Summary: The municipality of Medellín, Veracruz, México has a type A landfill, whose operation level has recently increased due to landfill closure in the city of Veracruz. The objective of this study is to analyze and evaluate the quality of groundwater surrounding the landfill of the municipality of Medellín., such as hydrogen potential (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity (T), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phosphorus (TP), nitrates (NO3 -), total dissolved solids (TDS) and heavy metals Lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu) in seven groundwater wells near the landfill during the “north” and dry season. The physicochemical water results from the seven wells analyzed were within the maximum permissible limits of Mexican regulations: turbidity values exceeded international regulations and four wells were found contaminated according to COD levels. The concentrations of Pb and Cd in both seasons were higher than the maximum permissible limits for human consumption in accordance with national and international regulations. Therefore, the results indicated the negative influence of the landfill on groundwater quality.

Resumen: Los rellenos sanitarios se han vuelto una fuente de contaminación de aguas superficiales y subterráneas, debido a la generación de lixiviados que pueden llegar hasta los cuerpos de agua con efectos adversos al ambiente. El municipio de Medellín, Veracruz, México; cuenta con un relleno sanitario tipo A cuyo nivel de operación se ha incrementado recientemente debido a la clausura del relleno sanitario de la ciudad de Veracruz. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la calidad del agua subterránea aledaña al relleno sanitario del municipio de Medellín. Se evaluaron potencial de hidrógeno (pH), conductividad eléctrica (CE), turbidez (T), Demanda Química de Oxigeno (DQO), Fósforo Total (PT), Nitratos, (NO3 -), Sólidos Disueltos Totales (SDT) y metales pesados Plomo (Pb), Cadmio (Cd) y Cobre (Cu) en 7 pozos de agua subterránea próximos al relleno sanitario durante la temporada de “nortes” y estiaje. Los resultados fisicoquímicos del agua de los 7 pozos analizados se encontraron dentro de los límites máximos permisibles de la normatividad mexicana; los valores de turbidez superaron la normatividad internacional y 4 pozos mostraron estar contaminados de acuerdo a los niveles de DQO. Las concentraciones de Pb y Cd en ambas temporadas se encontraron superiores a los límites máximos permisibles para consumo humano de acuerdo con la normatividad nacional e internacional. Los resultados indicaron la influencia negativa del relleno sanitario en la calidad del agua subterránea.

Resumen: La presencia de bacterias coliformes en el agua presenta una amenaza potencial a la salud pública, ya que puede incrementar el riesgo de enfermedades infecciosas en la población más vulnerable. El asunto resulta más complicado cuando se desconoce la calidad fisicoquímica y microbiológica del agua que se consume. El presente estudio tiene la finalidad de evaluar el estado actual de la calidad de agua de consumo en tres Organizaciones Territoriales de Base (OTB’s) del Municipio de Vinto-Cochabamba y la relación de dependencia de los parámetros microbiológicos con las OTB’s. Los análisis de laboratorio de 30 muestras tomadas en los diferentes domicilios (10 muestras por OTB) muestran el cumplimiento de los límites máximos permisibles de los parámetros fisicoquímicos (pH, conductividad, alcalinidad y dureza) según la Norma Boliviana 512 (NB 512). Respecto a los parámetros microbiológicos para coliformes totales, de las 30 muestras analizadas solo 11 cumplieron con el límite máximo permisible, a diferencia del parámetro de coliformes termorresistentes, donde 25 de las 30 muestras cumplieron con el límite máximo permisible. Los parámetros microbiológicos fueron sometidos al análisis de chi-cuadrado, dando evidencia suficiente para afirmar con un 95% de confianza que los resultados de coliformes totales y termorresistentes no depende de la OTB (p=0.36). Al contrastar los resultados de agua de consumo domiciliario con la del agua suministrada, puede especularse que la contaminación de origen microbiológico ocurre ya sea en las tuberías de distribución, tanques domiciliarios y/o las prácticas de uso del agua de cada domicilio

Abstract:The presence of coliform bacteria in water presents a potential threat to public health, as it can increase the risk of infectious diseases in the most vulnerable population. The matter is more complicated when the physicochemical and microbiological quality of the water consumed is unknown. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the current state of the quality of drinking water in three Territorial Base Organizations (OTB’s) of the Municipality of Vinto-Cochabamba and the relationship of dependence of the microbiological parameters with the OTB’s. Laboratory analyzes of 30 samples taken from different homes (10 samples per OTB) show compliance with the maximum permissible limits of physicochemical parameters (pH, conductivity, alkalinity and hardness) according to Bolivian Standard 512 (NB 512). Regarding the microbiological parameters for total coliforms, of the 30 samples analyzed, only 11 met the maximum permissible limit, unlike the total coliform parameter, where 25 of the 30 samples met the maximum permissible limit. The microbiological parameters were subjected to chi-square analysis, providing sufficient evidence to affirm with 95% confidence that the results of total and heat-resistant coliforms do not depend on the OTB (p=0.36). By contrasting the results of household water consumption with that of water supplied, it can be speculated that contamination of microbiological origin occurs either in the distribution pipes, household tanks and/or the water use practices of each household.

