ABSTRACT Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) waste is a residue from industrial factories that has potential for utilization in the production of bio-extract for pest control. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the toxicity of fermented ginger waste extract through contact toxicity and oral toxicity methods in controlling the common cutworm (Spodoptera litura Fabricius) and the beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua Hübner). The experiment was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 10 replicates. Mortality rates were recorded at 48, 72, and 96 h after treatment under laboratory conditions. Fermented ginger waste extract at concentrations of 0%, 5%, 25%, 50%, and 100% (w/v) was used. The results showed that for the contact toxicity method at 100% concentration after 96 h, the common cutworm had the highest mortality rate of 76.00 ± 1.29% (LC50 = 14.450 μg larva-1), while the beet armyworm had the highest mortality rate of 66.00 ± 0.95% (LC50 = 68.426 μg larva-1). For the oral toxicity method, the common cutworm had the highest mortality rate of 52.00 ± 1.70% at 100% concentration after 96 h (LC50 = 91.275 μg larva-1), and the beet armyworm had the highest mortality rate of 58.00 ± 1.02% at 100% concentration after 96 h (LC50 = 88.400 μg larva-1). Therefore, the results of this study demonstrate the efficacy of fermented ginger waste extract in controlling common cutworm and beet armyworm under laboratory conditions, and it has the potential for further application in field conditions.

ABSTRACT Agonoscena pistaciae (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) is a significant pest in pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) orchards in Türkiye. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of yellow sticky traps as an alternative method for controlling A. pistaciae populations in pistachio orchards. Conducted in late September and early October of 2021 and 2022, during peak pest activity, the experiment was carried out in Siirt, with three replicates following a randomized block design. Five traps were hung on all sides of each tree for sampling. Repeated measures ANOVA (repeated measures; general linear model) was used to observe changes over time. The results indicated that yellow sticky traps were highly effective in mass trapping adults, capturing an average maximum of 12 332.67 adults per trap. A significant decrease in the number of nymphs and eggs on the leaves was observed in the yellow sticky trap-treated trees compared to the control plots by mid-October (P < 0.05). Specifically, the average number of nymphs per composite leaf dropped from 24.95 to 11.23 in 2021, and from 145.18 to 27.29 in 2022. Similarly, the average number of eggs per composite leaf decreased from 61.18 to 2.29 in 2021, and from 73.56 to 3.64 in 2022. These findings suggest that yellow sticky traps can significantly reduce psyllid populations in pistachio orchards over the long term and can be an effective control method when used early in the vegetative period for low- to medium-sized psyllid populations.

Abstract Introduction. In organic agriculture, green manures and biocontrols are used as methods for fertilization and pest control. However, their independent application of these inputs increases production costs. A pelletized formulation is proposed to allow simultaneous application of both inputs. Objective. To evaluate the effect of pelletized Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. inoculated with Trichoderma harzianum Rifai on nutritional intake, agricultural yield, and regulation of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Materials and methods. The experiment was carried out in 2022 in Tablón del Guarco, Cartago, Costa Rica, using a randomized complete block design with seven treatments and seven repetitions. Two formulations (A and B) of biopellet (M. pruriens + zeolite + T. harzianum) were applied at three dosages (15, 30, 50 g/plant). T. harzianum was added at a rate of 5 g/kg of biopellet. Applications of each treatment were conducted every 15 days for a total of eight applications. At the time of planting, F. oxysporum was inoculated (100 mL/plant with a concentration of 1 x 103 CFU). Results. The application of biopellet achieved a yield and weight of high-quality fruits similar to the commercial control. There were no significant differences among treatments for second and third-quality fruits. The technical efficiency in controlling F. oxysporum reached 97.6 % with biopellet. This amendment increased the levels of Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), and organic matter in the soil and affected the nutritional content of the plant foliage in the first 60 days after sowing. Conclusions. The biopellet has the capacity to make chemical and organic contributions to the soil, which improves the nutrition of the tomato crop. It could be also a biocontrol alternative against F. oxysporum and compatible with T. harzianum.

