In this work, a miniaturized version of the QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) method was optimized, validated, and applied for extracting eight pesticide residues in anuran liver tissue samples. The extracts were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection, and the detected residues in liver tissue samples were identified by tandem mass spectrometry-liquid chromatography. The optimized extraction method entailed the scale reduction of the QuEChERS method twenty times using 500 mg of liver tissue sample, 200 mg Mg2SO4, 50 mg NaCl, 1.5 mL of acetonitrile, and a mixture of 25 mg C18 + 25 mg PSA (primary-secondary amine) as dispersive solid-phase extraction sorbent. The method was validated using liver tissue samples spiked at two levels of pesticide concentrations according to the SANTE/11312/2021 document. Recoveries ranged from 91-110% with a relative standard deviation < 20%. The method robustness assessed by the Steiner and Youden test resulted in recovery rate variations of less than 2% for all pesticides after deliberated changes in seven variables. The validated method was applied to 72 liver tissue samples from two anuran species, registering residues of some pesticides in 31 samples. The proposed method proved to be efficient, precise, and robust for determining pesticide residues in anuran liver tissues. work quick, quick (quick easy cheap effective rugged safe highperformance high performance detection spectrometryliquid spectrometry sample 20 Mg2SO4 MgSO Mg SO 5 NaCl 15 1 1. acetonitrile 2 C C1 primarysecondary primary secondary amine solidphase solid phase sorbent SANTE113122021 SANTE 11312 2021 SANTE/11312/202 document 91110% 91110 91 110% 110 91-110 20% variables 7 species 3 efficient precise tissues Mg2SO SANTE11312202 1131 202 SANTE/11312/20 9111 9 11 91-11 SANTE1131220 113 SANTE/11312/2 911 91-1 SANTE113122 SANTE/11312/ 91- SANTE11312 SANTE/11312 SANTE1131 SANTE/1131 SANTE113 SANTE/113 SANTE11 SANTE/11 SANTE1 SANTE/1 SANTE/

Methods used to determine pesticide residues in teas typically require several laborious steps for sample preparation before analysis. In this study, a simple method based on solid-liquid extraction with low-temperature partitioning (SLE/LTP) and analysis by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was optimized and validated for the determination of pesticide residues (pirimiphos-methyl, flutriafol, cyproconazole, and bifenthrin) in dehydrated green tea leaves. After low-temperature partitioning (LTP), the extract in acetonitrile was subjected to a clean-up step using primary secondary amine (PSA) and octadecylsilane (C18) as sorbents for chlorophyll removal. The optimized SLE/LTP-GC-MS method was validated, and it proved to be effective and selective for extracting pesticides from green tea samples, presenting limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.015 and 0.050 mg kg-1, respectively. Recovery ranged between 81-111%, coefficients of variation were less than 16% and coefficients of determination (R2) were greater than 0.990. The optimized and validated method was applied to green tea and 13 other tea varieties sampled in South and Southeast regions of Brazil. The pesticides under study were detected in some of those samples at values higher than the maximum residue limits (MRLs) allowed by the European Union. solidliquid solid liquid lowtemperature low temperature SLE/LTP SLELTP SLE LTP (SLE/LTP GCMS GC MS (GC-MS pirimiphosmethyl, pirimiphosmethyl pirimiphos methyl, methyl (pirimiphos-methyl flutriafol cyproconazole bifenthrin leaves LTP, , (LTP) cleanup clean up PSA (PSA C18 C (C18 removal SLE/LTPGCMS SLELTPGCMS LOD (LOD LOQ (LOQ 0015 0 015 0.01 0050 050 0.05 kg1, kg1 kg 1, 1 kg-1 respectively 81111%, 81111 81 111%, 111 81-111% 16 R2 R (R2 0990 990 0.990 Brazil MRLs (MRLs Union (LTP C1 (C1 LTPGCMS 001 01 0.0 005 05 kg- 81111% 8111 8 111% 11 81-111 (R 099 99 0.99 (C 00 0. 811 81-11 09 9 0.9 81-1 81-

