Abstract The cultivation of coffee in agroecosystems atypical for this species affects its growth due to the effect of climate, mainly temperature and solar radiation. In 2021, variations in the microclimate, functional traits, and phenotypic plasticity of the coffee tree were studied in two altitudinal gradients of the Frailesca region, Chiapas. Plant height, stem diameter, length of orthotropic internodes, branches per plant, length of plagiotropic branches, total nodes per plant, leaves per plant, specific leaf mass, and specific leaf area were recorded in two shaded coffee plantations located at 600 and 1 000 masl. Diurnal variations in photosynthetically active radiation, air temperature, and relative humidity were recorded. Photosynthetically active radiation, air temperature, and leaves per plant were greater at 1 000 masl due to the greater amount of shade existing in the coffee plantation located at 600 masl. The photosynthetically active and incident radiation at both altitudes was below the points of light compensation and saturation reported for this crop, while air temperature, leaves per plant, and RH were outside the recommended range for the coffee tree. Stem diameter, branches per plant, length of plagiotropic branches, specific leaf mass, and specific leaf area were higher in coffee trees grown at 1 000 masl. It is concluded that the Costa Rica 95 variety showed phenotypic plasticity in response to the altitudinal gradient reflected in increases in the relative distance plasticity index of stem diameter and specific leaf mass.

Resumen El cultivo de café en agroecosistemas atípicos para esta especie afecta su crecimiento debido al efecto del clima, principalmente la temperatura y la radiación solar. En el año 2021, se estudiaron las variaciones en el microclima, los rasgos funcionales y plasticidad fenotípica del cafeto en dos gradientes altitudinales de la región Frailesca, Chiapas. En dos cafetales bajo sombra, situados a 600 y 1 000 msnm, se registraron la altura de la planta, diámetro del tallo, longitud de entrenudos ortotrópicos, ramas por planta, longitud de ramas plagiotrópicas, nudos totales por planta, hojas por planta, masa foliar específica y área foliar específica. Se registraron las variaciones diurnas de la radiación fotosintéticamente activa, temperatura del aire y humedad relativa. Tanto la radiación fotosintéticamente activa, como la temperatura del aire y las hojas por planta fueron mayores a 1 000 msnm debido la mayor cantidad de sombra existente en el cafetal situado a 600 msnm. La radiación fotosintéticamente activa e incidente en ambas altitudes estuvo por debajo de los puntos de compensación y saturación luminosa reportados para este cultivo, mientras que la temperatura del aire y las hojas por planta HR estuvieron fuera del rango recomendado para el cafeto. El diámetro del tallo, ramas por planta, longitud de ramas plagiotrópicas, la masa foliar específica y el área foliar específica, fueron mayores en los cafetos crecidos a 1 000 msnm. Se concluye que la variedad Costa Rica 95, mostró plasticidad fenotípica en respuesta a la gradiente altitudinal reflejada en incrementos en el índice de plasticidad de distancias relativas del diámetro del tallo y la masa foliar específica.

Abstract Morphoanatomy and histochemistry of Baccharis palustris: insights into a highly endangered endemic species from Southeastern America. The phenotypic plasticity of the Baccharis genus makes species identification difficult, even at the flowering stage. In this context, morphoanatomical studies are a powerful tool for botanical authentication, mainly emphasizing the recognition of diagnostic characteristics that may be useful for distinguishing similar species. Given the limited knowledge available about the endemic species B. palustris, this work aimed to characterize the morphoanatomy and histochemistry of its vegetative aerial parts to identify characters with diagnostic value and to elucidate the sites of synthesis and accumulation of metabolites of medicinal importance. B. palustris leaf showed pinnate, camptodrome-brochidodrome venation patterns. Blade with dorsiventral mesophyll, aerenchymatous spongy parenchyma, collateral vascular bundles, and different types of stomata and trichomes, including glandular trichomes with a multi-layered base evidenced and described for the first time in the genus. The petiole was winged, with three collateral vascular bundles. The stem showed a penta-lobulated contour with unusual growth, starch, and crystals in the pith. The presence of secretory ducts and glandular trichomes, which synthesized lipids, terpenes/polyacetylenes, and phenolic compounds, was observed. The morphological/histochemical characteristics described in this work contribute to the knowledge of the species, highlighting the importance of its preservation as a valuable resource. America difficult stage context authentication B pinnate camptodromebrochidodrome camptodrome brochidodrome patterns mesophyll parenchyma bundles multilayered multi layered winged pentalobulated penta lobulated growth starch pith lipids terpenespolyacetylenes terpenes polyacetylenes terpenes/polyacetylenes compounds observed morphologicalhistochemical morphological histochemical resource