Resumen Introducción. En agricultura orgánica, se utilizan abonos verdes y biocontroladores como métodos de fertilización y control de plagas. Sin embargo, la aplicación independiente de estos incrementa los costos de producción. Se propone una presentación peletizada que permita la aplicación conjunta de ambos insumos. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. peletizada e inoculada con Trichoderma harzianum Rifai en el aporte nutricional, el rendimiento agrícola y la regulación de Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici en tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Materiales y métodos. El experimento se ejecutó el año 2022 en Tablón del Guarco, Cartago, Costa Rica, bajo un diseño de bloques completos al azar con siete tratamientos y siete repeticiones. Se aplicaron dos formulaciones (A y B) de biopélet (M. pruriens + zeolita + T. harzianum) en tres dosificaciones (15, 30, 50 g/planta). La adición de T. harzianum se efectuó a razón de 5 g por cada kilo del biopélet. Se realizaron aplicaciones cada 15 días por tratamiento para un total de ocho aplicaciones. Se inoculó F. oxysporum (100 mL/planta con una concentración de 1 x 103 UFC) a la siembra. Resultados. La aplicación del biopélet mostró un rendimiento y peso de frutos de primera calidad similar al testigo comercial. En frutos de segunda y tercera calidad, no hubo diferencias significativas entre tratamientos. La eficiencia en el control de F. oxysporum alcanzó el 97,6 % con biopélet. Esta enmienda aumentó los niveles de Carbono, Nitrógeno y materia orgánica en el suelo e influenció el contenido nutricional en el follaje a los 60 días después de la siembra. Conclusiones. El biopélet tiene la capacidad de realizar aportes químicos y orgánicos al suelo, por lo cual mejora la nutrición del cultivo del tomate. Los resultados sugieren además que es una alternativa de biocontrol contra F. oxysporum y compatible con T. harzianum.

Abstract Introduction. Quinoa downy mildew is a disease that causes economic losses and has been poorly studied.Therefore, researching quinoa’s response to the disease and treatment methods is a topic that requires further investigation. Objective. To describe how downy mildew infection affects quinoa plants and the non-traditional methods used to control this disease. Development. A systematic search was conducted to compile the results associated with P. variabilis in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Wild.) under various conditions. The analysis determined that factors such as incidence, severity, and disease tolerance depended largely on the quinoa grain variety and altitude (along with its climatic conditions). Plant height and yield per hectare were influenced by soil conditions, pest and disease treatment, and the planting day. Conclusions. The incidence and severity of downy mildew depended on the quinoa variety used. Other factors such as altitude or humidity also influenced disease progression, with infection rates close to 90 % in high humidity environments. Non-conventional methods for treating downy mildew included plant infusions such as chamomile and garlic, showing positive short-term results; however, they did not surpass conventional treatments with chemical fungicides.

Resumen Introducción. El mildiu de la quinua es una enfermedad que ocasiona pérdidas económicas y que ha sido poco estudiada, por lo que la investigación de la respuesta de la quinua a la enfermedad y las formas de tratamiento es un tema que debe investigarse con mayor profundidad. Objetivo. Describir cómo afecta la infección del mildiu velloso en la planta de la quinua y los métodos no tradicionales empleados en el control de esta enfermedad. Desarrollo. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática a fin de realizar una recopilación de los resultados asociados al P. variabilis en la quinua (Chenopodium quinoa Wild.) en diversas condiciones. El análisis determinó que factores como la incidencia, la severidad y la tolerancia a la enfermedad del mildiu, dependieron en gran medida de la variedad de grano de quinua y la altitud (con sus condiciones climáticas). La altura de la planta y el rendimiento por hectárea estuvieron influenciados por las condiciones del suelo, el tratamiento empleado contra plagas y patógenos, y el día de siembra. Conclusiones. La incidencia y la severidad del mildiu velloso dependió de la variedad de la quinua con la que se trabajó. Otros factores como la altitud o la humedad también influyeron en el progreso de la enfermedad, con una infección cercana al 90 % en ambientes con alta humedad. Los métodos no convencionales para tratar el mildiu fueron infusiones de plantas como la manzanilla y el ajo, con resultados positivos a corto plazo; no obstante, no superaron a los tratamientos convencionales con fungicidas químicos.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto combinado de dos tácticas de biocontrol de plagas: la biofumigación con Brassicajuncea y la inoculación de Trichoderma harzianum, sobre el crecimiento in vitro del patógeno Phomopsis spp., agente etiológico de la cancrosis en el cultivo de pecán (Carya illinoinensis). Se trituraron plantas de B. juncea y se colocaron en envases de poliestireno en dosis de 10 y 30 g. Luego, en cada uno de estos recipientes se introdujo una caja de Petri con un disco con micelio dePhomopsis spp. o T. harzianum o ambos hongos (cultivo dual). Se incubó en cámara de cultivo. Los parámetros evaluados fueron la superficie de las colonias y el porcentaje de inhibición miceliar de Phomopsis spp. Los datos se analizaron con estadística no paramétrica mediante la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis. Se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados: i) B. juncea no afectó el crecimiento de T. harzianum; ii) la dosis de 30 g de B. juncea suprimió completamente el crecimiento de Phomopsis spp.; iii) T. harzianum inhibió significativamente el crecimiento de las colonias de Phomopsis spp.; iv) la combinación de T. harzianum y la biofumigación con 10 g de B. juncea mostró sinergia sobre el control del crecimiento de Phomopsis spp. La biofumigación con B. juncea, la aplicación de T. harzianum y la combinación de ambas técnicas podrían ser alternativas promisorias para el control biológico de Phomopsis spp.

