ABSTRACT: Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) represent a significant environmental problem due to their toxicity, with a high capacity to persist in the environment, resistance to conventional degradation methods, the ability to accumulate in living organisms and their magnification in food chains or food. In this review article, the impacts on health and environmental components are examined. Strategies and measures for control, mitigation and/or minimization of POPs are also addressed. Agricultural and industrial activities, inadequate final disposal of solid waste and lack of wastewater treatment are identified as the main sources of POP emissions. In addition, innovative and promising technologies are analyzed, such as nanotechnology, bioremediation, rhizoremediation, biochar, chromatography techniques, ultrasound, among others, for the adequate treatment of POPs. The review highlights both the advantages and limitations of these technologies, pointing out areas that still require developments to achieve effective treatments. More economical and ecological alternatives are also mentioned to counteract the impacts of POPs.

RESUMEN: Los contaminantes orgánicos persistentes (COP) representan un problema ambiental significativo debido a su toxicidad, con una alta capacidad para persistir en el entorno, resistencia a los métodos de degradación convencionales, la capacidad de acumulación en organismos vivos y su magnificación en las cadenas tróficas o alimentarias. En este artículo de revisión, se examinan los impactos en la salud y en los componentes medio ambientales. También se abordan las estrategias y medidas de control, mitigación y/o minimización de los COP. Se identifica a las actividades agrícolas, industriales, la inadecuada disposición final de los residuos sólidos y la falta de tratamiento de las aguas residuales como las principales fuentes de emisión de COP. Además, se analizan tecnologías innovadoras y prometedoras, como la nanotecnología, biorremediación, rizorremediación, biocarbón, técnicas de cromatografía, ultrasonido, entre otras, para el tratamiento adecuado de los COP. La revisión destaca tanto las ventajas como las limitaciones de estas tecnologías, señalando áreas que aún requieren desarrollos para lograr tratamientos eficaces. También se mencionan alternativas más económicas y ecológicas, para contrarrestar los impactos de los COP.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo é determinar a associação entre poluentes orgânicos ambientais com diabetes tipo 2. Este estudo prospectivo foi conduzido na Universidade Federal Urdu de Artes, Ciência e Tecnologia (FUUAST), Gulshan-e-Iqbal, Campus Karachi, com duração de janeiro de 2016 a junho de 2017. Este estudo foi eticamente aprovado pelo Comitê de Revisão Institucional da FUUAST. O estudo incluiu 50 indivíduos convenientes do sexo masculino e feminino com diabetes tipo 2. Indivíduos com outro tipo de diabetes foram excluídos. O consentimento foi obtido por cada indivíduo. Um questionário autoestruturado foi utilizado para a coleta de dados. Os resultados comparativos sugerem que o nível máximo de soma de bifenilas policloradas (PCBs) valor médio foi encontrado na faixa etária 27-33 como 0,695 mg / kg em 73%, tendo total de 11 indivíduos. A mediana (intervalo interquartil) dos níveis de pesticidas entre indivíduos com peso normal, sobrepeso e obesidade foi de 0.49 (0.26-2.13), 1.53 (0.60-2.65) e 1.60 (1.23-2.05), respectivamente. Observou-se que os níveis de pesticidas organoclorados (OCS) de indivíduos com sobrepeso e obesidade eram quase semelhantes (valor P > 0.05), mas significativamente maiores em comparação com indivíduos com peso normal (valor P < 0.05). Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os níveis de PCB dos indivíduos em termos de índice de massa corporal (IMC). No presente estudo, rastreamos os elementos importantes envolvidos na deposição de poluentes orgânicos persistentes e estabelecemos uma associação entre os poluentes com a etiologia do diabetes e doenças associadas, como a obesidade.

