RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a associação entre a participação em exercícios físicos relacionados ao fitness (EFRF) e a insatisfação com a imagem corporal (IIC) em adolescentes e avaliar a interação entre os exercícios físicos e o estado nutricional nesta associação. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado em 2015 com 799 adolescentes (10 a 16 anos) de 14 escolas públicas de Curitiba (PR), Brasil. A IIC foi avaliada por meio do Body Shape Questionnaire e da Escala de Silhuetas. A participação em EFRF foi avaliada pelo Questionário de Atividade Física para Adolescentes e classificada em “não pratica”, “pratica ≤300 minutos/semana” e “pratica >300 minutos/semana”. As regressões de Poisson e logística multinomial, ajustadas por sexo, maturação sexual e estado nutricional, analisaram a associação entre EFRF e IIC. Resultados: A prevalência de IIC foi de 28,3%; 52,4% dos adolescentes queriam reduzir a silhueta e 48,7% não praticavam a EFRF. Adolescentes que praticavam EFRF >300 minutos/semana tiveram prevalência 28% maior para algum nível de IIC (razão de prevalência — RP 1,28; intervalo de confiança de 95% — IC95% 1,08–1,52) e chance 46% menor de querer reduzir silhuetas (OR 0,54; 95IC% 0,35–0,82), comparados aos não praticantes. Não houve interação entre os EFRF e o estado nutricional na associação com IIC. Conclusões: Os adolescentes que praticam EFRF >300 minutos/semana estão mais propensos a apresentar algum nível de IIC e têm menores chances de reportar o desejo de aumentar silhuetas, independentemente do estado nutricional. Objetivo (EFRF (IIC Métodos 201 79 10 (1 1 anos PR, PR , (PR) Brasil Silhuetas pratica, pratica pratica” 300 ≤30 minutossemana minutos semana >30 minutos/semana. . multinomial sexo Resultados 28,3% 283 28 3 524 52 4 52,4 487 48 7 48,7 razão 1,28 128 95 IC95 IC 1,08–1,52 108152 08 46 OR 0,54 054 0 54 95IC 0,35–0,82, 035082 0,35–0,82 35 82 0,35–0,82) praticantes Conclusões 20 ( (PR 30 ≤3 >3 28,3 2 5 52, 48, 1,2 12 9 IC9 1,08–1,5 10815 0,5 05 03508 0,35–0,8 8 ≤ > 28, 1, 1,08–1, 1081 0, 0350 0,35–0, 1,08–1 108 035 0,35–0 1,08– 03 0,35– 1,08 0,35 1,0 0,3

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the association between participation in fitness-related exercises (FRE) and body image dissatisfaction (BID) in adolescents and evaluate the interaction between physical exercise and nutritional status in this association. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2015 involving 799 adolescents (10–16 years old) from 14 public schools in Curitiba (PR), Brazil. BID was assessed using the Body Shape Questionnaire and the Silhouette Scale. The FRE was classified as “does not practice,” “practices ≤300 min/week,” and “practices >300 min/week” by the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents. Poisson and multinomial logistic regressions, adjusted for sex, sexual maturation, and nutritional status analyzed the association of FRE and BID. Results: The BID prevalence was 28.3%; 52.4% of the adolescents wanted to reduce their silhouettes; and 48.7% did not practice FRE. Adolescents who practiced FRE >300 min/week had a 28% higher prevalence for some level of BID (PR 1.28; 95%CI 1.08–1.52) and a 46% lower chance of wanting to reduce silhouettes (OR 0.54; 95%CI 0.35–0.82), compared to nonpractitioners. There was no interaction between FRE and nutritional status in association with BID. Conclusions: The adolescents who practice FRE >300 min/week are likely to have some level of BID and are less likely to report the desire to increase their silhouettes, regardless of their nutritional status. Objective fitnessrelated fitness related (FRE (BID Methods crosssectional cross sectional 201 79 10–16 1016 10 16 (10–1 old 1 PR, PR , (PR) Brazil Scale does practice, practices 300 ≤30 min/week, minweek min week >30 regressions sex maturation Results 28.3% 283 28 3 524 52 4 52.4 487 48 7 48.7 1.28 128 95CI CI 95 1.08–1.52 108152 08 46 OR 0.54 054 0 54 0.35–0.82, 035082 0.35–0.82 35 82 0.35–0.82) nonpractitioners Conclusions 20 10–1 101 (10– 30 ≤3 >3 28.3 2 5 52. 48. 1.2 12 9 1.08–1.5 10815 0.5 05 03508 0.35–0.8 8 10– (10 ≤ > 28. 1. 1.08–1. 1081 0. 0350 0.35–0. (1 1.08–1 108 035 0.35–0 ( 1.08– 03 0.35– 1.08 0.35 1.0 0.3

RESUMO Objetivo: Examinar a associação entre vitimização por bullying e comportamentos de risco à saúde em adolescentes. Métodos: Uma amostra representativa de 1.020 adolescentes participou do estudo. As variáveis bullying, comportamentos de risco à saúde (tabaco, drogas, álcool, comportamento sedentário, uso de smartphone, nível de atividade física, sono) e situação econômica foram avaliadas por meio de questionários autorreportados. Razões de chance com intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) foram obtidas por meio de regressão logística binária e regressão logística ordinal, bruta e ajustada (p<0,05). Resultados: As vítimas de bullying apresentaram maior probabilidade de fumar (OR 1,75; IC95% 1,28–2,40), consumir álcool (OR 1,43; IC95% 1,05–1,94), ter pior qualidade de sono (OR 1,94; IC95% 1,28–2,91) e apresentar mais comportamento sedentário (OR 1,43; IC95% 1,08–1,89) do que aqueles que não sofreram bullying. No entanto, as vítimas eram mais propensas a ter níveis elevados de atividade física do que os seus pares não vítimas de bullying (OR 1,66; IC95% 1,22–2,27). Conclusões: A vitimização por bullying esteve associada ao aumento da predisposição para a adoção de comportamentos de risco à saúde. Curiosamente, as vítimas também eram mais propensas a participar de atividades físicas. Objetivo Métodos 1020 1 020 1.02 estudo tabaco, tabaco (tabaco drogas smartphone autorreportados 95 IC95 IC (IC95% ordinal p<0,05. p005 p p<0,05 . 0 05 (p<0,05) Resultados OR 1,75 175 75 1,28–2,40, 128240 1,28–2,40 , 28 2 40 1,28–2,40) 1,43 143 43 1,05–1,94, 105194 1,05–1,94 94 1,05–1,94) 1,94 194 1,28–2,91 128291 91 1,08–1,89 108189 08 89 entanto 1,66 166 66 1,22–2,27. 122227 1,22–2,27 22 27 1,22–2,27) Conclusões Curiosamente físicas 102 02 1.0 9 IC9 (IC95 p00 p<0,0 (p<0,05 1,7 17 7 12824 1,28–2,4 4 1,4 14 10519 1,05–1,9 1,9 19 1,28–2,9 12829 1,08–1,8 10818 8 1,6 16 6 12222 1,22–2,2 10 1. (IC9 p0 p<0, (p<0,0 1, 1282 1,28–2, 1051 1,05–1, 1,08–1, 1081 1222 1,22–2, (IC p<0 (p<0, 128 1,28–2 105 1,05–1 1,08–1 108 122 1,22–2 p< (p<0 12 1,28– 1,05– 1,08– 1,22– (p< 1,28 1,05 1,08 1,22 (p 1,2 1,0

