ABSTRACT Municipal biowaste has a high potential for agricultural use. However, it requires an additional amendment to increase the nutritional content used during the composting process. The purpose of this study was to investigate the selection of compost-enhancing amendments from municipal biowaste using bibliometric and multicriteria analysis. The municipality of Yopal (Casanare, Colombia) was chosen as a case study. Using a search equation in the Scopus and Web of Science databases over five years (2018-2022), 53 publications were discovered, from which 25 were chosen for a full review to identify alternatives for amendment. Ashes, rice husks, sawdust, sugarcane bagasse, tree pruning waste, and alfalfa hay were assessed as amendment substitutes. Criteria such as financial cost, accessibility to acquire the amendment, nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon contribution were used in the analysis of hierarchical processes. Tree pruning waste was the best option based on the criteria chosen because it is easily accessible and contributes with carbon and nitrogen (C/N: 13) to composting. Factors such as cost and affordability influence the physical and chemical characteristics that an amendment brings to the composting of municipal biowaste.

RESUMO Os biorresíduos municipais têm um elevado potencial para utilização agrícola. No entanto, requer uma alteração adicional para aumentar o conteúdo nutricional utilizado durante o processo de compostagem. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a seleção de aditivos melhoradores de compostagem a partir de resíduos biológicos municipais, utilizando análise bibliométrica e multicritério. O município de Yopal (Casanare, Colômbia) foi escolhido como estudo de caso. Utilizando uma equação de busca nas bases de dados Scopus e Web of Science ao longo de cinco anos (2018-2022), foram descobertas 53 publicações, das quais 25 foram escolhidas para uma revisão completa para identificar alternativas de alteração. Cinzas, cascas de arroz, serragem, bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, podas de árvores e feno de alfafa foram testados como substitutos de emendas. Critérios como custo financeiro, acessibilidade para aquisição do aditivo, aporte de nitrogênio, fósforo e carbono foram utilizados na análise dos processos hierárquicos. A poda de árvores foi a melhor opção pelos critérios escolhidos por ser de fácil acesso e contribuir com carbono e nitrogênio (C/N: 13) para a compostagem. Fatores como custo e acessibilidade influenciam as características físicas e químicas que uma alteração traz para a compostagem de biorresíduos municipais.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a fermentação semi-carbônica como tratamento pós-colheita de café submetido a diferentes tipos de processamento sobre a qualidade do café e sobre a incidência de fungos. O experimento foi conduzido no IFSULDEMINAS Campus Inconfidentes, Brasil, em delineamento em blocos ao acaso. Foi realizado com 9 tratamentos considerando os frutos em diferentes estádios fenológicos fermentados e não fermentados. Foram analisados os parâmetros físicos, químicos, microbiológicos e a qualidade sensorial do café. A qualidade sensorial dos cafés cereja verde+maduro e verde claro melhorou significativamente, apresentando diminuição na incidência dos fungos Cladosporium. O café fermentado apresentou tonalidades mais avermelhadas. O processo de fermentação melhora a qualidade dos grãos de café verde claro e verde + maduro. O processo de fermentação semi-carbônica afeta resultando em cerejas de café com tons avermelhados. A fermentação semi-carbônica reduz a incidência de fungos Cladosporium, sem alterar a qualidade do café.

Abstract The objective of this this work was to evaluate semi-carbonic fermentation as a post-harvest treatment of coffee subjected to different processing types on the coffee qualities and on the incidence of fungi. The experiment was conducted in IFSULDEMINAS Campus Inconfidentes, Brazil, in a randomized block design. It was carried out in 9 treatments considering the fruits in different fermented and non-fermented phenological stages. The coffee physical, chemical, and microbiological parameters and sensorial quality were analyzed. The sensorial quality of green + ripe, and light green coffee cherries was significantly improved, presenting decreases in incidence of Cladosporium fungi. The fermented coffee presented more reddish hues. The fermentation process improves the quality of light green and green + ripe coffee cherries. Semi-carbonic fermentation process affects resulting in coffee cherries with reddish hues. Semi-carbonic fermentation reduces the incidence of Cladosporium fungi, without altering the coffee quality.

