ABSTRACT Food availability is defined as the sufficient quantity of food of adequate quality and culturally acceptable for the population of a country in a given period. In the case of the cities of the North Coast of the Uruguay River, there is little availability in terms of local fishing. The objectives of this research were to analyze the causes of this scarce availability through the opinion of the artisanal fishermen of the region, and the referring institutions. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with artisanal fishermen and institutional references in the region, as well as a representative of the private sector. The inability of fishermen to dedicate themselves exclusively to the activity; the export destination that has the majority of the region's catches; the low consumption at national level and the scarce demand of the cities for river fish, were some of the enunciated causes.

RESUMEN La disponibilidad de alimentos se define como la cantidad suficiente de alimentos de calidad adecuada y culturalmente aceptables para la población de un país en un período determinado. En el caso de las ciudades del Litoral Norte del Río Uruguay, se observa una escasa disponibilidad en materia de pesca local. Los objetivos de esta investigación fueron analizar las causas de esta escasa disponibilidad a través de la opinión de los y las pescadores artesanales de la región, y las instituciones referentes. Se realizaron entrevistas semi estructuradas a pescadores artesanales y referentes institucionales de la región, así como a un representante del sector privado. La imposibilidad de los pescadores para dedicarse exclusivamente a la actividad; el destino exportador que tiene la mayoría de las capturas de la región; el bajo consumo a nivel nacional y la escasa demanda de las ciudades por pescado de río, fueron algunas de las causas enunciadas.

ABSTRACT Since prehistoric times, indigenous communities have relied on fish as a staple source of protein for their subsistence. In most cases, fish is the sole source of income and of animal protein for the communities. Nevertheless, the documentation of fish from an ethnological perspective is rare, and biological research alone might not provide sufficient information required to manage fisheries resources. We discuss the traditional ichthyological knowledge of the Piapoco, Piaroa, Puinave, and Sikuani ethnic groups inhabiting the Matavén Forest (Vichada, Colombia). Each group has its perception regarding knowledge, at times detailed, of fish groups, their distribution, and uses. To obtain information regarding traditional ichthyological knowledge, fish were collected over one month at 31 sampling sites in different habitats along the lower Matavén River basin. The fish were identified by formal taxonomy and the informal classification by experienced fishermen of the four ethnic groups. There was consistency among the names given by the ethnic groups and formal taxonomy. The indigenous collaborators used binomial classification systems in which the organisms are grouped at family and genus levels and, to some extent, categorization depends on distribution within the aquatic habitats (i.e., rivers, streams and lagoons). The indigenous collaborators did not provide sociocultural or mythological information related to the fishes. Our findings contribute to the development of conservation and rural development projects in the Colombian Amazon.

RESUMEN Desde la prehistoria, las comunidades indígenas han dependido del pescado como fuente primaria de proteína para su subsistencia. En la mayoría de los casos, el pescado es la única fuente de ingresos y proteína animal para la comunidad. Sin embargo, el estudio de los peces desde una perspectiva etnológica no es común y la investigación científica por sí sola puede no proporcionar información suficiente para gestionar los recursos pesqueros. Se discute aquí el conocimiento ictiológico tradicional de las etnias Piapoco, Piaroa, Puinave y Sikuani que habitan la Selva de Matavén (Vichada, Colombia). Cada etnia tiene una percepción propia, a veces detallada, de los grupos de peces, su distribución y usos. Para obtener información sobre el conocimiento ictiológico tradicional, se colectaron peces durante un mes en 31 sitios de muestreo en diferentes hábitats en la cuenca baja del Río Matavén. Los peces fueron identificados usando taxonomía formal y clasificación informal por pescadores expertos de las cuatro etnias. Hubo coherencia entre los nombres dados por los grupos étnicos y el sistema de taxonomía formal. Los colaboradores indígenas usaron sistemas de clasificación binomial en los que los organismos se agrupan a nivel de familia y género y la categorización depende, hasta cierto punto, de la distribución dentro de los hábitats acuáticos (ríos, arroyos y lagunas). Los colaboradores indígenas no proporcionaron información sociocultural o mitológica relacionada con los peces. Nuestros hallazgos contribuyen al desarrollo de proyectos de conservación y desarrollo rural en la Amazonía colombiana.