Abstract This work aimed to evaluate the combined effect of two pest biocontrol strategies: biofumigation with Brassica juncea and inoculation of Trichoderma harzianum, on the in vitro growth of the pathogen Phomopsis spp., an etiological agent of canker disease in pecan crops (Carya illinoinensis). B. juncea plants were crushed and placed in polystyrene recipients in doses of 10 and 30 g. Then, a Petri dish was introduced to each recipient, with a disk with a grown mycelium of Phomopsis spp. or T. harzianum, or both fungi (dual culture). Treatments were incubated in a culture chamber. The parameters evaluated were colonies’ surface area and percentage of mycelial inhibition of Phomopsis spp. Data were analyzed with non-parametric statistics using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The results indicated that: i) B. juncea did not affect the growth of T. harzianum; ii) the 30 g dose of B. juncea completely suppressed the growth of Phomopsis spp.; iii) T. harzianum significantly inhibited the growth of Phomopsis spp. colonies; iv) the combination of T. harzianum and biofumigation with 10 g of B. juncea showed synergy on the growth control of Phomopsis spp. Biofumigation with B. juncea, the application of T. harzianum, and the combination of both techniques could be promising alternatives for the biological control of Phomopsis spp.

Abstract Introduction: The West Indian fruit fly, Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart), is one of the most economically important pests of mangoes in Mexico and the Neotropics. Objective: To analyze adult population patterns of A. obliqua and their relation to local and landscape factors. Methods: We selected 11 “Manila” mango orchards along the middle part of La Antigua River, which were characterized to determine their biophysical structure and landscape configuration considering their distance to six different land uses/land covers. Anastrepha obliqua population was estimated by collecting adult flies in colorless polyethylene plastic bottle traps baited with a protein for three weeks in June 2022. Results: A total of 1 869 adults of A. obliqua were trapped, of which 75 % were females and 25 % were males. Abundance varied from 68 to 490 adult flies per orchard, while capture frequency from 0.36 to 1.8 flies/trap/day. Abundance increased in highly shaded orchards, and capture frequency decreased in orchards with highly soil compaction. Abundance and the frequency of capture increased in orchards near isolated trees of Spondias spp. and decreased in orchards near sugarcane plantations. Shade management in mango orchards may be used as an effective strategy to promote biotic interactions to naturally regulate A. obliqua populations, meanwhile, soil compaction represents a limiting ecological condition, which might severely impact fruit fly larvae survival. Conclusions: Adult population of A. obliqua depends on several local and landscape factors because they indicate resource availability and ecological conditions. These findings could be considered for control strategies in the integrated management of this pest to promote protection and improve the fruit quality of mango crop.

Resumen Introducción: La mosca de las indias occidentales, Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart), es una de las plagas más importantes económicamente en el cultivo de mango de México y el neotrópico. Objetivo: Analizamos los patrones de la población adulta de A. obliqua y su relación con factores locales y del paisaje. Métodos: Un total de 11 huertos de mango “Manila” fueron caracterizados en estructura biofísica y configuración del paisaje. Los adultos de A. obliqua fueron capturados con trampas (botellas de polietileno cebadas con una proteína) durante tres semanas en junio de 2022. Resultados: Se capturaron 1 869 adultos de A. obliqua, de los cuales 75 % fueron hembras y 25 % machos. La abundancia varió de 68 a 490 moscas adultas por huerto, mientras que la frecuencia de captura de 0.36 a 1.8 moscas/trampa/día. La abundancia incrementó en huertos altamente sombreados y decreció en huertos con suelos compactos. La abundancia y frecuencia incrementaron en huertos cercanos a árboles de Spondias spp. y decreció en huertos cercanos a plantaciones de caña de azúcar. El manejo de la sombra puede ser utilizado como una estrategia efectiva para promover las interacciones que regulan naturalmente la población de A. obliqua, mientras que la compactación del suelo representa una condición ecológica limitante que podría impactar severamente en la supervivencia de larvas de moscas de la fruta. Conclusión: La población adulta de A. obliqua depende de varios factores locales y del paisaje que indican disponibilidad de recursos y condiciones ecológicas. Estos hallazgos podrían considerarse en las estrategias del manejo integrado de esta plaga para promover la protección y el mejoramiento de la calidad de frutos en el cultivo de mango.

