada influenciou no aumento da densidade do solo e porosidade total. A unidade experimental sem aplicação de vinhaça apresentou pH ácido e elevados teores de saturação por alumínio, ocasionando uma diminuição da disponibilidade de nutrientes para o solo. Contudo, pode-se concluir que as unidades experimentais tratadas com vinhaça tiveram um aumento na disponibilidade de nutrientes. Portanto, a adição de vinhaça pode ser uma estratégia importante na manutenção e aumento da fertilidade do solo a longo prazo em lavouras de cana-de-açúcar. canadeaçúcar cana açúcar ambiente Todavia soluções queimadas Objetivouse Objetivou média canadeaçúcar. açúcar. total Casualizado fatorial repetições tanto T1, T1 T (T1 T2 T4, T4 , T4) 0 ( 2 4 6 cm) p≤0,05 p005 p 05 (p≤0,05 probabilidade utilizandose utilizando 77 7 7. beta alumínio Contudo podese Portanto (T p≤0,0 p00 (p≤0,0 p≤0, p0 (p≤0, p≤0 (p≤0 p≤ (p≤ (p

ABSTRACT Most studies concerning biochar, which can enhance chemical, physical, and biological soil qualities and increase crop yields, are short-term experiments in controlled environments with temperate regions and sandy soils. Biochar amendment benefits for clayey soils in tropical climate regions are uncertain. Herein, field conditions in clayey soil were investigated for 28 months. Eucalyptus biochar was obtained from charcoal production and incorporated in soil with disc plows (0.00–0.20 m). Treatments comprised six single biochar application amounts–0 (control), 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 Mg·ha-1. The experiments were conducted in April 2016, and corn was cultivated in 2016/17 and 2017/18. Soil samples were collected in 2018 for macro/micronutrient, bulk density, porosity, macroporosity, microporosity, water availability, and soil penetration resistance evaluations in the 0.00–0.05-, 0.05–0.10-, 0.10–0.20-, 0.20–0.30-, and 0.30–0.40-m layers. Chemicals P, K and Ca increased compared to the control. The K and Ca increases were related to the biochar composition (6% K and 2% Ca). Soil bulk density decreased by 0.07 kg·dm-3, and macro/microporosity (total porosity) increased linearly by 2.5% in the 0.05–0.10-m layer with increasing biochar application amount. Soil penetration resistance was unaffected. For each 1 Mg·ha-1 of biochar applied, a 500-L·ha-1 increase in available water occurred, which may be important for crops with low water demand and to overcome water restriction periods. chemical physical yields shortterm short term uncertain Herein 2 months 0.00–0.20 000020 0 00 20 (0.00–0.2 m. m . m) amounts0 amounts amounts– control, control , (control) 10 30 40 5 Mg·ha1. Mgha1 Mgha Mg·ha 1. Mg ha 2016 201617 17 2016/1 201718 2017 18 2017/18 201 macromicronutrient macro micronutrient macro/micronutrient porosity macroporosity microporosity availability 0.00–0.05, 000005 0.00–0.05 05 0.00–0.05- 0.05–0.10, 005010 0.05–0.10 0.05–0.10- 0.10–0.20, 010020 0.10–0.20 0.10–0.20- 0.20–0.30, 020030 0.20–0.30 0.20–0.30- 0.30–0.40m 030040m 0.30–0.40 layers P 6% 6 (6 Ca. Ca) 007 07 0.0 kg·dm3, kgdm3 kgdm kg·dm 3, kg dm 3 kg·dm-3 macromicroporosity total 25 2.5 0.05–0.10m 005010m amount unaffected Mg·ha1 Mg·ha- applied 500L·ha1 500Lha1 Lha 500 L·ha L 500-L·ha- occurred periods 0.00–0.2 00002 (0.00–0. (control 4 ha1 20161 2016/ 20171 2017/1 00000 0.00–0.0 00501 0.05–0.1 01002 0.10–0.2 02003 0.20–0.3 40m 030040 0.30–0.4 ( 0. dm3 kg·dm3 kg·dm- 2. 10m 500L 500L·ha 500Lha 500-L·ha 0.00–0. 0000 (0.00–0 2017/ 0050 0.05–0. 0100 0.10–0. 0200 0.20–0. 03004 0.30–0. 0.00–0 000 (0.00– 005 0.05–0 010 0.10–0 020 0.20–0 0300 0.30–0 0.00– (0.00 0.05– 01 0.10– 02 0.20– 030 0.30– 0.00 (0.0 0.05 0.10 0.20 03 0.30 (0. 0.1 0.2 0.3 (0