Resumen Morfoanatomía e histoquímica de Baccharis palustris: ampliando el conocimiento de una especie endémica altamente amenazada del sureste de América. La plasticidad fenotípica del género Baccharis dificulta la identificación de las especies, incluso en la etapa de floración. En este contexto, la descripción morfoanatómica es una herramienta poderosa para la autenticación botánica, haciendo hincapié en las características de valor diagnóstico que pueden ser útiles para distinguir especies similares. Dado el escaso conocimiento disponible sobre la especie endémica B. palustristis, el objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar la morfoanatomía y la histoquímica de las partes aéreas vegetativas de B. palustris y establecer los sitios de síntesis y acumulación de metabolitos de importancia medicinal. La hoja de B. palustris mostró venación pinnada, camptódroma, broquidódromo. Lámina con mesofilo dorsiventral con parénquima esponjoso aerenquimático, haces vasculares colaterales y distintos tipos de estomas y tricomas, entre los que se destacan tricomas glandulares de base pluriceriada nunca antes descriptos para el género. El pecíolo se presentó alado, con tres haces vasculares colaterales. El tallo mostró contorno pentalobulado con crecimiento poco usual, almidón y cristales en la médula. Se observó la presencia de conductos secretores y tricomas glandulares, los cuales pueden sintetizar lípidos, terpenos/poliacetilenos y compuestos fenólicos. Las características morfológicas/histoquímicas descritas en este trabajo contribuyen al conocimiento de la especie, destacando la importancia de su preservación como un recurso valioso. América floración contexto botánica similares B palustristis medicinal pinnada camptódroma broquidódromo aerenquimático alado usual médula lípidos terpenospoliacetilenos terpenos poliacetilenos fenólicos morfológicashistoquímicas morfológicas histoquímicas valioso

Abstract Cichlid fishes exhibit rapid adaptive radiations with significant diversification rates in response to ecological variability, i.e., ecological opportunity or geographical isolation. The discovery of a Midas cichlid species in Lake Batur, Indonesia's largest volcanic lake, first reported in 2013, could represent such adaptations. Midas cichlids can now be found in a range of habitats in Lake Batur and dominate the lake's fish population by up to 60%. This study aimed to identify the interaction between habitat, water quality, and Midas cichlid in Lake Batur, facilitating morphometric variances in the fish populations. The fish were captured at five locations in Lake Batur using fishing rods, community nets with mesh sizes of 2–3 inches, experimental gillnets with mesh sizes of 1 inch, and fish scoops in floating net cages during August and November 2022. There were 46 fish samples caught from the five stations, all photographed using a digital camera and later measured using the ZEN 2012 software. The fish measurement employed a truss morphometric method using 21 distinct morphometric body features. Canonical analysis was used to determine the distribution of characteristics, while discriminant analysis was used to examine the closeness of association. The measured water quality parameters included pH, DO, temperature, conductivity, and TDS for in-situ and TSS, TP, TN, and chlorophyll A for ex-situ. The findings revealed morphometric changes among Midas cichlid species in Lake Batur caused by habitat and water quality differences. The distinction can be detected in the anterior and posterior bodies (C1, B1, C3, C6, C5, B3 and B4). Temperature and aquatic plants, Azolla pinnata, may detect the station and shape of fish in Lake Batur. Body shape cannot be identified by chlorophyll A, TN, DO, and TDS. Future genetic research could answer why fish groups with varied body types coexist in the same location. variability ie i e i.e. isolation Indonesias Indonesia s lake 2013 adaptations lakes 60 60% populations rods 23 2 3 2– inches inch 2022 4 stations 201 software features characteristics association pH DO temperature conductivity insitu situ TSS TP TN exsitu. exsitu ex situ. ex-situ differences C1, C1 C (C1 B1 B C3 C6 C5 B4. B4 . B4) plants pinnata location i.e 6 202 20 (C