This research aims to develop a precise and efficient dispersive solid-phase microextraction (DSPE) technique using third-generation polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer-grafted nanoparticles to quantify benzoylurea pesticides in green tea, black tea, and oolong tea infusions. The extraction efficiency is optimized through single-factor adjustments of key parameters, including adsorbent quantity (5-20 mg), adsorption duration (5-20 min), desorbent identity (methanol, acetonitrile), volume (100-600 μL), sodium chloride concentration (0-10%, m/v), and sample solution pH (3-8). The optimized method demonstrates linearity in the range of 2-500 μg L-1, with limits of detection (LODs) ranging from 0.6-1.5 μg L-1 and limits of quantification (LOQs) from 2.0 5.0 μg L-1. Recovery rates of 81.2-96.0% are achieved, with intra-day relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 1.4-2.8% and inter-day relative standard deviations of 2.0-3.9%, indicating high accuracy and repeatability. The successful application of detecting residues in commercial tea samples underscores the strong potential of the technique to determine benzoylurea analyte levels. solidphase solid phase DSPE (DSPE thirdgeneration third generation PAMAM (PAMAM dendrimergrafted dendrimer grafted infusions singlefactor single factor parameters 520 5 20 (5-2 mg, mg , mg) min, min min) methanol, methanol (methanol acetonitrile, acetonitrile acetonitrile) 100600 100 600 (100-60 μL, μL μL) 010%, 010 0 10%, 10 (0-10% m/v, mv m/v m v m/v) 38. 38 3 8 . (3-8) 2500 2 500 2-50 L1, L1 L 1, 1 LODs (LODs 0.61.5 0615 0.6 1.5 6 0.6-1. L- LOQs (LOQs 2. 50 5. L1. 1. 81.296.0% 812960 81.2 96.0% 81 96 81.2-96.0 achieved intraday intra day RSDs (RSDs 1.42.8% 1428 1.4 2.8% 4 1.4-2.8 interday inter 2.03.9%, 2039 3.9%, 9 2.0-3.9% repeatability levels 52 (5- 10060 60 (100-6 010% 01 10% (0-10 (3-8 250 2-5 61 0.61. 061 06 0. 15 0.6-1 296 81.296.0 81296 812 81. 960 96.0 81.2-96. 42 1.42.8 142 14 28 2.8 1.4-2. 03 2.03.9% 203 39 3.9% 2.0-3.9 (5 1006 (100- (0-1 (3- 25 2- 0.61 0.6- 29 81.296. 8129 96. 81.2-96 1.42. 1.4-2 2.03.9 3.9 2.0-3. ( (100 (0- (3 81.296 81.2-9 1.42 1.4- 2.03. 3. 2.0-3 (10 (0 81.29 81.2- 2.03 2.0- (1

A green supramolecular vortex-assisted microextraction employing a mixture of 1-decanol and tetrahydrofuran (THF) was developed for the simultaneous extraction of pesticides from different classes (insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides) from water and flour samples, followed by their determination in high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). The most favorable results were achieved at pH 6.0 in the presence of 4% (m/v) NaCl, utilizing a low volume of 1-decanol and THF (75 and 400 µL, respectively), a short vortex-assisted extraction time (120 s), and centrifugation time (120 s). These conditions yielded high preconcentration factors ranging from 50.1 to 90.3 and low limits of quantification (LOQs) ranging from 1.3 to 27.3 µg L-1. The intraday (n = 10) and interday (n =1 0) precision, assessed as the percentage of relative standard deviation (RSD), varied from 4.4 to 12.4%. The optimized method was successfully applied to determine the pesticides in water and flour samples, with recoveries ranging from 81 to 111%. vortexassisted vortex assisted 1decanol decanol 1 (THF insecticides, insecticides (insecticides fungicides herbicides samples highperformance performance HPLCDAD. HPLCDAD HPLC DAD . (HPLC-DAD) 60 6 0 6. 4 m/v mv m v (m/v NaCl 75 (7 40 µL respectively, respectively , respectively) 120 (12 s, s s) s. 501 50 50. 903 90 3 90. LOQs (LOQs 13 1. 273 27 27. L1. L1 L L-1 n 10 precision RSD, RSD (RSD) 44 4. 124 12 12.4% 8 111 111% (HPLC-DAD 7 ( (1 5 9 2 L- (RSD 12.4 11 12.