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the association between bullying victimization and health risk behaviors in adolescents. Methods: A representative sample of 1020 adolescents participated in the study. The variables such as bullying, health risk behaviors (tobacco, drugs, alcohol, sedentary behavior, smartphone use, level of physical activity, and sleep), and economic status were assessed using self-reported questionnaires. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were obtained using binary logistic regression and ordinal, gross, and adjusted logistic regression (p<0.05). Results: Victims of bullying were more likely to smoke (OR 1.75; 95%CI 1.28–2.40), consume alcohol (OR1.43; 95%CI 1.05–1.94), have worse sleep quality (OR 1.94; 95%CI 1.28–2.91), and more sedentary behavior (OR 1.43; 95%CI 1.08–1.89) than those who were not bullied. However, victims were more likely to have high levels of physical activity than their non-bullied peers (OR 1.66; 95%CI 1.22–2.27). Conclusions: Bullying victimization was associated with an increased predisposition for the adoption of health risk behaviors. Interestingly, victims were also more prone to participate in physical activity. Objective Methods 102 tobacco, tobacco (tobacco drugs use sleep, , sleep) selfreported self reported questionnaires 95 95CI CI (95%CI ordinal gross p<0.05. p005 p p<0.05 . 0 05 (p<0.05) Results OR 1.75 175 1 75 1.28–2.40, 128240 1.28–2.40 28 2 40 1.28–2.40) OR1.43 OR143 OR1 43 (OR1.43 1.05–1.94, 105194 1.05–1.94 94 1.05–1.94) 1.94 194 1.28–2.91, 128291 1.28–2.91 91 1.28–2.91) 1.43 143 1.08–1.89 108189 08 89 bullied However nonbullied non 1.66 166 66 1.22–2.27. 122227 1.22–2.27 22 27 1.22–2.27) Conclusions Interestingly 10 9 p00 p<0.0 (p<0.05 1.7 17 7 12824 1.28–2.4 4 OR1.4 OR14 (OR1.4 10519 1.05–1.9 1.9 19 12829 1.28–2.9 1.4 14 1.08–1.8 10818 8 1.6 16 6 12222 1.22–2.2 p0 p<0. (p<0.0 1. 1282 1.28–2. OR1. (OR1. 1051 1.05–1. 1.08–1. 1081 1222 1.22–2. p<0 (p<0. 128 1.28–2 (OR1 105 1.05–1 1.08–1 108 122 1.22–2 p< (p<0 12 1.28– 1.05– 1.08– 1.22– (p< 1.28 1.05 1.08 1.22 (p 1.2 1.0

ABSTRACT Introduction: Burnout results from chronic exposure to work-related stress and it is characterized by a reduction in professional efficacy, feelings of lack of energy/exhaustion, and negativity related to work activities. It has a higher incidence in professions with significant interpersonal contact and among caregivers, making doctors a vulnerable population. The Maslach Burnout Inventory questionnaire is considered the gold standard for measuring this disease. In 2014, quinquennial prevention was described, aiming to prevent harm to patients through strategies that reduce Burnout in doctors. Clinical Case: The case describes a 29-year-old woman, a physician in her final year of Residency in General and Family Medicine, who sought an urgent consultation due to feelings of physical and mental exhaustion, hopelessness, irritability, initial and middle insomnia, for the last three months, and hyperphagia, two months ago. She has requested a sick leave from work because “I can't stand working anymore. I need to sleep for a week”. She identified excessive workload at the Clinic, stemming from the demands of her medical residency, as the main cause. She feels unsupported by her colleagues and Training Supervisor and feels pressured to manage the medical agenda without adequate preparation. She reports occasional errors in prescriptions, leading her to feel the need to repeatedly review records and decisions she has made. She denies any appointment with her designated Work physician ever since she started her internship. Upon physical examination, she appeared slaughtered, with a depressed mood, tearful, restless, and with fleeting eye contact. Applying the Maslach Burnout Inventory: Section A- 34 points- high level; Section B- 28 points- high level; Section C- 25 points- high level. A work leave from work was issued, laboratory studies were requested, and fluoxetine 20 mg and trazodone 50 mg were initiated, along with psychotherapy. So far, the patient has been re-evaluated in three consultations, with organic causes ruled out, and in the last re-evaluation, her scores were: Section A- 20 points- moderate level; Section B- 5 points- low level; Section C- 39 points- moderate level. She reports a decrease in medical errors. She maintained the prescribed medication and psychotherapy. She declined to join a Balint group. A new re-evaluation was scheduled in six months. Discussion/Conclusion: This is a case of a General and Family Medicine Resident Physician, diagnosed with Burnout, who has managed to substantially improve her quality of life and job satisfaction, as well as her personal life, following the implementation of both pharmacological and non-pharmacological measures, along with workplace adjustments and the setting of boundaries. She has successfully reduced her perception of making medical errors, thereby improving the quality of healthcare provided to the patients. The long journey of recovery from Burnout makes the monitoring of this illness imperative not only by the patients Family Doctor and Psychologist, but also by the Occupational physician, targeting the improvement of the quality of life of the healthcare professionals in their occupational activity. This clinical case’s purpose is to address and raise awareness among professionals to the prevention of Burnout, particularly in Residents, promoting quinquennial prevention. It is important to note that only professionals who are fulfilled in their biopsychosocial sphere can provide quality care and significantly reduce medical errors.