Resumo Os peixes ciclídeos exibem radiações adaptativas rápidas com taxas de diversificação significativas em resposta à variabilidade ecológica, ou seja, oportunidade ecológica ou isolamento geográfico. A descoberta de uma espécie de ciclídeo Midas em Lago Batur, o maior lago vulcânico da Indonésia, relatada pela primeira vez em 2013, poderia representar tais adaptações. Os ciclídeos Midas agora podem ser encontrados em uma variedade de hábitats no Lago Batur, onde dominam a população de peixes em até 60%. Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar a interação entre hábitat, qualidade da água e ciclídeo Midas no Lago Batur, facilitando variações morfométricas nas populações de peixe. Os peixes foram capturados em cinco locais no Lago Batur usando varas de pesca, redes comunitárias com malhas de 2-3 polegadas, redes de emalhar experimentais com malhas de 1 polegada e colheres de peixe em gaiolas de rede flutuantes, durante agosto e novembro de 2022. Foram capturadas 46 amostras de peixes nas cinco estações, todas fotografadas com câmera digital e posteriormente medidas no software ZEN 2012. A medição dos peixes empregou um método morfométrico de treliça usando 21 características morfométricas distintas do corpo. A análise canônica foi utilizada para determinar a distribuição das características, enquanto a análise discriminante foi empregada para examinar a proximidade da associação. Os parâmetros de qualidade da água medidos incluíram pH, OD, temperatura, condutividade e TDS para in situ, e TSS, TP, TN e clorofila A para ex situ. As descobertas revelaram mudanças morfométricas entre as espécies de ciclídeos Midas no Lago Batur, causadas por diferenças de hábitat e qualidade da água. A distinção pode ser detectada nos corpos anterior e posterior (C1, B1, C3, C6, C5, B3 e B4). A temperatura e as plantas aquáticas, Azolla pinnata, podem detectar a estação e o formato dos peixes no Lago Batur. A forma do corpo não pode ser identificada pela clorofila A, TN, OD e TDS. Futuras pesquisas genéticas poderiam responder por que grupos de peixes com tipos corporais variados coexistem no mesmo local. seja geográfico Indonésia 2013 adaptações 60 60% pesca 23 2 3 2- polegadas flutuantes 2022 4 estações 2012 associação pH situ TSS TP C1, C1 C (C1 B1 B C3 C6 C5 B4. B4 . B4) aquáticas pinnata local 201 6 202 (C 20

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to assess the genetic variability of 63 garlic accessions grown in two environments in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. A randomized block design with replications was used. Agromorphological evaluations were conducted based on descriptors defined by the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI), currently Bioversity International, encompassing 18 characteristics. The obtained data consisted of the mode of each variable and genetic distances from the complement arithmetic of the Jaccard coefficient. Cluster analysis was carried out using Tocher optimization and UPGMA methods; Mantel test was used to assess the correlation of genetic distances between locations. Garlic accessions exhibited genetic diversity for the studied qualitative variables. Correlations between distances of the evaluated accessions were found in both locations, although of low magnitude. Garlic characteristics vary according to growth environment, indicating divergence among accessions. This may be attributed to the plasticity of the species and genotype-environment interaction factors. Phenotypic variability of garlic germplasm observed in a particular environment cannot be extrapolated to other locations. 6 Paulo Brazil IPGRI, IPGRI , (IPGRI) 1 coefficient methods locations variables magnitude genotypeenvironment genotype factors (IPGRI

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a diversidade genética de 63 acessos de alho semi-nobre avaliados em dois ambientes no estado de São Paulo. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados, com repetições. As avaliações agromorfológicas foram realizadas com base nos descritores do Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI), atualmente Bioversity International, e totalizaram 18 características. Os dados foram obtidos pela moda de cada variável, sendo que a medida de divergência utilizada foi o complemento aritmético de Jaccard. As análises de agrupamento aplicadas foram o método de otimização de Tocher e UPGMA; bem como o teste de Mantel para avaliar a correlação das distâncias genéticas entre os locais. Os acessos apresentaram diversidade genética para as variáveis qualitativas estudadas. A correlação entre as distâncias dos acessos avaliados nos dois locais existiu, porém, sua magnitude foi baixa. As características do alho modificam-se de acordo com o ambiente, portanto, a divergência entre os acessos. Isso pode ser atribuído a plasticidade da espécie e aos fatores de interação genótipo-ambiente. A variabilidade fenotípica de germoplasma de alho observada em um determinando ambiente não pode ser extrapolado para outros locais. 6 seminobre semi nobre Paulo Utilizouse Utilizou se casualizados repetições IPGRI, IPGRI , (IPGRI) International 1 variável Jaccard UPGMA estudadas existiu porém baixa modificamse modificam portanto genótipoambiente. genótipoambiente genótipo ambiente. genótipo-ambiente (IPGRI

Abstract Introducing new grass species into cultivation has long been proposed as beneficial to increase the sustainability and diversity of productive systems. However, wild species with potential tend to show high seed dormancy, causing slow, poor, and unsynchronized seedling emergence. Meanwhile, domesticated species, such as cereals, show lower seed dormancy, facilitating their successful establishment. In this work, we conduct a review of phenotypic variation on seed dormancy and its genetic and molecular basis. This quantitative and highly heritable trait shows phenotype plasticity which is modulated by environmental factors. The level of dormancy depends on the expression of genes associated with the metabolism and sensitivity to the hormones abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellins (GA), along with other dormancy-specific genes. The genetic regulation of these traits is highly conserved across species. The low seed dormancy observed in cereals and some temperate forages was mostly unconsciously selected during various domestication processes. Emphasis is placed on selecting materials with low seed dormancy for warm-season forage grasses to improve their establishment and adoption. Finally, we review advances in the domestication of dallisgrass, where seed dormancy was considered a focus trait throughout the process. systems However slow poor emergence Meanwhile work basis factors ABA (ABA GA, GA , (GA) dormancyspecific specific processes warmseason warm season adoption Finally dallisgrass process (GA

