Resumen Las especies Aegomorphus quadrigibbus (Say) y Thryallis undatus (Chevrolat) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) fueron identificados causando daño a árboles de limón persa en huertas del municipio de Martínez de la Torre, en el centro del estado de Veracruz, México. Se observaron perforaciones realizadas por los adultos para ovopositar los huevos en troncos y ramas, con galerías de entre dos y cinco cm de profundidad, que causaron la desecación de las ramas y, en algunos casos, la muerte total de los árboles. En árboles previamente afectados por patógenos vasculares o con deficiencias de nutrientes, el daño fue más severo porque las larvas formaron galerías que rodearon el tronco o las ramas, impidiendo el flujo de nutrientes. La incidencia media en los árboles muestreados fue del 10,8%. Dado que la zona de Martínez de la Torre es la región productora de limón persa más importante de México, es necesario monitorear los cultivos para determinar la presencia de insectos y desarrollar estudios para definir niveles de daño y estrategias de manejo de las poblaciones de insectos cuando se requiera. Este es el primer registro de A. quadrigibbus y T. undatus asociados con árboles de la familia Rutaceae y que causan daños en los huertos de limón persa.

Abstract The species Aegomorphus quadrigibbus (Say) and Thryallis undatus (Chevrolat) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) were identified causing damage to Persian lime trees in Martínez de la Torre municipality orchards, in central Veracruz state, Mexico. Ovopositions made by the adults to lay eggs on trunks and branches were observed, with galleries between two and five cm deep, which caused the branches to dry up and, in some cases, complete death of the trees. In trees previously affected with vascular pathogens or with nutrient deficiencies, the damage was more severe because the larvae formed galleries that surrounded the trunk or branches, preventing the flow of nutrients. The average incidence in the sampled trees was 10,8%. Since the Martínez de la Torre area is the most important Persian lime production region in Mexico, it is necessary to monitor crops to determine the presence of insects and develop studies to define levels of damage and management strategies for their insects’ populations when required. This is the first record of A. quadrigibbus and T. undatus associated with trees of the Rutaceae family and causing damage to Persian lime orchards.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resposta fotossintética de variedades de citros submetidas à inoculação dos isolados T30 e T3 de Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) caracterizados como tendo potencial para conferir proteção cruzada a citros contra isolados severos de CTV. Plantas de citros de laranja 'Campbell', limão 'Tahiti' e limão 'Galego' foram submetidas à inoculação de ambos os isolados por “patch”. Plantas não inoculadas foram utilizadas como controle. A expressão dos sintomas, as taxas fotossintética e de transpiração, e a condutância estomática foram avaliadas por IRGA. A densidade e o tamanho estomáticos foram avaliados por impressões epidérmicas. Os isolados de CTV também foram avaliados e caracterizados molecularmente por RT-PCR e sequenciamento de Sanger. As plantas de laranja 'Campbell' e limão 'Tahiti' permaneceram assintomáticas após as inoculações. Os tratamentos de inoculação com ambos os isolados de CTV não reduziram capacidade fotossintética, taxas de transpiração e condutância estomática, em comparação ao controle. A densidade e o tamanho estomáticos variaram de acordo com a espécie. T30 e T3 não afetam as respostas fotossintéticas de laranja 'Campbell' e limão 'Tahiti'; portanto, estes isolados têm potencial para promover proteção cruzada a variedades de citros contra isolados severos de CTV. T (CTV Campbell, Campbell , Tahiti 'Tahiti Galego 'Galego patch. patch . “patch” controle sintomas IRGA epidérmicas RTPCR RT PCR Sanger 'Campbell inoculações espécie portanto “patch

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the photosynthetic response of citrus varieties to the inoculation of isolates T30 and T3 of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) characterized as having potential to provide cross-protection against severe CTV isolates in citrus. Citrus plants of 'Campbell' orange, 'Persian' lime, and 'Key' lime were subjected to inoculations by both isolates by patch. Noninoculated plants were used as the control. Symptom expression, photosynthetic and transpiration rates, and stomatal conductance were evaluated by IRGA. Stomatal density and size were evaluated by epidermal impressions. The CTV isolates were also evaluated and molecularly characterized by RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing. 'Campbell' orange and 'Persian' lime plants remained asymptomatic after the inoculations. The inoculation treatments with both CTV isolates did not reduce photosynthetic capacity, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance, in comparison with the control. Stomatal density and size varied according to the citrus species. T30 and T3 do not affect the photosynthetic responses of 'Campbell' orange and 'Persian' lime; therefore, these isolates have the potential to provide cross-protection to citrus varieties against severe isolates of CTV. T (CTV crossprotection cross protection Campbell 'Campbell Persian 'Persian Key 'Key patch control expression rates IRGA impressions RTPCR RT PCR sequencing capacity rate species therefore