RESUMO Introdução: O Burnout resulta da exposição crónica ao stress laboral e caracteriza-se por redução da eficácia a nível profissional, sentimentos de falta de energia/exaustão e negatividade relacionados com a atividade laboral. Tem maior incidência em profissões de elevado contacto com pessoas e em prestadores de cuidados, tornando os médicos uma população vulnerável. O questionário Maslach Burnout Inventory é considerado gold standard para a medição desta patologia. Em 2014 foi descrita a prevenção quinquenária, que pretende evitar o dano para o paciente, atuando no médico através de estratégias que visem a diminuição do Burnout. Caso Clínico: Descreve-se uma mulher de 29 anos, médica, no último ano da especialização em Medicina Geral e Familiar, que recorreu a consulta aberta por sensação de exaustão física e mental, sentimentos de desesperança, irritabilidade, insónia inicial e intermédia, com três meses de evolução e hiperfagia há dois meses. Solicitou certificado de incapacidade temporária para o trabalho, porque “já não aguento mais trabalhar. Preciso de dormir uma semana”. Aponta como principal etiologia o trabalho excessivo no Centro de Saúde, decorrente da exigência do internato médico. Sente-se pouco apoiada pelos colegas de equipa e orientador de formação e considera-se pressionada a gerir a agenda médica sem ter preparação para tal. Relata erros pontuais na prescrição médica, pelo que sente necessidade de rever várias vezes os registos efetuados e as atitudes tomadas. Nega ter sido convocada para qualquer consulta de Medicina do Trabalho desde que ingressou na especialidade. Ao exame objetivo, apresentava-se cabisbaixa, com humor deprimido, chorosa, inquieta e com contacto ocular fugaz. Aplicando o questionário atrás mencionado: Secção A - 34 pontos - nível elevado; Secção B - 28 pontos - nível elevado; Secção C - 25 pontos - nível elevado. Foi emitido o certificado de incapacidade temporária para o trabalho, solicitado estudo analítico e iniciada fluoxetina 20mg e trazodona 50mg, bem como psicoterapia. Até à data, a doente foi reavaliada em três consultas, foi excluída patologia orgânica e na última reavaliação apresentava os seguintes valores: Secção A- 20 pontos- nível moderado; Secção B- 5 pontos- nível baixo; Secção C- 39 pontos- nível moderado. Refere diminuição dos erros médicos. Manteve a medicação instituída, bem como a psicoterapia. Recusou o grupo Balint. Foi programada nova reavaliação em seis meses. Discussão/Conclusão: Trata-se de uma doente, Médica Interna em Medicina Geral e Familiar com o diagnóstico de Burnout, que conseguiu melhorar substancialmente a sua qualidade de vida e satisfação no trabalho e vida pessoal, após a implementação de medidas farmacológicas e não farmacológicas e também após alterações a nível laboral e imposição de limites. Conseguiu diminuir a perceção de erro médico, melhorando assim os cuidados de saúde prestados aos utentes. O longo percurso de recuperação desta doença torna fulcral o acompanhamento destes utentes pela equipa de Medicina do Trabalho, e não só pelo Médico de Família e Psicólogo, visando melhorar a qualidade de vida e saúde dos profissionais no âmbito da sua atividade laboral. Com este caso clínico pretende-se abordar e sensibilizar os profissionais para a prevenção do Burnout, em particular nos médicos internos, fomentando a prevenção quinquenária. De ressalvar que apenas profissionais realizados na sua esfera biopsicossocial conseguem proporcionar cuidados de qualidade e reduzir de forma importante o erro médico.

Resumo: O ensaio aborda a importância da Educação Física na educação pré-escolar, enfatizando o seu papel no desenvolvimento integral das crianças. A obrigatoriedade da Educação Física é enfatizada de acordo com a Lei 7800 da Costa Rica, bem como a exigência de ter pessoal docente especializado para ministrar esta matéria. São também discutidos os benefícios disto na infância, incluindo o desenvolvimento de destrezas motoras, cog- nitivas e sociais, e é feito um apelo para que se dê mais atenção a esta área ao nível pré-escolar para fomentar hábitos saudáveis desde tenra idade. Além disso, menciona-se que a falta de atividade física na meninice pode ter consequências negativas para a saúde a longo prazo, por isso é recomendável ter infraestrutura adequada para ministrá-la na pré-escola. Da mesma forma, destaca-se a importância de contar com professores capacita- dos para promover o desenvolvimento ótimo na infância, visto que a Educação Física nesta etapa é crucial para o desenvolvimento motor, cognitivo, social e emocional. Conclui-se que a Educação Física na idade pré-escolar é importante para o desenvolvimento integral da meninice, promovendo hábitos saudáveis e contribuindo para o seu bem-estar ao longo da vida.

Resumen: En el ensayo se aborda la importancia de la Educación Física en la educación preescolar, enfatizando su papel en el desarrollo integral de las personas infantes. Se recalca la obligatoriedad de la Educación Física de acuerdo con la Ley 7800 en Costa Rica, así como el requerimiento de contar con personal docente especializado para impartir esta asignatura. También se discuten los beneficios de esta en la infancia, incluyendo el desarrollo de destrezas motoras, cognitivas y sociales, y se hace un llamado a prestar más atención a esta área a nivel de pre- escolar para fomentar hábitos saludables desde temprana edad. Además, se menciona que la falta de actividad física en la niñez puede tener consecuencias negativas en la salud a largo plazo, por lo que se recomienda contar con infraestructura adecuada para impartirla en preescolar. Así mismo, se destaca la importancia de contar con profesorado capacitado para promover un desarrollo óptimo en la infancia, dado que la Educación Física en esta etapa es crucial para el desarrollo motor, cognitivo, social y emocional. Se concluye que la Educación Física en la edad preescolar es importante para el desarrollo integral de la niñez, promoviendo hábitos saludables y contribuyendo a su bienestar a lo largo de su vida.

Abstract: The essay addresses the importance of physical education in preschool and emphasizes the role it plays in the integral development of young children. It discusses Law 7800 and the mandatory nature of physical education in Costa Rica and the requirement to have specialized teachers to teach this subject. It also discusses the benefits of physical education in childhood, which include the development of motor, cognitive and social skills, and urges more attention to this area in order to promote healthy habits from an early age, starting in preschool. It also highlights the long-term negative health effects that lack of physical activity can have on children and recommends that the infrastructure be appropriate for preschool age. It also stresses the importance of teachers being properly qualified to promote optimal child development, as this period is crucial for motor, cognitive, social and emotional development. The paper concludes that preschool physical education is important for the holistic development of children, promoting healthy habits and contributing to their well-being throughout their lives.

Resumen Aunque no es muy común, en los últimos 20 años se ha observado un aumento significativo en los reportes de rotura del pectoral mayor, normalmente asociado a la práctica de actividad física en la que se produce una contracción intensa y/o al uso de cargas pesadas ejerciendo resistencia sobre el mismo. el músculo. En este caso clínico tenemos un paciente de 51 años que refiere dolor en el pecho derecho y en el brazo derecho durante 3 días después de intentar arreglar el manillar de su motocicleta. Presentó asimetría de pectorales, pérdida de fuerza en miembro superior derecho, dificultad de movimiento y hematoma. La resonancia magnética demostró rotura completa de la unión miotendinosa del pectoral mayor, con tendinopatía con fisuras de inserción e intrasustancial del infraespinoso y tendinopatía con rotura parcial del tendón subescapular. Un médico ortopédico recomendó seguimiento con el uso de medicación analgésica.

Resumo Apesar de não muito frequente, nos últimos 20 anos, houve um aumento significativo dos relatos sobre rotura do peitoral maior, normalmente associadas à prática de atividade física em que ocorre contração intensa e/ou uso de cargas pesadas exercendo resistência sobre o músculo. Neste relato de caso temos um paciente de 51 anos referindo dor no tórax à direita e no braço direito há 3 dias após tentar consertar o guidão da moto. Apresentava assimetria dos peitorais, perda de força do membro superior direito, dificuldade de movimentação e hematoma. A ressonância magnética demonstrou rotura completa da junção miotendínea do peitoral maior, com tendinopatia com fissuras insercionais e intrasubstanciais infraespinhal e tendinopatia com rotura parcial do tendão subescapular. Foi indicado por médico ortopedista o acompanhamento com o uso de medicação analgésica.