Abstract The aim of this study is to determine the association between environmental organic pollutants with type 2 diabetes. This prospective study was conducted in Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology (FUUAST) Gulshan-e-Iqbal Campus Karachi in duration from January 2016 to June 2017. This study was ethically approved from the Institutional Review Board of FUUAST. The study included 50 male and female convenient subjects with type 2 diabetes. Subject with other type of diabetes was excluded. Consent was obtained by each individual. Self-structured questionnaire was used for data collection. The comparative results suggest that the maximum level of summation polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) mean value was found in age group 27-33 as 0.695 mg/kg in 73% having total individual eleven. Median (interquartile range) of pesticides levels among subjects with normal weight, over weight and obesity were 0.49 (0.26-2.13), 1.53 (0.60-2.65), and 1.60 (1.23-2.05) respectively. It was observed that Organochlorine pesticides (OCS) levels of subjects with overweight and obesity were almost similar (P-value > 0.05) but significantly higher as compared to subjects with normal weight (P-value < 0.05). No significant differences were observed between PCB levels of subjects in terms of body mass index (BMI). In present study we trace the important elements involve in the deposition of persistent organic pollutants and established an association between pollutants with etiology of diabetes and associated disorders such as obesity.

ABSTRACT Atrazine is a synthetic pesticide widely used in many crops. It is considered a contaminant to soil and water, and due to its leaching and recalcitrant capacities, new treatment technologies have been developed for its removal, with an emphasis on advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), since conventional wastewater treatments show reduced capacity to remove persistent organic pollutants. This article provides a literature review of the main AOP approaches, such as photolysis, ozonation, photoperoxidation, fenton and photo-fenton, photocatalysis, and electrochemical processes, for the atrazine treatment and the fundamentals behind each process. In addition, the innovations and applications of hybrid AOP systems were documented. It is worth mentioning that despite the high efficiency obtained by AOPs in the degradation of ATZ, it is important to evaluate the resulting toxicity and by-products formed, as well as the costs associated with the application of these processes. crops water capacities removal AOPs, , (AOPs) pollutants approaches photolysis ozonation photoperoxidation photofenton, photofenton photo fenton, photo-fenton photocatalysis process addition documented ATZ byproducts products formed (AOPs

RESUMO A atrazina é um agrotóxico sintético amplamente utilizado em diversas culturas. É considerado um contaminante do solo e da água, e, devido à sua capacidade lixiviante e recalcitrante, novas tecnologias de tratamento têm sido desenvolvidas para sua remoção, com destaque para os processos oxidativos avançados (POAs), uma vez que os tratamentos convencionais de efluentes apresentam capacidade reduzida de remover poluentes orgânicos persistentes. Este artigo fornece uma revisão da literatura sobre as principais abordagens de POAs, como fotólise, ozonização, fotoperoxidação, fenton e fotofenton, fotocatálise e processos eletroquímicos, para tratamento da atrazina e os fundamentos reacionais por trás de cada processo. Em adição, as inovações e as aplicações de sistemas POAs híbridos foram documentadas. Vale ressaltar que apesar da alta eficiência obtida pelos POAs na degradação da ATZ, é importante avaliar a toxicidade resultante e os subprodutos formados, além dos custos associados à aplicação desses processos. culturas água recalcitrante remoção , (POAs) persistentes fotólise ozonização fotoperoxidação fotofenton eletroquímicos processo adição documentadas ATZ formados (POAs