In this study, the analysis of metals in tap, river, wastewater, and sludge samples was conducted using ICP-OES after hotplate- or microwave-assisted digestion. Both digestion methods produced a good degree of accuracy, indicating their suitability for the analysis of the studied metals in water samples. From method development studies, 100 mL of HNO3 was found to be the optimum sample volume and acid type for digestion. The average concentrations obtained ranged from 4.9-410.8 μg/L, 5.9-465.0 μg/L, 3.6-425.4 μg/L, 16.1-647 μg/L and 9.7-784 μg/L in tap water, river, influent, effluent, and sludge samples, respectively. All metals were below their maximum permissible limits, with the exception of Mn in all sludge samples and Pb in all tap water, Umhlathuzana River, and Northern Works influent samples. Comparable recoveries and metal concentrations were obtained by microwave and hotplate methods, suggesting that the cheaper hotplate method can be used as an effective digestion method for daily analysis. Common anion concentrations obtained ranged from 0.03-23.5 mg/L, 0.02-3 064.67 mg/L, and 0.32-175.67 mg/L for tap, river, and wastewater samples, respectively. The anion concentrations were found to be below the maximum acceptable limits indicating no negative health effect on human and aquatic life, with the exception of Cl- and SO4(2-) in Amanzimtoti and Northern River water, respectively.

Abstract: The present research determines and monitors critical points through a multi-criteria analysis in the urban center of the city of Riobamba for its subsequent representation in thematic noise maps. For the selection of critical points, a pondering matrix was made considering the following factors: citizen perception surveys, urban bus routes, proximity to public and private institutions, parks and initial measurements. The monitoring was carried out at 25 prioritized points from 7:00 am to 7:00 pm; the values obtained correspond to the minimum Leq(A), the Leq(A), and the maximum Leq(A). The main results indicates that the main source of noise are the popular markets, on Mondays, Tuesdays and Wednesdays, with Leq(A) ranges above 70 dB(A). It is observed that at all points the Leq(A) values exceed the national permissible limit at some time during the day. The noise maps were made using the Kriging method, through the Gaussian semivariogram model, for all days, with the exception of Wednesday when the rational quadratic semivariogram model was used. For these models the RMSE and ASE values indicate high model quality.

Resumen: La presente investigación determina y monitorea puntos críticos, a través de un análisis multricriterio, en el centro urbano de la Ciudad de Riobamba, para la posterior representación dentro de mapas temáticos de ruido. Para la selección de puntos críticos se realizó una matriz de ponderación considerando los siguientes factores: encuestas de percepción ciudadana, rutas de los buses urbanos, cercanías a instituciones públicas y privadas, parques y mediciones iniciales. Los monitoreos fueron realizados en 25 puntos priorizados desde las 7H00 hasta las 19H00, los valores obtenidos corresponden al Leq(A) mínimo, al Leq(A), y al Leq(A) máximo. Los resultados principales indican que la fuente primordial de ruido son los mercados populares, los días lunes, martes, y miércoles, con de rangos de Leq(A) superiores a 70 dB(A). Se observa que en todos los puntos los valores de Leq(A) sobrepasan en algún momento del día el límite permisible nacional. Los mapas de ruido se realizaron mediante el método Kriging, a través el modelo del semivariograma gaussiano, para todos los días, a excepción del miércoles que se usó el modelo de semivariograma cuadrático racional. Para estos modelos los valores de RMSE e ASE indican una alta calidad de los modelos.

ABSTRACT Finding sustainable methods for utilizing biosolids, also known as municipal sewage sludge (SS), presents a pressing challenge in modern waste management practices. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of SS amendment on growth, biochemical, proximate, and heavy metal bioaccumulation parameters of berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) fodder crop under field conditions. Trifolium alexandrinum was cultivated using different rates of SS mixing (i.e., T0: 0% as control with no SS application, T1: 5%, and T2: 10%). The results obtained showed a significant (p < 0.05) increment in growth, biochemical, and proximate parameters of T. alexandrinum with an increasing SS mixing rate. The highest productivity of T. alexandrinum fodder (1.92 kg m-2 fw) was observed in the T2 treatment as compared to the control treatment. The heavy metal analysis of shoot and root parts of T. alexandrinum showed that the contents (mg kg-1) of eight elements (Cd 0.02-0.13, Co 0.04-0.08, Cu 5.94-0.05, Cr 0.43-1.68, Fe 7.08-15.93, Ni 0.89-2.90, Mn 1.62-5.38, and Zn 3.30-7.04) increased significantly (p < 0.05) with SS mixing rate. The bioaccumulation factor (BAF) was below 1 except for Cu and Zn exhibiting their rapid uptake by plants from SS-treated soils. However, dietary intake modeling (DIM < 1) and health risk index (HRI < 1) studies showed that the levels of heavy metals did not exceed the permissible limits in any SS treatment. Overall, SS amendment has a positive impact on the growth, biochemical, proximate, and heavy metal characteristics of T. alexandrinum. Therefore, this study suggested a strategy for low-cost soil fertilization and fodder crop production which could sustainably benefit waste recycling.