Abstract Although not very common, in the last 20 years, there has been a significant increase in reports of rupture of the pectoralis major, normally associated with the practice of physical activity in which intense contraction occurs and/or the use of heavy loads exerting resistance on the muscle. In this case report we have a 51-year-old patient reporting pain in his right chest and right arm for 3 days after trying to fix his motorcycle's handlebars. He had asymmetry of the pectorals, loss of strength in the right upper limb, difficulty moving and hematoma. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated complete rupture of the myotendinous junction of the pectoralis major, with tendinopathy with insertional and intrasubstantial infraspinatus fissures and tendinopathy with partial rupture of the subscapularis tendon. An orthopedic doctor recommended follow-up with the use of analgesic medication.

Abstract Edible films (EFs) present an alternative to increase the shelf life of fruits and vegetables by serving as a barrier for the transfer of oxygen and moisture; and at the same time, to allow the release of compounds with antioxidant and antimicrobial activity into the food. In the present study, films based on sodium alginate (A) were formulated and characterized at different concentrations of melipona honey (M). The EFs were formulated with a concentration of 2 % A and 6 different concentrations of M (from 0 to 1.6 % w/v) and their physical, barrier, mechanical, optical, structural, morphological, and bioactive properties were evaluated. The physical properties of the films showed an increase in thickness and density and a decrease in the percentage of moisture with increasing honey content. The EFs showed a plasticizing effect observed at the highest concentration of M, reflecting an increase of up to 9 % in the percentage of elongation, a decrease in tensile strength, and elastic modulus of 18.36 MPa and 283.88 MPa, respectively. The formulation with 1.6 % M showed suitable physicochemical and plasticizing properties to be used as EFs.

Resumen Las películas comestibles (PCs) presentan una alternativa para incrementar la vida útil de frutas y hortalizas al servir como barrera para la transferencia de oxígeno y humedad; y al mismo tiempo, permitir la liberación de compuestos con actividad antioxidante y antimicrobiana hacia el alimento. En el presente estudio se formuló y caracterizó películas a base de alginato de sodio (A) a distintas concentraciones de miel de melipona (M). Las PCs se formularon con una concentración de 2 % de A y 6 concentraciones diferentes de M (0 hasta 1.6 % p/v) y se les evaluó las propiedades físicas, de barrera, mecánicas, ópticas, estructurales, morfológicas y bioactivas. En las propiedades físicas, las películas presentaron un incremento en el espesor y la densidad, y una disminución en el porcentaje de humedad al incrementar el contenido de miel. Las PCs mostraron un efecto plastificante observado en la mayor concentración de M reflejando un aumento de hasta 9 % en el porcentaje de elongación, una disminución en el esfuerzo a la tensión y módulo elástico de 18.36 MPa y 283.88 MPa, respectivamente. La formulación con 1.6 % de M mostró las propiedades fisicoquímicas adecuadas y propiedades plastificantes para ser usada como PCs.

SUMMARY: Formaldehyde induces oxidative damage in hippocampal tissue and blood serum by suppressing antioxidant defenses and increasing lipid peroxidation. This results in damage to DNA, proteins, and lipids within cells, disrupting neuronal functions, and may even lead to cell death (apoptosis). Apoptosis occurs as a cellular response triggered by formaldehyde through various mechanisms, including mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and DNA damage. Arbutus unedo L. (AUL), which is rich in antioxidants, represents a potential countermeasure. The aim of our study is to investigate the immunohistochemical and biochemical effects of AUL fruit extract (AUE) on apoptosis and oxidative stress induced by FA exposure in the rat hippocampus. The rats were divided into four groups: the experimental group (EG) received 20 mg/kg AUE by oral gavage and 10 ppm FA inhalation; the formaldehyde group (FG) received 10 ppm FA inhalation only; the sham group (SG) received 10 mg/kg AUE by oral gavage; and the control group (CG) underwent routine observation. Hippocampal tissue was isolated after blood sampling. A number of physical changes, such as yellowing of feathers and tail spots, were observed in FA-exposed groups. The biochemical analysis showed significant differences in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), malondialdehyde (MDA), GSH (Glutathione) and nitric oxide (NO) levels between the groups. The AUE-treated groups had reduced MDA levels, suggesting a potential reduction in oxidative stress, along with lower apoptotic cell rates in caspase-3 assessments. The FG rats had lower BDNF levels than CG. The SG had the fewest apoptotic cells. All these findings indicate AUE's potential to mitigate neuron damage and reduce oxidative stress.

RESUMEN: El formaldehído induce daño oxidativo en el tejido del hipocampo y del plasma sanguíneo al suprimir las defensas antioxidantes y aumentar la peroxidación lipídica. Esto provoca daños en el ADN, las proteínas y los lípidos dentro de las células, alterando las funciones neuronales e incluso puede provocar la muerte celular (apoptosis). La apoptosis se produce como una respuesta celular desencadenada por el formaldehído a través de diversos mecanismos, incluida la disfunción mitocondrial, el estrés oxidativo y el daño del ADN. Arbutus unedo L. (AUL), rico en antioxidantes, representa una posible contramedida. El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue investigar los efectos inmunohistoquímicos y bioquímicos del extracto de fruta AUL (AUE) sobre la apoptosis y el estrés oxidativo inducido por la exposición a FA en el hipocampo de rata. Las ratas se dividieron en cuatro grupos: el grupo experimental (GE) recibió 20 mg/kg de AUE por sonda oral y 10 ppm de FA por inhalación; el grupo de formaldehído (GF) recibió sólo una inhalación de 10 ppm de FA; el grupo simulado (GS) recibió 10 mg/kg de AUE mediante sonda oral; y el grupo control (GC) se sometió a observación de rutina. Se aisló tejido del hipocampo después de una muestra de sangre. En los grupos expuestos a FA se observaron una serie de cambios físicos, como coloración amarillenta del pelaje y manchas en la cola. El análisis bioquímico mostró diferencias significativas en los niveles de factor neurotrófico derivado del cerebro (BDNF), malondialdehído (MDA), GSH (glutatión) y óxido nítrico (NO) entre los grupos. Los grupos tratados con AUE tenían niveles reducidos de MDA, lo que sugiere una reducción potencial del estrés oxidativo, junto con tasas de células apoptóticas más bajas en las evaluaciones de caspasa-3. Las ratas GF tenían niveles de BDNF más bajos que GC. El GS tenía la menor cantidad de células apoptóticas. Todos estos hallazgos indican el potencial del AUE para mitigar el daño neuronal y reducir el estrés oxidativo.