ABSTRACT In ecotonal Cerrado areas, the addition of Amazonian and Atlantic Forest species mainly occurs through connections between forest areas and forest physiognomies. In this context, the biome is a unique region for research on the influence of geographical and historical factors on its biota. In tropical ecotonal regions, integrated communities can exist on soils that present variations in fertility, physical properties and depth, which results in heterogeneity of physiognomies. It was tested the hypothesis that edaphic conditions related to calcium availability are significantly related to species composition and structural parameters in two physiognomies. The study was conducted in the Cerrado of the Chapada das Mesas National Park (CMNP) in the city of Carolina, Northeast Brazil, and the sample universe consisted of 18 areas in two physiognomies. The initial hypothesis was confirmed. The results and inferences about the vegetation structure and physical-chemical parameters of the soil, suggest that the management for conservation of the CMNP must consider the particularities of the Cerrado physiognomies and the vegetation responses to environmental filters, such as edaphic conditions and associations with other organisms. context biota regions fertility depth (CMNP Carolina Brazil 1 confirmed physicalchemical chemical soil filters organisms

Resumen Introducción: Las áreas impactadas por minería en bosques tropicales requieren de la aplicación de estrategias de restauración ecológica, pero este proceso, muchas veces involucra el uso de especies vegetales exóticas, desconociendo los efectos sobre la regeneración ecológica de los sitios donde se introducen. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de las plantaciones de Acacia mangium (planta exótica) sobre la rehabilitación ecológica temprana (suelo y vegetación) de áreas impactadas por minería de oro a cielo abierto en la selva pluvial tropical del Chocó, Colombia. Métodos: Se seleccionaron 16 áreas mineras como unidades de muestreo (ocho reforestadas con A. mangium y ocho en sucesión natural) en dos localidades. En cada unidad de muestreo se estableció una parcela de 2 × 50 m (cuatro parcelas por escenario de muestreo y localidad), donde se analizó la fertilidad del suelo (parámetros físicos y químicos) y se cuantificó el número de individuos de cada especie de planta vascular. Resultados: Se registraron 73 especies (69 géneros, 45 familias). La densidad de individuos fue mayor en áreas de sucesión natural que en aquellas reforestadas con A. mangium; por el contrario, la riqueza y diversidad de especies fueron superiores bajo las plantaciones de A. mangium. La similitud florística fue baja entre escenarios sucesionales (especies compartidas 35.6 %). El suelo mostró mejores condiciones (especialmente, N-NHO3) en áreas con A. mangium que en áreas en regeneración natural. Conclusiones: Las plantaciones de A. mangium parecen facilitar la rehabilitación temprana de la fertilidad del suelo y la vegetación en las minas abandonadas; por lo tanto, esta especie puede jugar un papel importante para la implementación de estrategias de restauración ecológica de áreas impactadas por minería de oro a cielo abierto en el Chocó y otros sistemas forestales tropicales con condiciones ambientales y de perturbación similares.

Abstract Introduction: Mining-impacted areas in tropical forests require the application of ecological restoration strategies, but this process often involves use of exotic plant species ignoring the effects on the ecological regeneration of the sites where they are introduced. Objective: To evaluate the effect of Acacia mangium plantations (exotic plant) on early ecological rehabilitation (soil and vegetation) of areas impacted by open-pit gold mining in the tropical rain forest of Chocó, Colombia. Methods: 16 mining areas were selected as sampling units (eight reforested with A. mangium and eight in natural succession) in two locations. In each sampling unit, a 2 × 50 m plot was established (four plots per sampling scenario and locality), where soil fertility (physical and chemical parameters) was analyzed and the number of individuals of each vascular plant species was quantified. Results: 73 species (69 genera, 45 families) were recorded. The density of individuals was higher in areas of natural succession than in those reforested with A. mangium; conversely, species richness and diversity were higher under the A. mangium plantations. Floristic similarity was low between successional scenarios (shared species 35.6 %). The soil showed better conditions (especially N-NHO3) in mining areas with A. mangium than in those in natural regeneration. Conclusions: A. mangium plantations appears to facilitate the early rehabilitation of soil fertility and vegetation in abandoned mines; therefore, this species can play an important role in the implementation of ecological restoration strategies in areas impacted by open-pit gold mining in the Chocó and other tropical forest systems with similar environmental and disturbance conditions.