Resumen: El análisis de patrones espaciales, temporales y ambientales en las áreas de anidación de las tortugas es indispensable para entender los factores asociados a su supervivencia, así como para lograr un óptimo desarrollo en las labores de conservación. El objetivo fue identificar patrones de influencia espacial asociados a características de sedimentos respecto a la disponibilidad de áreas de anidación para tres especies de tortugas, en un marco multitemporal. La metodología comprende dos fases. La primera fase de campo realizada durante junio y agosto de 2019 se hizo parte de las actividades de conservación que desarrollan cinco comunidades indígenas, fueron visitadas seis playas y se tomaron muestras del suelo (por especie) de los lugares donde las hembras anidaban. La segunda fase de oficina, se llevó a cabo un análisis de laboratorio de las características físicas y químicas de las muestras de suelo. Por otro lado, se realizó una clasificación supervisada a partir de imágenes satelitales Landsat 5, 7 y 8 correspondientes al mes de septiembre para cada año de actividad del programa de conservación. Fueron analizadas en total 14 muestras de suelo. Estas evidenciaron las condiciones idóneas y/o de preferencia por las tortugas para desarrollar los procesos de oviposición referente a textura, color, densidad, pH, materia orgánica, presencia de alófanos (material volcánico) y carbonatos. En paralelo, se obtuvo un total de 12 clasificaciones supervisadas en las que se evidenció variabilidad asociada con la disponibilidad de las seis playas en términos de tamaño, forma y ubicación, así como la aparición de dos nuevas extensiones y el cambio en la morfología del río. En conclusión, en la ecología reproductiva de las tortugas de río intervienen diversos factores geoespaciales y multitemporales que se relacionan con las condiciones del ecosistema acuático, así como con la disponibilidad y características propias de las playas de anidación.

Abstract: The analysis of spatial, temporal, and environmental patterns of the availability of turtle nesting areas is essential for the understanding of the factors associated with their survival, as and for an optimal development of conservation activities. The objective was to identify patterns of spatial influence associated with sediment characteristics regarding the availability of nesting areas for three species of turtles, in a multitemporal framework. The methodology comprises two phases. The first field phase was carried out during July and August of 2019, we participated in conservation activities being carried out by five indigenous communities, we visited six beaches and took soil samples from places where the females of each species nested. In the second office phase, an analysis was carried out on a laboratory analysis of the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil samples was carried out. A supervised classification of beaches was done from satellite images Landsat 5, 7 and 8, from September of each year of activity of the conservation program. A total of 14 soil samples were analyzed. They showed the ideal conditions and/or preference of turtles for oviposition processes. Such conditions included texture, color, density, pH, organic matter, presence of allophones (volcanic material) and carbonates. A total of 12 supervised beach classifications were obtained. The availability of the six beaches had remarkable variability in terms of size, shape, and location. Two new beach extensions and changes in river morphology were observed. In conclusion, in various geospatial and multi-temporal factors influence the reproductive ecology of river turtles. These are related to the conditions of the aquatic ecosystem, and the availability and characteristics of nesting sites.

RESUMEN El bienestar de los animales terrestres describe las expectativas de la sociedad sobre las condiciones que los animales deberían experimentar cuando están bajo el control humano. Estos principios incluyen que los animales deben estar libres de dolor, lesiones y enfermedades. La inflamación es el mecanismo de defensa de un huésped contra una infección bacteriana o viral, o una lesión física o química al huésped. Los metabolitos secundarios de las plantas son una alternativa eficaz para el tratamiento de enfermedades inflamatorias. El propósito de esta investigación fue evaluar la capacidad antiinflamatoria de un extracto hidroalcohólico de hojas de Salix babylonica (HESB) empleando el modelo de edema auricular inducido por TPA en ratones. El HESB mostró una buena actividad antiinflamatoria sin diferencia estadística significativa con el fármaco de referencia, indometacina. Por este motivo, se realizó una bipartición de HESB, obteniendo una fracción acuosa (AFSB) con actividad farmacológica leve (30.64 ± 3.03 %) y una fracción orgánica (EAFSB) que mostró el mejor efecto antiinflamatorio (67.08 ± 7.15 %). Anteriormente, identificamos los flavonoides antiinflamatorios luteolina y luteolosido como los componentes principales de EAFSB, por lo que el efecto antiinflamatorio de Salix babylonica puede ser atribuido a estos compuestos. Además, el análisis histopatológico mostró que las orejas de los ratones tratados con Salix babylonica suprimieron la infiltración de neutrófilos en el sitio de inflamación. Estos resultados apoyan el uso etnomédico de esta planta y evidencian el posible uso de Salix babylonica en el tratamiento del proceso inflamatorio en animales.

ABSTRACT The wellbeing of terrestrial animals describes society’s expectations for the conditions animals should experience when under human control. These principles include that animals must be free from pain, injury and disease. Inflammation is a host’s defensive mechanism against bacterial or viral infection and physical or chemical stimulus to the host. Metabolites from plants are an efficient alternative for treatment of inflammatory diseases. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory capacity of a hydro-alcoholic extract from Salix babylonica leaves (HESB) employing the auricular edema induced by the TPA model in mice. The HESB showed good anti-inflammatory activity without significant difference from the reference drug, indomethacin. For this reason, a bipartition of HESB was conducted, obtaining an aqueous fraction (AFSB) with slight activity (30.64 ± 3.03 %) and an organic fraction (EAFSB), which showed the best anti-inflammatory effect (67.08 ± 7.15 %). Previously, we identified anti-inflammatory flavonoids luteolin and luteoloside as the major components of EAFSB. In addition, histopathological analysis showed that mouse ears treated with Salix babylonica suppressed neutrophil infiltration into the inflammation site. These results support the ethno-medical use of this plant and evidenced that Salix babylonica’s applicability and value as an anti-inflammatory treatment for animals.