SUMMARY: Exercise and anabolic steroids are expected to promote improvements in cardiovascular structure and reduction of visceral fat and, thus, help promote health in hyperglycemic patients. The aim of this study was to verify the influence of aerobic exercise associated with the use of steroids on cardiac structure and visceral fat in hyperglycemic Wistar rats. Methods: Thirty-two young male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control group (n=8), control with treatment (n=8), diabetic (n=8) and diabetic with treatment (n=8). All animals were subjected to intense aerobic exercise and the animals undergoing treatment received intramuscular testosterone. Body weight, visceral fat and cardiac measurements (weight, length and width) were evaluated. The groups treated with testosterone showed a smaller than expected increase in body weight for food intake. Visceral, perirenal, retroperitoneal and epididymal fats were lower in the treated groups. Heart weight was relatively greater in the treated groups and greater width and length in the untreated groups. The proposed association of testosterone administration with aerobic exercise can provide significant benefits for the metabolism of hyperglycemic individuals.

RESUMEN: Se supone que el ejercicio y los esteroides anabólicos promuevan la mejora de la estructura cardiovascular y la reducción de la grasa visceral y, por tanto, ayuden a promover la salud en pacientes hiperglucémicos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue verificar la influencia del ejercicio aeróbico asociado al uso de esteroides sobre la estructura cardíaca y la grasa visceral en ratas Wistar hiperglucémicas. Treinta y dos ratas Wistar machos jóvenes se dividieron en cuatro grupos: grupo control (n=8), control con tratamiento (n=8), diabético (n=8) y diabético con tratamiento (n=8). Todos los animales se sometieron a ejercicio aeróbico intenso y los animales en tratamiento recibieron testosterona intramuscular. Se evaluaron el peso corporal, la grasa visceral y las medidas del corazón (peso, largo y ancho). Los grupos tratados con testosterona mostraron un aumento menor de lo esperado en el peso corporal según la ingesta dietética. Las grasas visceral, perirrenal, retroperitoneal y epididimaria fueron menores en los grupos tratados. El peso del corazón fue relativamente mayor en los grupos tratados y el mayor ancho y largo en los grupos no tratados. La asociación propuesta de la administración de testosterona con el ejercicio aeróbico puede proporcionar beneficios significativos para el metabolismo de los individuos hiperglucémicos.

SUMMARY: The aim of the study is to investigate the differences in body composition between differently trained men and women. This research included 159 participants (84 male and 75 female) divided into 5 groups according to activity level: PI - physically inactive, PA - physically active, SP - strength and power athletes, EA - endurance athletes, TS - team sports athletes. The testing procedure of measuring body composition was carried out by the use of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA, InBody 720). Of the statistical analysis, ANOVA and MANOVA were used. The results showed that there is a significant difference in body composition parameters between differently trained men and women (p = 0.000; F = 2.470; η2 = 0.356, on average). Both in groups of men and women the biggest differences were observed between PI, EA and other groups (F = from 9.656 to -1.673, p = from 0.000 to 0.043; F = from 10.966 to 1.073, p = from 0.000 to 0.050, respectively). The results showed that every physical activity is beneficial from the aspect of body composition status and that the most crucial factor in improving body composition status is the regularity of physical activity. It has been shown that regular physical activity leads to a decrease in muscle fat and an increase in muscle mass and protein. Also, it has been shown that practicing a physical activity typical for endurance sports has the most significant positive impact on body composition status and leads to a significant decrease in body fat mass.

RESUMEN: El objetivo del estudio fue investigar las diferencias en la composición corporal entre hombres y mujeres con entrenamiento diferente. Esta investigación incluyó a 159 participantes (84 hombres y 75 mujeres) divididos en 5 grupos según el nivel de actividad: FI - físicamente inactivos, FA - físicamente activos, FP - atletas de fuerza-potencia, AR - atletas de resistencia, DE - atletas de deportes de equipo. El procedimiento de prueba para medir la composición corporal se llevó a cabo mediante el análisis de impedancia bioeléctrica (BIA, InBody 720). Para el análisis estadístico se utilizaron ANOVA y MANOVA. Los resultados mostraron que existe una diferencia significativa en los parámetros de composición corporal entre hombres y mujeres con entrenamiento diferente (p = 0,000; F = 2,470; η2 = 0,356, en promedio). Tanto en los grupos de hombres como en los de mujeres las mayores diferencias se observaron entre FI, AR y otros grupos (F = de 9,656 a -1,673, p = de 0,000 a 0,043; F = de 10,966 a 1,073, p = de 0,000 a 0,050, respectivamente). Los resultados mostraron que toda actividad física es beneficiosa desde el punto de vista del estado de la composición corporal y que el factor más crucial para mejorar el estado de la composición corporal es la regularidad de la actividad física. Se ha demostrado que la actividad física regular provoca una disminución de la grasa muscular y un aumento de la masa muscular y las proteínas. Además, se ha demostrado que la práctica de una actividad física típica de los deportes de resistencia tiene el impacto positivo más significativo en el estado de la composición corporal y conduce a una disminución significativa de la masa grasa corporal.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: This randomized clinical trial study aims to investigate the effects of antioxidant food supplementation on the total antioxidant capacity of seminal plasma, sperm DNA fragmentation, sperm chromatin quality, and semen parameters. METHODS: In this study, a total of 48 subfertile men with moderate physical activity were included. Group 1 was recommended to use the antioxidant supplements, while antioxidant food supplements were not given to Group 2. Total antioxidant capacity, sperm DNA fragmentation, sperm chromatin structure, hormone levels, physical activities, and semen parameters were evaluated before and after treatment. Total antioxidant capacity, sperm DNA fragmentation, and sperm chromatin structure were assessed using ELISA, transferase dUTP nick end labeling, and aniline blue staining, respectively. RESULTS: Sperm DNA fragmentation (p=0.003) and histone/protamine ratio (p<0.001) were significantly decreased in the patients receiving antioxidant treatment. There was no statistical difference in the total antioxidant capacity values of the post-treatment groups. CONCLUSION: Antioxidant therapy seems to improve sperm DNA fragmentation and histone/protamine ratios in subfertile patients. Clinical Trial Registration Number: NCT06042738. OBJECTIVE plasma quality METHODS 4 included 2 levels activities treatment ELISA labeling staining respectively RESULTS p=0.003 p0003 p 0 003 (p=0.003 histoneprotamine histone protamine p<0.001 p0001 001 (p<0.001 posttreatment post groups CONCLUSION Number NCT06042738 NCT p=0.00 p000 00 (p=0.00 p<0.00 (p<0.00 NCT0604273 p=0.0 p00 (p=0.0 p<0.0 (p<0.0 NCT060427 p=0. p0 (p=0. p<0. (p<0. NCT06042 p=0 (p=0 p<0 (p<0 NCT0604 p= (p= p< (p< NCT060 (p NCT06 NCT0