Resumen Una estrategia para evaluar suelos es mediante índices de calidad que dependen de indicadores específicos sobre los suelos muestreados, el tipo de cultivo y el manejo realizado. Los indicadores son variables físicas, químicas o biológicas medibles, que afectan la capacidad del suelo al ejercer una o varias de sus funciones. El objetivo de esta investigación fue examinar el uso metodológico de las diferentes propiedades físicas, químicas y biológicas del suelo usadas como indicadores de calidad para determinar índices de calidad del suelo en México, a través de una revisión bibliográfica realizada en el año 2022, para el período 2000-2021 mediante diversos buscadores de artículos científicos y palabras clave relacionadas al tema, con la finalidad de generar un diagnóstico y vislumbrar oportunidades de investigación. Se debe prestar mayor atención al estudio de la calidad de suelos en México, con base en información técnica y científica en regiones y estados dónde esta información siga siendo escasa. Producto de la revisión bibliográfica se propone como un conjunto de indicadores físicos: a la textura, densidad aparente, estabilidad de agregados, infiltración, resistencia a la penetración, curva de retención de humedad y profundidad del suelo; como indicadores químicos: materia orgánica, pH, nitrógeno total, nitrógeno inorgánico, fósforo, potasio, calcio y magnesio y como indicadores biológicos: carbono en la biomasa microbiana, respiración del suelo, densidad de lombrices, deshidrogenasa, β-glucosidasa, ureasa, fosfatasa y a los hongos micorrízicos arbusculares, optando por un subconjunto de indicadores o por un conjunto mínimo de datos para conformar un índice de calidad de suelo.

Abstract One strategy for evaluating soils is through quality indices that depend on specific indicators on the soils sampled, the type of crop and the management carried out. Indicators are measurable physical, chemical or biological variables that affect the capacity of the soil as they perform one or more of its functions. The objective of this research was to examine the methodological use of the different physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil used as quality indicators to determine soil quality indices in Mexico, through a bibliographic review carried out in 2022, for the period 2000-2021 through various search engines of scientific articles and keywords related to the subject, in order to generate a diagnosis and glimpse research opportunities. Greater attention should be paid to the study of soil quality in Mexico, based on technical and scientific information in regions and states where this information remains scarce. As a product of the bibliographic review, the following sets of indicators are proposed: texture, bulk density, aggregate stability, infiltration, penetration resistance, moisture retention curve and soil depth as physical indicators; organic matter, pH, total nitrogen, inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium as chemical indicators; and microbial biomass carbon, soil respiration, earthworm density, dehydrogenase, β-glucosidase, urease, phosphatase and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as biological indicators, opting for a subset of indicators or a minimum data set to form a soil quality index.

ABSTRACT Traditionally, to correct the acidity of soil, lime or agricultural dolomite is used, these conventional liming agents can bring as a secondary effect the decrease in soil organic matter (SOM), the carbon stock and the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG). Alkaline biochar is an alternative due to its stability and ability to obtain a positive carbon balance, improve agricultural soils and generate lower GHG emissions. We evaluated the CO2 emission and the physical and chemical properties of an acid soil when amended with biochar, lime, and agricultural dolomite in a greenhouse. versus a control (without amendment). Without cultivation, agricultural lime and biochar had a rapid reaction raising the pH close to 7; biochar increased the content of organic matter (+23%), nitrogen (+20%), available phosphorus (+116%), CEC (+46%) and exchangeable cations. Temporal CO2 emission within 24 hours increased with biochar (131%) and dolomite (+41%), although it decreased significantly afterwards. On the other hand, with the maize crop, the biochar maintained the desired pH value, and available phosphorus (+109%) and potassium (+224%), CEC (+6%) and exchangeable cations were higher; the temporary emission within 24 hours was higher for biochar (+314%), lime (+115%) and dolomite (+112%); and for the accumulated CO2, biochar presented the highest value (+53%). At day 56, CO2 emissions were not significantly different from the control for the three amendments, and even lower from day 75, which would mean a reduction in long-term emissions.