Abstract Introduction: Solubility studies and obtaining physicochemical data on drugs in pure solvents belonging to different chemical classes are key to developing new drug formulations. In this work, Hansen partial solubility parameters (HSP) were calculated to assess the miscibility and intermolecular interactions of barnidipine in seventeen pure solvents. The comparison of the results obtained with the theoretical values calculated according to the structure of barnidipine, were valuable to analyse the influence of the solute-solute, solute-solvent relationships of the additive contribution groups, on the chemical and physical properties of this molecule with the solvents of different polarity tested, to provide relevant information highly useful in the pharmaceutical industry. Method: Equilibrium barnidipine solubilities in mono-solvents was determined using the classical shake-flask method, followed by UV-spectrophotometric analysis at 298.15 K. The partial solubility parameters were calculated by applying theoretical group contribution methods, proposed by Hoftyzer-Van Krevelen and Fedors. The KAT-LSER model was used to investigate the effect of solvent based on the concept of linear solvation energy relationships. The mole fraction was obtained from the densities of the solutions. Solid-phase analyses were made by calorimetry differential scanning. Results: The modification introduced in the extended Hansen method, that is, the use of lnX2 as the dependent variable, provided excellent results. The highest solubility values have been found in polar solvents. It is observed that solvent-solvent and solute-solvent intermolecular interactions through hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces, significantly influence drug solubility. Conclusions: The affinity between barnidipine and each one of the selected solvent was evaluated by using HSP. Results showed that HSP could be well used to analyse drug solubility in particular solvents. Barnidipine is easier to dissolve in solvents with shorter carbon chains and higher polarity.

Resumen Introducción: Los estudios de solubilidad y la obtención de datos fisicoquímicos de fármacos en disolventes puros pertenecientes a diferentes clases químicas resultan claves para desarrollar nuevas formulaciones de medicamentos. En este trabajo se calcularon los parámetros de solubilidad parciales de Hansen (HSP) para evaluar la miscibilidad y las interacciones intermoleculares del barnidipino en diecisiete disolventes puros. Además, se compararon los valores experimentales obtenidos con los teóricos calculados según la estructura del barnidipino, para analizar la influencia de las relaciones soluto-soluto, soluto-solvente de los grupos de contribución aditivos, en las propiedades químicas y físicas del barnidipino con los solventes de diferente polaridad ensayados, para aportar información relevante para su uso en la industria farmacéutica. Método: La solubilidad en equilibrio del barnidipino en los disolventes seleccionados se determinó usando el método clásico de agitación en matraces seguida de un análisis por espectrofotometría UV a 298,15 K, y se calcularon los parámetros parciales de solubilidad con la aplicación de métodos teóricos de contribución de grupo, propuestos por Hoftyzer-Van Krevelen y Fedors. El modelo KAT-LSER se usó para investigar el efecto del solvente basado en el concepto de relaciones de energía de solvatación lineal. La fracción molar se obtuvo considerando las densidades de las soluciones. Los análisis en fase sólida se realizaron por calorimetría diferencial de barrido. Resultados: La modificación introducida en el método de Hansen, es decir, el empleo de lnX2 como variable dependiente proporcionó excelentes resultados. Los valores más altos de solubilidad se han encontrado en los disolventes polares. Se observa que las interacciones intermoleculares solvente-solvente y soluto-solvente con enlaces de hidrógeno y fuerzas de van der Waals, influyeron significativamente en la solubilidad del fármaco. Conclusiones: La afinidad entre el barnidipino y los disolventes seleccionados fue estudiada con HSP. Los resultados mostraron que HSP podría ser utilizado para analizar la solubilidad del fármaco en los disolventes puros elegidos. El barnidipino es más fácil de disolver en disolventes de cadenas de carbono más cortas y con mayor polaridad.

Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons. There is substantial evidence that the endocannabinoid system modulates the dopaminergic activity in the basal ganglia, a forebrain system that integrates cortical information to coordinate motor activity regulating signals. In this article, a fused-silica capillary with a molecularly imprinted polymer was developed for in-tube solid-phase microextraction of the endocannabinoid anandamide in plasma samples from Parkinson’s disease patients and further analysis by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. The molecularly imprinted polymer capillary presented recognition sites with complementary shape, size, and functionality to anandamide. Scanning electron micrographs and Fourier transform infrared spectra illustrated the physical and chemical modification of the printed and non-printed capillary surface. The in-tube solid-phase microextraction ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method presented a linear range from 0.1 to 20 ng mL-1, precision with coefficient of variation values ranging from 1.2 to 13%, and relative standard deviation accuracy ranging from -3.6 to 7.5%. The method developed herein can adequately determine anandamide in plasma samples from Parkinson’s disease patients. By applying the standard addition approach, the anandamide plasmatic concentration in these samples was found to range from 0.2 to 0.4 ng mL-1.