ABSTRACT The agricultural frontier in the Semiarid Pampas Region of Argentina has expanded into marginal environments, resulting in the current reactivation of wind erosion hotspots and desertification processes. Zoning based on soil quality indicators (SQI) reveals differences in soil degradation. The aim of this study was to define zones based on the susceptibility of sandy soils to wind erosion in a 1,4 million hectare plain in the Pampa Medanosa at the south of Cordoba province, Argentina. Soil quality indicators related to wind erosion (erodible fraction (FE), organic carbon (CO) and clay and silt contents, and dry structural stability) were analyzed in samples from 0-5 cm depth at 283 sites. Spatial principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis were performed to group sites with similar characteristics and define subregions based on erosion susceptibility. Four subregions (SR) with different susceptibility were identified: SR-I, with the highest potential wind erosion rate (EEP) (65 t. ha-1. year-1), the lowest CO values (10.95 g.kg-1), and the highest FE, 41%, which is above the permissible threshold (40%); SR-II, the largest in extension, with an EEP of 51 t. ha-1. year-1, showed a FE of 36% and 12.47 g.kg-1 of CO; SR-III, with an EEP of 35 t. ha-1. year-1, 31% FE, and 13 g.kg-1 of CO; SR-VI, with an EEP of 20 t. ha-1. year-1, 30% more CO than SR-I, 14.26 g.kg-1, and a FE of 27%. The results have allowed understanding that the Pampa Medanosa is a heterogeneous region where it is necessary to implement wind erosion mitigation techniques and respect the soil’s potential use in each subregion to achieve sustainable agricultural production systems.

RESUMEN La frontera agrícola en la Región Pampeana Semiárida Argentina ha avanzado sobre ambientes marginales observándose como consecuencia la reactivación de focos de erosión eólica y de procesos de desertificación. La zonificación a través del estudio de indicadores de la calidad de suelo refleja diferencias en cuanto a la degradación. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue definir zonas por susceptibilidad a la erosión eólica en la Pampa Medanosa. Esta es una planicie arenosa ubicada al sur de Córdoba con 1,4 MM de hectáreas. Se analizaron indicadores de calidad del suelo (ICS) relacionados con la erosión eólica (fracción erosionable (FE), carbono orgánico (CO), arcilla más limo y estabilidad estructural en seco) en muestras de 0-5 cm de profundidad de 283 sitios. Se realizó un análisis de componentes principales espaciales (ACPe) y un análisis de clústeres para agrupar sitios con características similares y definir subregiones por susceptibilidad a la erosión. Se identificaron cuatro subregiones (SR) con distinta susceptibilidad: la SR-I de mayor tasa de erosión eólica potencial (EEP), 65 t. ha-1. año-1, con los menores valores de CO (10,95 g.kg-1) y la mayor FE, 41%, sobre umbral admisible (40%). La SR-II de mayor extensión, con una EEP de 51 t. ha-1. año-1 presentó una FE de 36% y 12,47 g.kg-1 de CO. La SR-III, con una EEP de 35 t. ha-1. año-1, 31% de FE y 13 g.kg-1 de CO. Y la SR- VI, con una EEP de 20 t. ha-1. año-1 y un 30% más de CO que la SR-I, 14,26 g.kg-1, con una FE de 27%. Los resultados han permitido comprender que la Pampa Medanosa es una región heterogénea en la que para alcanzar sistemas de producción agropecuarios sustentables es necesario implementar técnicas de mitigación de la erosión eólica y respetar el potencial de uso de los suelos de cada subregión.

Abstract: The study was conducted at the Jalpan de Serra dam, Querétaro, Mexico. In a mountain watershed with a history of artisanal mining activity in the upper part, runoff feeds the reservoir, transporting mining tailings. The Jalpan dam has been used for drinking water supply, agricultural irrigation activities and recreational purposes as a Ramsar site. The reason for the study has been the relevance and social impact of the reservoir sediments as a source of diffuse pollution. The objective was to determine the concentration of arsenic, cadmium and lead in the sediment and to evaluate the level of risk to human health and the environment. The methodology consists of the analysis by atomic absorption carried out in three sites sampled in the superficial layer of 10 cm depth, samples obtained with a PVC tube of 7 cm diameter, identified, preserved for transfer and digested with nitric acid. The results show mean arsenic concentrations of 4.278 mg/kg, cadmium 0.323 mg/kg and lead 4.873 mg/kg. In conclusion, the sediment analyzed does not represent a risk to human health or the environment of the reservoir according to NOM-147-SEMARNAT/SSA1-2004. This investigation demonstrates the lack of a policy or standard that establishes permissible limits for heavy metals in sediment.

Resumen: El estudio ha sido realizado en la presa Jalpan de Serra, Querétaro, México. En una cuenca de montaña con antecedentes de actividad minera artesanal en la parte alta, la escorrentía alimenta el embalse, transportando relaves mineros. La presa Jalpan se ha empleado para abastecimiento de agua de consumo humano, actividades de riego agrícola y fines recreativos como sitio Ramsar. El motivo de estudio ha sido la relevancia e impacto social que tienen los sedimentos del embalse como fuente de contaminación difusa. El objetivo ha sido conocer la concentración de arsénico, cadmio y plomo en el sedimento y evaluar el nivel de riesgo para la salud humana y del ambiente. La metodología consiste en el análisis por absorción atómica realizada en tres sitios muestreados en la capa superficial de 10 cm de profundidad, muestras obtenidas con un tubo de PVC de 7 cm de diámetro, identificadas, conservadas para su traslado y digeridas con ácido nítrico. Los resultados muestran concentraciones medias en arsénico de 4.278 mg/kg, cadmio 0.323 mg/kg y plomo 4.873 mg/kg. En conclusión, el sedimento analizado no representa riesgo para la salud humana o entorno del embalse según la norma NOM-147-SEMARNAT/SSA1-2004. Esta investigación evidencia la falta de una política o norma que establezca los límites permisibles de metales pesados en sedimentos.