Nanocomposites of GO/γ-Fe2O3 were used for magnetic dispersive solid-phase microextraction (m-d-μ-SPE) of six pesticides from river water samples, followed by the determination using high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection. The synthesis of the nanocomposites is described and characterized using Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. A central composite design was used to optimize the extraction time, sample solution pH, and adsorbent amount. The solvent type and volume for desorption and the effect of the ionic strength for adsorption were also investigated. The optimum adsorption conditions were achieved at 84 min of extraction time, pH 5.4, 115 mg of absorbent, and 1% (m/v) of NaCl, while the desorption solvent selected was 1.0 mL of methanol-acetic acid (9:1, v/v). The limits of detection ranged from 0.1 to 0.9 μg L-1, and a good precision was achieved with relative standard deviation (RSD) lower than 7.6% (n = 10). The accuracy of the method was accessed by recovery tests ranging from 82 to 117% (n = 3, RSD < 8%). GO/γFe2O3 GOγFe2O3 GOγFeO GO/γ Fe2O3 GO γ Fe O GO/γ-Fe2O solidphase solid phase mdμSPE m d μ SPE (m-d-μ-SPE samples chromatographydiode chromatography diode transforminfrared transform infrared spectroscopy Xray X ray diffraction microscopy time amount investigated 8 54 5 4 5.4 11 absorbent 1 m/v mv v (m/v NaCl 10 0 1. methanolacetic methanol acetic 91, 91 9 1, (9:1 v/v. vv v/v . v/v) 01 0. 09 L1, L1 L L-1 (RSD 76 7 6 7.6 n 10. 10) 117 3 8%. 8% 8%) γFe2O3 γFe GO/γFe2O GOγFe GOγFe2O GOγ FeO Fe2O 5. (9: L- 7. γFeO γFe2O (9 (

In this work, using the PM3 semi-empirical method, the oxidation of the single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) was studied by sulfuric and nitric acid for the incorporation of carbonyl (C=O), phenol (OH) and carboxylic (COOH) groups in the C=C bonds present on the surface of the nanotube. Subsequently, the crosslinking of the oxidized SWCNT (SWCNTox) and chitosan (Q) was observed through hydrogen bonds of the C=O and OH bonds with 2.34 Å, the process was endothermic and soluble in polar solvents due to the presence of OH and NH groups in the structure of SWCNTox/Q. The Monte Carlo modeling allowed to study the adsorption of pesticides in the SWCNTox/Q at different temperatures, where the QSAR (quantitative structure activity relationship) properties allowed predicting the behavior of the pesticides, that is, the degree of hydrophobicity (log P) and accessible surface area (ASA) were important parameters in the evaluation of SWCNTox/Q as an adsorbent and surface interacting with pesticides respectively. Finally, the adsorption was a physisorption process due to the electronegativity of the CO, OH, NH2, NH and C=O bonds. work PM semiempirical semi empirical method singlewalled single walled (SWCNT C=O, CO , C O (C=O) (OH COOH (COOH CC Subsequently SWCNTox (SWCNTox Q (Q 234 2 34 2.3 Å SWCNToxQ temperatures quantitative relationship is log P ASA (ASA respectively Finally NH2 (C=O 23 3 2.

Resumen El perrito de la pradera (Cynomys mexicanus) es un roedor endémico de los pastizales del Norte de México, considerada una especie clave para el mantenimiento de su ecosistema. La principal problemática a la que enfrenta es el aumento de la frontera agrícola, por lo que se encuentra en constante exposición a productos químicos utilizados en zonas de cultivo cercanas, como los plaguicidas. El objetivo de este estudio fue detectar y cuantificar residuos de plaguicidas en muestras de suelo de colonias de C. mexicanus de los estados de Zacatecas y San Luis Potosí. Se analizaron un total de 5 muestras de suelo y se analizaron por medio de la técnica de Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Eficiencia (HPLC). Se detectaron ocho plaguicidas presentes en el 100% de las muestras analizadas, de los cuales el glifosato y el metamidofos tuvieron concentraciones mayores, de hasta 5.5 mg/g y 4.8 mg/g respectivamente. Los resultados muestran que en el suelo se encuentran altas concentraciones de los plaguicidas mencionados comparadas con las detectadas en otros estudios y mayores a la DL5O establecida para ambos. Por lo que el suelo es una fuente de exposición importante y medio para la entrada hacia el organismo de C. mexicanus.

Abstract The Mexican prairie dog (Cynomys mexicanus) is an endemic rodent of the grasslands of northern Mexico, considered a keystone species for the maintenance of its ecosystem. The main problem it faces is the increase in the agricultural frontier, which means that it is constantly exposed to chemical products used in nearby farming areas, such as pesticides. The objective of this study was to detect and quantify pesticide residues in soil samples of C. mexicanus colonies from the states of Zacatecas and San Luis Potosí. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analyzed five soil samples. Eight pesticides were detected in 100 % of the samples analyzed, of which glyphosate and methamidophos had higher concentrations, up to 5.5 mg/g and 4.8 mg/g respectively. The results show that high concentrations of the mentioned pesticides are found in the soil compared to those detected in other studies and higher than the DL5O established for both. Therefore, soil is an important source of exposure and means of entry into the organism of C. mexicanus.