Resumen Una estrategia para evaluar suelos es mediante índices de calidad que dependen de indicadores específicos sobre los suelos muestreados, el tipo de cultivo y el manejo realizado. Los indicadores son variables físicas, químicas o biológicas medibles, que afectan la capacidad del suelo al ejercer una o varias de sus funciones. El objetivo de esta investigación fue examinar el uso metodológico de las diferentes propiedades físicas, químicas y biológicas del suelo usadas como indicadores de calidad para determinar índices de calidad del suelo en México, a través de una revisión bibliográfica realizada en el año 2022, para el período 2000-2021 mediante diversos buscadores de artículos científicos y palabras clave relacionadas al tema, con la finalidad de generar un diagnóstico y vislumbrar oportunidades de investigación. Se debe prestar mayor atención al estudio de la calidad de suelos en México, con base en información técnica y científica en regiones y estados dónde esta información siga siendo escasa. Producto de la revisión bibliográfica se propone como un conjunto de indicadores físicos: a la textura, densidad aparente, estabilidad de agregados, infiltración, resistencia a la penetración, curva de retención de humedad y profundidad del suelo; como indicadores químicos: materia orgánica, pH, nitrógeno total, nitrógeno inorgánico, fósforo, potasio, calcio y magnesio y como indicadores biológicos: carbono en la biomasa microbiana, respiración del suelo, densidad de lombrices, deshidrogenasa, β-glucosidasa, ureasa, fosfatasa y a los hongos micorrízicos arbusculares, optando por un subconjunto de indicadores o por un conjunto mínimo de datos para conformar un índice de calidad de suelo.

Abstract One strategy for evaluating soils is through quality indices that depend on specific indicators on the soils sampled, the type of crop and the management carried out. Indicators are measurable physical, chemical or biological variables that affect the capacity of the soil as they perform one or more of its functions. The objective of this research was to examine the methodological use of the different physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil used as quality indicators to determine soil quality indices in Mexico, through a bibliographic review carried out in 2022, for the period 2000-2021 through various search engines of scientific articles and keywords related to the subject, in order to generate a diagnosis and glimpse research opportunities. Greater attention should be paid to the study of soil quality in Mexico, based on technical and scientific information in regions and states where this information remains scarce. As a product of the bibliographic review, the following sets of indicators are proposed: texture, bulk density, aggregate stability, infiltration, penetration resistance, moisture retention curve and soil depth as physical indicators; organic matter, pH, total nitrogen, inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium as chemical indicators; and microbial biomass carbon, soil respiration, earthworm density, dehydrogenase, β-glucosidase, urease, phosphatase and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as biological indicators, opting for a subset of indicators or a minimum data set to form a soil quality index.

Resumen La necesidad de investigar y evaluar la alternativa de producir triticale en México, para luego, incorporarlo a la cadena agroalimentaria en la alimentación humana es importante, debido a su contenido de proteína (alrededor de 20 % más que el trigo), sumado al mejor balance de aminoácidos y a su grano más rico en fósforo que el grano de trigo. El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar líneas de triticales (X. Triticosecale Wittmack) con base en las propiedades físicas y químicas del grano con valor para la industria alimentaria. Se evaluaron 20 líneas élite de triticales primaverales del programa de investigación del CIMMYT (Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo). El estudio se realizó en 2017 en Celaya, Guanajuato, México. El experimento se aleatorizó en un diseño experimental completamente al azar con seis repeticiones, cada unidad experimental correspondió a cada línea, las variables medidas fueron: peso de mil granos (PMG) peso hectolítrico (PH), humedad, cenizas, grasa, fibra, proteína y carbohidratos fueron determinadas en el laboratorio de análisis de alimentos del TecNM-Roque. Los resultados mostraron diferencias estadísticas entre líneas; se encontraron mayores contenidos de PMG (45.85 g), PH (78.8 kg hL-1) en L-18 y L-20 respectivamente, en grasa, fibra, proteínas y carbohidratos las líneas L-17, L-18 y L-20 obtuvieron mayores promedios, en cenizas el 75 % de las líneas mostraron valores inferiores al 2.0 %.