Abstract Citrus fruit industrial processing generates tons of waste composed of peels, seeds and pulp. Incorrect disposal of these residues may harm the environment. The extraction of oil and bioactive compounds from citrus fruit seeds may be considered a sustainable alternative to the disposal of waste by the citrus agroindustry. In order to provide safe disposal of citrus waste an evaluation of its composition is necessary. Here we report the results of the application of a methodology to evaluate the composition the seeds of Citrus limettioides. In the first step, extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide was used. This work allowed the isolation and identification of four aglycone-type limonoids by High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, identified as limonin, nomilin, deacetylnomilin, and obacunone. In addition, six other polar limonoids and two glycosyl flavonoids were identified by HPLC-ESI/MS/MS. peels pulp environment agroindustry necessary limettioides step used aglyconetype aglycone type Resonance limonin nomilin deacetylnomilin obacunone addition HPLCESI/MS/MS. HPLCESIMSMS HPLC ESI/MS/MS. ESI MS HPLC-ESI/MS/MS HPLCESI HPLCESI/MS/MS ESIMSMS ESI/MS/MS

ABSTRACT It is necessary to diversify the scion/rootstock combinations for Persian lime cultivation, notably under tropical rainfed conditions. Therefore, in this work we evaluated the performance of a new cultivar, BRS EECB IAC Ponta Firme, up to six years after planting on 26 citrus rootstocks under Aw climate in northern São Paulo state, Brazil. Thirty single-tree randomized replications of each rootstock were evaluated without irrigation at 1,000 trees·ha-1. Lemon-type, followed by mandarin rootstocks induced the largest tree size and higher mean yield, probably related to the higher drought tolerance. The true dwarfing rootstocks of Flying Dragon trifoliate orange and Lindcove citrandarin were highly drought-intolerant, but, in addition to Swingle citrumelo and four other citrandarins, they did not present huanglongbing-symptomatic trees during the evaluation period under strict control of the insect vector. Overall, BRS EECB IAC Ponta Firme fruit quality was minimally influenced by the rootstock cultivar and fulfilled the requirements for both domestic and export fresh fruit markets. Due to superior production efficiency associated with high yield in relation to the canopy size, the Goutoucheng sour orange, BRS Ary, BRS Bravo and BRS Matta hybrids were selected as potential rootstocks of rainfed BRS EECB IAC Ponta Firme lime under Aw climate (tropical savannah) conditions. scionrootstock scion cultivation conditions Therefore 2 state Brazil singletree single 1000 1 000 1,00 trees·ha1. treesha1 treesha trees·ha 1. ha trees·ha-1 Lemontype, Lemontype Lemon type, type Lemon-type tolerance droughtintolerant, droughtintolerant intolerant, intolerant drought-intolerant but citrandarins huanglongbingsymptomatic huanglongbing symptomatic vector Overall markets Ary savannah 100 00 1,0 ha1 trees·ha1 trees·ha- 10 0 1,

Resumen Los picudos (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) son una de las principales plagas en los sistemas de producción citrícola debido a su distribución y forma de alimentación. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue identificar morfológicamente las especies de picudos asociados al cultivo de limón persa (Citrus latifolia Tanaka) en la zona citrícola del municipio de Huimanguillo, Tabasco, México. Las capturas de picudos se realizaron de manera directa en la copa de los árboles, de septiembre de 2019 a febrero de 2021, para un total de 17 muestreos en tres plantaciones de limón persa, dos con manejo convencional y una con manejo orgánico, cada una con parcelas útiles de dos hectáreas (624 plantas). Se colectaron 1,039 picudos correspondientes a cuatro morfoespecies, de las cuales 240 se identificaron morfológicamente como Epicaerus sp. (1), 355 como Epicaerus sp. (2), 112 como Exophthalmus opulentus y 332 como Cleistolophus subfasciatus.