ABSTRACT Agriculture requires new alternatives to control pests and diseases; biological controls can be a sustainable alternative for the continued success of this sector. This study was thus carried out to identify yeasts and lactic acid bacteria that have the antagonistic capacity to control three phytopathogens as Botrytis cinerea, Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Alternaria brassicae that have caused significant economic losses in agriculture. Thirteen strains of yeast and seven strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were used to measure the percentage of growth inhibition, production of volatile organic compounds, production of biofilms, and the production of enzymes through a completely randomized design. The yeasts Hanseniaspora opuntiae and Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the LAB Lactococcus lactis and L. brevis stood out for their antagonistic capacity to inhibit the growth of phytopathogens by 66%, 58%, 65% and 39%, respectively. Pest and disease control highly depend on chemical phytosanitary inputs with negative economic, environmental, and social effects. This study demonstrated that the yeast H. opuntiae and the LAB L. brevis have potential as biological controls and has been observed to inhibit growth by more than 39%, providing a sustainable alternative that is less harmful to the environment and human health. To guarantee their effectivity under field conditions, their individual application, consortium application, and concentration, timing, and proper application method must be considered.

ABSTRACT Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) disease and bruchids are the common disease and insect pest causing yield loss in mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek). ‘KUML4’ is an improved mung bean cultivar grown in Thailand having high yield, early and highly synchronous maturity, large seed size, but susceptible to CLS disease and bruchids. This study was conducted to improve ‘KUML4’ through introgression of VrTAF5 for CLS resistance and VrPGIP2 for bruchid (Callosobruchus maculatus) resistance from landrace mung bean accessions ‘V4718’ and ‘V2808’, respectively, by marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC). In the MABC, foreground selections were performed using VrTAF5- and VrPGIP2-specific markers. The BC3F3 pyramided lines with KUML4 background carrying both VrTAF5 and VrPGIP2 genes were developed and evaluated for agronomic and yield-related traits, CLS resistance, and bruchid resistance. Three BC3F3 lines, KUML4-2020-21, KUML4-2020-23, and KUML4-2020-60, exhibiting superior agronomic and yield-related traits, CLS resistance, and bruchid resistance than ‘KUML4’ were successfully obtained via MABC. Under the CLS outbreak, these lines showed 248.5%-331.7% higher seed yield than ‘KUML4’. The lines expressed nearly perfect resistance to bruchid (< 5% seeds damaged). These lines can be developed into new resistant mung bean cultivars in the future.

ABSTRACT Chinch bugs [Blissus pulchellus Montandon (Hemiptera: Blissidae)] suck the phloem from susceptible forage grasses, injecting toxins that destroy plant vessels and compromise the flow of water and nutrients, leading to plant death. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess eight forage grasses for antixenosis resistance to B. pulchellus and compare the anatomical characteristics of leaf sheath tissue from resistant and susceptible species/cultivars. Experiments were conducted in a laboratory and greenhouse, using choice and no-choice tests with the following forage grasses: Urochloa ruziziensis, U. humidicola, U. brizantha ‘Piatã’, U. brizantha ‘Paiaguás’, U. brizantha ‘Marandu’, Panicum maximum ‘Mombaça’, P. maximum ‘Zuri’, and Andropogon gayanus. The oviposition results demonstrated that in the choice test there was a change in the stink bug’s behavior in relation to grasses four hours after infestation, with U. humidicola, P. maximum ‘Mombaça’ and ‘Zuri’, U. brizantha ‘Marandu’ and A. gayanus, proving to be less attractive to insects. It is concluded that U. humidicola, P. maximum ‘Mombaça’ and ‘Zuri’, U. brizantha ‘Marandu’, and A. gayanus are less attractive to B. pulchellus. A. gayanus and P. maximum ‘Mombaça’ and ‘Zuri’ showed non-preference resistance (antixenosis) to oviposition by B. pulchellus. The resistance of U. humidicola, P. maximum ‘Zuri’, and A. gayanus to B. pulchellus may be associated with greater compaction and lignification of the parenchyma and sclerenchyma cells of leaf sheaths. Blissus Hemiptera (Hemiptera Blissidae Blissidae) nutrients death Thus B speciescultivars species cultivars species/cultivars greenhouse nochoice no ruziziensis U humidicola ‘Piatã, Piatã ‘Piatã , ‘Piatã’ ‘Paiaguás, Paiaguás ‘Paiaguás ‘Paiaguás’ ‘Marandu, Marandu ‘Marandu ‘Mombaça, Mombaça ‘Mombaça P ‘Zuri, Zuri ‘Zuri bug s infestation A insects nonpreference non preference (antixenosis sheaths