Abstract Introduction. Pesticides are used to control pests and diseases in agricultural activities. Improper management of these products poses a potential risk to human health and the environment. Objective. To evaluate the (eco)toxicological pressure exerted by synthetic pesticides on tobacco crops (Nicotiana tabacum) in the province of Sancti Spíritus, Cuba. Materials and methods. A database from the Provincial Directorate of Plant Health for the period 2016-2019 was used, where the pesticides assigned to the province for this crop were compared with those reported by interviewed farmers. The dual indicator POCER was used to obtain the results, determining the pressure exerted by different pesticides and their harmful reference on humans and the environment. Results. The trend in pesticide consumption (summarized in tables and graphs) showed 50 % decrease, corresponding to the country’s crop protection policy. Farmers mentioned the use of authorized and unauthorized active ingredients in the conducted surveys, and sixteen high-risk active ingredients were detected in the analyzed samples. Evaluating the POCER results and analyzed samples, a significant (eco)toxicological pressure was observed on both the environment and human health, exerted by a group of high-toxicity active ingredients used in tobacco cultivation in the province. Conclusion. Using the dual indicator POCER provides an evaluation of the (eco)toxicological pressure exerted by synthetic pesticides used in the tobacco cultivation (Nicotiana tabacum) in the province of Sancti Spíritus, Cuba, for the study period.

Resumen Introducción. Los plaguicidas son utilizados para controlar las plagas y enfermedades en las actividades agrícolas. El manejo inadecuado de estos productos constituye un riesgo potencial para la salud humana y el medio ambiente. Objetivo. Evaluar la presión toxicológica (eco) ejercida por los plaguicidas sintéticos en los cultivos de tabaco (Nicotiana tabacum) en la provincia de Sancti Spíritus, Cuba. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizó una base de datos de la Dirección Provincial de Sanidad Vegetal para el período 2016-2019, donde se tomaron los plaguicidas asignados a la provincia para este cultivo y se compararon con los declarados por los agricultores entrevistados. Para la obtención de los resultados se utilizó el indicador dual POCER, que determinó la presión ejercida por los diferentes plaguicidas y su referencia nociva sobre el ser humano y el medio ambiente. Resultados. La tendencia del consumo de plaguicidas (resumida en tablas y gráficos) mostró una disminución del 50 %, que corresponde a la política de protección de los cultivos del país. Los agricultores mencionaron el uso de ingredientes activos autorizados y no autorizados en las encuestas realizadas, y en las muestras analizadas se detectaron dieciséis ingredientes activos de alto riesgo. Al evaluar los resultados de POCER y muestras analizadas se observó que existe una gran presión (eco)toxicológica tanto para el medio ambiente como para la salud humana ejercida por un grupo de ingredientes activos de alta toxicidad utilizados en el cultivo de tabaco de la provincia. Conclusión. Con la utilización del indicador dual POCER, se obtiene una evaluación de la presión (eco)toxicológica ejercida por los plaguicidas sintéticos utilizados en el cultivo del tabaco (Nicotiana tabacum) en la provincia de Sancti Spíritus, Cuba para el período de estudio.

ABSTRACT The use of bioactive compounds from macroalgae in agricultural formulations is an emerging technology with great potential to reduce dependence on synthetic agrochemicals. Currently, seaweed extracts are considered a sustainable resource due to their biodegradable nature. This review discusses their potential to replace or reduce a variety of synthetic molecules in economically important crops, such as synthetic nitrogen and phosphate fertilisers, synthetic hormone growth regulators, and organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides. Due to the presence of a wide range of bioactive substances already reported in certain algae, they are foreseen as good candidates for the production of plant bioformulations. In this sense, the commercial and biotechnological exploitation of macroalgae could benefit the local economy. However, despite the potential of algae, there is very little information on their total metabolomic or chemical content. This literature review summarises information proposing the use of the macroalgae Kappaphycus alvarezii, Acanthophora spicifera and Hypnea spinella in the Ecuadorian agricultural sector as an alternative for pesticide reduction.

