In this work, using the PM3 semi-empirical method, the oxidation of the single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) was studied by sulfuric and nitric acid for the incorporation of carbonyl (C=O), phenol (OH) and carboxylic (COOH) groups in the C=C bonds present on the surface of the nanotube. Subsequently, the crosslinking of the oxidized SWCNT (SWCNTox) and chitosan (Q) was observed through hydrogen bonds of the C=O and OH bonds with 2.34 Å, the process was endothermic and soluble in polar solvents due to the presence of OH and NH groups in the structure of SWCNTox/Q. The Monte Carlo modeling allowed to study the adsorption of pesticides in the SWCNTox/Q at different temperatures, where the QSAR (quantitative structure activity relationship) properties allowed predicting the behavior of the pesticides, that is, the degree of hydrophobicity (log P) and accessible surface area (ASA) were important parameters in the evaluation of SWCNTox/Q as an adsorbent and surface interacting with pesticides respectively. Finally, the adsorption was a physisorption process due to the electronegativity of the CO, OH, NH2, NH and C=O bonds. work PM semiempirical semi empirical method singlewalled single walled (SWCNT C=O, CO , C O (C=O) (OH COOH (COOH CC Subsequently SWCNTox (SWCNTox Q (Q 234 2 34 2.3 Å SWCNToxQ temperatures quantitative relationship is log P ASA (ASA respectively Finally NH2 (C=O 23 3 2.

In this work, a miniaturized version of the QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) method was optimized, validated, and applied for extracting eight pesticide residues in anuran liver tissue samples. The extracts were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection, and the detected residues in liver tissue samples were identified by tandem mass spectrometry-liquid chromatography. The optimized extraction method entailed the scale reduction of the QuEChERS method twenty times using 500 mg of liver tissue sample, 200 mg Mg2SO4, 50 mg NaCl, 1.5 mL of acetonitrile, and a mixture of 25 mg C18 + 25 mg PSA (primary-secondary amine) as dispersive solid-phase extraction sorbent. The method was validated using liver tissue samples spiked at two levels of pesticide concentrations according to the SANTE/11312/2021 document. Recoveries ranged from 91-110% with a relative standard deviation < 20%. The method robustness assessed by the Steiner and Youden test resulted in recovery rate variations of less than 2% for all pesticides after deliberated changes in seven variables. The validated method was applied to 72 liver tissue samples from two anuran species, registering residues of some pesticides in 31 samples. The proposed method proved to be efficient, precise, and robust for determining pesticide residues in anuran liver tissues. work quick, quick (quick easy cheap effective rugged safe highperformance high performance detection spectrometryliquid spectrometry sample 20 Mg2SO4 MgSO Mg SO 5 NaCl 15 1 1. acetonitrile 2 C C1 primarysecondary primary secondary amine solidphase solid phase sorbent SANTE113122021 SANTE 11312 2021 SANTE/11312/202 document 91110% 91110 91 110% 110 91-110 20% variables 7 species 3 efficient precise tissues Mg2SO SANTE11312202 1131 202 SANTE/11312/20 9111 9 11 91-11 SANTE1131220 113 SANTE/11312/2 911 91-1 SANTE113122 SANTE/11312/ 91- SANTE11312 SANTE/11312 SANTE1131 SANTE/1131 SANTE113 SANTE/113 SANTE11 SANTE/11 SANTE1 SANTE/1 SANTE/

A green supramolecular vortex-assisted microextraction employing a mixture of 1-decanol and tetrahydrofuran (THF) was developed for the simultaneous extraction of pesticides from different classes (insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides) from water and flour samples, followed by their determination in high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). The most favorable results were achieved at pH 6.0 in the presence of 4% (m/v) NaCl, utilizing a low volume of 1-decanol and THF (75 and 400 µL, respectively), a short vortex-assisted extraction time (120 s), and centrifugation time (120 s). These conditions yielded high preconcentration factors ranging from 50.1 to 90.3 and low limits of quantification (LOQs) ranging from 1.3 to 27.3 µg L-1. The intraday (n = 10) and interday (n =1 0) precision, assessed as the percentage of relative standard deviation (RSD), varied from 4.4 to 12.4%. The optimized method was successfully applied to determine the pesticides in water and flour samples, with recoveries ranging from 81 to 111%. vortexassisted vortex assisted 1decanol decanol 1 (THF insecticides, insecticides (insecticides fungicides herbicides samples highperformance performance HPLCDAD. HPLCDAD HPLC DAD . (HPLC-DAD) 60 6 0 6. 4 m/v mv m v (m/v NaCl 75 (7 40 µL respectively, respectively , respectively) 120 (12 s, s s) s. 501 50 50. 903 90 3 90. LOQs (LOQs 13 1. 273 27 27. L1. L1 L L-1 n 10 precision RSD, RSD (RSD) 44 4. 124 12 12.4% 8 111 111% (HPLC-DAD 7 ( (1 5 9 2 L- (RSD 12.4 11 12.