RESUMEN Tradicionalmente, para corregir la acidez del suelo se usa cal o dolomita agrícola, estos encalantes pueden tener como efecto secundario la disminución de materia orgánica del suelo (MOS), stock de carbono y emisión de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI). El biochar alcalino es una alternativa por su estabilidad y capacidad de obtener un balance positivo de carbono, mejorar los suelos agrícolas y generar menores emisiones de GEI. La emisión de CO2 y las propiedades físicas y químicas de un suelo ácido al ser enmendado con biochar, cal, dolomita agrícola versus un testigo (sin enmienda) se evaluaron en invernadero. Sin cultivo, la cal agrícola y biochar tuvieron una rápida reacción elevando el pH cerca de 7; el biochar aumentó el contenido de materia orgánica (+23%), nitrógeno (+20%), fósforo disponible (+116%), CIC (+46%) y cationes intercambiables. La emisión de CO2 temporal dentro de las 24 horas, aumentó con el biochar (+131%) y dolomita (+41%), aunque después disminuyó significativamente. Con el cultivo de maíz, el biochar mantuvo el valor deseado de pH, fueron mayores el fósforo (+109%) y potasio disponible (+224%), CIC (+6%) y cationes intercambiables; la emisión temporal dentro de las 24 horas fue mayor para el biochar (+314%), cal (+115%) y dolomita (+112%); y para el CO2 acumulado, el biochar presentó el mayor valor (+53%). Al día 56, las emisiones de CO2 no fueron significativamente diferentes al testigo para las tres enmiendas, y menores a partir del día 75, lo cual significaría una reducción en las emisiones a largo plazo.

Resumen Introducción. La palma de aceite (Elaeis guineensis) es uno de los monocultivos perennes que se ha extendido a casi un poco más de diecinueve millones de hectáreas en el mundo, su expansión ha generado debate social, económico y político en diversos países tropicales. Una de las problemáticas que se ha discutido, es el impacto sobre las propiedades fisicoquímicas, biológicas y ecológicas del suelo. Objetivo. (i) Ofrecer un panorama actual de la expansión del cultivo de palma de aceite para una zona de la región Soconusco, Chiapas, México, (ii) documentar los efectos que provoca la palma de aceite sobre las propiedades fisicoquímicas y biológicas del suelo y (iii) presentar algunas propuestas de prácticas de manejo para incrementar la fertilidad y la abundancia de macroinvertebrados del suelo. Desarrollo. Se realizó la búsqueda de palabras clave en el apartado de “tópicos” dentro de la base de datos “Web of Science” del año 2009 hasta marzo del 2018. Se consultaron investigaciones que relacionan el cultivo de la palma de aceite con los parámetros físicos, químicos y biológicos del suelo. La literatura demuestra los efectos negativos que genera el monocultivo de palma de aceite sobre algunas propiedades fisicoquímicas del suelo y sobre la ecología y biología de la macrofauna edáfica. Conclusión. Se muestra evidencia de que el mal manejo del monocultivo de la palma de aceite tiene implicaciones ambientales. La integración de buenas prácticas de manejo sostenibles, podrían mitigar los daños al suelo.