RESUMO Os percevejos-das-gramíneas [Blissus pulchellus Montandon (Hemiptera: Blissidae)] sugam a seiva de espécies forrageiras suscetíveis e injetam toxinas que destroem os vasos condutores e dificultam o transporte de água e nutrientes, levando as plantas a morte. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resistência por antixenose e tolerância em oito poáceas forrageiras à B. pulchellus e comparar as características anatômicas dos tecidos das bainhas foliares de espécies/cultivares resistentes e suscetíveis. Os ensaios foram conduzidos em laboratório e casa de vegetação, em testes com e sem chance de escolha, utilizando-se as forrageiras: Urochloa ruziziensis, U. humidicola, U. brizantha ‘Piatã’, U. brizantha ‘Paiaguás’, U. brizantha ‘Marandu’, Panicum maximum ‘Mombaça’, P. maximum ‘Zuri’, e Andropogon gayanus. Os resultados de oviposição demonstraram que no teste de escolha houve uma mudança no comportamento do percevejo em relação às gramíneas quatro horas após infestação, sendo U. humidicola, P. maximum ‘Mombaça’ e ‘Zuri’, U. brizantha ‘Marandu’ e A. gayanus menos atrativos para os insetos. Conclui-se que U. humidicola, P. maximum ‘Mombaça’ e ‘Zuri’, U. brizantha ‘Marandu’, e A. gayanus são menos atrativas a B. pulchellus. A. gayanus, e P. maximum ‘Mombaça’ e ‘Zuri’ apresentam resistência do tipo não-preferência para oviposição a B. pulchellus. A resistência de U. humidicola, P. maximum Zuri, e A. gayanus a B. pulchellus pode estar associada a maior compactação e lignificação das células dos tecidos parenquimático e esclerenquimático das bainhas foliares. percevejosdasgramíneas percevejos Blissus Hemiptera (Hemiptera Blissidae Blissidae) nutrientes morte Assim B espéciescultivares cultivares vegetação utilizandose utilizando se ruziziensis U humidicola ‘Piatã, Piatã ‘Piatã , ‘Piatã’ ‘Paiaguás, Paiaguás ‘Paiaguás ‘Paiaguás’ ‘Marandu, Marandu ‘Marandu ‘Mombaça, Mombaça ‘Mombaça P ‘Zuri, Zuri ‘Zuri infestação insetos Concluise Conclui nãopreferência não preferência

ABSTRACT Lemon verbena, Aloysia citriodora (Palau) has been widely used in traditional medicine, cosmetics, and the food industry. In Colombia the foliage is marketed fresh but there is no information regarding the plant phenology, nor on the insects associated, therefore the management practices are still empirical, and sometimes does not comply with the national regulations for the commercialization of medicinal plants. In this study it was determined that it takes 32 weeks from planting to flower senescence completing its phenological cycle; likewise, an associated arthropofauna of 50 families with different feeding habits were found, suggesting that the species offers different ecosystem services. The information obtained could contribute to establish more effective management plans for arthropods, and to improve quality of materials with medicinal purposes.

RESUMEN El cidrón, Aloysia citriodora (Palau) ha sido ampliamente utilizada en la medicina tradicional, la cosmética y la industria alimentaria. En Colombia el follaje se comercializa fresco, pero no se cuenta con información sobre la fenología de la planta, ni sobre los insectos asociados, por lo que las prácticas de manejo son aún empíricas, y en ocasiones no cumplen con las normas nacionales para la comercialización de plantas medicinales. En este estudio se determinó que la planta tarda 32 semanas desde la siembra hasta la senescencia de la flor completando su ciclo fenológico; así mismo, se encontró una artrofauna asociada de 50 familias con diferentes hábitos alimentarios, lo que sugiere que la especie ofrece diferentes servicios ecosistémicos. La información obtenida podría contribuir a establecer planes de manejo más efectivos para los artrópodos y a mejorar la calidad de los materiales con fines medicinales.

Abstract Introduction The Dark Winged Fungus Gnat, Bradysia impatiens Johannsen, is a significant pest in modern forest nurseries in Mexico, as it causes plant mortality. However, studies on adult monitoring are scarce. Objectives Determine the most suitable trap for monitoring B. impatiens, characterize its population levels and identify associated organisms, including its natural enemies. Materials and methods The attraction effect of B. impatiens to two types of yellow sticky traps (circular and flag paper trap) and a colorless trap was evaluated. After selecting the best trap, the capture of B. impatiens and associated organisms was compared across four forest nurseries to determine the species' population levels. Capture data were analyzed using generalized linear models with negative binomial regression. Results and discussion Flag paper trap was the most efficient for capturing adults. Based on weekly captures, three population levels were subjectively rated: low (<30 adults), medium (30-60 adults), and high (>60 adults). Coenosia attenuata Stein was found as a natural enemy of the pest; however, the capture percentage was low (1.78 %), so the traps do not pose a threat to their populations. Kleidotoma sp., a possible parasitoid of the pest and C. attenuata, was also found. Conclusions An integrated pest management plan for B. impatiens is necessary, including flag paper trap and the predator C. attenuata as biological control in nurseries. C. attenuata, a predator of B. impatiens, is recorded for the first time in Tlaxcala.