We report on the detection of an organic pollutant mostly found in local streams and wastewater treatment plants, specifically on triclosan detected in the Umbogintwini Industrial Complex (UIC), located on the south coast of Durban, KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa. Triclosan was successfully extracted from effluent samples using molecularly imprinted membrane adsorbents (MIMs) before quantification and removal using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This was done through fabrication of a polyvinylidene fluoride polymer using selective microparticles and molecularly imprinted polymers by means of phase inversion and an immersion precipitation method which results in enhanced hydrophilicity and membrane performance. The optimisation of experimental parameters - i.e. contact time and sample size - was performed through different stages of analysis. The synthesised MIMs exhibited an outstanding adsorption efficiency of 97% for triclosan in relation to those of non-imprinted membranes (NIMs) and pristine membranes at 92% and 88%, respectively. The analytical method employed had limits of detection and quantification of 0.21 and 0.69 parts per billion (ppb or μg/L) in wastewater effluent, respectively. The obtained efficiency results show great potential for future use of membrane and molecular imprinting technology, and that MIMs can be adopted as adsorbents for water treatment. The fast and highly selective methodology presented in this work could also be employed for the examination of persistent organic pollutants in the future to combat water scarcity in South Africa. SIGNIFICANCE: The key finding of this work is the incorporation of molecularly imprinted polymers with a membrane adsorbent to improve the performance of the membrane. An unexpected finding was the existence of pollutants like triclosan in water within the boundaries of the KwaMakhutha community, near the human settlement. Among the MIMs, NIMs and bare membranes, higher removal efficiencies were displayed by the synthesised MIMs against the discovered pollutants. This work could open doors for advanced research in the community

Resumo Este estudo determina as associações entre o perfil lipídico sérico, o risco de doença cardiovascular e os poluentes orgânicos persistentes. Por meio da técnica de cromatografia gasosa, mediu-se a intensidade dos resíduos de poluentes tóxicos em amostras de soro de pacientes hipertensos. Com base na análise estatística, os efeitos de diferentes covariáveis – ou seja, pesticidas, idade, pressão arterial sistólica, pressão arterial diastólica e duração do perfil lipídico – foram verificados usando o modelo de regressão logística. O cálculo estatístico foi realizado no SPSS 22.0. Os valores P da estatística F para cada classe de perfil lipídico são maiores que 0,01 (1%), portanto não podemos rejeitar a hipótese nula para todos os casos. Os coeficientes estimados, seus erros padrão, estatística de Wald e odds ratio do modelo de regressão logística binária para diferentes parâmetros do perfil lipídico indicam se os pesticidas aumentam, então o valor logit de diferentes parâmetros do perfil lipídico muda de -0,46 para -0,246, exceto LDL, que aumenta em 0,135. O estudo relata um aumento significativo da ameaça de doença cardiovascular com aumento das concentrações de poluentes tóxicos.

Abstract This study determines the associations among serum lipid profiles, risk of cardiovascular disease, and persistent organic pollutants. Using Gas chromatography technique, the intensity of toxic pollutant residues in serum samples of Hypertensive patients were measured. Based on statistical analysis, the effects of different covariates namely pesticides, age, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and lipid profile duration was checked using the logistic regression model. Statistical computation was performed on SPSS 22.0. The P-values of F-Statistic for each lipid profile class are greater than 0.01 (1%), therefore we cannot reject the null hypothesis for all cases. The estimated coefficients, their standard errors, Wald Statistic, and odds ratio of the binary logistic regression model for different lipid profile parameters indicate if pesticides increase then the logit value of different lipid profile parameters changes from -0.46 to -0.246 except LDL which increases by 0.135. The study reports a significantly increased threat of cardiovascular disease with increased concentrations of toxic pollutants.

PERFLUORINATED COMPOUNDS: A THREAT TO THE CLEAN OCEAN. Per- and polyfluorinated compounds (PFAS) have been produced for more than seven decades and widely used in the most diverse areas, from food packaging, textile industry, aqueous film-forming foam to pesticides and surfactants. However, the characteristics that allow the wide range of applications also bring environmental concerns due to their persistence and toxic effects. Although the ocean might be the final destination of PFAS, in Brazil few studies have been carried out about PFAS and there are many gaps regarding their environmental occurrence, sources and distribution. Therefore, this article presents a review of the production, use, behavior in the environment, legislation, the occurrence of classic PFAS in the Brazilian marine environment, as well as perceptions about their fluorinated substitutes. COMPOUNDS OCEAN Per (PFAS areas packaging industry filmforming film forming surfactants However effects distribution Therefore production use environment legislation substitutes