In hierdie bydrae sal aangetoon word op welke wyse Hegel in die Phänomenologie des Geistes (1988; hierma FvdG (2013)) betoog dat subjek en objek nie afsonderlik van mekaar bedink kan word nie. Die antwoord op hierdie vraagstuk lê in 'n bepaalde toeëiening van die begrip van die absolute wat as dialektiese bemiddeling tussen subjek en objek dien, waaruit die begrip van selfbewussyn na vore tree. Selfbewussyn is nie alleen 'n hoër vorm van subjektiwiteit nie, maar vorm deel van die groter werklikheid van subjek en objek. Enersyds is die belangrikheid van hierdie vraagstuk van so 'n aard dat dit verdien om geïsoleerd binne Hegel se Phänomenologie bespreek te word, en andersyds moet die vraagstuk gekontekstualiseer word sodat die wyer debatte waarbinne Hegel se antwoord op hierdie aangeleentheid neerslag vind, ook die nodige aandag kry. Ten slotte moet daar ook gewys word op die posisie wat hierdie onderwerp binne Hegel se eie sisteem beklee, naamlik as oorgang tot die begrip van Anerkennung, bloot om die problematiek van denke oor die selfbewussyn as geïsoleerde onderwerp uit te wys. Die debat rondom die verhouding tussen subjek en objek sal vanaf Kant gerekonstrueer word, met die twee sleutelfigure van Fichte en Schelling as verteenwoordigers van uiteenlopende strominge waaruit Hegel geput het. Beide staan egter 'n bemiddelende, spekulatiewe toevoeging tot die subjek-objek-verhouding, die absolute, voor. By Fichte staan die absolute nader aan die subjek en by Schelling die objek, oftewel die natuur. Hegel neem elemente by beide oor maar behou die absolute as bemiddeling. In die eerste drie hoofstukke van Hegel se Fenomenologie van die Gees (FvdG) word die objektiewe aanspraak wat die wetenskap op die waarheid maak ondersoek en word dit as ontoereikend aangebied aan die hand van die inherent weersprekende begrippe (dat 'n ding tegelyk uit 'n eenheid en veelheid van kragte kan bestaan) waarvan dit noodwendig gebruik maak om wetenskap te kan wees. Hiermee wil Hegel nie die wetenskaplike metode as sodanig irrelevant verklaar nie, maar poog om die groter beweging wat die begrip van objektiewe eksterne werklikheid moontlik maak, te identifiseer en uiteindelik te inkorporeer by 'n meer omvangryke begrip van waarheid. Sodanige omvangryke begrip sal noodwendig rekening moet hou met die subjektiewe; die verstandsaktiwiteit waaruit begrippe gevorm word. Anders as by sy voorgangers (Descartes en Kant) beweer Hegel egter nie dat die subjektiwiteit die werklikheid omvat nie, vandaar sy gebruik van die begrip van die fenomenologie, wat op die gebeurtenis van die verskynsels fokus. Die ware is nie 'n afgesonderde noumenale sfeer wat nooit deur die subjek geken kan word nie, maar ontvou as dít wat ten dele deur die subjektiewe, die interpreterende selfbewus-syn, oopgemaak word. Ten slotte dra die besef van die wederkerigheid van subjek en objek by tot die totstandkoming van die selfbewussyn, 'n begrip wat wys op die verweefdheid van bestaan (syn) en self. Drie fases van die objektiewe opvatting van die werklikheid word in die proses van die totstandkoming van selfbewussyn uitgedaag: die aansprake van die sintuiglike sekerheid, die waarneming (gegrond op Hume se sogenaamde "secondary impressions") en ten laaste die begrip van krag as dit wat onderliggend aan alle liggame is. Hegel wys daarop dat die selfbewussyn nie die resultaat, of passiewe waarnemer is van die werklikheid soos dit in die wetenskap voorgestel word nie, maar dat dit 'n noodsaaklike bydrae lewer om die werklikheid van die wetenskap te postuleer sonder om die gewaarwording tot subjektiwiteit te reduseer. Die objektiewe en die subjektiewe is nie twee geskeide domeine van die werklikheid nie, maar gee gelyktydig aan mekaar oorsprong. Laastens sal daarop gewys word dat selfbewussyn nie eenduidig is nie, maar in verhouding staan tot ander selfbewussyne.

This article will explore in what sense subject and object are considered reciprocally in Hegel's first three chapters in the Phenomenology of Spirit. The third chapter, although notoriously difficult to read, is one of the most important epistemological documents in modern philosophy. Hegel's approach will be traced within the debate stemming from Kant's transcendental philosophy mainly through Fichte and Schelling. It will be shown that Hegel incorporated elements from all these figures to arrive at his unique position. Kant's transcendental philosophy established the idea that the thinking consciousness contributes fundamentally to knowledge to the extent that knowledge is fully produced by the subject, and the true nature of the object is unattainable to consciousness. The widely held conclusion was that Kant S thought amounted to a too strong divide between subject and object. Fichte and Schelling managed, thanks to the notion of the absolute, to mediate between subject and object, thereby opening the door to Hegel's dialectics as a philosophy of mediation. Both Fichte and Schelling, as was the case, broadly speaking, with German Idealism taken as a whole, still considered thinking as an activity of being that contributes to the fulfilment of being, linking objects to consciousness. Fichte's "absolute I", a consciousness that precedes the consciousness of the self, standing over the self and the object, was deemed to resemble the Kantian subject too closely. Schelling's natural philosophy, on the other hand, situates the absolute within nature and consciousness as developing from within nature towards the deployment of the self. This approach was considered potentially falling back into a dogmatic mode of thinking. Even if these positions remain caught in problems they seek to overcome, they did make notable progress in addressing the question of the relation of the subject to the object in a modern context. Hegel develops his initial answer to this question in the Phenomenology of Spirit first as an inheritor of the Enlightenment, notably empiricism, but stands critical of its basic suppositions. He does not accept that complete knowledge is immediately accessible, and resorts to the notion of the Absolute to indicate that mediated knowledge leads to truth. Unlike Fichte, Reinhold and Schelling, he does not immediately introduce the absolute as a mediator of knowledge but arrives at it through counterarguments for the positions put forward by the assumption of immediate objective knowledge. This dialectic approach leads to the unfolding of consciousness, self-consciousness and Spirit. Our subjective contribution to knowledge production is also not assumed beforehand, like in Kant, but is the result of the confrontation with the assumptions made by experiential knowledge. Without subjectivity, knowledge of the unity of reality is impossible, as is knowledge of the difference between objects. Knowing objects according to their nature requires subjectivity from which order is established, but the subject experiences itself as standing in relation to objects. Consciousness is confronted by an outside world that must be made sense of. Not only is the establishment of the relation between subject and object important but according to Hegel, the subject's relation to the object is reflected in his self-understanding and self-consciousness. The notion of self-consciousness is revealed precisely by the relation between subject and object, but not before this relation. Hegel therefore starts his journey to the absolute through natural consciousness, a consciousness that takes immediate knowledge of objects around us as authoritative. One can call this immediate knowledge objective in the sense that it takes no queues from subjectivity. Hegel proceeds to critique objective knowledge, claiming that immediate knowledge doesn't reckon with the factor of time, and therefore cannot be the ultimate source of truth. This critique is ambivalent, as it does recognise the world of objects as a source for knowledge, however, this must be supplemented by our own consciousness in order to arrive at a deeper understanding of this knowledge. Consciousness becomes an essential ingredient necessary for understanding. The second chapter introduces perception as the measure of reality. Perception brings a multitude of things under a general principle, thereby creating an understanding between things and their general substance. This second approach to truth cannot explain how generality and particularity exist in the first place. Hegel moves to the notoriously difficult third chapter in which he describes the dynamic relation between force and understanding. Force is identified as the underlying dimension of external reality, but it has in turn to be postulated, making necessary the involvement of the understanding as hypothesising activity. At first, force is merely described in terms of its expressions, but acknowledgement of its fundamental trait as underlying the whole of physical reality without being a tangible thing, leads to the realisation of the role of the understanding. This realisation is self-consciousness. Self-consciousness becomes aware of its participative role in its determination of the underlying structures of reality, structures that are postulated, and not apparent. In the last section, it is pointed out that self-consciousness is not to be understood as standing alone concerning objects - self-consciousness also stands in relation to other-selves. Self-consciousness is not an object and cannot be fully determined as is the case with things. This does not form the primary concern of the article and will merely be described to point to the position of self-consciousness within the larger scheme of Hegel's thinking. This does not take away the importance that the topic under discussion here has for the development of Hegel's system, which is the reason for the focus given here.