Nanocomposites of GO/γ-Fe2O3 were used for magnetic dispersive solid-phase microextraction (m-d-μ-SPE) of six pesticides from river water samples, followed by the determination using high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection. The synthesis of the nanocomposites is described and characterized using Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. A central composite design was used to optimize the extraction time, sample solution pH, and adsorbent amount. The solvent type and volume for desorption and the effect of the ionic strength for adsorption were also investigated. The optimum adsorption conditions were achieved at 84 min of extraction time, pH 5.4, 115 mg of absorbent, and 1% (m/v) of NaCl, while the desorption solvent selected was 1.0 mL of methanol-acetic acid (9:1, v/v). The limits of detection ranged from 0.1 to 0.9 μg L-1, and a good precision was achieved with relative standard deviation (RSD) lower than 7.6% (n = 10). The accuracy of the method was accessed by recovery tests ranging from 82 to 117% (n = 3, RSD < 8%). GO/γFe2O3 GOγFe2O3 GOγFeO GO/γ Fe2O3 GO γ Fe O GO/γ-Fe2O solidphase solid phase mdμSPE m d μ SPE (m-d-μ-SPE samples chromatographydiode chromatography diode transforminfrared transform infrared spectroscopy Xray X ray diffraction microscopy time amount investigated 8 54 5 4 5.4 11 absorbent 1 m/v mv v (m/v NaCl 10 0 1. methanolacetic methanol acetic 91, 91 9 1, (9:1 v/v. vv v/v . v/v) 01 0. 09 L1, L1 L L-1 (RSD 76 7 6 7.6 n 10. 10) 117 3 8%. 8% 8%) γFe2O3 γFe GO/γFe2O GOγFe GOγFe2O GOγ FeO Fe2O 5. (9: L- 7. γFeO γFe2O (9 (

Summary: Excessive use of chlorpyrifos affects the quality of agricultural soils causing negative effects on the safety of harvested food. The behavior of chlorpyrifos residues depends on soil properties, especially organic matter. Our aim in this research was to determine the effect of the application of vermicompost on the residual and dissipation of chlorpyrifos in an entisol soil of semi-arid climate with variations in its edaphic fertility. Four treatments were studied. T1: 7.5% vermicompost (V) and 92.5% soil (S); T2: 5% V and 95% S; T3: 2.5% V and 97.5% S; T4: 0% V and 100% S. The treatments were subjected to a seven-day incubation period. Subsequently, a dose of chlorpyrifos of 1.5 mg kg-1 as active ingredient was applied once for each treatment. A completely randomized design was used with three replicates for each treatment, forming 12 experimental units. The analytical determination of chlorpyrifos was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The evaluations were carried out 1.7, 14, 28, 42, 70 and 98 days after the application of chlorpyrifos. The results showed that the incorporation of vermicompost to the soil at increasing levels promoted a decrease in the residual concentration of chlorpyrifos and facilitated its gradual dissipation. The chlorpyrifos dissipation curves correspond to a first order logarithmic equation where the effects of the treatments caused greater dissipation of chlorpyrifos as the evaluation period elapsed. At 98 days of evaluation, T1 registered lower residuality (0.786 m kg-1), higher daily dissipation rate (0.008) and lower half-life of chlorpyrifos (86.64 days). At the end of the research period, edaphic levels of P, K, EC and CEC increased while OM, N and pH decreased after vermicompost application.

Resumen: El uso excesivo de clorpirifos afecta la calidad de los suelos agrícolas provocando efectos negativos en la inocuidad de los alimentos cosechados. El comportamiento de los residuos de clorpirifos depende de las propiedades edáficas especialmente la materia orgánica. El objetivo de la investigación fue determinar el efecto de la aplicación de vermicompost en la residualidad y disipación de clorpirifos en un suelo entisol de clima semiárido con variaciones en su fertilidad edáfica. Se estudiaron cuatro tratamientos. T1: 7.5% vermicompost (V) y 92.5% suelo (S); T2: 5% V y 95% S; T3: 2.5% V y 97.5% S; T4: 0% V y 100% S. Los tratamientos fueron sometidos a un periodo de incubación de siete días. Posteriormente, se aplicó una dosis de clorpirifos de 1.5 mg kg-1 como ingrediente activo en una sola oportunidad por cada tratamiento. Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar con tres repeticiones por cada tratamiento conformando 12 unidades experimentales. La determinación analítica de clorpirifos se efectuó por cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (HPLC). Las evaluaciones se realizaron a 1,7, 14, 28, 42, 70 y 98 días de la aplicación de clorpirifos. Los resultados demostraron que la incorporación de vermicompost al suelo en niveles crecientes promovió la disminución de la concentración residual de clorpirifos y facilitó su disipación de manera gradual. Las curvas de disipación de clorpirifos corresponden a una ecuación logarítmica de primer orden donde los efectos de los tratamientos ocasionaron mayor disipación de clorpirifos conforme transcurrió el periodo de evaluación. A 98 días de evaluación el T1 registró menor residualidad (0.786 m kg-1), mayor tasa de disipación diaria (0.008) y menor vida media de clorpirifos (86.64 días). Al final del periodo de investigación, los niveles edáficos de P, K, CE y CIC se incrementaron mientras que la MO, N y pH descendieron luego de la aplicación de vermicompost.