Resumen Introducción El mosco fungoso negro Bradysia impatiens Johannsen es una plaga de importancia en los viveros forestales tecnificados de México, debido a que ocasiona mortalidad de la planta; sin embargo, los estudios sobre monitoreo de adultos son escasos. Objetivos Determinar la trampa más adecuada para el monitoreo de B. impatiens, caracterizar sus niveles poblacionales e identificar organismos asociados, entre ellos sus enemigos naturales. Materiales y métodos Se evaluó el efecto de atracción de B. impatiens a dos tipos de trampas pegajosas amarillas (circulares y bandera) y una incolora. Después de la selección de la mejor trampa, se comparó la captura de B. impatiens y organismos asociados en cuatro viveros forestales para determinar niveles poblacionales de la especie. Los datos de captura se analizaron con modelos lineales generalizados mediante regresión binomial negativa. Resultados y discusión La trampa bandera fue la más eficiente para la captura de adultos. Con base en la captura semanal, se calificaron subjetivamente tres niveles poblacionales: baja (<30 adultos), media (30-60 adultos) y alta (>60 adultos). Se encontró a Coenosia attenuata Stein como enemigo natural de la plaga; sin embargo, el porcentaje de captura fue bajo (1.78 %), por lo que las trampas no representan amenaza para sus poblaciones. También se encontró a Kleidotoma sp., posible parasitoide de la plaga y de C. attenuata. Conclusiones Es necesario un plan de manejo integrado de plagas para B. impatiens, que incluya la trampa bandera y el depredador C. attenuata como control biológico en viveros. La mosca C. attenuata, depredadora de B. impatiens, se registra por primera vez en Tlaxcala.

Abstract Introduction The gall wasp Andricus quercuslaurinus Melika & Pujade-Villar causes the death of Quercus affinis Scheidw. in Acaxochitlán, Hidalgo. The genetic capacity of parents with tolerance to the pest can be conserved by grafting. Objectives The aim of this study is to establish the conditions for grafting of Quercus affinis individuals tolerant to A. quercuslaurinus attack. Materials and methods Scions of five tolerant and five susceptible phenotypes were collected. Homografts (Q. affinis scions on Q. affinis rootstocks) and heterografts (Q. affinis on Q. rugosa Née) were made with terminal fissure and side-veneer graft. Tests were carried out on five dates and with materials of different ages. Grafting success was evaluated with ANOVA and Tukey's test (P = 0.05). Grafting was determined by fitting the Weibull accelerated failure time model. Results and discussion Statistical differences (P ≤ 0.05) were found in grafting by phenotype effect. Grafting success rate with scions from tolerant trees was 166 % higher than with scions from susceptible trees. The highest grafting was obtained in homografts (90 %) with scions from young tolerant trees (12 years old) and heterografts (88 %) with scions from adult tolerant trees (35 and 40 years old). Conclusions The propagation of Q. affinis individuals tolerant to A. quercuslaurinus attack is possible by homografts (young trees) and heterografts (adult trees) with Q. rugosa rootstocks, preferably in early autumn.

Resumen Introducción La avispa agalladora Andricus quercuslaurinus Melika & Pujade-Villar causa la muerte de Quercus affinis Scheidw. en Acaxochitlán, Hidalgo. La capacidad genética de los progenitores con tolerancia a la plaga se puede conservar mediante propagación por injertos. Objetivos Establecer las condiciones de propagación por injerto de individuos de Quercus affinis tolerantes al ataque de A. quercuslaurinus. Materiales y métodos Se recolectaron varetas de cinco fenotipos tolerantes y cinco susceptibles. Se realizaron homoinjertos (púas de Q. affinis sobre patrones de Q. affinis) y heteroinjertos (Q. affinis sobre Q. rugosa Née) con las técnicas de hendidura terminal y enchapado lateral. Se realizaron pruebas en cinco fechas y con materiales de edad distinta. El prendimiento de los injertos se evaluó con ANOVA y pruebas de Tukey (P = 0.05). La probabilidad de prendimiento se determinó con el ajuste del modelo de tiempo de fallo acelerado de Weibull. Resultados y discusión Se encontraron diferencias estadísticas (P ≤ 0.05) en el prendimiento de injertos por efecto del fenotipo. La probabilidad de prendimiento de injertos con varetas de árboles tolerantes fue 166 % mayor que con varetas de árboles susceptibles. El mayor prendimiento se obtuvo en homoinjertos (90 %) con varetas semileñosas de árboles tolerantes jóvenes (12 años) y heteroinjertos (88 %) con varetas semileñosas de árboles tolerantes adultos (35 y 40 años). Conclusiones La propagación de individuos de Q. affinis tolerantes al ataque de A. quercuslaurinus es posible por medio de homoinjertos (árboles jóvenes) y heteroinjertos (árboles adultos) con patrones de Q. rugosa, preferentemente a inicios de otoño.