Abstract The assessment (ex – ante) of the physical and biological impacts in an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) has a methodology reviewed and supported by the majority of the scientific community, such as Environmental Quality Standards (ECA) or Maximum Permissible Limits (MPL). However, what are the parameters to assessment socioeconomic impacts in an EIA? And what indicator to use to measure these impacts? These questions are intended to be answered in this work through a methodological approach, taking current economic theory as support and constructing a set of intensity indicators and their respective parameters. It is expected that this proposal can be a reference for evaluators, consultants and that it be continually reviewed by the scientific community, and that in this way the EIAs are better prepared and can be suitable for making environmental decisions.

Resumen La evaluación (ex - ante) de los impactos físicos y biológicos en un Estudio de Impacto Ambiental (EIA) goza de una metodología revisada y apoyada por la mayoría de la comunidad científica, descansando su medición, en cuanto a intensidad, en diversos parámetros reconocidos internacionalmente, como los Estándares de Calidad Ambiental (ECA) o los Límites Máximos Permisibles (LMP). Sin embargo, ¿cuáles son los parámetros para evaluar los impactos socioeconómicos en un EIA? y ¿qué indicador usar para medir dichos impactos? Estas preguntas pretenden ser respondidas en el presente trabajo, el cual representa una aproximación metodológica, que toma como soporte la teoría económica actual y en donde se construye un grupo de indicadores de intensidad y sus respectivos parámetros. Se espera que esta propuesta pueda ser una referencia para evaluadores, consultores y que sea continuamente revisada por la comunidad científica, y que de esta manera los EIAs sean mejor elaborados y puedan ser idóneos para la toma de decisiones ambientales.

Resumo Um dos desafios que a sociedade atual deve enfrentar tem a ver com a acumulação, gestão, tratamento e eliminação final de resíduos orgânicos e inorgânicos. Portanto, no panorama contemporâneo, é necessária a implementação de técnicas que visem a mitigação deste problema, a fim de promover a melhoria do ambiente ambiental. Em relação ao tratamento de resíduos de origem orgânica, podem ser citadas estratégias como o processo de compostagem, método que promove a transformação da matéria orgânica por meio da decomposição aeróbica, que gera um produto final estabilizado. Este produto, quando integrado ao solo, enriquece suas propriedades físicas e químicas, que podem ter sido diminuídas devido às atividades agrícolas. Posto o exposto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade dos produtos resultantes da compostagem (composto e chorume) obtidos dentro de um protótipo de compostor, que é nutrido por resíduos orgânicos provenientes da cozinha, bem como componentes orgânicos leves. Além disso, utiliza adjuvante microbiano e processos mecânicos para reduzir o tempo de compostagem em até 600% em relação aos métodos convencionais, sem comprometer a qualidade do produto final, de acordo com os parâmetros de qualidade vigentes. Concluindo, os resultados mostram que o fertilizante orgânico obtido através deste procedimento apresenta umidade de 73%, um pouco superior ao estipulado, e carece de alta concentração de metais pesados que ultrapasse os limites permitidos. Além disso, confirma-se que a relação C/N atinge um valor de 6,5, o que o torna um aditivo orgânico ideal para melhorar as condições dos solos agrícolas.

Abstract One of the problems of human activity is the continuous accumulation of garbage, both inorganic and organic, its management, treatment and final disposal. Currently is possible to implement techniques to reduce them and promote the environment improvement. One of these processes is the treatment of organic waste through the composting process, which is a method that transforms organic matter via aerobic decomposition, to gives a stable product, which adds nutrients to the soil, improving its physical and chemical properties that have been attenuated by agricultural activities. The present work evaluates the quality of the final composting products (compost and leachates) generated within a prototype composter from organic kitchen waste and organically light components that, supported by a microbial accelerator and mechanical processes, reduce the process time by 600% compared to conventional processes with a similar product quality according to existing quality parameters. The results show that the organic fertilizer has a humidity of 73% slightly higher than established, does not present a high concentration of toxic heavy metals that are below the permissible limit and a C/N ratio of 6.5 that is adequate to be used as an additive. organic soil improver.