Abstract Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) are one of the main pests in citrus production systems due to their distribution and way of feeding. The objective of this work was to morphologically identify the species of weevils associated with the cultivation of Persian lime (Citrus latifolia Tanaka) in the citrus zone of the municipality of Huimanguillo, Tabasco, Mexico. The captures of weevils were made directly in the canopy, from September 2019 to February 2021, for a total of 17 collected in three Persian lemon plantations, two with conventional management and one with organic management, each one with useful plots of two hectares (624 plants). A total of 1,039 weevils corresponding to four morphospecies were collected, of which 240 were morphologically identified as Epicaerus sp. (1), 355 as Epicaerus sp. (2), 112 as Exophthalmus opulentus and 332 as Cleistolophus subfasciatus.

Resumen La enfermedad de los cítricos conocida como Huanglongbing (HLB) es una de las más importantes a nivel mundial. Desde 2009 hasta la actualidad, México realiza el monitoreo poblacional y control del insecto vector de esta enfermedad, el psílido asiático Diaphorina citri, mediante el uso de insecticidas y enemigos naturales. El objetivo de esta investigación fue estimar la distribución espacio-temporal de las poblaciones de D. citri en lima persa Citrus latifolia bajo un esquema de manejo regional en Nayarit, México. El estudio se llevó a cabo de agosto de 2018 a Julio de 2020 en dos ambientes: cálido subhúmedo y en semicálido subhúmedo. Se estimó la fluctuación temporal y distribución espacial mediante la captura de adultos del psílido en huertos de las dos zonas climáticas. Se utilizaron 2.041 trampas amarillas distribuidas en 1.100 hectáreas, las cuales se revisaron quincenalmente. Se realizaron análisis de varianza del número de adultos entre localidades, por zona climática y entre meses del año. Se estimaron correlaciones entre la población y la temperatura y la precipitación pluvial. La población de adultos de D. citri fue estadísticamente similar entre huertos de una misma zona climática, por lo que se justifica un manejo similar por zona climática. En ambos climas se detectó diferencia significativa de poblaciones de D. citri entre los meses del año. En clima cálido subhúmedo, las poblaciones más altas de adultos de D. citri se registraron en julio-agosto y en clima semicálido subhúmedo, ocurrieron en febrero-marzo y agosto por lo que se requeriría aplicar una medida de control en estos periodos. En este estudio no se detectó correlación significativa entre poblaciones de D. citri con la temperatura ni con la precipitación pluvial. El control de D. citri puede ser regional, diferenciado en cada zona climática y de acuerdo con los meses del año con mayor población.

Abstract The citrus disease known as Huanglongbing (HLB) is one of the most important worldwide. Present in Mexico since 2009, its current management is carried out mainly through population monitoring and control of its insect vector, Diaphorina citri with the use of insecticides and natural enemies. The objective of this research was to estimate the spatio-temporal distribution of Diaphorina citri populations in Persian lime Citrus latifolia with a regional management scheme in Nayarit, Mexico. The study was conducted in 2018-2020 in two environments: warm subhumid and semi-warm subhumid. Temporal fluctuation and spatial distribution were obtained by capturing psyllid adults in orchards in both climatic zones with 2.041 yellow traps, which were reviewed biweekly. Analysis of variance of the number of adults was carried out between localities, by climatic zone and between months of the year. Correlations between populations and temperature and rainfall were estimated. The adult population of D. citri was statistically similar between orchards in the same climatic zone, for which the same management by climatic zone is justified. In both climates, a significant difference in populations of D. citri was detected between the months of the year. In warm subhumid climate, the highest adult populations of D. citri were recorded in July and August, so it would be necessary to apply a control measure in this period. In semi-warm subhumid climates, the highest adult populations of the psyllid occurred in February-March and August, in this period is recommended to apply a control measure. In this study, no significant correlation was detected between populations of D. citri with temperature or rainfall. Control of D. citri can be regional, differentiated in each climatic zone and according to the months of the year with the largest population.