Abstract Introduction. Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is one of the perennial monocultures that has spread to almost a little more than nineteen million hectares in the world. Its expansion has generated social, economic, and political debate in various tropical countries. One of the problems that has been discussed is the impact on the physicochemical, biological, and ecological properties of the soil. Objective. (i) To provide a current overview of the expansion of oil palm cultivation in an area of the Soconusco region, Chiapas, Mexico, (ii) to document the effects caused by oil palm on the physicochemical and biological properties of the soil, and (iii) to present some proposals for management practices to increase the fertility and abundance of soil macroinvertebrates. Development. The search for keywords was carried out in the “topics” section within the “Web of Science” database from the year 2009 to March 2018. Research that relates the cultivation of oil palm with physical parameters, soil chemicals, and biology was consulted. The literature demonstrates the negative effects generated by oil palm monoculture on some physicochemical properties of the soil and the ecology and biology of the edaphic macrofauna. Conclusion. Evidence is show that the poor management of oil palm monoculture has environmental implications. The integration of good sustainable management practices could mitigate damage to the soil.

ABSTRACT Paraná State has approximately 74 % of its territory destined for agricultural activities. Several agricultural management practices modify soil quality and biodiversity, including earthworm populations that can contribute to soil health. This study aimed to review the studies carried out in the state of Paraná, Brazil, focusing on earthworm populations (abundance, biomass, richness, proportion of native and exotic species) in different land-use systems. In total, 51 publications were compiled, including peer-reviewed papers, book chapters, dissertations and theses. We used studies that analyzed chemical and physical soil properties (n = 14) to perform a principal component analysis to explore the relationships between these properties and earthworm populations. In total, 90 earthworm species are known from Paraná, of which more than half (n = 46) may be new species that still must be formally described. Of the total, 24 are exotic and 66 are native species, though only 62 (16 %) of the 399 counties have earthworm records. Of the land-use categories sampled, the lowest abundance and biomass were recorded in annual crops under conventional tillage, and the highest populations were found in agroforestry systems. Higher earthworm abundance and species richness were related to higher chemical fertility (soil P and base contents), while biomass was related to higher silt and sand contents. 7 activities biodiversity health Brazil abundance, (abundance landuse land use systems total 5 compiled peerreviewed peer reviewed papers chapters theses n 14 9 46 described 2 6 16 (1 39 records sampled tillage contents, contents , contents) 1 4 ( 3

ABSTRACT In the Cerrado, the palm swamps ( veredas ) are characterized by being humid and stable environments that lead to the formation of Histosols ( Organossolos ). and soils with surface horizons of organic constitution, which are fragile and sensitive to anthropic action. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of anthropization (recurrent forest fires and livestock farming) on the chemical, physical and morphological properties of soils in two palm swamps in the Environmental Preservation Area (EPA) of Pandeiros River, Minas Gerais, namely: Água Doce, in preserved condition, and Taboa, in anthropized condition. Four soil profiles were morphologically described, two profiles in each palm swamp, with subsequent chemical and physical analyses, calculations of organic carbon stock and identification of the origin of organic matter. The results were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Soil morphological properties were influenced by vegetation cover, drainage and anthropization conditions. As for the physical and chemical properties, adequate values were observed in the preserved palm swamp, including lower bulk density values and higher cation contents. Anthropic actions in the anthropized palm swamp caused degradation of soils, revealed by subsidence, reduction in organic carbon content, increase in bulk density and decrease in fertility. Changes promoted in the soils of the palm swamps compromise ecosystem services, indicating that actions at either local or governmental level should be stimulated for the preservation and conservation of these environments. Cerrado . constitution action recurrent farming EPA (EPA River Gerais namely Doce condition Taboa described analyses matter Pearsons Pearson s coefficient cover conditions contents subsidence content fertility services

Abstract The rational use of correctives and fertilizers in banana orchards depends on reliable standards for interpreting soil fertility. The study aimed to establish critical levels (CL) for phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in the soil of banana plantations in Santa Catarina, using the Boundary Line (BL) method. A database with information of soil chemical analysis and fruit yield obtained from orchards in producing regions was used. Scatter plots were obtained relating P and K concentration in the soil extracted by the Mehlich-1 method with the relative productivity of fruits and then the pairs of data in the upper border were selected and used to establish a mathematical model. The model was derived and obtained the concentrations of P and K in the soil that provided the maximum physical productivity (100 %) and maximum economic productivity (90% of the maximum production), corresponding to the CL in the soil. It is proposed that the update of critical levels of P and K for banana cultivation in Santa Catarina to be 85 and 229 mg/dm3, respectively. The banana grower will be able to suppress the P and K doses in a punctual and temporary way in areas of built fertility with the proper monitoring of productivity, soil and leaf analysis. (CL (P (K BL (BL Mehlich1 Mehlich 1 Mehlich- 100 (10 % 90% 90 (90 production, production , production) 8 22 mgdm3 mgdm mg dm3 dm mg/dm3 respectively 10 (1 9 (9 2 mg/dm (