Resumo Actualmente, o pescado fresco marítimo assume um papel muito particular como marcador identitário no contexto dos sistemas alimentares dos núcleos piscatórios. Dada a relação, continuamente reiterada pelo discurso público, entre os benefícios do seu consumo e o paradigma da frescura, encontramos aqui uma paradoxal intersecção com o renovado movimento de redescoberta de Portugal como nação oceânica. Numa perspetiva holística, ecológica e cultural propomos aqui revelar alguns momentos da transfiguração do tão publicitado “melhor peixe do mundo” ao longo de um intrincado percurso, desde que é capturado no mar até à sua apresentação como produto artesanal de origem local. Esse amplamente reproduzido passe de magia: “do mar, diretamente para a sua mesa!”

Abstract Nowadays fresh sea fish plays a very particular role as an identity marker in the context of the food systems of fishing communities. Given the relationship, continually reiterated by public discourse, between the benefits of its consumption and the paradigm of freshness, we find here a paradoxical intersection with the renewed movement to rediscover Portugal as an oceanic nation. From a holistic, ecological and cultural perspective, we propose here to reveal some moments of the transfiguration of the much-publicized “best fish in the world” along an intricate pathway, from its capture at sea to its presentation as an artisanal product of local origin. That widely reproduced magic motto: “From the sea, straight to your table!”

Resumen: La explotación de los recursos costero-marinos en nuestras costas ha ocurrido desde hace unos 12 000 años; esta actividad ha sido intensa y con menosprecio por el estado del recurso que se explota; como consecuencia, muchos de los recursos han colapsado a través de los siglos: las perlas, el carey, la madreperla, las tortugas, las chuchecas y muchas otras especies han dejado de ser comercialmente viables. Actualmente, los recursos pesqueros, que antes se creían inagotables, también muestran señales inequívocas de sobreexplotación. Lejos de haber mejorado nuestra relación con los recursos marinos ha empeorado; el aumento de la explotación, combinada con la contaminación y el calentamiento de nuestros mares, los ha deteriorado. Los imprescindibles análisis de biomasa y estado de las poblaciones explotadas siguieron sin realizarse, aún después de la fundación del INCOPESCA en 1994. Los desembarcos totales, entre 2000 y 2015, disminuyeron en un 45 % y la flota artesanal ha sido la más golpeada. Las embarcaciones pesqueras han pasado de 5 000 en el 2010 a menos de 2 000 cuatro años después y el número de empleos en el sector ha disminuido en un 50 %. Es urgente que tengamos una institucionalidad capaz de generar información que permita determinar el nivel y la forma de explotación adecuados. Este manejo debe ser independiente de intereses económicos y políticos y debe venir acompañado de una administración eficiente y efectiva, así como de un control y vigilancia estrictos de la actividad.

Abstract: The exploitation of coastal-marine resources has occurred in our coasts since about 12 000 years ago. This activity has been intense and careless regarding to the well-being of the resource being exploited. Consequently, many of the resources have collapsed throughout the centuries. Pearls, tortoiseshell, mother-of-pearl, turtles, mangrove-cockle, and many other species have stopped being commercially viable. Presently, fisheries, formerly believed inexhaustible, also show unequivocal signs of overexploitation. Far from improving, our relationship with marine resources has exacerbated. The exploitation increment, combined with contamination and ocean warming, have deteriorated these resources. Essential biomass and population status analyses continue to be neglected, even after the founding of INCOPESCA in 1994. Total ship landings, between 2000-2015 have decreased 45 % impacting particularly the artisanal fleet. The number of fishing vessels have gone from 5 000 in 2010 to less than 2 000 four years later and the number of jobs in the sector has decreased by 50 %. It is urgent to have an institution able to generate information that allow us to determine the level and manner of this exploitation. Such management needs to be independent of economic and political interests and should be coupled with an efficient and effective administration, together with strict control and surveillance of this activity.