Constantly we have to deal with an exponential increase in the amount of different chemical compounds that industries synthesize and manufacture, such as drugs, pesticides, persistent organic pollutants, preservatives, and personal hygiene products. Many of these chemical substances are biologically active and interact with biomolecules, such as proteins, through specific mechanisms that lead to different biological responses. Due to the inherent risk of many compounds to the environment and to humans, their toxicological activities must be evaluated. In order to evaluate the biological activity of molecules, three types of experiments can be used: in vivo (e.g., animal tests); in vitro (e.g., cell tissue culture); and in silico simulations. In vivo and in vitro experiments are time-consuming and expensive processes, in addition to causing ethical discussions and debates. An alternative to avoid these setbacks is the use of in silico models. The scientific community thus begins to use in silico models as a possible alternative, developing a large number of models and strategies capable of predicting the toxicological properties of several chemical compounds. This review discusses methods that employ in silico models to assess and predict the possible effects of contaminants found in natural waters. manufacture drugs pesticides pollutants preservatives products biomolecules proteins responses humans evaluated molecules used e.g., eg e g (e.g. tests tests) culture culture) simulations timeconsuming time consuming processes debates waters e.g. (e.g e.g

To preserve human health, persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and current-use pesticides (CUPs) should be monitored in fatty tissues, including breast milk. Therefore, this study aimed to optimize sample preparation conditions using a 32 factorial design for the determination of POPs and CUPs by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with negative chemical ionization (GC-NCI-MS). The method was validated for 57 POP and CUP compounds using hexane:acetone for extraction and clean-up by dispersive solid phase extraction (d-SPE) with Florisil®. The matrix effect was compensated by extracted analytical calibration. Method validation showed satisfactory results with limits of detection of 3 to 13 ng g-1 of fat. The method presented adequate accuracy (recoveries from 72 to 117%) and precision (relative standard deviation (RSD) ≤ 18%) and was applied to breast milk samples from Rio Grande do Sul State, southern Brazil, wherein all samples contained at least one compound. With principal component analysis, it was possible to associate the pesticides detected with the city of origin of the samples and the number of pregnancies of nursing mothers. Additionally, the analytical method was effective for the determination of trace levels of POPs and CUPs in breast milk and can be applied in biomonitoring studies.

Sanitary landfill leachate (SLL) is a mixture of highly toxic and recalcitrant pollutants that threatens the water quality of the Yucatán Peninsula karst aquifer, one of the most extensive aquifers on the planet. To reduce the adverse environmental impacts of this wastewater, a triple-stage Fenton process (FP) was applied in an old SLL. Removal efficiencies were evaluated in terms of physicochemical variables, metal(oid)s concentrations, mass spectrometric identification of organic compounds and Daphnia magna acute toxicity test. The triple-stage FP achieved an 88% chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal, representing an improvement of 13% compared to FP performed in a single stage. Further, metal(oid)s such as aluminum, arsenic, chromium, nickel and zinc as well as organic compounds were substantially reduced. With respect to acute toxicity, the treatment produced a 64% reduction. Thus, this treatment system seems to be an effective option to reduce the dangerous level of SLL.