Abstract Introduction. Pesticides are used to control pests and diseases in agricultural activities. Improper management of these products poses a potential risk to human health and the environment. Objective. To evaluate the (eco)toxicological pressure exerted by synthetic pesticides on tobacco crops (Nicotiana tabacum) in the province of Sancti Spíritus, Cuba. Materials and methods. A database from the Provincial Directorate of Plant Health for the period 2016-2019 was used, where the pesticides assigned to the province for this crop were compared with those reported by interviewed farmers. The dual indicator POCER was used to obtain the results, determining the pressure exerted by different pesticides and their harmful reference on humans and the environment. Results. The trend in pesticide consumption (summarized in tables and graphs) showed 50 % decrease, corresponding to the country’s crop protection policy. Farmers mentioned the use of authorized and unauthorized active ingredients in the conducted surveys, and sixteen high-risk active ingredients were detected in the analyzed samples. Evaluating the POCER results and analyzed samples, a significant (eco)toxicological pressure was observed on both the environment and human health, exerted by a group of high-toxicity active ingredients used in tobacco cultivation in the province. Conclusion. Using the dual indicator POCER provides an evaluation of the (eco)toxicological pressure exerted by synthetic pesticides used in the tobacco cultivation (Nicotiana tabacum) in the province of Sancti Spíritus, Cuba, for the study period.

Resumen Introducción. Los plaguicidas son utilizados para controlar las plagas y enfermedades en las actividades agrícolas. El manejo inadecuado de estos productos constituye un riesgo potencial para la salud humana y el medio ambiente. Objetivo. Evaluar la presión toxicológica (eco) ejercida por los plaguicidas sintéticos en los cultivos de tabaco (Nicotiana tabacum) en la provincia de Sancti Spíritus, Cuba. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizó una base de datos de la Dirección Provincial de Sanidad Vegetal para el período 2016-2019, donde se tomaron los plaguicidas asignados a la provincia para este cultivo y se compararon con los declarados por los agricultores entrevistados. Para la obtención de los resultados se utilizó el indicador dual POCER, que determinó la presión ejercida por los diferentes plaguicidas y su referencia nociva sobre el ser humano y el medio ambiente. Resultados. La tendencia del consumo de plaguicidas (resumida en tablas y gráficos) mostró una disminución del 50 %, que corresponde a la política de protección de los cultivos del país. Los agricultores mencionaron el uso de ingredientes activos autorizados y no autorizados en las encuestas realizadas, y en las muestras analizadas se detectaron dieciséis ingredientes activos de alto riesgo. Al evaluar los resultados de POCER y muestras analizadas se observó que existe una gran presión (eco)toxicológica tanto para el medio ambiente como para la salud humana ejercida por un grupo de ingredientes activos de alta toxicidad utilizados en el cultivo de tabaco de la provincia. Conclusión. Con la utilización del indicador dual POCER, se obtiene una evaluación de la presión (eco)toxicológica ejercida por los plaguicidas sintéticos utilizados en el cultivo del tabaco (Nicotiana tabacum) en la provincia de Sancti Spíritus, Cuba para el período de estudio.

Resumo Nas últimas décadas, uma epidemia de doença renal crônica (DRC) tem sido associada a fatores ambientais e ocupacionais (estresse térmico decorrente de cargas de trabalho elevadas em altas temperaturas e exposição a produtos químicos, como agrotóxicos e metais), denominada DRC de origem não tradicional (DRCnt). Esta revisão descritiva tem como objetivo apresentar evidências recentes sobre estresse térmico, agrotóxicos e metais como possíveis causas de DRCnt e fornecer uma visão geral das estratégias brasileiras de regulamentação, fiscalização e vigilância sanitária relacionadas. Os trabalhadores brasileiros são comumente expostos a condições extremas de calor e outros fatores de risco de DRCnt, incluindo o aumento da exposição a agrotóxicos e metais. Além disso, há uma falta de regulamentação e fiscalização, políticas públicas e estratégias adequadas para proteger a saúde renal dos trabalhadores em relação aos principais fatores de risco. É provável que a DRCnt seja uma causa significativa de DRC no Brasil, uma vez que a etiologia da doença é desconhecida em muitos pacientes e diversas condições para seu desenvolvimento estão presentes no país. Estudos epidemiológicos devem ser realizados para explorar associações causais e estimar o impacto do calor, dos agrotóxicos e dos metais na DRCnt no Brasil. Além disso, as políticas públicas devem priorizar a redução da exposição dos trabalhadores e a promoção de sua saúde e segurança. décadas (DRC químicos metais, , metais) DRCnt. . (DRCnt) relacionadas disso Brasil país segurança (DRCnt

Abstract In the past decades, an epidemic of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been associated with environmental and occupational factors (heat stress from high workloads in hot temperatures and exposure to chemicals, such as pesticides and metals), which has been termed CKD of non-traditional origin (CKDnt). This descriptive review aims to present recent evidence about heat stress, pesticides, and metals as possible causes of CKDnt and provide an overview of the related Brazilian regulation, enforcement, and health surveillance strategies. Brazilian workers are commonly exposed to extreme heat conditions and other CKDnt risk factors, including increasing exposure to pesticides and metals. Furthermore, there is a lack of adequate regulation (and enforcement), public policies, and strategies to protect the kidney health of workers, considering the main risk factors. CKDnt is likely to be a significant cause of CKD in Brazil, since CKD’s etiology is unknown in many patients and several conditions for its development are present in the country. Further epidemiological studies may be conducted to explore causal associations and estimate the impact of heat, pesticides, and metals on CKDnt in Brazil. Moreover, public policies should prioritize reducing workers´ exposure and promoting their health and safety. decades (CKD chemicals metals, , metals) nontraditional non traditional CKDnt. . (CKDnt) enforcement Furthermore enforcement) Brazil CKDs s country Moreover safety (CKDnt