Resumen El agua electrolizada oxidante es una tecnología emergente ecológica considerada como un nuevo desinfectante de amplio espectro. Se evaluó la eficacia del agua oxidante electrolizada contra Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Fusarium oxysporum y Penicillium italicum a diferentes concentraciones de cloro libre (0.5, 1, 6, 12 y 30 ppm). Los resultados mostraron que, a concentraciones de 6, 12 y 30 ppm de cloro libre, el crecimiento micelial, la esporulación y el proceso de germinación fueron totalmente inhibidos en las cepas evaluadas. La aplicación curativa de tratamientos mediante la aplicación de 30 ppm de cloro libre presentó los mejores resultados para el control de hongos en frutos inoculados artificialmente. También se evaluó la calidad del fruto (pérdida de peso, solidos solubles totales, pH, acidez titulable). La aplicación de agua electrolizada oxidante no tuvo impacto negativo en la calidad de las frutas. Los resultados obtenidos confirman la actividad antifúngica del agua electrolizada oxidante contra las cepas evaluadas, así como su capacidad para curar frutos infectados.

Abstract Electrolyzed oxidizing water is an eco-friendly emerging technology considered as a novel broad-spectrum sanitizer. The efficacy of electrolyzed oxidizing water against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Fusarium oxysporum, and Penicillium italicum at different concentrations of free chlorine (0.5, 1, 6, 12, and 30 ppm) was evaluated. The results showed that at concentrations of 6, 12, and 30 ppm of free chlorine the mycelial growth, sporulation and germination process were totally inhibited in the strains tested. The inoculated fruit application of treatments by applying 30 ppm of free chlorine presented the best results for fungus control on artificially inoculated banana, papaya, and Persian lime fruits. The fruit quality (weight loss, TSS, pH, titratable acidity) was also evaluated. The application of electrolyzed oxidizing water had not negative impact on fruit quality. The results obtained confirm the antifungal activity of electrolyzed oxidizing water against the strains tested, as well as its capacity to cure infected fruits.

ABSTRACT The red palm mite Raoiella indica Hirst has recently invaded the Neotropical region, which demands the implementation of pest management strategies. In this study, toxicity of leaf extracts of Mexican oregano Lippia berlandieri Schauer, neem Azadirachta indica A. Juss, Mexican mint Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng., rue Ruta graveolens L. and Persian lime Citrus x latifolia Tanaka against R. indica was evaluated under laboratory conditions. Raoiella indica females were exposed to each plant extract at concentrations of 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1% (v/v) to assess the cumulative mortality at 24, 48 and 72 h after exposure. Mortality rates of R. indica rose due to increased extract concentration and exposure time. The strongest acaricidal activity was observed with L. berlandieri, A. indica and P amboinicus, whose 1% concentration and 72 h exposure caused a mean R. indica mortality of 100, 90 and 78%, respectively. These plant extracts hold promise for the chemical management of this pest.

RESUMEN El ácaro rojo de las palmas Raoiella indica Hirst es una plaga de reciente invasión en la región Neotropical, que demanda la implementación de estrategias de manejo. En este estudio se evaluó la toxicidad de los extractos de hojas de orégano mexicano Lippia berlandieri Schauer, neem Azadirachta indica A. Juss, menta mexicana Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng., ruda Ruta graveolens L. y limón persa Citrus x latifolia Tanaka contra R. indica en condiciones de laboratorio. Las hembras de R. indica se expusieron a cada extracto vegetal en concentraciones de 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 y 1% (v/v) para evaluar la mortalidad acumulada a las 24, 48 y 72 h después de la exposición. Los porcentajes de mortalidad de R. indica se incrementaron debido al aumento de la concentración del extracto y tiempo de exposición. La actividad acaricida más importante se observó con L. berlandieri, A. indica y P amboinicus, cuya concentración de 1% y 72 h de exposición causó una mortalidad promedio de 100, 90 y 78% de ácaros, respectivamente. Estos extractos vegetales son promisorios para el manejo químico de esta plaga.