RESUMO Áreas de mangue estão sujeitas a pressões antrópicas, ecossistema deposicional, e seus sedimentos contêm registros da história ambiental. Recentemente, foi criada uma Área de Preservação Ambiental na região de manguezais de São Gonçalo (Área de Preservação Ambiental de Itaoca). Esse local recebeu lixo doméstico ao longo de 28 anos. O perfil sedimentar determinou a geocronologia e quantificou os poluentes orgânicos persistentes, como hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos, bifenilas policloradas e pesticidas organoclorados. Os hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos apresentaram origem pirogênica com concentrações moderadas, exceto para o dibenzo [a,h] antraceno, um composto carcinogênico que excedeu o nível de efeito limítrofe. O registro sedimentar correspondente ao período anterior ao lixão sugeriu que os hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos estavam ligados à queima de madeira por olarias. O perileno foi um bom marcador para a redução da biomassa vegetal, sugerindo associação com a supressão de manguezais durante a ocupação. No período que antecede ao lixão, antes de 1976, a contaminação do sedimento por pesticidas organoclorados, como [2,2-bis (p-clorofenil) −1,1dicloroetileno] (metabólito primário do [1,1,1-tricloro-2,2-bis (p-clorofenil) etano]), foi vinculada a campanhas de saúde pública no combate ao mosquito da malária, ultrapassando os valores de nível de efeito limítrofe. No período de atividade do lixão, o aumento dos valores de [2,2-bis (p-clorofenil) −1,1dicloroetileno] coincidiu com o banimento do [1,1,1-tricloro-2,2-bis (p-clorofenil) etano], sugerindo seu descarte irregular. As bifenilas policloradas estavam abaixo das concentrações de nível de efeito limítrofe, mas semelhantes aos encontrados em lixões industriais em outros países. Os poluentes orgânicos persistentes mostraram-se eficientes marcadores antrópicos de ocupação urbana e contaminação acarretada pelo lixão. Por estar localizado em área de proteção ambiental, é necessária a retomada imediata do processo de remediação para interromper o processo de contaminação da Área de Preservação Ambiental em questão.

ABSTRACT Mangrove areas are subject to human pressure, depositional ecosystem, and their sediments contain records of environmental history. The Itaoca Environmental Protection Area was recently created in the mangrove region of São Gonçalo. This site received domestic waste over 28 years. The sedimentary profile determined geochronology and quantified persistent organic pollutants, such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine pesticides. Polyaromatic hydrocarbons had a pyrogenic origin with moderate concentrations, except for dibenzo [a,h] anthracene, a carcinogenic compound that exceeded the limit effect level. The sedimentary record corresponding to the period prior to the dump suggested that polyaromatic hydrocarbons were linked to the burning of wood by potteries. Perylene was a good marker for the reduction of plant biomass, suggesting an association with the suppression of mangroves during the occupation. In the period prior to the dump, before 1976, the contamination of the sediment by organochlorine pesticides, such as [2,2-bis (p-clorofenil) −1,1dicloroetileno] (primary metabolite of [1,1,1-tricloro-2,2-bis (p-clorofenil) etano]), was linked to public health campaigns to combat the malaria mosquito, exceeding the limit effect level values. During the period of activity of the dump, the increase in [2,2-bis (p-clorofenil) −1,1dicloroetileno] values coincided with the banning of [1,1,1-tricloro-2,2-bis (p-clorofenil) etano], suggesting its irregular disposal. polychlorinated biphenyls were below limit effect level concentrations, but similar to those found in industrial dumps in other countries. Persistent organic pollutants proved to be efficient anthropic markers of urban occupation and contamination caused by the landfill. As it is located in an environmental protection area, an immediate resumption of the remediation process is necessary to interrupt the contamination process of the Environmental Protection Area in question.

ABSTRACT Mexico has a great variety of aquatic ecosystems; however, most of them present significant contamination levels. Despite the efforts to monitor toxic and bioaccumulative persistent pollutants, they are still insufficient and outdated data from Mexican coasts, especially in polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), due to the number of aquatic bodies that have received little or no attention. In this regard, the Mexican Pacific's coastal zones and their aquatic ecosystems monitoring PCBs and PAHs in biota is critical because it allows us to estimate the potential risk to human health. This work aimed to determine the total concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls (∑PCBs) and total polyaromatic hydrocarbons (∑PAHs) in the muscle of fish collected in two coastal lagoons of the central Mexican Pacific and to determine the non-carcinogenic risk ratio (HQ) based on the monthly per capita consumption of national fish and the consumption of fish associated with fishing communities in Mexico. It was found that the potential risk for fishing communities is considerably higher and correlates to the rate of fish consumption, highlighting their vulnerability to these contaminants.