ABSTRACT Introduction: Every year more than 2.3 million cases of breast cancer are registered, making it the most common type of cancer among adults. The association between breast cancer and occupational factors is an issue that has been studied in the literature since the beginning of the 18th century. Technological developments have allowed a more in-depth study of the relationship between breast cancer and occupational factors such as exposure to chemicals, pesticides, metals and also sources of exposure to ionising and non-ionising radiation.The aim of the present literature review is to complete an update on the scientific knowledge about the relationship between occupational exposure to ionising radiation in healthcare workers and the development of breast cancer. Methodology: A research was carried using Medline with the PubMed search engine and Elsevier with the Science Direct search engine. The search words used were a combination of breast cancer, occupational exposure, ionizing radiation and healthcare workers. A research was also carried out in Revista Portuguesa de Saúde Ocupacional, using the terms “Breast Cancer” and “Ionizing Radiation”. Discussion/Conclusions: Current literature is not unanimous about the specific clinical and pathological features of breast cancer possibly linked to occupational settings. Healthcare professionals such as radiology technicians, nurses, orthopaedic surgeons and interventional cardiologists are especially vulnerable to this type of exposure, particularly to ionising radiation. However, some studies have pointed to a difficulty in establishing a causal relationship between these factors due to the number of variables involved, such as the duration and intensity of exposure and the influence of other risk factors. Changes in equipment, procedures and protective measures have resulted in lower doses in recent years, which means that the risk of breast cancer is low at current levels of occupational exposure to ionizing radiation.

RESUMO Introdução: Todos os anos são registados mais de 2,3 milhões de casos de cancro da mama, o que o torna o tipo cancro mais comum entre os adultos. A associação entre o cancro da mama e fatores ocupacionais é uma questão que tem vindo a ser estudada na literatura desde o início do século XVIII. Os desenvolvimentos tecnológicos permitiram um estudo mais aprofundado sobre a relação entre o cancro da mama e os fatores profissionais como a exposição a produtos químicos, pesticidas, metais e também fontes de exposição a radiação ionizante e não ionizante. O objetivo da presente revisão de literatura é incidir na relação entre a exposição ocupacional a radiação ionizante em trabalhadores da saúde e o desenvolvimento de cancro da mama. Metodologia: Foi efetuada uma pesquisa na Medline, com o motor de busca PubMed e na Elsevier, com o motor de busca Science Direct. As palavras de pesquisa usadas foram uma combinação dos termos breast cancer, occupational exposure, ionizing radiation e healthcare workers. Foi também realizada pesquisa na Revista Portuguesa de Saúde Ocupacional utilizando os termos “Cancro de mama” e “Radiação Ionizante”. Discussão/Conclusão: A literatura atual não é unânime quanto às características clínicas e patológicas específicas do cancro da mama possivelmente ligadas a contextos profissionais. Os profissionais de saúde, tais como técnicos de radiologia, enfermeiros, cirurgiões ortopédicos e cardiologistas de intervenção são especialmente vulneráveis a este tipo de exposição, nomeadamente à radiação ionizante. No entanto, alguns estudos apontaram para uma dificuldade em estabelecer uma relação causal entre estes fatores e o desenvolvimento de doença devido ao número de variáveis envolvidas, tais como a duração e intensidade da exposição e à influência de outros fatores de risco. As mudanças no equipamento, procedimentos e medidas de proteção resultaram em doses mais baixas nos anos mais recentes, o que significa que o risco de cancro da mama é baixo nos níveis atuais de exposição profissional à radiação ionizante.

ABSTRACT Introduction/framework/objectives: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis is a disease that can progress in a debilitating manner and affect some individuals of working age, so it will be important that professionals working in Occupational Health and Safety have a reasonable set of knowledge on the subject, to be able to adjust work tasks as best as possible, as well as any protective measures, enhancing well-being and performance/productivity. Furthermore, knowing the work factors that increase it, it will be possible to slightly reduce the incidence of the pathology. The aim of this review was to summarize in Portuguese the most current and relevant articles published on the topic in international and national literature. Methodology: This is a Bibliographic Review, initiated through a search carried out in April 2023 in the databases “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina and RCAAP”. Content: This pathology is a rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by muscular atrophy/paralysis, generally beginning in adulthood with an average survival of two to three years. The first manifestations generally involve asthenia of the lower limbs, generally in the 5th or 6th decade of life. Focal paralysis intensifies and spreads, reaching the respiratory muscles and culminating in respiratory failure. However, the pathophysiology is not clearly understood. Some researchers consider that the only environmental fact that could have any influence could be smoking; others even claim that the influence of global environmental exposure itself is controversial. At this level, with greater or lesser consensus, pesticides, fertilizers, solvents, heavy metals, formaldehyde, diesel, physical exertion/hypoxia, trauma and contact with electricity stand out. Therefore, there are also some professional sectors that may present greater risk. Discussion and Conclusions: Even though the prevalence of this pathology is low, some of these individuals are part of the active population, at least at an initial stage. No concrete data was found regarding protective measures or other relevant attitudes for the Health and Safety team to guide in this context. Even so, the authors succinctly recorded some items in this sense, depending on their professional experience, especially for pathologies with some similarities and more prevalent. It would be interesting for professionals working in a hospital environment, in an institution where there is a support consultation for users with this pathology, to focus a little on the topic, portraying the national reality and publishing their research in a magazine in the area, to disseminate knowledge at national level, with international extrapolation, given the scarcity of bibliography.