Resumo O Brasil é o maior produtor de figos da América do Sul, porém o cultivo comercial brasileiro da figueira baseia-se na plantação de uma única cultivar, o Roxo-de-Valinhos, resultando em sérios problemas relativos a pragas e doenças. Uma vez que há variações epigenéticas na interação planta-patógeno, principalmente por meio da regulação gênica, o presente trabalho objetiva realizar a caracterização in vivo de acessos de figo, por meio da análise de incidência natural de nematoides formadores de galha e de incidência natural de ferrugem, correlacionada ao seu perfil epigenômico, a fim de subsidiar trabalhos de conservação, melhoramento genético e produção da cultura. A análise dos componentes principais dos dados da caracterização dos acessos foi realizada por meio da matriz de correlação residual obtida pela análise de variância conjunta utilizando o programa GENES. Pôde-se constatar que todas as plantas foram atacadas por este patógeno, evidenciando que são suscetíveis ao mesmo. Já a análise conjunta dos dados demonstrou que a metilação e a incidência de ferrugem em folhas, quando observadas na mesma fase fenológica da planta, se correlacionam, apresentando evidências iniciais de mesmas cargas fatoriais de pressão nos genótipos, com a premissa de comportamento semelhante nos mesmos, indicando que, além do fator genético, fatores abióticos também são responsáveis pelas alterações no fenótipo das plantas, evidenciando a plasticidade fenotípica das mesmas.

Abstract Commercial fig tree cultivation in Brazil involves a single cultivar, ‘Roxo-de-Valinhos’. The use of a single cultivar results in serious diseases and related problems. The aim of this study was to characterize fig accessions by analyzing the natural root-knot nematode and leaf rust incidence in relation to the epigenomic profile of the plant, since epigenetic variations affect plant–pathogen interactions. All plants were attacked by nematodes, indicating susceptibility; Meloidogyne incognita was the root-knot nematode species involved. Joint analysis of data showed that methylation and leaf rust incidence were correlated when observed in the same phenological phase, presenting initial evidence of the same factorial pressure loads in genotypes, suggesting similar behavior within these genotypes.

Resumo Anticarsia gemmatalis Hünber, 1818 é uma das principais espécies desfolhadoras da cultura da soja. Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, 1915, é uma bactéria utilizada no controle biológico dessa espécie de praga. Populações resistentes e seus efeitos subletais causados pelo uso da bactéria já foram relatados, no entanto, não há estudos sobre a plasticidade fenotípica na idade adulta exposta a subdoses de bioinseticida à base de Bt. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a morfometria de adultos de A. gemmatalis em condições de laboratório submetidos ao bioinseticida Dipel® ao longo de três gerações. Os segmentos corporais mensuráveis eram largura, comprimento e área das asas anterior e posterior, o peso do tegumento, tórax, abdômen, asas e todo o adulto de machos e fêmeas. Dentre os tratamentos, CL5 na primeira geração e CL10 na segunda geração foram aqueles com limiares mais baixos em relação ao peso do tórax e abdômen, considerando as proporções do corpo menores que as do sexo feminino. O peso da fêmea na idade adulta foi reduzido em 10% em relação aos machos e, apenas na primeira geração. Os machos têm tamanho corporal maior e plasticidade fenotípica mais pronunciada do que as fêmeas. Este estudo demonstra o primeiro estudo avaliando a plasticidade fenotípica de adultos de A. gemmatalis.

Abstract Anticarsia gemmatalis Hünber, 1818 is one of the main defoliating species in the soybean crop. Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, 1915, is a bacterium used in the biological control of this pest species. Resistant populations and their sublethal effects caused by the use of the bacteria have already been reported; however, there are no studies on phenotypic plasticity in adulthood exposed to Bt-based bioinsecticide sub-doses. This study aimed to evaluate the morphometry of A. gemmatalis adults under laboratory conditions submitted to the Bt-based bioinsecticide Dipel® over the three generations. The body segments mensuread were width, length, and area of the anterior and posterior wings, the weight of the integument, chest, abdomen, wings, and the whole adult of males and females. Among the treatments, LC5 in the first generation and LC10 in the second generation were those with lower thresholds in relation to the weight of the chest and abdomen, considering the proportions of the body smaller than the females. The female’s weight adulthood was reduced by 10% about males, and, only in the first generation. Males have larger body size and more pronounced phenotypic plasticity than females. Here, we demonstrate the first study assessing the phenotypic plasticity of A. gemmatalis adults.