Abstract School-age children (5-9 years) can benefit from educational interventions focused on healthy eating and physical activity to improve their quality of life. This work aims to review the evidence on food and nutrition education (FNE) in Spanish-speaking countries for the prevention of overweight and obesity in school-age children. There is a wide variety of experiences in FNE in Hispanic countries. The FNE interventions are effective in improving knowledge and attitudes towards healthy eating. Diagnosis, variable selection, and the design and validation of interventions and instruments are crucial. The frequency, duration and number of components of the interventions, as well as the participation of multiple actors such as parents, teachers, professors, and the school community, are key to greater effectiveness. Little impact is observed on nutritional status in educational interventions, which may be due to short execution periods. Food and nutritional surveillance systems in schools should consider cognitive and behavioral indicators to measure the effectiveness of FNE in the fight against overweight and obesity in schools. In conclusion, greater effectiveness of FNE is observed in knowledge and attitudes. Teacher training programs are required to implement innovative long-term FNE strategies in schools to combat obesity and prevent chronic diseases early in life, as well as robust monitoring and evaluation systems.

Resumen Los niños de edad escolar (NEE) pueden beneficiarse de intervenciones educativas centradas en alimentación saludable y actividad física para mejorar su calidad de vida. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo revisar la evidencia sobre educación alimentaria y nutricional (EAN) en países de habla hispana para la prevención del sobrepeso y la obesidad en NEE. Existe una amplia variedad de experiencias en EAN en países hispanos. Las intervenciones son efectivas para mejorar conocimiento y actitud hacia la alimentación saludable. El diagnóstico, selección de variables a intervenir, el diseño de intervenciones y de instrumentos válidos son clave. La frecuencia, duración y el número de componentes de las intervenciones son clave para mayor efectividad en las intervenciones, así como la participación de múltiples actores como padres, maestros, profesores y la comunidad escolar. Se observa poco impacto sobre el estado nutricional en las intervenciones educativas. Sin embargo, esto puede deberse a cortos periodos de ejecución. Los sistemas de vigilancia alimentarios y nutricionales en las escuelas deben considerar indicadores cognitivos y conductuales para medir la eficacia de las intervenciones EAN en el marco de la lucha contra el sobrepeso y la obesidad en las escuelas. En conclusión, se observa una mayor efectividad de las intervenciones EAN en el conocimiento y la actitud. Se requieren programas de capacitación docente para implementar estrategias innovadoras de EAN en las escuelas de largo plazo para combatir la obesidad y prevenir las enfermedades crónicas desde temprano en la vida; así como de robustos sistemas de seguimiento y evaluación.

RESUMEN Introducción: la salud mental es crucial para el bienestar y el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes universitarios. Los estudiantes de Kinesiología y Fisioterapia enfrentan desafíos únicos que pueden afectar su salud mental. Objetivo: determinar la frecuencia de trastornos mentales comunes en estudiantes de kinesiología y fisioterapia de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción. Metodología: se trata de un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal. La muestra no probabilística estuvo compuesta por 150 estudiantes de Kinesiología y Fisioterapia de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción. Se recogieron datos sociodemográficos, académicos, ocupacionales, de estilo de vida y psicopatológicos mediante la Escala de Depresión, Ansiedad y Estrés - 21 (DASS-21). El análisis se realizó mediante Jamovi con regresión logística binomial multivariada. Resultados: la frecuencia de depresión, ansiedad y estrés fue del 61,3 %, 72 % y 54,7 %, respectivamente. Los factores importantes para la depresión incluyeron ser un estudiante irregular, trabajar y no realizar actividad física. Para la ansiedad, fueron significativos ser estudiante irregular y ser mujer. Respecto al estrés, se encontraron relevantes ser estudiante irregular, trabajar y no realizar actividad física. Los modelos resultantes tuvieron clasificaciones correctas del 90,2 %, 88 % y 72 % para depresión, ansiedad y estrés, respectivamente. Conclusión: Este estudio reveló una alta frecuencia de depresión, ansiedad y estrés entre estudiantes de kinesiología y fisioterapia, lo que se asoció significativamente con irregularidad académica, empleo y falta de actividad física. Estos hallazgos subrayan la necesidad de implementar estrategias de intervención y programas de apoyo que aborden estos factores de riesgo para promover la salud mental y el bienestar de los futuros profesionales de la salud.

ABSTRACT Introduction: mental health is crucial for university students’ well-being and academic performance. Kinesiology and Physical Therapy students face unique challenges that can affect their mental health. Objective: to determine the frequency of common mental disorders in kinesiology and physical therapy students at the Universidad Nacional de Asunción. Methodology: this was an observational and descriptive cross-sectional study. The nonprobabilistic sample included 150 Kinesiology and Physiotherapy students from the Universidad Nacional de Asunción. Sociodemographic, academic, occupational, lifestyle, and psychopathological data were collected using the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale - 21 (DASS-21). The analysis was performed using Jamovi with multivariate binomial logistic regression. Results: the frequency of depression, anxiety, and stress was 61.3 %, 72 %, and 54.7 %, respectively. The significant factors for depression included being an irregular student, working, and not engaging in physical activity. For anxiety, being an irregular student and being a woman were significant. Regarding stress, being an irregular student, working, and not engaging in physical activity were found to be relevant. The resulting models had correct classifications of 90.2 %, 88 %, and 72 % for depression, anxiety, and stress, respectively. Conclusion: this study revealed a high frequency of depression, anxiety, and stress among kinesiology and physical therapy students, which was significantly associated with academic irregularity, employment, and a lack of physical activity. These findings underscore the need to implement intervention strategies and support programs that address these risk factors in order to promote the mental health and well-being of future health professionals.