RESUMO Introdução/enquadramento/objetivos: A Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica é uma doença que poderá evoluir de forma debilitante e atingir alguns indivíduos em idade ativa, pelo que será relevante que os profissionais a exercer na Saúde e Segurança Ocupacionais tenham um conjunto razoável de conhecimentos sobre o tema, de forma a conseguirem ajustar o melhor possível as tarefas laborais, bem como eventuais medidas de proteção, potenciando o bem-estar e desempenho/produtividade. Para além disso, conhecendo os fatores laborais que a potenciam, poder-se-á diminuir um pouco a incidência da patologia. Pretendeu-se com esta revisão resumir em português o que de mais atual e relevante se publicou sobre o tema nas literaturas internacional e nacional. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma Revisão Bibliográfica, iniciada através de uma pesquisa realizada em abril de 2023 nas bases de dados “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina e RCAAP”. Conteúdo: Esta patologia é uma doença neurodegenerativa rapidamente progressiva e caraterizada por atrofia/paralisia muscular, geralmente iniciada na idade adulta com sobrevida média de dois a três anos. As primeiras manifestações geralmente incidem na astenia dos membros inferiores, geralmente na 5ª ou 6ª décadas de vida. A paralisia intensifica-se e alastra-se, podendo atingir os músculos respiratórios e culminar em insuficiência respiratória. Contudo, a fisiopatologia não está esclarecida com clareza. Alguns investigadores consideram que o único fator ambiental que poderá ter alguma influência poderá ser o tabagismo; outros até afirmam que a influência da exposição ambiental global em si é controversa. Neste contexto, com maior ou menor consenso, destacam-se os pesticidas, fertilizantes, solventes, metais pesados, formaldeído, diesel, esforço físico/hipoxia, trauma e contato com a eletricidade. Desta forma, existem também alguns setores profissionais que poderão apresentar maior risco. Discussão e Conclusões: Ainda que a prevalência desta doença seja baixa, parte destes indivíduos estão inseridos na população ativa, pelo menos numa fase inicial. Não se encontraram dados concretos relativos a medidas de proteção ou outras atitudes relevantes para a equipa de Saúde e Segurança orientar neste contexto; ainda assim, os autores registaram de forma sucinta alguns itens nesse sentido, em função da sua experiência profissional, sobretudo para patologias com algumas semelhanças e mais prevalentes. Seria aliciante que profissionais a exercer em ambiente hospitalar, em instituição que exista uma consulta de apoio a utentes com esta patologia, se debruçassem um pouco sobre o tema, retratando a realidade nacional e publicando a sua investigação em revista da área, para difusão de conhecimentos a nível nacional, com extrapolação internacional, dada a escassez de bibliografia.

Abstract The Habanero chilli peppers are one of the most important vegetables in Mexico's culinary culture due to its unique aromatic characteristics. Its cultivation is concentrated in the south and southeast of Mexico, typically using the principles of conventional agriculture. According to this model, large quantities of fertilizers and pesticides are used, affecting production safety. In order to evaluate two proportions of compost as substrate (100 and 50 %) in addition to a control, with and without the application of efficient microorganisms (EM), under a completely randomized design, a trial was conducted in Villaflores, Chiapas, Mexico (N 16º 32' and W 93º 45'). The six treatments had five replicates, each with five plants. Seedlings were transplanted 21 days after sowing (DAS) in polyethylene bags with the indicated proportions. Organic management was based on the application of biofertilizer every eight days until 64 days after sowing. The parameters evaluated were plant height, stem diameter, fruit number and weight, as well as polar and equatorial diameter. Analysis of variance, mean tests (Tukey p ≤ 0.05) and simple correlations (Pearson) were performed. Statistical superiority was determined for the parameters evaluated in the treatments using organic amendment in its two proportions, improving phenological and yield variables with the application of EM, in symmetries of 5 to 20 %. Correlations showed correspondence of phenological variables and yield components of Habanero chili peppers.