ABSTRACT Combining longitudinal data and statistical models from perennial crops enabled us to estimate the optimum number of measures (harvests), implying accurate discrimination of superior genotypes in those crops. Herein, the goal of this study was to determine the optimum number of harvests based on yield traits and recommend a superior graft/rootstock combination (GRC) for Citrus latifolia Tanaka. Twenty-four GRCs of 'Tahiti' acid lime were evaluated from July 2017 to August 2018 for fruit yield per plant (FYP), number of fruits per plant (NFP), and longitudinal (LFD) and transversal fruit diameter (TFD). The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. The experimental unit consisted of three individuals, totalling 244 individuals. The GRCs were composed of (i) two hybrids that were used as rootstock, citrumelo ‘Swingle’ (Citrus paradisi x Poncirus trifoliata) and cintrandarin ‘Riverside’ (Citrus sunki x Poncirus trifoliata); and (ii) 12 different C. latifolia genotypes that were used as grafts: Bello Fruit, Eledio, Iconha, Itarana, Santa Rosa, Bearss lime, CNPMF 01, CNPMF 02, CNPMF 2001, CNPMF 5059, BRS Passos, and Persian 58. Mixed models were employed to estimate the variance components. The optimum number of harvests was determined based on selective efficiency values above 0.9. The estimated repeatability coefficients presented values of 0.14 (LFD), 0.16 (TFD), 0.36 (FYP), and 0.38 (NFD). Based on the results, four harvests were able to choose genotypes based on FYP and NFP, whereas LFD and TFD were considered inefficient traits for recommending superior GRCs.

RESUMO A interferência de ervas daninhas em pomares cítricos jovens causa danos significativos, especialmente quando a competição ocorre durante a estação seca, quando os recursos ambientais são ainda mais escassos. Objetivou-se testar os efeitos de períodos de interferência e do manejo de plantas daninhas na fisiologia, produtividade e qualidade de frutos de limão persa, durante a estação seca. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos [capina com enxada; aplicação de glifosato; diminuição da água armazenada (março a maio); déficit hídrico crítico (junho a agosto); e déficit hídrico ao longo da estação seca (março a agosto)] e quatro repetições. A interferência de plantas daninhas durante o período de diminuição da água armazenada e déficit hídrico crítico afetou significativamente as variáveis fisiológicas, produtividade e teor de sólidos totais dos frutos, mas em menor grau do que o déficit hídrico ao longo da estação seca. O controle com glifosato resultou em 1,56 e 2,53 vezes mais frutos por árvore do que a capina e o déficit hídrico ao longo da estação seca, respectivamente. O manejo químico proporcionou melhores respostas fisiológicas e produtivas do que a capina, devido ao efeito da cobertura morta de plantas daninhas na estação de déficit hídrico.

ABSTRACT Weed interference in young citrus orchards causes significant damages, especially when competition occurs during the dry season, when environmental resources are even more scarce. This study aimed to test the effects of interference periods and weed management on the physiology, yield and quality of Persian lime fruits, during the dry season. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with five treatments [hoeing; glyphosate application; decrease of stored water (March to May); critical water deficit (June to August); and water deficit throughout the dry season (March to August)] and four replications. Weed interference during the decrease of stored water and critical water deficit periods affected significantly the physiological variables, yield and total solids contents of the fruits, but to a lesser extent than for the water deficit throughout the dry season. Weed control with glyphosate resulted in 1.56 and 2.53 times more fruits per tree than hoeing and water deficit throughout the dry season, respectively. The chemical management provided better physiological and productive responses than hoeing, due to the effect of weed mulch in the water deficit season.

Abstract A good bioindicator of soil health is one that perceives minor changes due to changes in soil management and leads to changes in the processes of the soil ecosystem. The aim was to evaluate the use of soil bioindicators in the determination of the utility of two different Cedrela odorata forestry management systems. The litter and soil samples were collected from the rhizosphere of a monoculture (with no fertilization nor irrigation), and a co-culture (with fertilization and irrigation) stand with Citrus latifolia. The soil and litter bioindicators measured were the activity of acetylesterase (FDA), acid phosphatase (AcPh), alkaline phosphatase (AlkPh), laccase, and the estimation of the potential net rate of carbon mineralization (PNRCM). The results indicated that soil enzyme activities (FDA and phosphatases) in the litter were sensitive to the different management system treatments. Enzymatic activity, per unit dry weight, was higher in litter of co-culture (FDA = 1.05 nkat g-1 AcPh = 1.33 nkat g-1; AlkPh = 03.0 nkat g-1) than in litter of monoculture (FDA = 0.617nkat g-1; AcPh = 0.40 nkat g-1; AlkPh = 0. 983 nkat g-1). Differences in soil total nitrogen content, organic matter (OM) content, and micronutrients were found. In general, the co-culture stand (with fertilization and irrigation) with C. latifolia showed the best results.