Abstract The need to investigate and evaluate the alternative of producing triticale in Mexico, to later incorporate it into the agri-food chain for human consumption is important, due to its good protein content (around 20 % more than wheat), added to the better balance of amino acids and its grain is richer in phosphorus than wheat grain. The objective of this research was to identify lines of triticales (X. Triticosecale Wittmack) based on the physical and chemical properties of the grain with value for the food industry. Twenty elite lines of spring triticales from the CIMMYT (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center) research program was evaluated. The study was carried out in 2018 in Celaya, Guanajuato, Mexico, the experiment was randomized in a completely randomized experimental design with six repetitions, each experimental unit was each line, the variables measured were: thousand grain weight (PMG) hectoliter weight (PH), humidity, ashes, fat, fiber, protein and carbohydrates were determined in the food analysis laboratory of TecNM-Roque. The results showed statistical differences between lines; higher contents of PMG (45.85 g), PH (78.8 Kg hL-1) were found in L-18 and L-20 respectively, in fat, fiber, carbohydrate proteins the lines L-17, L-18 and L-20 obtained higher averages, in ash 75 % of the lines showed values lower than 2.0 %.

Resumen El durazno [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] es considerado uno de los frutos más importantes a nivel mundial y en México. La investigación se realizó en el municipio de Altzayanca, Tlaxcala, durante 2019. En la localidad se producen las variedades Escarcha, Lucero y el Amarillo criollo, con una aceptación importante por parte del consumidor local y regional. El objetivo fue evaluar las características físicas y químicas en frutos de tres variedades de durazno a través del peso, tamaño, firmeza, pH, conductividad eléctrica, sólidos solubles totales (SST), acidez titulable (AT) y el índice de madurez (relación SST/AT), características que permitirán determinar su disposición poscosecha. De cada variedad fueron seleccionados cuatro árboles al azar y de cada árbol 10 frutos, en total 40 frutos por variedad. Los datos se sometieron a pruebas de normalidad y homogeneidad de varianza para realizar un Anova y una comparación de medias por la prueba Tukey (p< 0.05), además, de un análisis de componentes principales (ACP). Los resultados mostraron que, en los frutos de las tres variedades, el contenido de azúcares (oBrix > 10) para el mercado es el adecuado, en la variable firmeza el valor promedio fue de 15.1 N, ambos valores de acuerdo con la normatividad mexicana son adecuados para elaborar conservas. A través del ACP, el tamaño, índice de madurez y firmeza fueron determinantes en la variación entre las variedades, en conclusión, las características antes mencionadas pueden considerarse por los productores como buenos indicadores de la madurez y el sabor en la etapa de postcosecha.

Abstract Peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] is considered one of the most important fruits worldwide and in Mexico. The research was conducted in the municipality of Altzayanca, Tlaxcala, in 2019. The varieties Escarcha, Lucero and Amarillo criollo are produced in the locality, with an important acceptance by the local and regional consumer. The objective was to evaluate the physical and chemical characteristics in fruits of three varieties of peach through weight, size, firmness, pH, electrical conductivity, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA) and maturity index (TSS/AT ratio), characteristics that will allow determining their postharvest disposition. From each variety, four trees were selected at random and from each tree 10 fruits, in total 40 fruits per variety. Data were subjected to tests of normality and homogeneity of variance to perform an Anova and mean comparison by the Tukey test (p< 0.05), in addition to a principal component analysis (PCA). The results showed that, in the fruits of the three varieties, the sugar content (°Brix > 10) for the market is adequate, in the variable of firmness the average value was 15.1 N, according to Mexican regulations, both values are suitable for making preserves. Through the PCA, the size, maturity index and firmness were determinants in the variation between the varieties, in conclusion, the aforementioned characteristics can be considered by producers as good indicators of maturity and flavor in the postharvest stage.

ABSTRACT Brazil is one of the world's largest guava (Psidium guajava) producing countries, but the economic performance of this crop can be negatively affected by the damage caused by Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae). The main methods for controlling C. capitata are based on broad-spectrum insecticide applications. However, the negative effects of using this control method stimulate the development of sustainable alternatives, such as the use of essential oils (EO). In this sense, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the repellent activity of EO of citronella (Cymbopogon nardus), clove (Syzygium aromaticum), and copaiba (Copaifera officinalis) for repellency of C. capitata in Paluma guava fruits and determine their effects on postharvest fruit quality, under laboratory-controlled conditions. The fruits were treated with citronella, clove, and copaiba EO and placed in covered plastic containers attached to the ends of arenas of 20 cm diameter and 15 cm height. The fruit physical and chemical analysis was carried out based on the same oils applied in the repellent test. The C. nardus essential oil presented a greater repellency of C. capitata females. The EO applications proved to be a good strategy for maintaining the fruit post-harvest quality.