Resumen Se evaluó el estado de los recursos hidrobiológicos (RHB) de tres Áreas Marinas Protegidas (AMPs) del Pacífico de Colombia: Parque Nacional Natural (PNN) Utría, PNN Uramba Bahía Málaga y PNN Sanquianga. Para el análisis se utilizaron cuatro indicadores pesqueros: 1) Abundancia relativa dada como el desembarco por unidad de esfuerzo (DPUE); 2) Esfuerzo (h); 3) Talla (cm); y 4) Porcentaje de individuos capturados por debajo de la talla media de madurez sexual (TMM). Los indicadores de DPUE y esfuerzo, obtuvieron calificaciones bajas de acuerdo con las categorías construidas por Herrera (2020), a excepción del PNN Utría. Con respecto a los indicadores “tallas” y “porcentaje de individuos capturados por debajo de la TMM”, estos presentaron calificaciones bajas, y están estrechamente relacionados con las reducidas tallas de captura en las áreas. Dadas las evidencias de que los recursos en las AMPs están en una condición que no es sostenible (PNN Uramba Bahía Málaga y PNN Sanquianga), es necesario avanzar en el establecimiento de medidas de manejo (tallas mínimas de captura, vedas temporales y espaciales, control de selectividad de artes de pesca), que resulten en la reducción del esfuerzo por pesca y el aumento de capturas por encima de la TMM de las especies.

Abstract The state of the hydrobiological resources (HBR) of three Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) of the Colombian Pacific was evaluated: Utría National Natural Park (NNP), Uramba Bahía Málaga NNP and Sanquianga NNP. Four fishery indicators were used for the analysis: 1) relative abundance given as landing per Unit Effort (LPUE); 2) effort (h); 3) size (cm); and 4) percentage of individuals captured below the average size at sexual maturity (ASM). The LPUE and effort indicators obtained low ratings in the MPAs according the categories constructed in Herrera (2020), with the exception of PNN Utría. Regarding the indicators "sizes" and "percentage of individuals captured below the ASM, these presented low scores, and are closely related to the reduced sizes of capture in the areas. Given the evidence that the resources in the MPAs are in a condition that is not sustainable (PNN Uramba Bahía Málaga and PNN Sanquianga), it is necessary to advance in the establishment of management measures (minimum catch sizes, time and space closures, selectivity control of fishing gear), which result in the reduction of fishing effort and the increase of catches above the TMM of the species.

ABSTRACT The paper analyzes the judgment in a case in which the owner and the crew of an artisanal fishing vessel entered what the General Act of Fisheries and Aquaculture calls a “contract or partnership at parts”. The plaintiff crew brought an action for enforcement of this contract, requesting that the shipowner be ordered to pay the difference of a final liquidation of the fishing for several seasons, as well as its share in the sale of the catch quota to a third party. The commentary highlights the difficulties raised by the distinction between contracts which distributes a percentage of the profit of the business between parties, and partnerships, as well as the (contingent) place of legal entity in the latter.

RESUMEN El trabajo analiza la sentencia recaída en un caso en que el armador y la tripulación de una embarcación de pesca artesanal celebraron lo que la Ley General de Pesca y Acuicultura llama un “contrato o sociedad a la parte”. La tripulación demandante ejerció la acción de cumplimiento de este contrato y solicita que el armador sea condenado a pagar el producto de una reliquidación de la pesca de varias temporadas, así como la parte que le correspondía en una venta de la cuota de captura a un tercero. El comentario pone de relieve las dificultades que plantea la distinción entre negocios parciarios y contrato de sociedad, así como el lugar (contingente) de la personalidad jurídica en este último.

Resumen Introducción: Enfrentar la acelerada degradación de arrecifes coralinos requiere una acción integrada en múltiples niveles sociales y ecológicos. A escala local se debe incluir la participación activa de los usuarios de los recursos. Objetivo: evaluar el conocimiento y percepción local sobre los arrecifes coralinos en Golfo Dulce, y así generar bases para la integración social en la restauración coralina. Métodos: se realizaron 183 entrevistas en siete comunidades costeras del Golfo Dulce entre septiembre del 2016 y marzo del 2017. Los entrevistados se clasificaron en: (1) Pesca artesanal (PA) = 57 entrevistados, (2) Turismo (T) = 62, y (3) Otros (O) = 64. La primera parte de la entrevista fue de conocimiento y se asignó una nota basada en respuestas correctas. Según la nota se clasificó como informado, información media o desinformado. La segunda parte se basó en escalas de percepción sobre: (I) visitación, (II) factores que dañan los arrecifes coralinos, (III) medidas de manejo y (IV) salud de recursos marinos en Golfo Dulce. Resultados: El grupo T tuvo el mayor porcentaje de entrevistados informados = 42 % y el grupo O de desinformados = 37 %. La segunda parte fue percepción, más del 50 % de PA y T consideran que la visita es frecuente. La sedimentación y contaminación por agroquímicos fueron identificados por más del 60 % de PA y T como la principal amenaza. El 35 % de PA y el 40 % de T perciben las boyas fijas como la mejor medida para el Golfo Dulce. La restricción de visitas fue la medida con menor aceptación. El 60 % de los entrevistados de PA y T consideran que los recursos marinos del golfo estarán peor que en la actualidad. Conclusiones: Estos resultados confirman la importancia de comprender el conocimiento y la percepción de los usuarios de los arrecifes de coral en los procesos participativos y educativos en la restauración y conservación de los arrecifes de coral.