ABSTRACT: The invasive chinese slug Meghimatiumpictum (Stoliczka, 1873) (Stylommathophora: Philomycidae) is originally from Asia, and it has been introduced in Latin American countries like Argentina and Brazil, where it is considered a critical horticultural pest. This species also became an intermediate host for the nematode AngiostrongyluscostaricensisMorera&Cespedes, 1971(Strongylida: Metastrongylidae), which can cause abdominal angiostrongyliasis in humans when ingested molluscs or their mucus containing larvae released on fruit and vegetables. This research aimed to investigate the biological parameters of the life cycle of M. pictum and evaluate its food preference to understand the species’ behavior and provide information on the choice of safer pest management and control methods. We observed that 68 and 75% of the grouped and isolated slugs, respectively, survived 26 weeks (180 days) under laboratory conditions. In addition, the individuals kept isolated had higher body mass (2.8 ± 0.6 g), length (3.3 ± 0.8 cm), and width (0.37 ± 0.3 cm) than grouped specimens. We also found that M. pictum has indeterminate growth and an annual reproductive cycle. Concerning food preference, slugs better accepted lettuce at different developmental stages (neonate, juvenile, and adult). Our study presents the first description of the M. pictum life cycle. We concluded that M. pictum has undefined biological parameters, which hampers its laboratory rearing. However, we also demonstrate its potential as a pest for different horticultural crops, which will require the development of management strategies. ABSTRACT Stoliczka, Stoliczka (Stoliczka 1873 Stylommathophora (Stylommathophora Philomycidae Asia Brazil AngiostrongyluscostaricensisMoreraCespedes AngiostrongyluscostaricensisMorera Cespedes AngiostrongyluscostaricensisMorera&Cespedes 1971Strongylida Strongylida 1971 1971(Strongylida Metastrongylidae, Metastrongylidae , Metastrongylidae) vegetables M methods 6 75 respectively 2 180 (18 days conditions addition 2.8 28 8 (2. 06 0 0. g, g g) 3.3 33 3 (3. 08 cm, cm 0.37 037 37 (0.3 03 specimens neonate, neonate (neonate juvenile adult. adult . adult) rearing However crops strategies 187 197 7 18 (1 2. (2 3. (3 (0. 19 1 ( (0

RESUMO: A lesma invasora Meghimatium pictum (Stoliczka, 1873) (Stylommathophora: Philomycidae) é originária da Ásia e foi introduzida em países latino-americanos como Argentina e Brasil, onde é considerada uma praga hortícola severa. Esta espécie também se tornou um hospedeiro intermediário do nematoide Angiostrongylus costaricensis Morera & Céspedes, 1971 (Strongylida: Metastrongylidae), que pode causar a infecção angiostrongilíase abdominal em humanos quando ingerido o molusco ou frutas e vegetais contendo o seu muco contaminado com larvas. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar os parâmetros biológicos do ciclo de vida de M. pictum e avaliar sua preferência alimentar para entender o comportamento da espécie e fornecer informações sobre a escolha futura de métodos mais seguros de manejo e controle desta praga. Observamos que 68 e 75% das lesmas agrupadas e isoladas, respectivamente, sobreviveram 26 semanas (180 dias) em condições de laboratório. Além disso, os indivíduos mantidos isolados apresentaram maior massa corporal (2,8 ± 0,6 g), comprimento (3,3 ± 0,8 cm) e largura (0,37 ± 0,3 cm) do que os espécimes agrupados. Também descobrimos que M. pictum tem crescimento indeterminado e ciclo reprodutivo anual. Com relação à preferência alimentar, a alface foi bem aceita pelas lesmas em diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento (recém-nascido, juvenil e adulto). Nosso estudo apresenta a primeira descrição do ciclo de vida de M. pictum. Concluímos que M. pictum possui parâmetros biológicos indefinidos, com ciclo de vida longo o que dificulta sua criação em laboratório. No entanto, também demonstramos seu potencial como praga para diferentes culturas hortícolas, o que exigirá o desenvolvimento de estratégias de manejo. RESUMO Stoliczka, Stoliczka (Stoliczka 1873 Stylommathophora (Stylommathophora Philomycidae latinoamericanos latino americanos Brasil severa Céspedes 197 Strongylida (Strongylida Metastrongylidae, Metastrongylidae , Metastrongylidae) larvas M 6 75 isoladas respectivamente 2 180 (18 dias laboratório disso 2,8 28 8 (2, 06 0 0, g, g g) 3,3 33 3 (3, 08 cm 0,37 037 37 (0,3 03 agrupados anual recémnascido, recémnascido recém nascido, nascido (recém-nascido adulto. adulto . adulto) indefinidos entanto hortícolas 187 19 7 18 (1 2, (2 3, (3 (0, 1 ( (0