RESUMO O Brasil está entre os maiores produtores mundiais de goiaba (Psidium guajava), mas o rendimento econômico dessa cultura pode ser negativamente afetado pelos danos causados por Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae). Os principais métodos de controle de C. capitata são baseados em aplicações de inseticidas de amplo espectro. Porém, os efeitos negativos do uso desse controle estimulam o desenvolvimento de alternativas sustentáveis, como o uso de óleos essenciais. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a atividade repelente dos óleos essenciais de citronela (Cymbopogon nardus), cravo (Syzygium aromaticum) e copaíba (Copaifera officinalis) em fruto de goiabeiras Paluma contra C. capitata e determinar suas influências na qualidade pós-colheita desses frutos trabalhados. Em condições controladas de laboratório, os frutos foram tratados com óleos essenciais de citronela, cravo e copaíba e acondicionados em recipientes de plástico com dimensões de 20 cm de diâmetro e 15 cm de altura. A análise físico-química dos frutos foi realizada com base nos mesmos óleos aplicados no teste de repelência. O óleo essencial de C. nardus apresentou maior repelência às fêmeas de C. capitata. A aplicação de óleos essenciais, mostrou-se uma estratégia para manutenção da qualidade póscolheita.

RESUMO A produção artesanal de queijos envolve uma tradição secular no estado de Minas Gerais, no Brasil, exercendo importante papel histórico e social. Objetivou-se, com este estudo, avaliar as características de queijos minas artesanal de sete regiões certificadas para sua produção em relação à sua composição físico-química e centesimal, a fim de se identificarem parâmetros que sejam úteis para diferenciá-los. A composição físico-química e centesimal revelou diferença entre os queijos das diferentes regiões para as variáveis nitrogênio solúvel, índices de extensão e profundidade de maturação, cinzas, oxidação, gordura e pH. Os maiores valores para os índices de extensão e profundidade de maturação foram observados na região do Cerrado. Os queijos da região da Canastra se mostraram diferentes daqueles das demais regiões em razão do maior teor de umidade, assim como os queijos de Campo das Vertentes, que apresentaram maiores valores de pH e compostos nitrogenados. Apesar das semelhanças entre os queijos em cada região, esses apresentaram posicionamentos dispersos na análise de componentes principais. Existem diferenças na composição físico-química e centesimal entre os queijos minas artesanais oriundos das distintas regiões em Minas Gerais, e os parâmetros analisados podem ser utilizados para diferenciá-los. Os teores de cinzas, gordura, índice de oxidação, teores de nitrogênio solúvel e pH foram os parâmetros que estiveram associados a maiores diferenças dos queijos conforme sua região de origem. Gerais Brasil social Objetivouse, Objetivouse Objetivou se, Objetivou-se estudo físicoquímica físico química diferenciálos. diferenciálos diferenciá los. los diferenciá-los cinzas oxidação Cerrado umidade Vertentes nitrogenados principais origem

ABSTRACT Artisanal cheese production involves a centuries-old tradition in the state of Minas Gerais in Brazil, playing an important historical and social role. The aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of artisanal Minas cheeses from seven regions certified for their production in relation to their physical-chemical and centesimal composition to identify parameters that are useful to differentiate them. There were differences among the cheeses from different regions for the soluble nitrogen variables, extension and depth of ripening indexes, ash, oxidation, fat and pH. The highest values for the ripening length and depth index were observed in the Cerrado region. The cheeses from the Canastra region were different due to the higher moisture content, and the cheeses from Campo das Vertentes presented higher pH and nitrogen compound values. Despite the similarities among cheeses in each region, they had dispersed positions in the principal components analysis. There are differences in the physicochemical and centesimal composition among the artisanal Minas cheeses from the distinct regions in Minas Gerais, and the analyzed parameters can be used to differentiate them. The contents of ash, fat, oxidation index, soluble nitrogen and pH were the parameters that were associated with greater differences in cheeses. centuriesold centuries old Brazil role physicalchemical physical chemical them variables indexes ash content analysis

RESUMO A estabilidade de cor está entre as causas mais frequentes de falhas de restauragoes, que também influenciam suas propriedades superficiais. Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a influencia de solugoes de pigmentos em compósitos convencionais e de baixa retragao, bem como alteragoes naspropriedades físicas da superficie dos compósitos. Materiais eMétodo: Amostras de cada compósito (Filtek Z350XT, Point 4, N’Durance e Venus Diamond) foram distribuidas aleatoriamente em grupos submetidos a cada solugao pigmentante (vinho tinto, molho de tomate e café) em ciclos diários de quinze minutos, durante vinte e oito dias. Assim, totalizando 12 grupos (n = 10). Foram realizados testes de cor, rugosidade superficial e dureza. A Análise Estatistica foi realizada usando Análise de variáncia (ANOVA) e o teste de significáncia de Tukey (a = 0.05). Resultados: As alteragoes de cor desencadeadas pelas solugoes investigadas nao mostraram diferenga estatisticamente significativa entre os compósitos Filtek Z350 XT, Venus Diamond e N’Durance. Os valores de dureza registrados para Filtek Z350XT e Venus Diamond diminuiram significativamente após o desafio químico com cada uma das solugoes pigmentantes. Para o fator independente compósito, Venus Diamond registrou a maior rugosidade; foi seguido por Filtek Z350XT, Point 4 e N’Durance. Conclusoes: Os tratamentos das amostras com diferentes solugoes pigmentantes (vinho tinto, molho de tomate e café) aumentaram a manchabilidade dos compósitos convencionais e de baixa retragao e diminuiram sua dureza, embora nao tenham afetado a rugosidade dos compósitos.