Resumo O ácido valproico associado ao valproato de sódio (VPA) é um importante agente anticonvulsivo usado há décadas no tratamento de distúrbios neurológicos. Também atua como um modulador epigenético ao inibir as desacetilases de histonas, permitindo a acetilaçao de histonas, afetando o estado de metilação do DNA e das histonas e a expressão gênica, e induzindo a remodelação da cromatina. Os insetos representam um importante modelo animal para estudos em diversas áreas da ciência e dada a sua alta plasticidade fenotípica os torna modelos alternativos para estudos epigenéticos e de resposta a agentes moduladores epigenéticos. Esta breve revisão enfatiza relatos recentes sobre epigenética em insetos e a contribuição de estudos sobre a ação do VPA nesse grupo animal, incluindo efeitos sobre marcadores epigenéticos, estendendo a compreensão farmacológica do potencial desta droga e demonstrando a utilidade dos insetos como um modelo animal alternativo para estudos de drogas.

Abstract Valproic acid in association with sodium valproate (VPA) is an important anticonvulsant drug used for decades to treat neurological disorders. VPA also acts as an epigenetic modulator by inhibiting histone deacetylases, permitting histone acetylation, affecting the DNA and histone methylation status and gene expression, and inducing chromatin remodeling. Insects represent an important animal model for studies in several areas of science. Their high phenotypic plasticity makes them alternative models for epigenetic studies. This brief review emphasizes recent reports on insect epigenetics and the contribution of studies on the VPA action in insects, including effects on epigenetic markers, extending the pharmacological understanding of the potential of this drug, and demonstrating the usefulness of insects as an alternative animal model to drug studies.

Abstract Distinguishing between environmental adaptations and neutral processes poses a challenge in population genetics and evolutionary studies, particularly when phenomena can be explained by both processes. Clines are genotypic or phenotypic characters correlated with environmental variables, because of that correlation, they are used as examples of spatially varying selection. At the same time, many genotypic clines can be explained by demographic history, like isolation by distance or secondary contact zones. Clines have been extensively studied in Drosophila melanogaster, especially in North America and Australia, where they are attributed to both differential selection and various demographic processes. This review explores existing literature supporting this conclusion and suggests new approaches to better understand the influence of these processes on clines. These innovative approaches aim to shed light on the longstanding debate regarding the importance of natural selection versus neutral processes in maintaining variation in natural populations. studies variables correlation time history zones melanogaster Australia populations

ABSTRACT Despite the importance given to Silicon in the relief of stress in cultivated plants, there are no experimental studies on abiotic stresses that address this function of Si in plants under natural environments, aiming to identify responses that would indicate acclimatisation to the conditions at their place of origin. The goal of this study was to answer the following questions: 1) Does abiotic stress increase Si absorption? 2) Does the presence of Si stimulate biomass production in natural environments? and 3) Do plants from different environments display differences in Si absorption? To do so, Eugenia punicifolia was selected as a study species since it has a wide distribution, occurring in three different physiognomies: Coastal Savanna, Dense Deciduous Shrubland and Seasonal Deciduous Forest. The Si absorption varied depending on the temperature and this was directly related to increases in dry matter production in E. punicifolia plants, suggesting that this may be a relief mechanism for temperature and water stresses. Differences in the response to stress conditions may be a result of the phenotypic plasticity which occurs in E. punicifolia and suggests that plasticity could be a useful asset in the use of Si fertilizer for crops. origin questions 1 2 3 so distribution physiognomies Savanna Forest E crops

Abstract Senescence is a cellular state in which the cell loses its proliferative capacity, often irreversibly. Physiologically, it occurs due to a limited capacity of cell division associated with telomere shortening, the so-called replicative senescence. It can also be induced early due to DNA damage, oncogenic activation, oxidative stress, or damage to other cellular components (collectively named induced senescence). Tumor cells acquire the ability to bypass replicative senescence, thus ensuring the replicative immortality, a hallmark of cancer. Many anti-cancer therapies, however, can lead tumor cells to induced senescence. Initially, this response leads to a slowdown in tumor growth. However, the longstanding accumulation of senescent cells (SnCs) in tumors can promote neoplastic progression due to the enrichment of numerous molecules and extracellular vesicles that constitutes the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Among other effects, SASP can potentiate or unlock the tumor plasticity and phenotypic transitions, another hallmark of cancer. This review discusses how SnCs can fuel mechanisms that underlie cancer plasticity, like cell differentiation, stemness, reprogramming, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. We also discuss the main molecular mechanisms that make SnCs resistant to cell death, and potential strategies to target SnCs. At the end, we raise open questions and clinically relevant perspectives in the field. irreversibly Physiologically shortening socalled so called senescence activation stress collectively . senescence) immortality anticancer anti therapies however Initially growth However (SnCs senescenceassociated SASP. (SASP) effects transitions differentiation stemness reprogramming epithelialmesenchymal epithelial mesenchymal transition death end field (SASP