Abstract Introduction: Addressing the accelerated coral reefs degradation requires integrated action at multiple social and ecological scales. At local level, active participation of the main users must be included. Objective: To evaluate local knowledge and perception about coral reefs in Golfo Dulce to generate bases for social integration in coral restoration. Methods: 183 interviews were conducted in coastal communities in Golfo Dulce, between September 2016 and March 2017. The interviewees were classified as: (1) Artisanal fishing (PA) = 57 interviewees, (2) Tourism (T) = 62, and (3) Others (O) = 64. The first part of the interview was about knowledge and a grade was assigned based on correct answers. According to the grade, they were classified as informed, medium information or uninformed. The second part was based on perception scales on: (I) visitation, (II) factors that damage coral reefs, (III) management measures, and (IV) health of marine resources in Golfo Dulce. Results: Group T had the highest percentage of informed interviewees = 42 % and group O uninformed = 37 %. The second part was perception, more than 50 % of PA and T consider that the visit is frequent. Sedimentation and contamination by agrochemicals were identified by more than 60 % of PA and T as the main threat. 35 % of PA and 40 % of T perceive permanent buoys as the best measure for the Golfo Dulce. The visitation restriction was the measure with the least acceptance. 60 % of the interviewees of PA and T consider that the marine resources of the gulf will be worse than today. Conclusions: These results confirm the importance of understading coral reefs users knowledge and perception in participatory and educational processes in coral reef restoration and conservation.

Resumen Aplodinotus grunniens constituye una importante pesquería artesanal en la cuenca media del río Usumacinta que genera alimento y una economía de subsistencia. La recolección de datos se realizó en un año mediante muestreos mensuales. Se recolectaron un total de 447 ejemplares de enero a diciembre de 2017. Se calcularon las constantes de crecimiento de Von Bertalanffy por sexos separados mediante ajustes lineales y el método no lineal de Levenberg-Marquardt. La prueba T-cuadrada de Hotelling mostró que el crecimiento fue significativamente más rápido en las hembras que en los machos. La edad de primera madurez estimada fue de dos años en los machos y de tres en las hembras. Teniendo en cuenta la edad reportada para A. grunniens en otros estudios, la edad determinada de los peces en este estudio indica que la población podría estar sobreexplotada. Los peces más grandes son más vulnerables a la presión pesquera, principalmente durante su mayor actividad reproductiva, cuando los peces se agrupan para desovar. Se necesitan más investigaciones para evaluar el estado de la población, las capturas por unidad de esfuerzo, la distribución y la abundancia de adultos, juveniles y larvas.

Abstract Aplodinotus grunniens represent a crucial artisanal fishery in the Usumacinta River’s middle basin that generates food and a subsistence economy. This study aimed to create a model that best describes growth for A. grunniens and provides information on the growth of this poorly known species from the Usumacinta River. Data collection was carried out over one year through monthly sampling. A total of 447 specimens were collected from January to December 2017. Von Bertalanffy’s growth constants were calculated by separate sexes using linear fit and the non-linear Levenberg-Marquardt method. Hotelling’s T-squared test showed that growth was significantly faster in females than males. The estimated age at first maturity was two years in males and three in females. Considering the age reported for A. grunniens in other studies, the age determined in this study indicates that the population could be overexploited. Larger fish are more vulnerable to fishing pressure, mainly during their highest reproductive activity when they aggregate for spawning. More research is needed to evaluate the population status, catch per unit effort, distribution, and abundance of adults, juveniles, and larvae.

ABSTRACT This article reviews what happened with the oil spill at La Pampilla refinery and the negative impacts it caused to the coastal marine ecosystem and to artisanal fishermen and residents who live from tourism and local gastronomy in the Ancon district; as well as the strategies implemented by the private sector and by the Peruvian government to date, to manage such negative externalities affecting the environment and said stakeholders. Based on this review, some proposals for action are presented, which will remain for discussion or as contributions, for remediating the damaged ecosystem, and reactivatng artisanal fishing and the local economy in the short, medium and long term in the Ancon district.