Resumen El chile habanero constituye una de las hortalizas más importantes en la cultura culinaria de México debido a sus características aromáticas singulares. Su cultivo se concentra en el sur y sureste de México, usándose típicamente los principios de la agricultura convencional. Bajo este modelo se utilizan grandes cantidades de fertilizantes y plaguicidas, lo que afecta la producción con inocuidad. Con el objetivo de evaluar dos proporciones de composta como sustrato (100 y 50 %), además de un testigo, con y sin la aplicación de microorganismos eficientes (EM), bajo un diseño completamente al azar, se realizó un ensayo en Villaflores, Chiapas, México (N 16º 32’ y W 93º 45’). Los seis tratamientos tuvieron cinco repeticiones, cada una con cinco plantas. Las plántulas se trasplantaron a los 21 días después de la siembra (DDS) en bolsas de polietileno con las proporciones señaladas. El manejo orgánico se fundamentó en la aplicación del biofertilizante cada ocho días, hasta los 64 DDS. Los parámetros evaluados fueron altura de planta, diámetro de tallo, número y peso de frutos, así como diámetro polar y ecuatorial. Se realizó análisis de varianza, pruebas de medias (Tukey p ≤ 0,05) y correlaciones simples (Pearson). Se determinó superioridad estadística de los parámetros evaluados en los tratamientos de uso de la enmienda orgánica en sus dos proporciones, mejorándose las variables fenológicas y de rendimiento con la aplicación de los EM, en simetrías del 5 al 20 %. Las correlaciones señalaron correspondencia de las variables fenológicas y de los componentes de rendimiento del chile habanero.

Abstract The marketing of microbial pesticides has increased exponentially in recent years. Almost 70 % of the products marketed use as active ingredient conidia of biocontrol fungi, and One of the most frequently used criteria to evaluate the quality of these products is conidial germination test, Specifically, this methodology is used to select and assess the viability and vigor of elite strains with biological potential. Some of the factors that influence conidial germination over time, include the selection of culture medium, temperature, incubation time, and the addition of germination synchronizing agents. The optimization for each elite strain allows the characterization of a microorganism behavior over time, ensuring its biological activity and effective management as a biological resource for commercial purposes. The main objective of this study was to identify the optimal conditions (culture media, incubation time, and synchronizing agent concentration) for the germination of three elite strains: Trichoderma koningiopsis (Th003), Lecanicillium lecanii (Vl026), and Metarhizium robertsii (Mt004), which are active ingredients in biopesticides. As a result, the optimal conditions selected are as follows: agar-water medium with 0.0003 % benomyl for Th003 with an incubation period of 18 hours, agar-water medium with 0.0003 % benomyl for Vl026 with an incubation period of 24 hours, and PDA agar supplemented with 0.0003 % benomyl for Mt004 with an incubation period of 18 hours. These conditions will allow a precise evaluation of the germination of the biological control agents ensuring over time their viability and vigor as active ingredients in biopesticides.

Resumen La comercialización de plaguicidas microbianos ha aumentado de manera exponencial en los últimos años. Casi el 70 % de los productos que se comercializan utilizan como principio activo conidios de hongos biocontroladores y uno de los criterios más utilizados para evaluar la calidad de estos productos es la prueba de germinación de conidios. Específicamente, se utiliza para la selección y la evaluación de la viabilidad y vigor de cepas élite con potencial biológico. Algunos de los factores que influyen en la germinación de los conidios incluye la selección del medio del cultivo, la temperatura, el tiempo de incubación y la adición de sustancias sincronizadoras de germinación. La optimización para cada cepa élite permite estimar el comportamiento del microorganismo, lo que garantizará su actividad biológica y eficacia, al ser un recurso biológico con fines comerciales. El objetivo de este trabajo fue seleccionar las condiciones óptimas (medios de cultivo, tiempo de incubación y concentración de sustancia sincronizadora) para la germinación de tres cepas élite Trichoderma koningiopsis (Th003), Lecanicillium lecanii (Vl026) y Metarhizium robertsii (Mt004), las cuales son principios activos de bioplaguicidas en proceso de comercialización. Como resultado se seleccionó el medio de cultivo de agar agua con benomil al 0,0003 % con un tiempo de lectura de 18 h para Th003 y de 24 h para Vl026. Para la cepa Mt004, el medio de cultivo que favoreció la germinación sincrónica de los conidios fue agar PDA suplementado con benomil al 0,0003 % con un tiempo de lectura de 18 h. Estas condiciones permitirán a través del tiempo realizar una correcta evaluación de la germinación de los agentes de control biológico y garantizar su viabilidad y vigor como principio activo de bioplaguicidas.