Summary: The study of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) response to salt stress from physiological indicators in genotypes contributes to the knowledge of the adaptive mechanisms of this species to stressful conditions. The objective of our research was to analyze the phenotypic plasticity and variation in indicators related to photosynthesis in two genotypes (red and yellow) of Anacardium occidentale L., during the seedling stage under greenhouse conditions. The effect of five salinity levels (0.02 dS m-1, 5 dS m-1, 10 dS m-1, 15 dS m-1 and 20 dS m-1) on characters associated with photosynthesis, gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence was evaluated. Phenotypic plasticity in response to salt stress was calculated for the indicators evaluated through the phenotypic plasticity index. The red variety showed the greatest effects of salt stress on photosynthetic rate, transpiration, sub-stomatal CO2, Fm, Fv, Fv/Fm, Fv/Fo, and Pi abs. The significant differences found in phenotypic plasticity showed higher values in the red variety in most of the indicators evaluated. A negative effect of salinity at the seedling stage on indicators related to photosynthesis, gas exchange, and chlorophyll fluorescence was detected, as well as significant differences between genotypes according to the indicators evaluated and the levels of phenotypic plasticity. Photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were the indicators that showed the highest values of phenotypic plasticity.

Resumen: El estudio de la respuesta al estrés salino a partir de indicadores fisiológicos en genotipos de marañón (Anacardium occidentale L.), contribuye al conocimiento de los mecanismos adaptativos de esta especie a condiciones estresantes. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar la plasticidad fenotípica y la variación en indicadores relacionados con la fotosíntesis en dos genotipos (rojo y amarillo) de Anacardium occidentale L., durante la fase de plántulas en condiciones de invernadero. Se evaluó el efecto de cinco niveles de salinidad (0.02 dS m-1, 5 dS m-1, 10 dS m-1, 15 dS m-1 y 20 dS m-1) sobre caracteres asociados a la fotosíntesis, intercambio gaseoso y la fluorescencia de la clorofila. Se calculó la plasticidad fenotípica en respuesta al estrés salino de los indicadores evaluados a través del índice de plasticidad fenotípica. La variedad roja mostró las mayores afectaciones producto del estrés salino en los indicadores tasa fotosintética, transpiración, CO2 subestomático, Fm, Fv, Fv/Fm, Fv/Fo y Pi abs. Las diferencias significativas encontradas en cuanto a la plasticidad fenotípica mostraron valores superiores en la variedad roja en la mayoría de los indicadores evaluados. Se muestra el efecto negativo que tiene la salinidad en el estadio de plántulas en los indicadores relacionados con la fotosíntesis, intercambio gaseoso, y fluorescencia de la clorofila, así como las diferencias significativas existentes en cuanto a los indicadores evaluados y los niveles de plasticidad fenotípica de los mismos entre genotipos. La fotosíntesis y la conductancia estomática fueron los indicadores que mostraron los mayores valores de plasticidad fenotípica.

ABSTRACT Background. Gene expression (GE) plasticity is an acclimation response that allows organisms to adjust rapidly to environmental changes, providing an adaptive advantage. GE biomarkers are emerging as a valuable tool for linking the organism’s physiological plasticity with the synergetic effects of large-scale climatic conditions and local impacts such as temperature and nutrients. Objectives. In this study, we investigate the GE plasticity of the 70-kDa heat shock protein (hsp70) and the carbonic anhydrase enzyme (CA) to confirm the ability of those two genes as biomarkers of the Cellular Stress Response and Cellular Homeostasis Response, respectively. Methods. Using qPCR, we evaluate the GE plasticity of coral colonies from Pocillopora capitata, Pocillopora damicornis, and Pocillopora verrucosa at the Carrizales reef (Colima coast of Mexico) naturally exposed to environmental changes in the Sea Surface Temperature (SST), productivity and nutrients using the cellular density of Symbiodiniaceae and chlorophyll content as health indices. Results. Our results clearly show GE plasticity in the hsp70 for Pocillopora verrucosa and Pocillopora damicornis related to a daily environmental change in temperature and nutrients. On the other hand, the CA gene expression shows no change in response to daily variations. However, there was a significantly high expression of CA and a lower expression of hsp70 in Pocillopora capitata. Furthermore, we found no significant differences in the health indices, suggesting some degree of physiological plasticity in Pocillopora corals like its extensive morphological plasticity that could reflect different adaptation capacities to low temperatures and high nutrients during the spring season in the central Mexican Pacific. Conclusions. Evaluating the phenotypic plasticity (morphology and molecular physiology) could help identify coral colonies with a more significant potential to survive environmental stressors. The latter is an essential consideration for managing, conserving, and restoring coral reefs in the Mexican Pacific.