RESUMEN El empleo de compuestos bioactivos extraídos de macroalgas en forma de formulaciones agrícolas representa una tecnología emergente con gran potencial para reducir la dependencia de agroquímicos sintéticos. Al presente, los extractos de algas marinas se consideran un recurso sostenible debido a su carácter biodegradable. En esta revisión se discute su potencial para reemplazar o reducir a una variedad de moléculas sintéticas en cultivos económicamente importantes, tales como fertilizantes sintéticos nitrogenados y fosfatados, reguladores del crecimiento hormonales sintéticos y plaguicidas organoclorados y organofosforados. Por la presencia de una extensa gama de sustancias bioactivas ya registradas en ciertas algas se prevén como buenos candidatos para la producción de bioformulaciones vegetales. En este sentido, el aprovechamiento comercial y biotecnológico de las macroalgas podría beneficiar la economía local. Sin embargo, pese a todo el potencial de las algas existe muy poca información de su contenido metabolómico o químico total. Esta revisión bibliográfica resume información que propone el uso de las macroalgas Kappaphycus. alvarezii, Acanthophora spicifera e Hypnea spinella dentro del sector agrícola ecuatoriano como alternativa para la reducción de pesticidas.

Summary: Excessive use of chlorpyrifos affects the quality of agricultural soils causing negative effects on the safety of harvested food. The behavior of chlorpyrifos residues depends on soil properties, especially organic matter. Our aim in this research was to determine the effect of the application of vermicompost on the residual and dissipation of chlorpyrifos in an entisol soil of semi-arid climate with variations in its edaphic fertility. Four treatments were studied. T1: 7.5% vermicompost (V) and 92.5% soil (S); T2: 5% V and 95% S; T3: 2.5% V and 97.5% S; T4: 0% V and 100% S. The treatments were subjected to a seven-day incubation period. Subsequently, a dose of chlorpyrifos of 1.5 mg kg-1 as active ingredient was applied once for each treatment. A completely randomized design was used with three replicates for each treatment, forming 12 experimental units. The analytical determination of chlorpyrifos was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The evaluations were carried out 1.7, 14, 28, 42, 70 and 98 days after the application of chlorpyrifos. The results showed that the incorporation of vermicompost to the soil at increasing levels promoted a decrease in the residual concentration of chlorpyrifos and facilitated its gradual dissipation. The chlorpyrifos dissipation curves correspond to a first order logarithmic equation where the effects of the treatments caused greater dissipation of chlorpyrifos as the evaluation period elapsed. At 98 days of evaluation, T1 registered lower residuality (0.786 m kg-1), higher daily dissipation rate (0.008) and lower half-life of chlorpyrifos (86.64 days). At the end of the research period, edaphic levels of P, K, EC and CEC increased while OM, N and pH decreased after vermicompost application.

Resumen: El uso excesivo de clorpirifos afecta la calidad de los suelos agrícolas provocando efectos negativos en la inocuidad de los alimentos cosechados. El comportamiento de los residuos de clorpirifos depende de las propiedades edáficas especialmente la materia orgánica. El objetivo de la investigación fue determinar el efecto de la aplicación de vermicompost en la residualidad y disipación de clorpirifos en un suelo entisol de clima semiárido con variaciones en su fertilidad edáfica. Se estudiaron cuatro tratamientos. T1: 7.5% vermicompost (V) y 92.5% suelo (S); T2: 5% V y 95% S; T3: 2.5% V y 97.5% S; T4: 0% V y 100% S. Los tratamientos fueron sometidos a un periodo de incubación de siete días. Posteriormente, se aplicó una dosis de clorpirifos de 1.5 mg kg-1 como ingrediente activo en una sola oportunidad por cada tratamiento. Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar con tres repeticiones por cada tratamiento conformando 12 unidades experimentales. La determinación analítica de clorpirifos se efectuó por cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (HPLC). Las evaluaciones se realizaron a 1,7, 14, 28, 42, 70 y 98 días de la aplicación de clorpirifos. Los resultados demostraron que la incorporación de vermicompost al suelo en niveles crecientes promovió la disminución de la concentración residual de clorpirifos y facilitó su disipación de manera gradual. Las curvas de disipación de clorpirifos corresponden a una ecuación logarítmica de primer orden donde los efectos de los tratamientos ocasionaron mayor disipación de clorpirifos conforme transcurrió el periodo de evaluación. A 98 días de evaluación el T1 registró menor residualidad (0.786 m kg-1), mayor tasa de disipación diaria (0.008) y menor vida media de clorpirifos (86.64 días). Al final del periodo de investigación, los niveles edáficos de P, K, CE y CIC se incrementaron mientras que la MO, N y pH descendieron luego de la aplicación de vermicompost.