RESUMEN El presente artículo hace un repaso sobre lo ocurrido con el derrame de petróleo en la refinería La Pampilla y sus externalidades negativas generadas al ecosistema marino costero y en los pescadores artesanales y pobladores que viven del turismo y la gastronomía local en el distrito de Ancón; y a las estrategias ejecutadas por el sector privado y por el Estado peruano hasta la fecha en el manejo de dichas externalidades negativas generadas al medio ambiente y a los actores sociales mencionados. A partir de esta revisión se plantean algunas propuestas de acción, que quedarán en materia de discusión o aportes, vinculadas a la remediación del ecosistema dañado, y a la reactivación de la pesca artesanal y economía local, en el corto, mediano y largo plazo en el distrito de Ancón.

Abstract The riverine population of the Amazon Basin are among the largest consumers of fish in the world, but the consumption patterns could be regionally distinct. Moreover, their total fish catches are not fully known. The objective of this work was to estimate the per capita fish consumption of the riverine people that inhabit the Paciência Island (Iranduba, Amazonas), where there is a fishing agreement in force. A total of 273 questionnaires were applied during the first two weeks of each month between April 2021 and March 2022. The sample unit was the residences. The questionnaire contained questions about the species captured and their quantities. Consumption was calculated by dividing the average monthly capture with the average number of residents per household interviewed, which was multiplied by the number of questionnaires applied. Thirty groups of consumed fish species belonging to 17 families and 5 orders were recorded. The total catch was 3,388.35 kg and the highest monthly catch was 602.60 kg during the falling-water season in October. Daily per capita fish consumption averaged 66.13 ± 29.21 g/day, with a peak of 116.45 g/day during the falling-water season in August. The high fish consumption rate highlighted the importance of fisheries management to food security and the maintenance of the community’s lifestyle.

Resumo As populações amazônicas são uma das maiores consumidoras de pescado do mundo, contudo os padrões de consumo podem ser regionalmente distintos. Além disso, as capturas totais não são totalmente conhecidas. O objetivo do trabalho foi estimar o consumo per capita e as capturas de pescado por ribeirinhos residentes na Ilha da Paciência (Iranduba, Amazonas), onde há um acordo de pesca vigente. Foram aplicados no total 273 questionários durante as duas primeiras semanas de cada mês entre abril de 2021 e março de 2022. A unidade amostral foram as residências. O questionário continha perguntas sobre as espécies capturadas e respectivas quantidades. O consumo foi calculado pela divisão entre a média de captura mensal com a média de moradores por residência entrevistada que foi multiplicada pelo número de questionários aplicados. Foram registrados 30 grupos de espécies de peixes consumidos pertencentes a 17 famílias e 5 ordens. A captura total foi de 3.388,35 kg e a maior captura mensal foi de 602,60 kg durante a vazante no mês de outubro. O consumo de pescado per capita diário foi em média 66,13 ± 29,21 g/dia, com pico de 116,45 g/dia durante a vazante no mês de agosto. A alta taxa de consumo de pescado mostra a importância do manejo pesqueiro para a segurança alimentar e a manutenção do estilo de vida da comunidade.

Abstract Amazonian commercial fishing is artisanal, and landings can be influenced by the flood pulse, the consumer market, the level of exploitation of species, habitat quality and vegetation cover. In this study, landscape variables and the river level were evaluated as possible drivers in the composition of catches landed in three regions of the Solimões-Amazon River. Fish landing data were collected in the upper and lower Solimões River and lower Amazon River. Fishing locations were mapped with information from fishers, civil defense departments and from the literature. Information related to river level and landscape was acquired from databases available online. Maps with the the radius of action of the fishing fleet and the quantification of landscape variables were made for periods of high and low-water, and non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis (nMDS) with catches by species, by region and hydrological period were performed. The largest operating radius of the fishing fleet was of 1,028 km and was identified in the lower Amazon River, which is probably due to the larger size of the consumer market, vessel characteristics and level of exploitation of the species near the landing center. The proportion of vegetation cover was reduced from 87% in the upper stretches of the Solimões River to 46% in the lower stretches. The upper and lower Solimões River regions presented a greater variety of species in the composition of landings. It was identified that the composition of landings between the three analyzed regions possibly varied according to the availability of habitats, indicating the importance of landscape variables for fish landings.