RESUMEN Introducción: la diabetes mellitus es una patología prevalente y por ello la implementación de estrategias prácticas para su diagnóstico son importantes desde la Atención Primaria. Objetivo: determinar los parámetros laboratoriales de los pacientes de la Unidad de Salud Familiar del barrio Chaipe (Encarnación, Paraguay) con moderado a muy alto riesgo de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 según la prueba de FINDRISK. Metodología: estudio prospectivo, observacional, descriptivo, transversal. Se incluyeron pacientes mayores de 18 años que acudieron a consultar en la Unidad de Salud Familiar del barrio Chaipe desde setiembre del 2022 a febrero del 2023. Se aplicó la prueba de FINDRISK para seleccionar a aquellos con moderado a muy alto riesgo de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 para las determinaciones laboratoriales. Resultados: la muestra estuvo conformada por 142 pacientes, con rango de edad menor a 45 años y predominio del sexo femenino. El 42,96 % tenía índice de masa corporal aumentado y 62,68 % circunferencia abdominal de riesgo. El 52,11 % no realizaba actividad física y el 27,46 % no consumía frutas y verduras diariamente. El 25,35 % eran hipertensos, el 11,97 % presentó en alguna oportunidad glicemia elevada y el 56,34 % tenía familiares con diabetes mellitus. El 4,93 % presentó glicemia ≥ 126 mg/dl y el 10,56 % valores de hemoglobina glicosilada (HBA1C) ≥ 6,5 %. El 14,08 % presentó colesterol total ≥ 200 mg/dl y 19,72 % triglicéridos ≥ 150 mg/dl. El 26,65 % presentó 3 o más criterios para síndrome metabólico y se encontró una relación significativa con el riesgo de diabetes mellitus. Conclusiones: se encontró una proporción significativa de pacientes con parámetros laboratoriales de glicemia, HBA1C, colesterol y triglicéridos aumentados.

ABSTRACT Introduction: diabetes mellitus is a prevalent pathology and therefore the implementation of practical strategies for its diagnosis are important from Primary Care. Objective: to determine the laboratory parameters of patients from the United Family Healthcare of the Chaipe neighborhood (Encarnación, Paraguay) with moderate to very high risk of diabetes mellitus type 2 according to the FINDRISK test. Methodology: prospective, observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study. Patients over 18 years of age who came to consult at the United Family Healthcare in the Chaipe neighborhood from September 2022 to February 2023 were included. The FINDRISK test was applied to select those with moderate to very high risk of diabetes mellitus type 2 for the laboratory’s determinations. Results: the sample was made up of 142 patients, with an age range of less than 45 years and a predominance of the female sex. 42.96 % had an increased body mass index and 62.68 % had an abdominal circumference at risk. 52.11 % did not do physical activity and 27.46 % did not consume fruits and vegetables daily. 25.35 % were hypertensive, 11.97 % had high blood glucose at some point and 56.34 % had family members with diabetes mellitus. 4.93 % had blood glucose ≥ 126 mg/dl and 10.56 % had glycosylated hemoglobin (HBA1C) values ≥ 6.5 %. 14.08 % had total cholesterol ≥ 200 mg/dl and 19.72 % had triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dl. 26.65 % presented 3 or more criteria for metabolic syndrome and a significant relationship was found with the risk of diabetes mellitus. Conclusions: a significant proportion of patients with increased laboratory parameters of glycemia, HBA1C, cholesterol and triglycerides were found.

RESUMEN Introducción: la obesidad, la edad, el estilo de vida sedentario y los antecedentes familiares de diabetes mellitus se han descrito como factores de riesgo para la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2). Objetivo: determinar el riesgo probable de desarrollar DM2 en los próximos 10 años en mujeres trabajadoras de un hospital de referencia en Asunción, Paraguay. Metodología: este estudio descriptivo observacional de corte transversal se llevó a cabo entre médicos, enfermeras y personal administrativo. Se recopilaron datos durante tres meses utilizando la prueba FINDRISK para evaluar el riesgo de diabetes, la cual consta de ocho preguntas sobre la edad, el índice de masa corporal, el perímetro de la cintura, la actividad física, el consumo de frutas y verduras, antecedentes de presión arterial alta y glucosa elevada, y diabetes diagnosticada en familiares. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizaron estadísticas descriptivas en forma de frecuencias y porcentajes, así como estadísticas analíticas con la prueba de Mann Whitney y Kruskal Wallis. Resultados: un total de 112 mujeres participaron en el estudio, con más del 40% en el rango de edad de 31 a 40 años. El perímetro de cintura de 80-88 cm. fue el más común, con 38,4%. Se encontró que el 33% de las participantes tenían sobrepeso. Casi el 60% no realizaba actividad física diaria. Más del 38% tenían antecedentes de diabetes en familiares de primer grado. El 67,9% de las encuestadas tenían algún riesgo de desarrollar DM2 en los próximos 10 años, y 22 de ellas presentaron un riesgo alto o muy alto según la prueba FINDRISK. Las participantes de 35 años o más tenían un riesgo significativamente mayor (Chi; p=0,008). Conclusión: se detectó una alta prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad, siendo el 67,9% de las encuestadas quienes mostraron algún grado de riesgo de desarrollar DM2 en los próximos 10 años, de los cuales casi el 20% presentaban un riesgo categorizado como alto o muy alto.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Obesity, age, sedentary lifestyle, and family history of diabetes mellitus are risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Objective: determine the probable risk of developing T2DM in the next 10 years in working women at a reference hospital in Asunción, Paraguay. Methodology: This cross-sectional observational descriptive study was conducted with physicians, nurses, and administrative staff. Data were collected over three months using the FINDRISK test to assess diabetes risk, which consists of eight questions about age, body mass index, waist circumference, physical activity, fruit and vegetable consumption, history of blood pressure, high blood pressure and high glucose, and diabetes diagnosed in family members. Descriptive statistics in the form of frequencies and percentages, as well as analytical statistics using the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests, were used to analyze the data. Results: A total of 112 women participated in the study, with more than 40% in the age range of 31-40 years. The waist circumference of 80-88 cm was the most common (38.4%). It was found that 33% of participants were overweight. Almost 60% of the participants did not perform daily physical activities. More than 38% of the first-degree relatives had a history of diabetes. Of the surveyed participants, 67.9%had some risk of developing T2DM in the next 10 years and 22 had a high or very high risk according to the FINDRISK test. Participants aged 35 years had a significantly higher risk (p=0.008). Conclusion: A high prevalence of overweight and obesity was observed, with 67.9% of the respondents showing some degree of risk for developing T2DM in the next 10 years, of which nearly 20% were categorized as high or very high risk.