Resumen Los trabajadores agrícolas se exponen frecuentemente a los pesticidas, los cuales pueden afectar el sistema cardiovascular. El objetivo de la investigación fue revisar la asociación entre la exposición ocupacional a pesticidas, el desarrollo de enfermedades cardiovasculares y los biomarcadores utilizados en la vigilancia de la salud de los trabajadores. Para ello se realizó una revisión no sistemática de la literatura en tres bases de datos: Pubmed, Embase y Scopus, con ecuaciones de búsqueda elaboradas con los términos “agrochemicals”, “myocardial infarction”, “occupational exposure” y “farmers", y se incluyeron artículos publicados entre 2007 y 2022. Se encontró que los pesticidas causan elevación de las cifras de presión arterial en trabajadores expuestos y en mujeres embarazadas se relaciona con hipertensión gestacional y preeclampsia. Respecto al infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM), el contacto con los pesticidas clorpirifós, coumafós, carbofurano, pendimetalina, trifluralina y acilalanina aumentan el riesgo de IAM en mujeres, y entre los trabajadores masculinos la exposición a dibromuro de etileno, maneb/mancozeb y dimetil-ditiocarbamato de zinc se asoció con mayor mortalidad. La vigilancia epidemiológica se realiza principalmente con la medición de la actividad de la acetilcolinesterasa eritrocitaria (AChE). Se puede concluir que la exposición a pesticidas puede desencadenar enfermedades cardiovasculares agudas y crónicas, como elevación de las cifras de presión arterial, IAM fatal y no fatal. Los pesticidas dimetil ditiocarbamato de zinc, clorpirifós, coumafós, carbofurano, paratión y malatión son las sustancias que tienen mayor relación con el desarrollo de enfermedad cardiovascular.

Abstract Farmworkers are frequently exposed to pesticides, which can affect the cardiovascular system. The objective of the research was to review the association between occupational exposure to pesticides and the development of cardiovascular diseases, and the biomarkers used in monitoring the health of workers. For this, a non-systematic review of the literature was carried out in three databases: Pubmed, Embase and Scopus, with search equations prepared with the terms "agrochemicals", "myocardial infarction", "occupational exposure" and "farmers". Articles published between 2007 and 2022 were included. Pesticides were found to cause elevated blood pressure levels in exposed workers, and in pregnant women it is related to gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. Regarding acute myocardial infarction (AMI), contact the pesticides chlorpyrifos, coumaphos, carbofuran, pendimethalin, trifluralin, and acylalanine increased the risk of AMI in women, and among male workers exposure to ethylene dibromide, maneb/mancozeb, and zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate was associated with increased mortality. Epidemiological surveillance is mainly carried out by measuring erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. It can be concluded that exposure to pesticides can trigger acute and chronic cardiovascular diseases, such as elevated blood pressure, fatal and non-fatal AMI. Zinc dimethyl dithiocarbamate, chlorpyrifos, coumafos, carbofuran, parathion and malathion pesticides are the substances most closely related to the development of cardiovascular disease.

Resumo Nas últimas décadas, uma epidemia de doença renal crônica (DRC) tem sido associada a fatores ambientais e ocupacionais (estresse térmico decorrente de cargas de trabalho elevadas em altas temperaturas e exposição a produtos químicos, como agrotóxicos e metais), denominada DRC de origem não tradicional (DRCnt). Esta revisão descritiva tem como objetivo apresentar evidências recentes sobre estresse térmico, agrotóxicos e metais como possíveis causas de DRCnt e fornecer uma visão geral das estratégias brasileiras de regulamentação, fiscalização e vigilância sanitária relacionadas. Os trabalhadores brasileiros são comumente expostos a condições extremas de calor e outros fatores de risco de DRCnt, incluindo o aumento da exposição a agrotóxicos e metais. Além disso, há uma falta de regulamentação e fiscalização, políticas públicas e estratégias adequadas para proteger a saúde renal dos trabalhadores em relação aos principais fatores de risco. É provável que a DRCnt seja uma causa significativa de DRC no Brasil, uma vez que a etiologia da doença é desconhecida em muitos pacientes e diversas condições para seu desenvolvimento estão presentes no país. Estudos epidemiológicos devem ser realizados para explorar associações causais e estimar o impacto do calor, dos agrotóxicos e dos metais na DRCnt no Brasil. Além disso, as políticas públicas devem priorizar a redução da exposição dos trabalhadores e a promoção de sua saúde e segurança. décadas (DRC químicos metais, , metais) DRCnt. . (DRCnt) relacionadas disso Brasil país segurança (DRCnt