Abstract Globally, the indiscriminate use of metal products discharged into water used in agriculture has led to severe contamination, therefore it is important to establish a methodology for decontamination through biological processes, with basidiomycete fungi because it has been shown to degrade a number of persistent organic pollutants using extracellular enzymes, in addition to removing dissolved metals from the water by biosorption, acting, as a natural exchanger. The objectives of this work were to determine between three metals (Pb, Cr and Cd) which was most efficiently removed from the aqueous solution by the fungus mycelium of Pleurotus ostreatus, as well as to evaluate its tolerance and describe the effects caused by each on its cellular structure. The adsorption of metals by mycelium in liquid medium was evaluated using modified Kirk medium, the concentrations retained for 8 days in solution of 20 mg L-1 of each element were quantified, the results indicated that the adsorption of Pb (75%) was the most efficient, followed by Cr (42%) Cd (2.25%). In the results in solid culture medium (PDA) no concentration of Pb and Cr inhibited mycelium growth, however, with Cd was inhibited from 60 mg L-1; however, the three elements caused structural alterations in mycelium. In conclusion, the P. ostreatus strain had tolerance and significant biosorption (p≤ 0.05) for Pb and Cr, so it could be a specific bioremediation biomaterial for Pb and Cr.

Resumen A nivel mundial, el uso indiscriminado de productos metálicos vertidos en agua utilizada en la agricultura ha generado una grave contaminación, por lo tanto, es importante establecer una metodología para su descontaminación a través de procesos biológicos, con hongos basidiomicetos ya que se ha demostrado que pueden degradar una serie de contaminantes orgánicos persistentes utilizando enzimas extracelulares, además de eliminar metales disueltos del agua mediante biosorción, actuando, como un intercambiador natural. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron determinar entre tres metales (Pb, Cr y Cd) cuál fue removido más eficientemente de la solución acuosa por el micelio del hongo Pleurotus ostreatus, así como evaluar su tolerancia y describir los efectos causados por cada uno sobre su estructura celular. La adsorción de metales por el micelio en medio líquido se evaluó utilizando medio Kirk modificado, se cuantificaron las concentraciones retenidas durante 8 días en solución de 20 mg L-1 de cada elemento, los resultados indicaron que la adsorción de Pb (75%) fue la más eficiente, seguida de Cr (42%) y Cd (2.25%). En los resultados en medio de cultivo sólido (PDA) ninguna concentración de Pb y Cr inhibió el crecimiento del micelio, sin embargo, con Cd se inhibió a partir de 60 mg L-1; no obstante, los tres elementos causaron en el micelio alteraciones a nivel estructural. En conclusión, la cepa de P. ostreatus presento tolerancia y biosorción significativa (p≤ 0.05) para Pb y Cr, por lo que podría ser un biomaterial de biorremediación específica para Pb y Cr.

Chlordecone (CLD) has been used as a pesticide for a long time to control the proliferation of various insects in tropical countries like the French West Indies. CLD was included in 2009 in the list of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) by the Stockholm Convention, prohibiting its production and use worldwide. Thus, its removal from water and soils is a sanitary emergency. With the purpose of limiting impregnation of the population by chlordecone in Martinique and Guadeloupe, since 1999 production and drinking water purification installations have been equipped with activated carbon filters without much knowledge on the adsorption mechanism of these pollutants on activated carbons (AC) surface. This article reviews the available information about how functionalized activated carbons can be used for improving the decontamination of polluted with CLD waters. The recent computational investigations about the CLD interactions with functionalized AC by molecular modeling are well-reviewed, considering geometrical and energetic features with the purpose of better understand the adsorption process. Finally, some aspects, trends, and perspectives on using computational tools for understanding the adsorption of CLD on AC and designing more efficient AC are also discussed.