ABSTRACT The goal of this study was to estimate the prevalence of environmental and occupational exposure to pesticides according to sociodemographic factors among cancer patients. It is a cross-sectional study with cancer patients in the state of Mato Grosso. The prevalence of environmental and occupational exposure to pesticides was calculated as to the variables gender, age, macro-region, and education. Pesticide use per agricultural crops in liters was estimated, and a thematic map was constructed following the macro-region of the agricultural economy. Of the 998 patients, most were female (54.9%), aged between 50 and 69 years old (50.1%), had less than eight years of schooling (60.7%), and resided in the South-Central macro-region (55.4%). Regarding environmental and occupational exposure, 53.1% of the patients live or have lived in a municipality with agricultural plantations; 17.4% lived near crops; 43.4% worked in agriculture, livestock, or extractivism; and 22.9% worked or work directly with pesticides. Environmental and occupational exposure was higher in males, in the older age groups, schooling from 0 to 4 years, and in the macro-regions with higher pesticide use. The study concluded that environmental and occupational exposure among cancer patients is associated to sociodemographic characteristics and macro-regions of the agricultural economy.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a prevalência de exposição ambiental e ocupacional aos agrotóxicos conforme fatores sociodemográficos entre pacientes com câncer. Trata-se de um estudo observacional de delineamento transversal com pacientes com câncer do estado de Mato Grosso. Foi calculada a prevalência de exposição ambiental e ocupacional aos agrotóxicos conforme as variáveis sexo, faixa etária, região e escolaridade. Foram estimados o uso de agrotóxicos por culturas agrícolas em litros e construído mapa temático segundo a macrorregião de economia agropecuária. Dos 998 pacientes, a maioria era do sexo feminino (54,9%), tinha entre 50 e 69 anos (50,1%), possuía menos de oito anos de escolaridade (60,7%) e residiam na macrorregião Centro-Sul (55,4%). Em relação à exposição ambiental e ocupacional, 53,1% dos pacientes moram ou moraram em município com plantação agrícola, 17,4% residiam próximo à lavoura, 43,4% trabalharam na agricultura, pecuária ou extrativismo e 22,9% trabalharam ou trabalham diretamente com agrotóxicos. A exposição ambiental e ocupacional foi maior no sexo masculino, nas faixas etárias mais elevadas, escolaridade de 0 a 4 anos e nas macrorregiões de maior uso de agrotóxicos. Conclui-se que a exposição ambiental e ocupacional entre pacientes com câncer se associou as características sociodemográficas e macrorregiões de economia agropecuária.

RESUMO O presente estudo teve por objetivo analisar a exposição aos agrotóxicos e os danos à saúde dos trabalhadores das plantações de cana-de-açúcar em Pernambuco. Trata-se de pesquisa participante desenvolvida em territórios rurais de cinco municípios com forte expressão em área plantada de cana-de-açúcar. Os dados primários foram produzidos em oficinas com trabalhadores rurais para construção de diagnóstico rural participativo, analisados mediante condensação de significados e interpretados à luz do referencial teórico da epidemiologia crítico latino-americana. Os resultados estão apresentados em três seções: i) Fluxograma do trabalho nas plantações de cana-de-açúcar; ii) Exposição aos agrotóxicos utilizados nas lavouras; iii) Danos à saúde do trabalhador. Conclui-se que a exposição permanente aos agrotóxicos envolve o trabalho nas plantações de cana-de-açúcar e emerge de um construto histórico e socioambiental, em que se encontram subsumidos os modos de vida dos territórios sob o domínio do agronegócio canavieiro. Recomendam-se políticas públicas de fomento à agricultura familiar com diversificação, escoamento e distribuição da produção agroecológica, além do fortalecimento da Atenção Primária à Saúde e de ações integradas de vigilância epidemiológica, sanitária, ambiental e do trabalhador. canadeaçúcar cana açúcar Pernambuco Tratase Trata canadeaçúcar. açúcar. participativo latinoamericana. latinoamericana latino americana. americana latino-americana seções i ii lavouras iii trabalhador Concluise Conclui socioambiental canavieiro Recomendamse Recomendam diversificação agroecológica epidemiológica sanitária

ABSTRACT This study aims to analyze exposure to pesticides and harm to the health of workers on sugarcane plantations in Pernambuco. This participatory research was conducted in rural territories of five municipalities with a strong presence in sugarcane-planted areas. The primary data were produced in workshops with rural workers to construct a participatory rural diagnosis, analyzed through condensation of meanings, and interpreted in light of the theoretical framework of Latin American critical epidemiology. The results are presented in three sections: i) Flowchart of work on sugarcane plantations; ii) Exposure to pesticides used on crops; iii) Harm to worker’s health. We conclude that permanent exposure to pesticides involves working on sugarcane plantations and emerges from a historical and socio-environmental construct in which the ways of life of the territories under the control of sugarcane agribusiness are subsumed. Public policies are recommended to promote family farming with diversification, flow, distribution of agroecological production, and strengthening primary health care and integrated epidemiological, health, environmental, and worker surveillance actions. Pernambuco sugarcaneplanted planted areas diagnosis meanings epidemiology sections i ii crops iii s socioenvironmental socio environmental subsumed diversification flow production epidemiological actions

ABSTRACT The goal of this study was to estimate the prevalence of environmental and occupational exposure to pesticides according to sociodemographic factors among cancer patients. It is a cross-sectional study with cancer patients in the state of Mato Grosso. The prevalence of environmental and occupational exposure to pesticides was calculated as to the variables gender, age, macro-region, and education. Pesticide use per agricultural crops in liters was estimated, and a thematic map was constructed following the macro-region of the agricultural economy. Of the 998 patients, most were female (54.9%), aged between 50 and 69 years old (50.1%), had less than eight years of schooling (60.7%), and resided in the South-Central macro-region (55.4%). Regarding environmental and occupational exposure, 53.1% of the patients live or have lived in a municipality with agricultural plantations; 17.4% lived near crops; 43.4% worked in agriculture, livestock, or extractivism; and 22.9% worked or work directly with pesticides. Environmental and occupational exposure was higher in males, in the older age groups, schooling from 0 to 4 years, and in the macro-regions with higher pesticide use. The study concluded that environmental and occupational exposure among cancer patients is associated to sociodemographic characteristics and macro-regions of the agricultural economy. crosssectional cross sectional Grosso gender macroregion, macroregion macro region, region education estimated economy 99 54.9%, 549 54.9% , 54 9 (54.9%) 5 6 50.1%, 501 50.1% 1 (50.1%) 60.7%, 607 60.7% 60 7 (60.7%) SouthCentral South Central 55.4%. 554 55.4% . 55 (55.4%) 531 53 53.1 plantations 174 17 17.4 434 43 43.4 agriculture livestock extractivism 229 22 22.9 males groups macroregions regions 54.9 (54.9% 50.1 (50.1% 60.7 (60.7% 55.4 (55.4% 53. 17. 43. 2 22. 54. (54.9 50. (50.1 60. (60.7 55. (55.4 (54. (50. (60. (55. (54 (50 (60 (55 (5 (6 (