Abstract In the past decades, an epidemic of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been associated with environmental and occupational factors (heat stress from high workloads in hot temperatures and exposure to chemicals, such as pesticides and metals), which has been termed CKD of non-traditional origin (CKDnt). This descriptive review aims to present recent evidence about heat stress, pesticides, and metals as possible causes of CKDnt and provide an overview of the related Brazilian regulation, enforcement, and health surveillance strategies. Brazilian workers are commonly exposed to extreme heat conditions and other CKDnt risk factors, including increasing exposure to pesticides and metals. Furthermore, there is a lack of adequate regulation (and enforcement), public policies, and strategies to protect the kidney health of workers, considering the main risk factors. CKDnt is likely to be a significant cause of CKD in Brazil, since CKD’s etiology is unknown in many patients and several conditions for its development are present in the country. Further epidemiological studies may be conducted to explore causal associations and estimate the impact of heat, pesticides, and metals on CKDnt in Brazil. Moreover, public policies should prioritize reducing workers´ exposure and promoting their health and safety. decades (CKD chemicals metals, , metals) nontraditional non traditional CKDnt. . (CKDnt) enforcement Furthermore enforcement) Brazil CKDs s country Moreover safety (CKDnt

Abstract The global syndemic is an issue that is gaining notoriety in the world. The syndemic is understood as the interaction between obesity, malnutrition and climate change, that is, synergy of epidemics and complex situations, which coexist in time and place and their consequences for health. However, little is known about the relationship between the global syndemic and the consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF). In this context, the present essay aims to reflect on the relationship established between the global syndemic and the consumption of UPA. Starting with obesity, it is known that excessive consumption of UPA is one of the main causes of this chronic non-communicable disease. However, there is also a direct relationship between malnutrition and the consumption of UPA, since people who are in a situation of food insecurity choose economically accessible foods, characterizing themselves as a double burden of malnutrition. While studies on sustainable diets advance, knowledge about the association between climate change and UPA consumption is still incipient. Although studies highlight its environmental impacts in the handling and consumption of meat, in addition to the use of pesticides, it may play a secondary role. In this sense, studies are needed that evaluate the consumption of UPA and its relationship with the global syndemic, to support the formulation of public policies aimed at improving the consumption of healthy and sustainable foods for the planet.

Resumen La sindemia global es un tema que está ganando notoriedad en el mundo. La sindemia se entiende como la interacción entre la obesidad, la desnutrición y el cambio climático, es decir, sinergia de epidemias y situaciones complejas, que coexisten en tiempo y lugar y sus consecuencias para la salud. Sin embargo, poco se sabe sobre la relación entre la sindemia global y el consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados (AUP). En este contexto, el presente ensayo tiene como objetivo reflexionar acerca de la relación que se establece entre la sindemia global y el consumo de AUP. Empezando por la obesidad, se sabe que el consumo excesivo de AUP es una de las principales causas de esta enfermedad crónica no transmisible. Sin embargo, también existe una relación directa entre desnutrición y el consumo de AUP, ya que las personas que se encuentran en situación de inseguridad alimentaria eligen alimentos económicamente accesibles, caracterizándose como una doble carga de malnutrición. Mientras avanzan los estudios sobre las dietas sostenibles, el conocimiento sobre la asociación entre el cambio climático y el consumo de AUP es aún incipiente. Aunque los estudios destacan sus impactos ambientales en el manejo y consumo de carne, además del uso de pesticidas, pudiendo jugar un papel secundario. En este sentido, se necesitan estudios que evalúen el consumo de AUP y su relación con la sindemia global, para apoyar la formulación de políticas públicas encaminadas a mejorar el consumo de alimentos saludables y sostenibles para el planeta.

RESUMO Objetivou-se descrever os aspectos metodológicos, operacionais e atravessamentos políticos do projeto ‘Avaliação da contaminação ocupacional, ambiental e em alimentos por agrotóxicos na Bacia do Juruena, Mato Grosso (MT)’, realizado entre 2015 e 2019, em municípios de elevada produção agrícola voltada para o agronegócio: Campo Novo do Parecis, Sapezal e Campos de Júlio. Fundamentada na epidemiologia crítica, na vigilância popular e do desenvolvimento, a pesquisa participativa envolveu a população por meio de articulações com prefeituras, sindicatos e escolas públicas e trabalhadores(as) rurais e urbanos. Coletaram-se amostras de matriz ambiental (água, ar, sedimento), alimentar (hortaliças, commodities e animais) e humanas (sangue e urina) e realizou-se um inquérito populacional das condições de saúde autorreferidas, exposição ambiental, alimentar e ocupacional de trabalhadores(as) e moradores(as). Os dados revelaram um processo de contaminação impositiva em todo o território da bacia do rio Juruena, no ambiente, em alimentos, e o adoecimento agudo e crônico supostamente relacionado com a exposição ambiental e ocupacional aos agrotóxicos. O processo participativo na pesquisa almejou fortalecer a luta por territórios saudáveis e sustentáveis mediante redes cooperativas, vigilância popular de base territorial e das populações expostas aos agrotóxicos, além de outros desdobramentos que modifiquem legislações e processos destrutivos do atual modelo de desenvolvimento. Objetivouse Objetivou se metodológicos Avaliação Juruena MT, MT , (MT)’ 201 2019 agronegócio Parecis Júlio crítica desenvolvimento prefeituras trabalhadoresas trabalhadores as trabalhadores(as urbanos Coletaramse Coletaram água, água (água ar sedimento, sedimento sedimento) hortaliças, hortaliças (hortaliças animais sangue urina realizouse realizou autorreferidas moradoresas. moradoresas moradores . moradores(as) ambiente cooperativas (MT) 20 moradores(as (MT 2