RESUMEN Antecedentes. La plasticidad de la expresión génica (GE) es una respuesta inmediata de aclimatación al cambio ambiental que puede proporcionar una ventaja adaptativa. Los biomarcadores de GE están emergiendo como una herramienta valiosa para vincular la plasticidad fisiológica del organismo con los efectos sinérgicos del cambio climático y el impacto local como la temperatura y nutrientes. Objetivos. Investigamos la plasticidad de la expresión de genes que codifican para la proteína de choque térmico de 70-kDa (hsp70) y la enzima anhidrasa carbónica (CA) para confirmar su utilidad como biomarcadores de la respuesta de estrés y de homeostasis celular, respectivamente. Métodos. Evaluamos la GE mediante qPCR en colonias de corales Pocillopora capitata, Pocillopora damicornis y Pocillopora verrucosa del arrecife Carrizales (Colima, México) expuestas a un cambio natural en la temperatura de la superficie del mar (SST), productividad primaria y nutrientes utilizando la densidad de Symbiodiniaceae y el contenido de clorofila como indicadores de salud. Resultados. La plasticidad de la GE de hsp70 en Pocillopora damicornis y Pocillopora verrucosa se asocia con la variación diaria de temperatura y nutrientes, mientras que el gen de la CA no muestra cambios de expresión relacionada con esta variabilidad. Sin embargo, en Pocillopora capitata se encontró una expresión significativamente mayor de CA y una menor expresión de hsp70. Estos resultados reflejan un grado de plasticidad fisiológica en corales Pocillopora similar a la extensa plasticidad morfológica dentro de este género, lo que podría sugerir diferentes capacidades de adaptación a la temporada primaveral de bajas temperaturas y alto contenido de nutrientes en la región. Conclusiones. Evaluar la plasticidad fenotípica (morfología y fisiología molecular) podría ser útil para identificar colonias de corales con un mayor potencial de sobrevivencia al estrés ambiental. Lo anterior resulta relevante para la conservación, manejo y restauración de los arrecifes de coral del Pacífico mexicano.

ABSTRACT Flooding is a stressful condition that causes damage to the photosynthetic apparatus, negatively affecting the growth of seedlings of fruit species, including Hymenaea courbaril L. Studies on physiological management, such as exogenous application of phytohormones, to alleviate abiotic stress have increased. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of foliar application of salicylic acid (SA) on H. courbaril seedlings subjected to flooding. The seedlings received foliar application of four concentrations of SA (0, 100, 200, and 400 mg L-1) and were subjected to two water regimes: a) control - non-flooded and irrigated daily and b) flooded - seedlings were placed in a plastic pool, keeping the water depth at ± 5.0 cm above the substrate level. After 35 days, we evaluated the gas exchange, initial growth, quality, and potential ecological resilience of the seedlings. All flooded seedlings survived, but had reduced photosynthesis, carboxylation of Rubisco efficiency, and water-use and stomatal conductance when they received 100-300 mg L-1 SA. The seedlings that received between 100 and 300 mg L-1 SA had greater growth, quality, and phenotypic plasticity. Foliar application of SA did not mitigated the effect of flooding on gas exchange but contributed to the growth of H. courbaril seedlings. apparatus species L management phytohormones increased (SA H 0, 0 (0 200 40 L1 1 regimes nonflooded non b pool 50 5 5. level 3 days quality survived photosynthesis efficiency wateruse use 100300 100-30 L- 10 30 plasticity ( 20 4 10030 100-3 2 1003 100-