ABSTRACT Color stability is among the most frequent causes of restoration failures, and influences surface properties. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of pigment solutions on low-shrinkage and conventional composites regarding changes in the physical properties of composite surfaces. Materials and Method: Specimens of four composites (Filtek Z350 XT, Point 4, N’Durance and Venus Diamond) were randomly distributed into three groups to be submitted to each of three pigment solutions (red wine, tomato sauce and coffee) in fifteen-minute daily cycles, for twenty-eight days. There were 12 groups altogether (n = 10). Color, surface roughness and hardness tests were performed. Statistical analysis includedAnalysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s significance test (a = 0.05). Results: Color changes caused by the solutions did not differ significantly among Filtek Z350 XT, Venus Diamond and N’Durance. Hardness decreased significantly in Filtek Z350 XT and Venus Diamond after chemical challenge with each solution. For the composite independent factor, roughness was highest in Venus Diamond, followed by Filtek Z350 XT, Point 4 and N’Durance. Conclusions: Treatment with different pigment solutions (red wine, tomato sauce or coffee) increased stainability and decreased hardness of both low-shrinkage and conventional composites, while roughness was unaffected.

Resumen Antecedentes: La Planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales (PTAR) Cerro de la Estrella descarga aguas tratadas en diferentes sitios de la Ciudad de México por medio de tubos o vertederos, en donde se desarrollan de manera diferencial, algunas microalgas en función de las condiciones ambientales. Objetivo: Conocer la composición y distribución de la ficoflora asociada a un vertedero proveniente de la PTAR Cerro de la Estrella, sobre un canal de la zona chinampera de Xochimilco, Ciudad de México y su relación con algunas variables físicas y químicas. Métodos: Se establecieron seis puntos de muestreo en un área cercana a un vertedero de agua residual, las muestras de algas se recolectaron con red de arrastre y con botella van Dorn. Se analizaron parámetros físicos y químicos del agua (temperatura, pH, conductividad, nitritos, nitratos y ortofosfatos). El material ficológico se revisó en un microscopio óptico. Se realizó un análisis de regresión lineal para conocer la relación entre riqueza y abundancia de especies versus los parámetros físicos y químicos medidos. Resultados: Se identificó un total de 88 especies pertenecientes a siete Phylum, siendo Bacillariophyta el más diverso con 35 especies, seguido de las Chlorophyta con 26; las Euglenozoa, Cyanobacteria y Miozoa tuvieron 16, 6 y 3 especies respectivamente; mientras que los Phylum Cryptista y Ochrophyta solo presentaron una especie. Los taxa más frecuentes fueron Chlorella sp., Desmodesmus protuberans, Stephanocyclus meneghinianus y Gomphonema sp., encontrándose en los seis puntos muestreados; por su parte los más abundantes fueron Aulacoseira granulata var. angustissima con 1120 cél/mL, S. meneghinianus y Aulacoseira granulata con 960 y 625 cél/mL respectivamente; asimismo Microcystis aeruginosa con 490 cél/mL. Conclusiones: Se observaron 25 nuevos registros para la zona de estudio. Dominaron las especies de los Phylum Bacillariophyta y Chlorophyta. Se registró M. aeruginosa, especie causante de florecimientos algales nocivos, pero pequeñas cantidades. Se observó distribución diferencial de las especies, a pesar de la estabilidad física y química a lo largo de los puntos muestreados.