Resumen Uno de los desafíos que debe enfrentar la sociedad actual tiene que ver con la acumulación, gestión, tratamiento y disposición final de desechos orgánicos e inorgánicos. Por eso, en el panorama contemporáneo se requiere de la implementación de técnicas destinadas a mitigar esta problemática con el fin de promover la mejora del entorno ambiental. En cuanto al tratamiento de residuos de origen orgánico, se pueden mencionar estrategias como el proceso de compostaje, un método que propicia la transformación de la materia orgánica mediante la descomposición aeróbica, lo cual genera un producto final estabilizado. Este producto, al ser integrado al suelo, enriquece sus propiedades físicas y químicas, las cuales pueden haberse visto mermadas debido a actividades agrícolas. Explicado lo anterior, el objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la calidad de los productos resultantes del compostaje (composta y lixiviados) obtenidos en el seno de un prototipo de compostero, el cual se nutre de desechos orgánicos provenientes de la cocina, así como de componentes orgánicos ligeros. Además, se vale de un coadyuvante microbiano y procesos mecánicos para reducir el tiempo de compostaje hasta en 600 % en comparación con los métodos convencionales, sin menoscabo de la calidad del producto final, según los parámetros de calidad vigentes. En conclusión, los resultados evidencian que el abono orgánico obtenido mediante este procedimiento presenta una humedad del 73 %, ligeramente superior a la estipulada, y carece de una concentración elevada de metales pesados que supere los límites permitidos. Además, se confirma que la relación C/N alcanza un valor de 6.5, lo cual lo convierte en un aditivo orgánico idóneo para mejorar las condiciones de los suelos agrícolas.

Pesticide residues and heavy metal content of cassava, yam, cocoyam, potato, water yam and carrot were evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and atomic absorption spectroscopy. The detected pesticide residues in the samples were 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, glyphosate, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), dichlorobiphenyl, aldrin, endosulfan, profenofos, g-chlordane, carbofuran, biphenyl, heptachlor, lindane and t-Nonachlor. The concentration of HCB ranged between 0.0799 ± 0.06 mg/kg and 0.1596 ± 0.00 mg/kg, which was greater than the permitted maximum limit of 0.5 mg/kg established by the US Environmental Protection Agency. The concentration of aldrin and profenofos detected was lower than the predetermined maximum allowed limits. Endosulfan concentrations in cocoyam (0.2500 mg/kg) and potato (0.3265 mg/kg) were higher than the limits allowed by the Canadian Department of Industrial Research. The heavy metals detected in these samples include cobalt, nickel, lead, manganese, chromium, arsenic and mercury in at least one of the samples evaluated. There was not much difference between the concentration of cobalt in yam (0.036 mg/kg) and the maximum allowed concentration (0.043 mg/kg). Lead was detected in potatoes and carrots but was below detectable concentration in cassava, yam, cocoyam and water yam. Similarly, cocoyam was found to have a significant mercury content (0.658 mg/kg), but mercury content was below detectable concentrations in cassava, yam and water yam. SIGNIFICANCE: Heavy metal pollutants and pesticide residues can impair human health, and their presence in food can cause various illnesses and health issues. It is important to prevent exposure to these contaminants and ensure that food is safe by identifying and monitoring them. Farmers may provide consumers with more assurance that their products are safe by identifying and monitoring pesticide residues and heavy metal contamination in these food crops. Overall, it is crucial to find and monitor pesticide residues and heavy metal contamination in food to safeguard customer confidence, ensure legal compliance and preserve human health.

Stormwater harvesting is a promising solution for global freshwater depletion, particularly in tropical regions with abundant rainfall. However, it is not widely used due to the lack of suitable treatment technologies for domestic applications. Multi-stage filtration (MSF) is an effective integrated treatment technology that provides a cost-effective alternative for stormwater treatment. This study investigated MSF's capacity for treating stormwater at different stages. The MSF designed and built comprised the down-flow roughing filter (DRF) and slow sand filter (SSF). The results achieved by the MSF for the treated effluents were: pH (7.1-8.1), temperature (27.6-29.4°C), electrical conductivity (EC) (100-190 µS/cm) and total dissolved solids (TDS) (70-130 mg/L). Turbidity removal efficiency of the MSF was in the range of 36-99% (5.825-164.05 NTU) and the overall average removal efficiency of the MSF was 74%, 90% and 86% for total coliforms (TC) (360-11 800 CFU/ 100 mL), faecal coliforms (FC) (0-1 300 CFU/100 mL) and Enterococcus spp. (120- 1 400 CFU/100 mL), respectively. The study identified stormwater reuse potentials based on international guidelines and benchmarks. For the treated effluent, pH, temperature, EC and TDS were all within the permissible limits for toilet, laundry, bathing, recreational and agricultural water reuse, while turbidity suited agricultural (non-food crop) and restricted urban reuse. 46% of the effluent was suitable for recreational purposes as this satisfied the 50 NTU standard. 62.5% of the effluent satisfied the FC standard for toilets and urinals and agricultural reuse (non-food crop) purposes, while 87.5 % of the effluent satisfied urban reuse purposes (restricted access). 66.67% of the effluent satisfied the Enterococcus spp. standard for agricultural reuse (non-food crop). All treated effluents satisfied the TC bathing standard. This study shows that after minimal disinfection, stormwater effluents offer potential reuse in household applications, thereby reducing potable water demand.