RESUMO O alagamento é um fator estressante e promove danos ao aparato fotossintético, afetando negativamente o crescimento de mudas de espécies frutíferas, dentre elas a jatobazeiro Estudos sobre o manejo fisiológico, tal como aplicação exógena de fitohormônio, para aliviar o estresse abiótico tem aumentado. Assim, objetivou-se com esse estudo avaliar o efeito da aplicação foliar de concentrações de ácido salicílico (AS) em mudas de H. courbaril submetidas ao alagamento. As mudas receberam aplicação via foliar de quatro concentrações de AS: 0, 100, 200 e 400 mg L-1, e submetidas a dois regimes hídricos: a) controle: - não alagadas e irrigadas diariamente e b) alagamento - acondicionamento das mudas em piscina com lâmina d’água (5.0 cm) acima do nível do substrato. Decorridos 35 dias avaliamos as trocas gasosas, crescimento inicial, qualidade e o potencial de resiliência ecológica das mudas. Observou-se que todas as mudas alagadas sobreviveram, mas tiveram redução da fotossíntese, eficiência instantânea de carboxilação da Rubisco e de uso da água e condutância estomática e quando receberam aplicação entre 100-300 mg L-1 de AS. As mudas que receberam aplicação das concentrações entre 100 e 300 mg L-1 de AS tiveram maiores características de crescimento, qualidade e plasticidade fenotípica. A aplicação foliar de ácido salicílico não mitigou o efeito do alagamento sobre as trocas gasosas, mas contribuiu no crescimento das mudas de H. courbaril. fotossintético frutíferas fisiológico fitohormônio aumentado Assim objetivouse objetivou se (AS H 0 20 40 L1, L1 L 1, 1 hídricos controle b dágua d 5.0 50 5 (5. cm substrato 3 gasosas inicial Observouse Observou sobreviveram fotossíntese 100300 100-30 L- 10 30 fenotípica 2 4 5. (5 10030 100-3 ( 1003 100-

Resumen La plasticidad fenotípica es una propiedad que tiene el cultivo de frijol, como respuesta a estímulos ambientales incluida la fertilización nitrogenada. Esta planta es endémica de México y existen múltiples variantes genéticas, las cuales se adaptan a los diferentes climas y microclimas del país. Respecto al Valle de Tehuacán, Puebla, es considerado el centro de origen de la agricultura en Mesoamérica, porque en él se datan los restos más antiguos de maíz y frijol. Así el objetivo fue: evaluar la plasticidad fenotípica de un frijol de los Valles Centrales de Oaxaca, cuando es sembrado en el Valle de Tehuacán Puebla. La investigación se llevó a cabo bajo condiciones de campo en Tehuacán, Puebla. El germoplasma fue el cultivar. Rocha, que corresponde a un frijol de semilla negra y crecimiento indeterminado. Los tratamientos consistieron en cuatro niveles de nitrógeno 0; 50; 100 y 150 kg ha-1 y cuatro repeticiones, que se evaluaron bajo un diseño de bloques completos al azar. Las variables de respuesta fueron: unidades SPAD, rendimiento de semilla, biomasa seca total, índice de cosecha, unidades calor, evapotranspiración e incidencia de la bacteriosis del frijol. Los resultados indican que el mayor rendimiento agronómico fue en los tratamientos T2 y T1 con: 8.74 y 7.09 g planta-1, mientras que el rendimiento biológico mayor fue 22.15 g planta-1, para el tratamiento T2. La integral térmica fue 1 322 UC, mientras que la evapotranspiración total fue 217.94 mm. Así la mayor incidencia del tizón ocurrió en el testigo con 1.23%. Se concluye, que el cv. Rocha puede ser una alternativa de producción en el Valle de Tehuacán.

Abstract Phenotypic plasticity is a property of bean crops in response to environmental stimuli, including nitrogen fertilization. This plant is endemic to Mexico and there are multiple genetic variants, which adapt to the different climates and microclimates of the country. Regarding the Valley of Tehuacán, Puebla, it is considered the center of origin of agriculture in Mesoamerica, because the oldest remains of corn and beans are dated there. Thus, the objective was: to evaluate the phenotypic plasticity of a bean from the Central Valleys of Oaxaca when sown in the Valley of Tehuacán, Puebla. The research was conducted under field conditions in Tehuacán, Puebla. The germplasm was the cultivar Rocha, which corresponds to a bean with black seeds and indeterminate growth. The treatments consisted of four levels of nitrogen 0; 50; 100 and 150 kg ha-1 and four repetitions, which were evaluated under a randomized complete block design. The response variables were: SPAD units, seed yield, total dry biomass, harvest index, heat units, evapotranspiration and incidence of bean bacterial blight. The results indicate that the highest agronomic yield was in treatments T2 and T1 with 8.74 and 7.09 g plant-1, while the highest biological yield was 22.15 g plant-1, for the treatment T2. The thermal integral was 1 322 HU, while the total evapotranspiration was 217.94 mm. Thus, the highest incidence of blight occurred in the control with 1.23%. It is concluded that the cv. Rocha can be a production alternative in the Valley of Tehuacán.