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a prevalência de exposição ambiental e ocupacional aos agrotóxicos conforme fatores sociodemográficos entre pacientes com câncer. Trata-se de um estudo observacional de delineamento transversal com pacientes com câncer do estado de Mato Grosso. Foi calculada a prevalência de exposição ambiental e ocupacional aos agrotóxicos conforme as variáveis sexo, faixa etária, região e escolaridade. Foram estimados o uso de agrotóxicos por culturas agrícolas em litros e construído mapa temático segundo a macrorregião de economia agropecuária. Dos 998 pacientes, a maioria era do sexo feminino (54,9%), tinha entre 50 e 69 anos (50,1%), possuía menos de oito anos de escolaridade (60,7%) e residiam na macrorregião Centro-Sul (55,4%). Em relação à exposição ambiental e ocupacional, 53,1% dos pacientes moram ou moraram em município com plantação agrícola, 17,4% residiam próximo à lavoura, 43,4% trabalharam na agricultura, pecuária ou extrativismo e 22,9% trabalharam ou trabalham diretamente com agrotóxicos. A exposição ambiental e ocupacional foi maior no sexo masculino, nas faixas etárias mais elevadas, escolaridade de 0 a 4 anos e nas macrorregiões de maior uso de agrotóxicos. Conclui-se que a exposição ambiental e ocupacional entre pacientes com câncer se associou as características sociodemográficas e macrorregiões de economia agropecuária. Tratase Trata Grosso etária agropecuária 99 54,9%, 549 54,9% , 54 9 (54,9%) 5 6 50,1%, 501 50,1% 1 (50,1%) 60,7% 607 60 7 (60,7% CentroSul Centro Sul 55,4%. 554 55,4% . 55 (55,4%) 531 53 53,1 agrícola 174 17 17,4 lavoura 434 43 43,4 agricultura 229 22 22,9 masculino elevadas Concluise Conclui 54,9 (54,9% 50,1 (50,1% 60,7 (60,7 55,4 (55,4% 53, 17, 43, 2 22, 54, (54,9 50, (50,1 60, (60, 55, (55,4 (54, (50, (60 (55, (54 (50 (6 (55 (5 (

ABSTRACT This study aims to analyze exposure to pesticides and harm to the health of workers on sugarcane plantations in Pernambuco. This participatory research was conducted in rural territories of five municipalities with a strong presence in sugarcane-planted areas. The primary data were produced in workshops with rural workers to construct a participatory rural diagnosis, analyzed through condensation of meanings, and interpreted in light of the theoretical framework of Latin American critical epidemiology. The results are presented in three sections: i) Flowchart of work on sugarcane plantations; ii) Exposure to pesticides used on crops; iii) Harm to worker’s health. We conclude that permanent exposure to pesticides involves working on sugarcane plantations and emerges from a historical and socio-environmental construct in which the ways of life of the territories under the control of sugarcane agribusiness are subsumed. Public policies are recommended to promote family farming with diversification, flow, distribution of agroecological production, and strengthening primary health care and integrated epidemiological, health, environmental, and worker surveillance actions.

RESUMO O presente estudo teve por objetivo analisar a exposição aos agrotóxicos e os danos à saúde dos trabalhadores das plantações de cana-de-açúcar em Pernambuco. Trata-se de pesquisa participante desenvolvida em territórios rurais de cinco municípios com forte expressão em área plantada de cana-de-açúcar. Os dados primários foram produzidos em oficinas com trabalhadores rurais para construção de diagnóstico rural participativo, analisados mediante condensação de significados e interpretados à luz do referencial teórico da epidemiologia crítico latino-americana. Os resultados estão apresentados em três seções: i) Fluxograma do trabalho nas plantações de cana-de-açúcar; ii) Exposição aos agrotóxicos utilizados nas lavouras; iii) Danos à saúde do trabalhador. Conclui-se que a exposição permanente aos agrotóxicos envolve o trabalho nas plantações de cana-de-açúcar e emerge de um construto histórico e socioambiental, em que se encontram subsumidos os modos de vida dos territórios sob o domínio do agronegócio canavieiro. Recomendam-se políticas públicas de fomento à agricultura familiar com diversificação, escoamento e distribuição da produção agroecológica, além do fortalecimento da Atenção Primária à Saúde e de ações integradas de vigilância epidemiológica, sanitária, ambiental e do trabalhador.