Resumen En el presente artículo aborda la modelación de las concentraciones de Dióxido de Azufre (SO2) emitidas por dos industrias ubicadas en la ciudad Santiago de Cali. Estas industrias emplean distintos tipos de combustible en sus calderas: la caldera 1 utiliza Fuel Oil y la caldera 2 utiliza Diésel. Con el objetivo de evaluar y comparar el comportamiento de las concentraciones de SO2, se propone la sustitución de estos combustibles por Gas natural. Mediante el uso de Aermod View se realizó la modelación de la dispersión de este contaminante y se obtuvo que para un tiempo de exposición de una hora la concentración máxima SO2 proveniente de las calderas con Fuel Oil y Diésel fue de 1440.32 µg/m3. Para un tiempo de exposición de 24 horas se alcanzó una concentración de SO2 de 178.56 µg/m3. Estos niveles, exceden los límites establecidos en la resolución 2254 de 2017, donde el valor máximo permisible para una hora es 100 µg/m3 y para 24 horas es 50 µg/m3. En contraste al usar Gas natural como combustible se observa que las concentraciones son considerablemente más bajas. Para un tiempo de exposición de una hora la máxima concentración es de 0.74 µg/m3 y para un tiempo de exposición de 24 horas, de 0.04 µg/m3. Estos resultados cumplen con la normatividad vigente. Se puede concluir que el Gas natural se presenta como una alternativa más favorable, generando concentraciones significativamente menores de SO2. Este cambio en el tipo de combustible no solo favorecerá el cumplimiento de las normativas ambientales, sino que también contribuirá de manera efectiva a la reducción de la concentración de SO2 en el aire.

Abstract This article deals with modeling sulfur dioxide (SO2) concentrations emitted by two industries in Santiago de Cali. These industries use different fuel types in their boilers: Boiler 1 uses Fuel Oil, and Boiler 2 uses Diesel. To evaluate and compare the behavior of SO2 concentrations, the substitution of these fuels by natural gas is proposed. Using Aermod View, this pollutant's dispersion was modeled and obtained that the maximum SO2 concentration from the boilers with Fuel Oil and Diesel was 1440.32 µg/m3 for an exposure time of one hour. For a 24-hour exposure time, the SO2 concentration reached 178.56 µg/m3. These levels exceed the limits established in resolution 2254 of 2017, where the maximum permissible value for one hour is 100 µg/m3, and for 24 hours is 50 µg/m3. In contrast, when using Natural Gas as fuel, it is observed that the concentrations are considerably lower. The maximum concentration is 0.74 µg/m3 for a one-hour exposure time, and for a 24-hour exposure time, 0.04 µg/m3. These results comply with current regulations. It can be concluded that natural gas is a more favorable alternative, generating significantly lower SO2 concentrations. This change in the fuel type will favor compliance with environmental regulations and effectively contribute to reducing SO2 concentration in the air.

RESUMEN Introducción: El empleo del ozono como agente terapéutico es uno de los descubrimientos más notables en la medicina alternativa. A pesar de su extendido uso, es tóxico por vía inhalatoria, la exposición a este gas puede producir, daños de la vía respiratoria superior y del epitelio bronquial. Objetivo: Evaluar la exposición ocupacional a ozono en áreas de tratamiento de ozonoterapia de La Habana. Métodos: Estudio exploratorio descriptivo, se estudiaron 21 trabajadores de 16 áreas de tratamiento de ozonoterapia, se les realizaron análisis clínicos, incluyendo ceruloplasmina, además de pruebas funcionales ventilatorias. Se determinaron las concentraciones de ozono en el aire del ambiente laboral en 29 áreas de tratamiento. Resultados: La insuflación rectal fue la forma de aplicación más utilizada. El 42,8 % refirieron padecer de rinitis alérgica, seguido de gripes frecuentes y de asma bronquial. El 33,3 % de los valores de la ceruloplasmina resultaron alterados. Los resultados de las pruebas funcionales ventilatorias mostraron que el 28,6 % de los trabajadores presentaron patrón obstructivo. En la evaluación ambiental se reportaron 2 centros de salud con concentraciones promedio por encima de los límites admisibles. Conclusiones: La hipertensión arterial y la rinitis alérgica fueron las patologías más frecuentes. Las cifras de ceruloplasmina alteradas se presentaron en trabajadores con mayor tiempo de exposición. Los trastornos ventilatorios obstructivos observados, coinciden con las patologías respiratorias referidas por los trabajadores. El 93,1 % de los valores de concentración promedio, en el aire de la zona de trabajo, se comportó por debajo de los límites admisibles.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The use of ozone as a therapeutic agent is one of the most notable discoveries in alternative medicine. Despite its widespread use, it is toxic by inhalation; exposure to this gas can cause damage to the upper respiratory tract and bronchial epithelium. Objective: To evaluate occupational exposure to ozone in ozone therapy treatment areas of Havana. Methods: Descriptive exploratory study, 21 workers from 16 ozone therapy treatment areas were studied, clinical analyzes were performed, including ceruloplasmin, in addition to ventilatory functional tests. Ozone concentrations in the air of the work environment were determined in 29 treatment areas. Results: Rectal insufflation was the most used form of application. 42.8% reported suffering from allergic rhinitis, followed by frequent flu and bronchial asthma. 33.3% of ceruloplasmin values were altered. The results of the ventilatory functional tests showed that 28.6% of the workers presented an obstructive pattern. In the environmental evaluation, 2 health centers were reported with average concentrations above the admissible limits. Conclusions: High blood pressure and allergic rhinitis were the most frequent pathologies. The altered ceruloplasmin levels occurred in workers with longer exposure times. The obstructive ventilatory disorders observed coincide with the respiratory pathologies reported by the workers. 93.1% of the average concentration values, in the air of the work area, were below the permissible limits.