ABSTRACT Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are considered persistent organic pollutants in the environment. Due to their toxicity, some of them are classified as carcinogenic to humans. In this work, the procedures corresponding to the US EPA 8100 methodology for the determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments, based on gas chromatography analysis after ultrasound-assisted extraction, have been assimilated and internally verified. Method verification was carried out according to NC TS 368: 2010. The method proved to be linear, precise and exact. Once verified, the method was used to study the contamination of sediments from Hanabanilla nab (presence of anthracene, phenanthrene and chrysene of pyrogenic origin was found), as well as at the mouth of Salado and Damují rivers towards the Cienfuegos bay, where seven of the fifteen studied PAHs were found.

RESUMEN Los hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos (HAPs) son considerados contaminantes orgánicos persistentes en el medio ambiente. Por su toxicidad, algunos de ellos son catalogados como cancerígenos en humanos. En este trabajo se asimilaron los procedimientos correspondientes a la metodología US EPA 8100 y se desarrolló la verificación interna del método analítico por cromatografía gaseosa, combinado con la extracción asistida con ultrasonidos, para la determinación de Hidrocarburos Aromáticos Policíclicos (HAPs) en sedimentos. Para la verificación del método analítico se siguió lo establecido en la NC TS 368: 2010. El método resultó ser lineal, preciso y exacto. Mediante el empleo del método verificado se estudió la contaminación de sedimentos del embalse Hanabanilla, mostrando presencia de Antraceno, Fenantreno y Criseno de origen pirogénico, así como en la desembocadura de los ríos Salado y Damují hacia la bahía de Cienfuegos, donde fue posible cuantificar 7 de los 15 HAPs en estudio.

ABSTRACT Lake Titicaca is an important water resource and the ecological balance of the Peruvian-Bolivian Andean plateau depends on it. At present, it is being disturbed by poor water resource management practices, which is why persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were monitored in sediments from 13 sampling stations in the Inner Bay of Lake Titicaca (Puno, Peru). The samples were lyophilized and stored at -70°C for further analysis. For the validation of the analytical method, the following parameters were considered: recovery, repetition and uncertainty of all the compounds studied. The POPs were determined by gas chromatography coupled to an electron capture detector, and the presence of β-BHC, 0.018 μg/g; o,p´-DDE, 0.0011 μg/g; dicofol 0.0065 μg/g and endosulfan sulfate 0.0061 μg/g were detected. On the other hand, PAHs were determined by liquid chromatography coupled to a fluorescence detector, confirming the presence of naphthalene, 0.058 μg/g; pyrene, 0.039 μg/g; benzo(a)anthracene, 0.571 μg/g and chrysene, 0.033 μg/g. The presence of POPs and PAHs evidences an environmental risk for the species that inhabit the ecosystem of this lake.

RESUMEN El Lago Titicaca es un importante recurso hídrico y de él depende el equilibrio ecológico de la meseta andina peruano-boliviana. En la actualidad, está siendo perturbada por las malas prácticas de gestión de los recursos hídricos, razón por la cual los contaminantes orgánicos persistentes (COP) y los hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos (HAP) fueron monitoreados en los sedimentos de 13 estaciones de muestreo en el interior de la bahía del Lago Titicaca (Puno, Perú). Las muestras fueron liofilizadas y almacenadas a -70°C para su posterior análisis. Para la validación del método analítico se consideraron los siguientes parámetros: recuperación, repetición e incertidumbre de todos los compuestos estudiados. Los COPs fueron determinados por cromatografía de gases acoplada a un detector de captura de electrones, y se detectó la presencia de β-BHC, 0.018 μg/g; o,p´-DDE, 0.0011 μg/g; dicofol 0.0065 μg/g y sulfato de endosulfán 0.0061 μg/g. Por otra parte, los HAP se determinaron mediante cromatografía líquida acoplada a un detector de fluorescencia, confirmando la presencia de naftalina, 0.058 μg/g; pireno, 0.039 μg/g; benzo(a)antraceno, 0.571 μg/g y criseno, 0.033 μg/g. La presencia de COPs y HAPs evidencia un riesgo ambiental para las especies que habitan el ecosistema de este lago.