Resumo A pesca comercial amazônica é artesanal e os desembarques podem ser influenciados pelo pulso de inundação, mercado consumidor, nível de explotação das espécies, qualidade do hábitat e cobertura da vegetação. Nesse estudo, avaliamos as variáveis da paisagem e o nível do rio como possíveis impulsionadores na composição das capturas desembarcadas em três regiões do rio Solimões-Amazonas. Os dados de desembarque de pescado foram coletados no Alto e Baixo rio Solimões e Baixo rio Amazonas. Os locais de pesca foram mapeados com informações dos pescadores, da defesa civil e literatura. As informações relacionadas ao nível do rio e a paisagem foram adquiridas em bancos de dados disponíveis online. Mapas com o raio de atuação da frota pesqueira e a quantificação das variáveis da paisagem foram elaborados para períodos de águas altas e baixas e as análises de escalonamento multidimensional não-métrico (nMDS) com as capturas por espécie, por região e período hidrológico foram realizadas. O maior raio de atuação da frota pesqueira foi de 1.028 km e foi identificado no Baixo rio Amazonas provavelmente devido ao maior tamanho do mercado consumidor, características das embarcações e nível de explotação das espécies próximo do centro de desembarque. A proporção de cobertura de vegetação teve uma redução de 87% no trecho superior do rio Solimões para 46% no trecho inferior. As regiões do Alto e Baixo rio Solimões apresentaram maior variedade de espécies na composição dos desembarques. Foi identificada que a composição dos desembarques entre as três regiões analisadas variou possivelmente conforme a disponibilidade de hábitats, indicando a importância das variáveis da paisagem para os desembarques de pescado.

Abstract Small-scale fisheries provide income and food security to local peoples around the world. In the Brazilian Amazon, the pescada (Plagioscion squamosissimus) is among the fishes that contributes most to catches in small-scale fisheries. Our main goal was to evaluate the abundance, size, relevance to small-scale fisheries and trophic ecology of P. squamosissimus in the Tapajós and Tocantins rivers, in the Brazilian Amazon. We combined data from fishers’ local ecological knowledge (LEK) and fish sampling. We expected that fishers in the Tapajós River, less altered by anthropic changes, would cite a higher abundance, larger size and more prey and predators of P. squamosissimus. We interviewed 61 and 33 fishers and sampled fish in nine and five sites in the Tapajós and Tocantins rivers, respectively. The comparison between fishers’ citations and fish sampled indicated a higher relevance of P. squamosissimus to fishers in the Tapajós River, where this fish had an average larger size and where the fishers mentioned more food items. This pattern could be partially related to the history of anthropogenic changes in the Tocantins River. These results indicated that P. squamosissimus is a generalist fish, which could be resilient to fishing and environmental pressures.

Resumo A pesca de pequena escala fornece renda e segurança alimentar para as populações locais em todo o mundo. Na Amazônia brasileira, a pescada (Plagioscion squamosissimus) está entre os peixes que mais contribuem para as capturas em pescarias de pequena escala. Nosso objetivo principal foi avaliar a abundância, tamanho, relevância para a pesca artesanal e ecologia trófica de P. squamosissimus nos rios Tapajós e Tocantins, na Amazônia brasileira. Combinamos dados do conhecimento ecológico local dos pescadores (CEL) e amostragem de peixes. Esperávamos que os pescadores do rio Tapajós, menos alterado por mudanças antrópicas, citassem maior abundância, maior tamanho e mais presas e predadores de P. squamosissimus. Entrevistamos 61 e 33 pescadores e amostramos peixes em nove e cinco locais nos rios Tapajós e Tocantins, respectivamente. A comparação entre as citações dos pescadores e os peixes amostrados indicou uma maior relevância de P. squamosissimus para os pescadores do rio Tapajós, onde este peixe teve um tamanho médio maior e onde os pescadores mencionaram mais itens alimentares. Esse padrão pode estar parcialmente relacionado ao histórico de mudanças antrópicas no rio Tocantins. Esses resultados indicaram que P. squamosissimus é um peixe generalista, que pode ser resiliente à pesca e às pressões ambientais.