Abstract The study explores the Ichthyofaunal diversity of freshwater Cyprinidae fish in the Panjkora River of Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. A total of 911 fish samples were collected from 5 different sites along the river and identified using standard identification keys. Out of the 911 fish samples, 204 were related to family Cyprinidae, having 4 sub families, i.e Cyprininae representing 3 species i.e Carassius auratus, Cyprinus carpio, Cyprinus watsoni, Danioninae representing 6 species i.e Barilius modestus, Barilius vagra, Barilius pakistanicus, Amblypharangodon mola, Salmophasia punjabensis, Rasbora daniconius, Labeoninae representing 5 species i.e Tor putitora, Crossocheilus diplocheilus, Gara gotyla, Labeo rohita, Labeo diplocheilus, and Barbinae representing 6 species i.e Puntius ticto, Puntius sophore, Puntius chonchonius, Schizothorax esocinus, Schizothorax labiatus and Schizothorax plagiostomus. This study adds 6 new species i.e Amblypharangodon mola, Salmophasia punjabensis, Labeo rohita, Labeo diplocheilus, Puntius chonchonius and Rasbora daniconius for the 1st time which are not reported earlier. EXCEL 2019 and XLSTAT were used for principal components analysis to study richness and correlation of fish diversity. Eigenvalues obtained from Sheringal to Zulam are 3.72, 0.511, 0.37, 0.29 and 0.09 respectively. The higher eigenvalue of Sheringal site shows higher diversity. Water quality study shows that the mean values of water temperature was 16.8°C, pH 7.08, total hardness134.6 mg/L, alkalinity 89.3 mg/L, Nitrate 5.93 mg/L, Chlorine 0.87 mg/L, Nitrite0.02 mg/L and Copper 0.04 mg/L, Iron 0.07 mg/L, Lead 0.002 mg/L. The physicochemical parameters of river Panjkora during the study time remained within the permissible limits as prescribed by the WHO (2005). Gut analysis revealed the presence of algae, nymphs insect’s larvae, macroinvertebrates and protozoans. Dir Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan 91 keys 20 families ie i e auratus carpio watsoni modestus vagra pakistanicus mola punjabensis putitora diplocheilus gotyla rohita ticto sophore esocinus plagiostomus st earlier 201 372 72 3.72 0511 0 511 0.511 037 37 0.37 029 29 0.2 009 09 0.0 respectively 168C C 16 8 16.8°C 708 7 08 7.08 hardness1346 hardness hardness134 hardness134. mgL mg L 893 89 89. 593 93 5.9 087 87 0.8 Nitrite002 Nitrite Nitrite0 02 Nitrite0.0 004 04 007 07 0002 002 0.00 2005. 2005 . (2005) algae insects insect s larvae protozoans 9 2 3.7 051 51 0.51 03 0.3 0. 00 1 70 7.0 hardness13 59 5. Nitrite00 Nitrite0. 000 200 (2005 3. 05 0.5 7. hardness1 (200 (20 (2 (

Resumo O presente estudo explora a diversidade ictiofaunística de peixes Cyprinidae de água doce no rio Panjkora de Dir, Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa, Paquistão. Um total de 911 amostras de peixes foram coletadas em 5 locais diferentes ao longo do rio e identificadas usando chaves de identificação padrão. Das 911 amostras de peixes, 204 eram relacionadas à família Cyprinidae, com 4 subfamílias, ou seja, Cyprininae representando 3 espécies, isto é, Carassius auratus, Cyprinus carpio, Cyprinus watsoni, Danioninae, representando 6 espécies, ou seja, Barilius modestus, Barilius vagra, Barilius pakistanicus, Amblypharangodon mola, Salmophasia punjabensis, Rasbora daniconius, Labeoninae representando 5 espécies, ou seja, Tor putitora, Crossocheilus diplocheilus, Gara gotyla, Labeo rohita, Labeo diplocheilus e Barbinae, representando 6 espécies, ou seja, Puntius ticto, Puntius sophore, Puntius chonchonius, Schizothorax esocinus, Schizothorax labiatus e Schizothorax plagio estoma. Este estudo adiciona 6 novas espécies, como Amblypharangodon mola, Salmophasia punjabensis, Labeo rohita, Labeo diplocheilus, Puntius chonchonius e Rasbora daniconius pela primeira vez, que não foram relatadas anteriormente. EXCEL 2019 e XLSTAT foram usados para análise de componentes principais para estudar a riqueza e correlação da diversidade de peixes. Os autovalores obtidos de Sheringal a Zulam são 3,72, 0,511, 0,37, 0,29 e 0,09, respectivamente. O autovalor mais alto do site Sheringal mostra maior diversidade. O estudo da qualidade da água mostra que os valores médios da temperatura da água foram 16,8 °C, pH 7,08, dureza total 134,6 mg/L, alcalinidade 89,3 mg/L, Nitrato 5,93 mg/L, Cloro 0,87 mg/L, Nitrito 0,02 mg/ L e Cobre 0,04 mg/L, Ferro 0,07 mg/L, Chumbo 0,002 mg/L. Os parâmetros físico-químicos do rio Panjkora durante o tempo de estudo permaneceram nos limites permitidos conforme prescrito pela OMS (2005). A análise intestinal revelou a presença de algas, ninfas, larvas de insetos, macroinvertebrados e protozoários. Dir Pakhtoonkhwa Paquistão 91 padrão 20 subfamílias seja espécies é auratus carpio watsoni Danioninae modestus vagra pakistanicus mola punjabensis putitora gotyla rohita Barbinae ticto sophore esocinus estoma vez anteriormente 201 372 72 3,72 0511 0 511 0,511 037 37 0,37 029 29 0,2 009 09 0,09 respectivamente 168 16 8 16, C °C 708 7 08 7,08 1346 134 134, mgL mg mg/L 893 89 89, 593 93 5,9 087 87 0,8 002 02 0,0 004 04 007 07 0002 0,00 físicoquímicos físico químicos 2005. 2005 . (2005) algas ninfas insetos protozoários 9 2 3,7 051 51 0,51 03 0,3 0, 00 1 70 7,0 13 59 5, 000 200 (2005 3, 05 0,5 7, (200 (20 (2 (