Abstract Background: The Cerro de la Estrella Wastewater Treatment Plant (PTAR) discharges treated water at different sites in Mexico City through pipes or spillways, where some microalgae develop differentially depending on environmental conditions. Objective: To know the composition and distribution of the phycoflora associated with a landfill from the Cerro de la Estrella WWTP, on a channel in the chinampera area of Xochimilco, Mexico City and its relationship with some physical and chemical variables. Methods: Six sampling points were established in an area close to a wastewater dump, the algae samples were collected with a trawl net and a van Dorn bottle. Physical and chemical parameters of the water (temperature, pH, conductivity, nitrites, nitrates, and orthophosphates) were analyzed. Phycological material was reviewed under an optical microscope. A linear regression analysis was carried out to determine the relationship between richness and abundance of species versus the physical and chemical parameters measured. Results: A total of 88 species belonging to seven Phylum were identified, with Bacillariophyta being the most diverse with 35 species, followed by Chlorophyta with 26; the Euglenozoa, Cyanobacteria and Miozoa had 16, 6 and 3 species respectively; while the Phylum Cryptista and Ochrophyta only presented one species. The most frequent taxa were Chlorella sp., Desmodesmus protuberans, Stephanocyclus meneghinianus and Gomphonema sp., found in the six sampled points; On the other hand, the most abundant were Aulacoseira granulata var. angustissima with 1120 cells/mL, S. meneghinianus and Aulacoseira granulata with 960 and 625 cells/mL respectively; likewise, Microcystis aeruginosa with 490 cells/mL. Conclusions: 25 new records were observed for the study area. Species of the Phylum Bacillariophyta and Chlorophyta dominated. M. aeruginosa, a species that causes harmful algal blooms, was recorded, but in small quantities. Differential distribution of the species was observed, despite the physical and chemical stability throughout the sampled points.

Rapid recognition of the sources of drugs can provide some valuable clues and the basis for determining the nature of the case. A novel recognition method was put forward to identify the sources of heroin drugs rapidly and non-destructively by using a hand-held near infrared (NIR) spectrometer and a multi-layer-extreme learning machine (ML-ELM) algorithm. In contrast to traditional linear discriminant analysis (LDA), support vector machine (SVM) and extreme learning machine (ELM) algorithms, the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity were the highest for the proposed ML-ELM algorithm. The prediction accuracy of the ML-ELM algorithm was 25.33, 20.00, 17.33% higher than that of LDA, SVM and ELM algorithm, respectively, for 4 cases. The ML-ELM models for recognizing the different sources of heroin drugs had the best generalization ability and prediction results. The experimental results indicated that the combination of the hand held NIR technology and ML-ELM algorithm can recognize the different sources of heroin drugs rapidly, accurately, and non-destructively on the spot.

ABSTRACT The functioning of ecosystems or agroecosystems is mainly dependent on the soil-litterfall interaction. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different soil use and management systems on the dynamics of decomposition of plant residues of Azadirachta indica (neem) and Gliricidia sepium (gliricidia). The study was conducted in four land occupation systems, namely: remaining forest, agroforestry, agricultural mandala, and pasture. The decomposition rate was estimated using nylon bags (litter bags), containing 20 g of leaves of A. indica and G. sepium, which were arranged on the soil surface of each area for 18, 36, 54, 72, 90, and 108 days. A completely randomized design was used for each species, considering each area as one treatment, with four replications for each collection. The data were subjected to regression analysis and the means were compared by the Tukey's test (p<0.05). More than 85% and 90% of A. indica and G. sepium plant matters, respectively, had been decomposed after 108 days, regardless of the system evaluated, denoting that these species present high decomposition rates. The phytomass half-life time varied from 16 to 23 days for G. sepium and from 25 to 37 days for A. indica, depending on the land use system. Edaphic temperature, soil water content, and leaf physical and chemical characteristics are weight loss predictors. The results provide important information to enable forest management practices.

RESUMO O funcionamento dos ecossistemas ou agroecossistemas depende, sobretudo, da interação solo-serapilheira. Assim, objetivouse avaliar a influência de diferentes sistemas de uso e manejo do solo sobre a dinâmica de decomposição dos resíduos vegetais de Azadirachta indica e Gliricidia sepium. O estudo foi conduzido em quatro sistemas de ocupação da terra, sendo eles: remanescente florestal, sistema agroflorestal (SAF), mandala agrícola e pastagem. A taxa de decomposição foi estimada com o uso de sacolas de nylon (litter bags), contendo 20 g de folhas de A. indica e G. sepium, que foram dispostas na superfície do solo de cada área por um período de 18, 36, 54, 72, 90 e 108 dias. Adotou-se um DIC, considerando cada área como um tratamento e quatro repetições a cada coleta, para ambas as espécies. Os dados foram submetidos a uma análise de regressão e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste Tukey (p<0,05). Após 108 dias, mais de 85 e 90% da fitomassa de A. indica e G. sepium, respectivamente, havia sido decomposta, independente do sistema avaliado, indicando que estas espécies apresentam rápida taxa de decomposição. O tempo de meia-vida (T½) do material vegetal variou de 16 a 23 dias no caso da G. sepium e de 25 a 37 dias no caso da A. indica, dependendo do sistema de uso da terra. A temperatura edáfica, o conteúdo de água do solo e as características físico-químicas da fração foliar são preditores da perda de massa. Esses conhecimentos podem fornecer importantes informações que viabilizem práticas de manejo florestal.