Abstract Plant fertilization may impact directly on insect pest behavior and biology. Fertilization may be accomplished by using synthetic mineral or organic fertilizers. The effect of different doses of boiled hen chicken manure, Penergetic®, Bokashi compound and mineral fertilizer on the adult population of Bemisia tabaci and Myzus persicae on collards leaves were evaluated. The experiment was conducted in the greenhouse using the treatments: Bokashi, Penergetic® bioactivator, 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5% of solution of boiled manure, mineral fertilization and control. The number of insects was counted directly on the leaves, and the nitrogen, potassium content, and total phenolic compound in the leaves were determined. Higher populations of Bemisia tabaci and M. persicae were observed on NPK-fertilized plants compared to other treatments. Higher levels of nitrogen foliar were found for Bokashi-fertilized plants; and higher concentrations of total phenolic compounds were found in the control. A negative correlation between total phenolics and B. tabaci was established suggesting the importance of these compounds in the species development. The results indicate the importance of the source of the fertilization for sustainable pest management.

Resumen La fertilización de las plantas puede tener un impacto directo en el comportamiento y la biología de los insectos plaga. La fertilización se puede lograr utilizando fertilizantes minerales sintéticos u orgánicos. Se evaluó el efecto de diferentes dosis de estiércol de gallina hervido, Penergetic®, compuesto Bokashi y fertilizante mineral sobre la población adulta de Bemisia tabaci y Myzus persicae en hojas de col forrajera. El experimento se realizó en invernadero utilizando los tratamientos: Bokashi, bioactivador Penergetic®, 2.5%, 5% y 7.5% de solución de estiércol hervido, fertilización mineral y el control. El número de insectos se contó directamente en las hojas, y se determinó el contenido de nitrógeno, de potasio y los compuestos fenólicos totales en las hojas. Se observaron poblaciones más altas de Bemisia tabaci y M. persicae en plantas fertilizadas con NPK en comparación con otros tratamientos. Se encontraron niveles más altos de nitrógeno foliar para las plantas fertilizadas con Bokashi; y se encontraron mayores concentraciones de compuestos fenólicos totales en el control. Se estableció una correlación negativa entre los fenólicos totales y B. tabaci, lo que sugiere la importancia de estos compuestos en el desarrollo de la especie. Los resultados indican la importancia de la fuente de fertilización para el manejo sustentable de plagas.

Abstract One of the most commonly used fungi in pest control, which has a wide range of hosts, is Beauveria bassiana. This entomopathogen has adapted to different environments and can be found in several places, so in the present work, 60 soil samples were collected in 2020 in Acatlán de Pérez Figueroa, Oaxaca, by means of Galleria mellonella, used as bait for its isolation. Five isolates were obtained from this procedure, which were evaluated in larvae of Galleria mellonella at 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, and 168 h in order to know their efficacy in mortality and mycosis. In the methodology, the DNA of the fungi was extracted and the ITS region of the 5.8S rRNA gene was amplified by PCR, the product was sequenced and the sequences were compared with others existing at the National Center for Biotechnological Information. The result was one isolate of Beauveria pseudobassiana and four of Beauveria bassiana, of which isolate 11 showed 100% mortality and mycosis at 96 h, unlike the commercial isolate and the control, which needed an additional 72 h to kill all larvae, in addition to showing 20% and 60% of mycosis, respectively. The time of 96 h was significantly different (p≤ 0.05) because during this time, most of the larvae died and mycosis occurred. Identifying entomopathogenic fungi and conducting studies of their effectiveness in larvae facilitates the start of new research experiments.

Resumen Uno de los hongos más usado en el control de plagas, el cual tienen un amplio rango de hospedantes es Beauveria bassiana. Este entomopatógenos se ha adaptado a distintos ambientes y se puede encontrar en varios lugares, por lo que en el presente trabajo se colectaron 60 muestras de suelo en Acatlán de Pérez Figueroa, Oaxaca, por medio de Galleria mellonella utilizado como cebo para su aislamiento, en el año 2020. De este procedimiento se obtuvieron cinco aislados los cuales se evaluaron en larvas de Galleria mellonella a 24, 48, 72, 96, 120,144 y 168 h con el fin de conocer su eficacia en mortalidad y micosis. En la metodología se extrajo el ADN de los hongos y la región ITS del gen 5.8S rRNA fue amplificada por PCR, el producto fue secuenciado y las secuencias fueron comparadas con otras existentes en el centro nacional para la información biotecnológica. El resultado fue un aislado de Beauveria pseudobassiana y cuatro de Beauveria bassiana de los cuales el 11 presentó 100% de mortalidad y micosis a las 96 h a diferencia del aislado comercial y el testigo los cuales necesitaron 72 h adicionales para matar la totalidad de larvas, además de presentar 20% y 60% de micosis respectivamente. El tiempo de 96 h fue significativamente diferente (p≤ 0.05) debido a que en éste murió la mayoría de las larvas y hubo micosis. Identificar hongos entomopatógenos y realizar estudios de su efectividad en larvas facilita el inicio de nuevos experimentos en la investigacion.