Resumo Smog tornou-se a quinta estação do Paquistão, especialmente na cidade de Lahore. Acredita-se que o aumento do nível de poluentes atmosféricos (primários e secundários) seja responsável pela formação de poluição atmosférica em Lahore. Portanto, o presente estudo foi realizado para a avaliação dos poluentes atmosféricos (primários e secundários) do smog na fronteira de Wagah em particular e em outros locais (Jail road, Gulburg) Lahore. Para este propósito, os dados de referência sobre a poluição atmosférica de inverno de março a dezembro sobre poluentes atmosféricos primários e secundários e parâmetros meteorológicos foram coletados do Departamento de Proteção Ambiental e do Departamento Meteorológico do Paquistão, respectivamente. Dispositivos sendo usados em ambos os departamentos para análise de parâmetros também foram estudados. Os dados coletados foram posteriormente analisados estatisticamente para determinar a correlação dos parâmetros com as condições meteorológicas e foram submetidos ao índice de qualidade do ar. De acordo com os resultados, PM 10 e PM 2,5 foram encontrados muito acima do NEQS. As concentrações de NOx também estavam muito acima dos limites permitidos, enquanto SO2 e O3 foram encontrados abaixo do NEQS, portanto, não têm papéis na formação de smog. O índice de qualidade do ar (AQI) de poluentes foi PM 2,5 (86-227), PM 10 (46-332), NOx (26-110), O3 (19-84) e SO2 (10-95). O AQI de PM 2,5 permaneceu entre níveis moderados a muito prejudiciais à saúde. O AQI de PM 10 permaneceu entre níveis bons e perigosos. AQI de NOx permaneceu entre bom e não saudável para os níveis de grupos sensíveis. O AQI de O3 e SO2 permaneceu entre níveis bons a moderados. A correlação de Pearson mostrou que cada poluente tem uma relação diferente com parâmetros diferentes ou iguais em áreas diferentes. Conclui-se do presente estudo que o material particulado foi muito mais responsável pela formação de smog. Embora o NOx também tenha desempenhado um papel na formação do smog. Portanto, é necessário reduzir as fontes de partículas e NOx, especificamente para reduzir a formação de smog em Lahore.

Abstract Smog has become the fifth season of Pakistan especially in Lahore city. Increased level of air pollutants (primary and secondary) are thought to be responsible for the formation of smog in Lahore. Therefore, the current study was carried out for the evaluation of air pollutants (primary and secondary) of smog in Wagah border particularly and other sites (Jail road, Gulburg) Lahore. For this purpose, baseline data on winter smog from March to December on primary and secondary air pollutants and meteorological parameters was collected from Environmental Protection Department and Pakistan Meteorological Department respectively. Devices being used in both departments for analysis of parameters were also studied. Collected data was further statistically analyzed to determine the correlation of parameters with meteorological conditions and was subjected to air quality index. According to results, PM 10 and PM 2.5 were found very high above the NEQS. NOx concentrations were also high above the permissible limits whereas SO2 and O3 were found below the NEQS thus have no roles in smog formation. Air Quality Index (AQI) of pollutants was PM 2.5(86-227), PM 10 (46-332), NOx (26-110), O3 (19-84) and SO2 (10-95). AQI of PM 2.5 remained between moderate to very unhealthy levels. AQI of PM 10 remained between good to hazardous levels. AQI of NOx remained between good to unhealthy for sensitive groups’ levels. AQI of O3 and SO2 remained between good to moderate levels. Pearson correlation showed that every pollutant has a different relation with different or same parameters in different areas. It is concluded from the present study that particulate matter was much more responsible for smog formation. Although NOx also played role in smog formation. So there is need to reduce sources of particulate matter and NOx specifically in order to reduce smog formation in Lahore.