Abstract: Aim The present study investigated the social impacts caused by the construction of a large hydropower dam (Lajeado Dam) on artisanal fishers in the Middle Tocantins River, evaluating how the impoundment affected fishing techniques (locations, transport and gears), operation (income, effort and costs), and fisher’s well-being. Methods The study interviewed 30 artisanal fishers (Colony Z-04, Porto Nacional, TO) between August and October 2018 with the application of a structured questionnaire. Results Results indicated that fishing is socially important as a source of income and occupation, carried out essentially by men with low levels of formal education. Fishers reported, however, significant changes in the fishery system after the impoundment of the Tocantins River. The main fishing area was maintained, but fishers abandoned some sites. There were significant changes in fishing equipment, with an increase in the use of aluminum boats and outboard engines, and a reduction in the use of various gears, replaced by the use of gillnets. Almost all fishers (96.6%) declared that fishing effort and the financial costs increased after damming. Many also reported an increase in financial income (70%), but part reported a decrease, no change or could not say. The majority reported that the impoundment damaged the fishing activity (80%) and their well-being (individual and their families; 83.3%); dissatisfaction with the profession also increased. Conclusions Results indicated that the impoundment created by Lajeado Dam impacted several aspects of artisanal fisheries in the Middle Tocantins, with a wide perception of damage, which indicates that working conditions of fishers have declined. This information is relevant and can support fisheries management in the Tocantins River Basin, in order to balance societal demands with sustainability goals and fisher’s needs.

Resumo: Objetivo O presente estudo investigou os impactos sociais causados pela construção de uma grande barragem hidrelétrica (barragem de Lajeado) sobre os pescadores artesanais que atuam no Médio Rio Tocantins, avaliando como o represamento do rio afetou as técnicas de pesca (locais, transporte e petrechos), sua condução (geração de renda, esforço e custos) e o bem-estar dos pescadores. Métodos O estudo entrevistou 30 pescadores artesanais (Colônia Z-04, Porto Nacional, TO) entre agosto e outubro de 2018 com a aplicação de um questionário estruturado. Resultados Os resultados indicaram que a pesca tem grande relevância social como fonte de renda e geração de emprego, exercida essencialmente por homens com baixo nível de escolaridade. No entanto, os pescadores relataram mudanças significativas na atividade pesqueira após o represamento do rio Tocantins. A principal área de pesca foi mantida, mas os pescadores abandonaram alguns locais. Houve mudança notável nos equipamentos de pesca, com aumento significativo no uso de barco de alumínio e motor, redução no uso de diversos petrechos, e aumento no emprego de malhadeiras. Quase todos os pescadores (96%) declararam aumento no tempo gasto com a pesca e no custo financeiro envolvido. A maioria também afirmou aumento da renda financeira (70%), embora parte tenha relatado diminuição, ausência de alteração ou não soube dizer. A grande maioria relatou que o represamento prejudicou a atividade pesqueira (80%) e seu bem estar (individual e de sua família; 83.3%); também houve aumento na insatisfação com a profissão. Conclusões Os resultados indicaram que o represamento da usina de Lajeado impactou diversos componentes da pesca artesanal no Médio Tocantins, com ampla percepção de prejuízo, o que indica piora nas condições de trabalho dos pescadores. Essas informações são relevantes para o ordenamento e gestão pesqueira na bacia do Rio Tocantins, no intuito de equilibrar as demandas da sociedade com metas de sustentabilidade e necessidades dos pescadores.

Abstract Bycatch is an issue of worldwide relevance involving conflicts between conservation and fishery interests. In Brazil, this conflict has been highlighted in relation to the regulation of small-scale fishery with surface gillnets. To promote management and transformation of this conflict, we analyzed the relationship between catch unloadings from small-scale fishing with surface gillnets and strandings of marine megafauna. We used fishery monitoring data and beach monitoring data in São Paulo between 2015 and 2021, relating to Chelonia mydas, Caretta caretta, Lepidochelys olivacea, Pontoporia blainvillei and Sotalia guianensis. The analyses included (i) overview of catches unloadings from small-scale fishing with surface gillnets and strandings that resulted in the death of each of these species over the course of the year; (ii) correlation tests between those variables for the northern, central, and southern regions; and (iii) performing regression analyses for municipalities within these regions, exhibiting statistically significant positive correlations. The fisheries harvest period was found not to overlap with the stranding distribution. In correlation tests, only strandings of C. mydas in the northern and southern regions, S. guianensis in the southern region and P. blainvillei in the central region showed relationships with fishing landings. The regression analysis was significant for C. mydas and S. guianensis. At the municipal level, the results were statistically significant for C. mydas in São Sebastião, Ubatuba, Ilha Comprida and Cananéia and for S. guianensis in Cananéia. However, the regression explained a small part of the mortality and other impact factors were pointed out. Non-prohibitive management measures, participatory studies, and direct methods for evaluating the interaction between fisheries and megafauna associated with environmental factors should be implemented, along with analyses on other impacts on megafauna.