Resumen Un buen bioindicador de la salud del suelo es aquel que percibe cambios menores, debidos a modificaciones en el manejo del suelo, y conduce a cambios en los procesos del ecosistema suelo. El objetivo fue evaluar el uso de bioindicadores de suelo en la determinación de la utilidad de dos sistemas diferentes de manejo forestal de Cedrela odorata . El mantillo y el suelo se recolectaron de la rizosfera de un monocultivo (sin fertilización ni irrigación) y un cocultivo (con fertilización e irrigación) con Citrus latifolia. Los bioindicadores de suelo y mantillo medidos fueron: las actividades acetilesterasa (FDA), fosfatasa ácida (AcPh), fosfatasa alcalina (AlkPh) y lacasa. También se estimó la tasa neta potencial de mineralización de carbono (PNRCM). Los resultados indican que las actividades enzimáticas del suelo (FDA y fosfatasas) en el mantillo fueron sensibles a los diferentes sistemas de manejo. La actividad enzimática, por unidad de peso seco, fue mayor en los cocultivos (FDA = 1.05 nkat g-1; AcPh = 1.33 nkat g-1; AlkPh = 3 nkat g-1) que en los monocultivos (FDA = 0.617 nkat g-1; AcPh = 0.40 nkat g-1; AlkPh = 0. 983 nkat g-1). Se encontraron diferencias en la cantidad de nitrógeno total, el contenido de materia orgánica (MO) y los micronutrientes. En general, los cultivos (con fertilización e irrigación) con C. latifolia mostraron los mejores resultados.

RESUMEN En México se cultivan cerca de 600 mil hectáreas de cítricos, de los cuales, el cultivo de limón Persa representa el 19%, con un valor cercano a 3 mil 800 millones de pesos. Veracruz, Tabasco y Oaxaca son los tres principales productores a nivel nacional; sin embargo, esta producción se mantiene en riesgo por las pérdidas económicas que genera la enfermedad Huanglongbing y su vector el Psílido Asiático de los Cítricos Diaphorina citri (Kuwayama, 1907). En Tabasco, el patógeno y vector se detectaron desde el 2012 y 2005, respectivamente. Así, a cinco años del manejo mediante las Áreas Regionales de Control (ARCOs), es imperativo conocer la fluctuación poblacional de D. citri, por lo que el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo conocer la fluctuación espacio-temporal de Diaphorina citri en el ARCOs de la zona citrícola de Huimanguillo, Tabasco, y determinar los periodos de mayor densidad poblacional y de riesgo de dispersión del HLB. Se analizó la base de datos de la captura catorcenal de adultos en 2,820 trampas pegajosas amarillas en 141 sitios del monitoreo de D. citri de marzo a diciembre del 2019, realizado en la campaña contra plagas reglamentadas de los cítricos. Con la base de datos se generaron mapas geoestadísticos del promedio de D. citri por trampas y se determinó el patrón de dispersión del adulto mediante el cálculo de tres índices de agregación, además de su relación con las variables ambientales de temperaturas y precipitación mensuales. Se observó que D. citri está presente durante todo el periodo de estudio variando su densidad de manera mensual, las densidades poblacionales más altas se presentaron en el periodo de junio a octubre, con tendencia de mayor abundancia hacia la parte noroeste de la zona citrícola, presentando un patrón de distribución en agregados y del 20 al 30% de los sitios evaluados rebasan el umbral de intervención regional de un adulto de D. citri por trampa.