ABSTRACT The aim was to describe the methodological, operational, and political aspects of the project ‘Assessment of occupational, environmental and food contamination by pesticides in the Juruena Basin, Mato Grosso (MT)’, carried out between 2015 and 2019 in municipalities with high agricultural production geared towards agribusiness: Campo Novo do Parecis, Sapezal, and Campos de Júlio. Based on critical epidemiology, popular and developmental surveillance, the participatory research involved the population through links with town halls, unions public schools, and rural and urban workers. Environmental (water, air, sediment), food (vegetables, commodities, and animals), and human (blood and urine) samples were collected, and a population survey was carried out on self-reported health conditions, environmental, food, and occupational exposure of workers and residents. The data revealed a process of imposing contamination throughout the territory of the Juruena River basin, in the environment, in food, and in acute and chronic illnesses supposedly related to environmental and occupational exposure to pesticides. The participatory process in the research aimed to strengthen the struggle for healthy and sustainable territories through cooperative networks, grassroots territorial surveillance, and populations exposed to pesticides, as well as other developments that modify legislation and destructive processes of the current development model. methodological operational Assessment Basin MT, MT , (MT)’ 201 agribusiness Parecis Sapezal Júlio epidemiology surveillance halls schools water, water (water air sediment, sediment sediment) vegetables, vegetables (vegetables commodities animals, animals animals) blood urine collected selfreported self reported conditions residents basin environment networks model (MT) 20 (MT 2

ABSTRACT Pesticides, such as insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, and rodenticides, are a group of chemical compounds that have different actions. After their application, the degradation process is slow. They can remain in the soil and groundwater, contaminating the water. Climate change transforms the process of degradation of chemical compounds, by altering soil composition, producing alterations in the ecosystem and biodiversity. The impact of pesticides on human health is challenging because of the great potential for harm they have. Since 2004, genetically modified seeds have been introduced in Paraguay, accompanied by a great increase in cultivation areas and pesticide use. To review the current state of knowledge about the effects of these chemical substances on the different organs and systems in pediatric and pregnant populations, a descriptive review was carried out, utilizing the main available databases. As a secondary objective, considering the extension of cultivation areas in Paraguay, we also described the results of studies carried out in the country. The results of the reviewed studies show an association between the involvement of different organ systems in these populations and environmental exposure, water, and food. Some of these results are replicated in those carried out in the country's growing areas.

RESUMEN Los pesticidas son un grupo de compuestos químicos que tienen diferentes acciones, insecticidas, fungicidas, herbicidas, rodenticidas. Luego de su aplicación el proceso de degradacion es lento. Pueden permanecer en el suelo y en las aguas subterráneas, contaminando el agua. El cambio climático transforma el proceso de degradación de los compuestos químicos, por la alteración de la composición del suelo, produciendo alteraciones en el ecosistema y la biodiversidad.El impacto de los pesticidas sobre la salud humana es un desafío por el gran potencial de daño que tienen. Desde el año 2004, se introduce en Paraguay las semillas geneticamente modificadas, acompañado de un gran incremento de las areas de cultivo y la utilizacion de pesticidas.Con el objetivo de revisar el estado del conocimiento actual sobre los efectos de estas sustancias quimicas, sobre los diferentes organos y sistemas en las poblaciones pediatricas y embarazadas, se realizo una revision descriptiva, abarcando las principales base de datos disponibles.Como objetivo secundario, considerando la extension de areas de cultivo en Paraguay, describir los resutlados de los estudios realizados en el pais. Los resultados de los estudios revisados muestran asociacion entre afectacion de diferentes organos, sistemas, de estas poblaciones y la exposcion ambiental, de las aguas y los alimentos. Algunos de estos resultados se replican en los realizados en las zonas de cultivo del pais.