Resumo A captura incidental é um tema de grande relevância mundial, permeado por conflitos entre interesses de conservação e pesca. Este conflito no Brasil relaciona-se especialmente ao regramento da pesca artesanal com emalhe de superfície e a captura incidental da megafauna. Para subsidiar a gestão e transformação desse conflito, analisou-se a relação entre desembarques da pesca artesanal com emalhe de superfície e os encalhes de megafauna com morte. Foram utilizados os bancos de dados do monitoramento pesqueiro e do monitoramento de praias de São Paulo entre 2015 e 2021, correspondentes a Chelonia mydas, Caretta caretta, Lepidochelys olivacea, Pontoporia blainvillei e Sotalia guianensis. As análises incluíram (i) panorama dos desembarques pesqueiros com emalhe de superfície e encalhes com mortes de cada espécie durante os anos (ii) testes de correlação entre as variáveis para regiões Norte, Centro e Sul (iii) análise de regressão para os municípios nas regiões que apresentaram correlação positiva estatisticamente significativa. A distribuição do número de desembarques não apresentou sobreposição com a distribuição dos encalhes. Nos testes de correlação, somente os encalhes de C. mydas, na região Norte e Sul, S. guianensis no Sul e P. blainvillei no Centro apontaram relação com os desembarques. A análise de regressão foi significativa para C. mydas e S. guianensis. Nos municípios, C. mydas apresentou resultado estatisticamente significativo em São Sebastião, Ubatuba, Ilha Comprida e Cananéia e S. guianensis em Cananéia. Entretanto, a regressão explicou uma pequena parte da mortalidade e outros fatores de impacto foram apontados. Recomenda-se medidas de ordenamento não proibitivas, estudos participativos e aplicação de métodos diretos de avaliação da interação da pesca com a megafauna, associado a fatores ambientais, bem como análises de outros impactos sobre a megafauna.

ABSTRACT Fishing is an important economic activity in the world that produces food and generates employment. Although cooperatives have been strengthened as a successful business model, in Mexico they face diverse problems. The use of sustainability indicators is useful to identify areas of opportunity. One of these is the ecological footprint from which the corporate ecological footprint was derived, which measures the environmental impact in surface units. The objective of this work is to identify areas of opportunity for environmental improvement of a fishing cooperative through the evaluation and analysis of the footprint, to generate strategies. The calculation was made through the Composite Method in Financial Accounts. A gross ecological footprint of 299.24 gha was found, as well as 688.96 t of CO2. Opportunity areas are the consumption reduction in the categories of materials, land use of forest resources, and the forest ecosystem, the latter two with greater impact on the footprint. It is recommended that annual monitoring of the footprint be implemented in the future to evaluate its reduction over time.

RESUMEN La importancia económica y social de la pesca a nivel mundial está basada en la producción de alimento y en la generación de empleo. A pesar de que las cooperativas se han fortalecido como modelo de negocio exitoso, en México las cooperativas pesqueras enfrentan problemas diversos. El uso de indicadores de sustentabilidad es útil para identificar áreas de oportunidad. Uno de estos es la huella ecológica de donde derivó el de huella ecológica corporativa que mide el impacto ambiental global en unidades de superficie. El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar las áreas de oportunidad en la mejora ambiental de una cooperativa pesquera y generar estrategias, mediante la evaluación y análisis de la huella. El cálculo se hizo a través del Método Compuesto en Cuentas Contables. Se encontró una huella ecológica bruta de 299.24 gha, así como 688.96 t de CO2. Las áreas de oportunidad son la reducción de consumos en las categorías de materiales, suelo de recursos forestales y ecosistema bosque, éstos dos últimos con el mayor influjo en la huella. Se recomienda la implementación del monitoreo de la huella con el fin de estimar las reducciones anuales.