ABSTRACT In Mexico, about 600 thousand hectares are cultivated with citrus fruits, of which, Persian lime represents 19%, with a value close to 3.8 billion pesos. Veracruz, Tabasco, and Oaxaca are the three main producers nationwide; however, this production remains at risk due to the economic losses generated by the Huanglongbing disease and its vector, the Asian Citrus Psyllid Diaphorina citri (Kuwayama, 1907). In Tabasco, the pathogen and vector were detected since 2012 and 2005, respectively. Thus, after five years management through the Regional Control Areas (ARCOs), it is imperative to know the population fluctuation of D. citri, so the objective of the present study was to know the space-time fluctuation of Diaphorina citri in the ARCOs of the citrus zone of Huimanguillo, Tabasco, and to determine the periods of greatest population density and risk of HLB spreading. The fortnight adult-capture database from 2,820 yellow sticky traps in 141 D. citri monitoring sites from March to December 2019 was analyzed, carried out in the campaign against regulated pests of citrus fruits. With the database, geostatistical maps of the average D. citri per trap were generated and the dispersion pattern of the adults was determined by calculating three aggregation indices, as well as their relationship with the environmental variables of temperature and monthly precipitation. Diaphorina citri was observed to be present throughout the study period varying in density on a monthly basis, the highest population densities occurred in the period from June to October, with a trend of greater abundance towards the northwest part of the citrus zone, presenting a distribution pattern in aggregates and 20 to 30% of the evaluated sites exceed the regional intervention threshold of one adult D. citri per trap.

Abstract Objective: Analyze the potential of the Municipality of Cuitláhuac, Veracruz, to develop rural tourism. Methodology: A situational diagnosis was made through the application of a questionnaire to 75 producers in five locations, a survey of 15 municipality visitors and a semi-structured interview to seven key informants. An inventory of infrastructure and tourist services available was made. Results: Four routes are proposed, two associated with sugar cane and two with Persian lemon, for a total of 16 possible activities. Based on the findings, it is proposed to train farmers on agritourism through local organizations and establish a series of projects and dissemination programs to encourage rural tourism - given the cultural traditions, natural attractions and agricultural activities within the municipality-, as well as work in together with government at different levels on resources management to improve infrastructure and quality of tourism activities in the municipality. Limitations: We can say that there is insecurity in Cuitláhuac´s neighboring municipalities; in addition, no previous contact with respondents limited their participation and the reliability of the information they provided about their properties and belongings, coupled with little or no knowledge about agritourism in the communities. Conclusions: The Municipality of Cuitláhuac, Veracruz has potential to develop agritourism, but an integrative proposal is required to promote it.

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar el potencial el municipio de Cuitláhuac, Veracruz, para desarrollar el turismo rural. Metodología: Se realizó un diagnóstico situacional a través de la aplicación de un cuestionario a 75 productores en cinco localidades, una encuesta a 15 visitantes al municipio y una entrevista semiestructurada a siete informantes clave. Se hizo un inventario de la infraestructura y servicios turísticos disponibles. Resultados: Se proponen cuatro rutas, dos asociadas con la caña de azúcar y dos con el limón persa, para un total de 16 posibles actividades. Con base en los hallazgos, se propone capacitar sobre agroturismo mediante organizaciones locales y establecer una serie de proyectos y programas de difusión para incentivar el turismo rural dentro del municipio, ya que se cuenta con varias tradiciones culturales, atractivos naturales y actividades agrícolas, así como trabajar en conjunto con el gobierno a distintos niveles en la gestión de recursos para mejorar la infraestructura y la calidad de las actividades turísticas en el municipio. Limitaciones: Existe inseguridad en los municipios vecinos a Cuitláhuac; además, el nulo contacto previo con los encuestados limitó su participación y la confiabilidad de la información proporcionada sobre sus propiedades y pertenencias, aunado al poco o nulo conocimiento sobre agroturismo en las comunidades. Conclusiones: Una propuesta integradora puede promover el desarrollo del agroturismo en el municipio de Cuitláhuac, Veracruz.

Resumo O Brasil representa em grande percentual a produção mundial de citros, destacando dentre várias espécies cultivadas, a limeira ácida ‘Tahiti’. No entanto, seu cultivo é sustentado por uma base genética muito estreita, sendo composto por poucas opções de copa e porta-enxerto. Deste modo, objetivou-se avaliar o desenvolvimento vegetativo e a produção de doze clones de limeira ácida ‘Tahiti’ sobre dois porta-enxertos. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda José Guarete, no município de São Mateus – ES. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, no esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com a parcela sendo constituída por dois porta-enxertos e a subparcela, os doze clones de limeira ácida ‘Tahiti’. Foram avaliadas as características: desenvolvimento vegetativo, produção e eficiência produtiva, qualidade interna e externa dos frutos. Os clones Bello Fruit, Iconha, BRS Passos, Itarana, Persian 58, CNPMF 5059 e Elédio foram superiores nas características produtivas, vegetativas e na qualidade do fruto. O porta-enxerto citrumelo ‘Swingle’ apresentou valores referentes a características vegetativas superiores ao citrandarin ‘Riverside’. As combinações de clone e porta-enxerto que proporcionaram melhor desempenho agronômico neste estudo foram BRS Passos, Bello Fruit, Elédio e Iconha enxertadas no citrumelo ‘Swingle’ e CNPMF 5059, Iconha e Elédio sobre o citrandarin ‘Riverside’.