Resumo O uso racional de corretivos e de fertilizantes em pomares de bananeira depende de padrões confiáveis de interpretação da fertilidade do solo. O trabalho objetivou estabelecer níveis críticos (NC) para fósforo (P) e potássio (K) no solo, em bananais de Santa Catarina, usando o método de Linha de Fronteira (LF). Foi utilizado um banco de dados com informações de análises químicas do solo e da produtividade de frutos, coletados em pomares de regiões produtoras. Gráficos de dispersão foram obtidos relacionando os teores de P e K no solo extraídos pelo método Mehlich-1, com a produtividade relativa de frutos, e, em seguida, os pares de dados da fronteira superior foram selecionados e usados para estabelecer modelos matemáticos. Os modelos foram derivados, e obtidos os teores de P e K no solo, que proporcionaram a máxima produtividade física (100 %) e a máxima produtividade econômica (90 % da produção máxima), correspondente ao NC no solo. É proposto que a atualização dos níveis críticos de P e K no solo, para a bananicultura em Santa Catarina, seja de 85 e 229 mg/dm3, respectivamente. O bananicultor poderá suprimir as doses de P e K de forma pontual e temporária, em áreas de fertilidade construída com o devido monitoramento da produtividade, das análises de solo e de folha. (NC (P (K Catarina LF. LF . (LF) frutos produtoras Mehlich1, Mehlich1 Mehlich 1, 1 Mehlich-1 seguida matemáticos derivados 100 (10 90 (9 máxima, , máxima) 8 22 mgdm3 mgdm mg dm3 dm mg/dm3 respectivamente temporária folha (LF Mehlich- 10 (1 9 ( 2 mg/dm

ABSTRACT Off-season crops diversification and gypsum under minimal tillage can improve soil fertility and reduce soil compaction. The objective of this work was to evaluate changes on soil physical and chemical properties and soybean yield grown over off-season crops in combination with gypsum and chiseling. Treatments consisted of gypsum application (0 and 3,5 t ha-1), two tillage systems (no tillage [NT] and minimal tillage [MT] with chiseling) and four soybean off-season crop successions: maize (M); maize+brachiaria (M+B); millet+crotalaria/wheat (Mi+C/W) and maize+black oats (M+O). Gypsum application reduced resistance to penetration (PR) by 12% in M+B system (1.12 kPa), when compared to the same treatment without gypsum. Gypsum increased surface soil Ca contents, mainly in M/O (from 3.81 to 5.66 cmolc dm-3). MT decreased PR in M+B, Mi+C/W and M/O, from 1.28 kPa in NT to 0.98 kPa. MT lowered total soil porosity from 66.9 to 63.1%, but reduced Ca contents compared to NT. Cultivation of crotalaria in the off-season reduced Al levels on the soil surface and grasses increased K and P in depth. Despite the improvements in the soil properties, crop rotations, chiseling and gypsum were not able to increase soybean yields in this 18-month experiment, averaging 3904 kg ha-1. Offseason Off season compaction offseason off 0 ( 35 3 5 3, ha1, ha1 ha 1 , ha-1) no [NT [MT successions M (M) maizebrachiaria brachiaria MB B (M+B) milletcrotalariawheat millet wheat MiCW Mi C W (Mi+C/W maizeblack black M+O. MO M+O . O (M+O) (PR 12 1.12 112 (1.1 kPa, kPa) 381 81 3.8 566 66 5.6 dm3. dm3 dm dm-3) 128 28 1.2 098 98 0.9 669 9 66. 631 63 63.1% depth rotations 18month month 18 experiment 390 ha1. 1. ha-1 (M (M+B (M+O 1.1 11 (1. 38 8 3. 56 6 5. dm-3 2 09 0. 63.1 39 ha- (1 dm- 63.