Abstract Brazil accounts for a large percentage of the world’s citrus production, with ‘Tahiti’ acid lime tree standing out among several cultivated species. However, its cultivation is supported by a very narrow genetic base, being composed of few scion and rootstock options. In this way, the aim of this study was to evaluate the vegetative development and production of twelve ‘Tahiti’ acid lime clones on two rootstocks. The experiment was carried out at Fazenda José Guarete, municipality of São Mateus – ES. A randomized block design was used in the split plot scheme, with plot consisting of two rootstocks and subplot of the twelve ‘Tahiti’ acid lime clones. Traits evaluated were: vegetative development, production and productive efficiency, internal and external quality of fruits. Bello Fruit, Iconha, BRS Passos, Itarana, Persian 58, CNPMF 5059 and Elédio clones were superior in terms of production, vegetative traits and fruit quality. ‘Swingle’ citrumelo rootstock showed higher values for vegetative traits compared to ‘Riverside’ citrandarin. The clone and rootstock combinations that provided better agronomic performance in this study were BRS Passos, Bello Fruit, Elédio and Iconha grafted on ‘Swingle’ citrumelo and CNPMF 5059, Iconha and Elédio grafted on ‘Riverside’ citrandarin.

Abstract. The distribution, incidence and severity damage caused by the dieback complex (Lasiodiplodia spp.) in Persian lime (Citrus latifolia) was determined in 46 orchards of six average years old, 25 trees per orchard in the municipalities of Amacuzac, Ayala, Coatlan del Rio, Cuautla, Jantetelco, Jonacatepec, Puente de Ixtla, Tepalcingo and Tlaltizapan of Zapata, Morelos State, Mexico. Incidence was evaluated according to the number of plants having symptoms of dieback. There were four levels of severity, where 0= healthy tree, 1= gum exudation, 2= cracking with exposure of internal tissue and 3= well-defined canker and branch dieback. Which were transformed to a percentage of means of a scale of three levels of severity, transforming to a percentage of infection using the Townsend and Heuberger equation. Data were analyzed trough the Kruskal Wallis test and Tukey (α=0.05) and p<0.0001 in incidence and severity. There was a high incidence of dieback on stems 78% of Persian lime trees. The incidence and severity of dieback of Persian trees on different orchards had a range of 31.8 to 100% and 30 to 100%, respectively. By the other hand, municipalities such as Amacuzac, Ayala, Coatlan del Rio and Tlaltizapan, had the lowest levels of incidence and severity of dieback.

Resumen. Se determinó la distribución, incidencia y severidad de la muerte descendente (Lasiodiplodia spp.) en lima persa (Citrus latifolia) en 46 huertos de seis años de edad, 25 árboles por huerto en los municipios de Amacuzac (7 huertos), Ayala (4), Coatlán del Río (9), Cuautla (1), Jantetelco (5), Jonacatepec (1), Puente de Ixtla (5), Tepalcingo (3) y Tlaltizapán de Zapata (11), del estado de Morelos, México. La incidencia fue determinada con base al número de plantas enfermas y la severidad mediante escala de daño de cuatro clases: 0= árbol sano, 1= exudación de goma, 2= agrietamiento con exposición de tejidos internos y 3= cancro bien definido y muerte descendente de ramas. La severidad fue transformada a porcentaje de infección con la fórmula de Townsend y Heuberger, analizados por Kruskal Wallis y separados por la comparación de medias, prueba de Tukey (α= 0.05) y p< 0.0001 en incidencia y severidad. La enfermedad se registró en el 78% de los huertos, con incidencias de 31.8 a 100% y severidades de 30.0 al 100%. Los huertos con menor incidencia y severidad fueron los ubicados en Amacuzac, Ayala, Coatlán del Río y Tlaltizapán de Zapata.