ABSTRACT Recurrent pericardial effusion is commonly encountered in neoplastic and infective disorders. Intervention is compulsory in patients with unstable hemodynamics and tamponading effusion. Surgical options include: pericardiocentesis, subxiphoid pericardiostomy, and pericardial window. The latter has proved to have lower incidence of recurrence; however, the technique has been continuously refined to improve the recurrence-free survival and decrease postoperative morbidity. We herein present a novel simple modification to minimize recurrence by anchoring the free edges of pericardial fenestration overlying the superior vena cava and right atrium to the chest wall. Follow-up showed no recurrence compared to 3.5% in the conventional procedure. disorders include pericardiocentesis pericardiostomy window however recurrencefree morbidity wall Followup Follow up 35 3 5 3.5 procedure 3.

Abstract Background Pericardial window, in addition to promoting pericardial drainage, can also provide samples of the pericardium for anatomopathological examination. However, such biopsies’ contribution to clarifying the etiology of pericardial effusion has been debated. Objective To analyze the diagnostic value of non-targeted pericardial biopsy obtained from pericardial window procedures. Methods Data from 80 patients who had undergone parietal pericardial biopsies from 2011 to 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Statistical significance was considered if p < 0.05. Results Fifty patients were male (62.5%,) and 30 were female (37.5%). The median age was 52 years (interquartile range: 29 to 59) and 49 years (interquartile range: 38 to 65), respectively (p = 0.724). The suspected etiology of pericardial effusion was neoplastic in 31.3%, unclear in 25%, tuberculosis in 15%, autoimmune in 12.5%, edemagenic syndrome in 7.5%, and other miscellaneous conditions in 8.8%. The most frequent approach for pericardial drainage and biopsy was subxiphoid (74%), followed by video-assisted thoracoscopy (22%). Overall, in 78.8% of the biopsies, the histopathologic findings were compatible with nonspecific inflammation, and only 13.7% of all biopsies yielded a conclusive histopathological diagnostic. Those suffering from cancer and pericardial effusion had a higher proportion of conclusive histopathologic findings (32% had pericardial neoplastic infiltration). The hospital mortality rate was 27.5%, and 54.5% of the patients who died in the hospital had cancer. No deaths were attributed to cardiac tamponade or the drainage procedure. Conclusion Our results showed that pericardial window is a safe procedure, but it had little value to clarify the pericardial effusion etiology and no impact on the planned therapy for the primary diagnosis besides the cardiac decompression. examination However debated nontargeted non targeted procedures 8 201 202 reviewed 005 0 05 0.05 62.5%, 625 62 5 (62.5%, 3 37.5%. 375 37.5% . 37 (37.5%) interquartile range 2 59 4 65, 65 , 65) 0.724. 0724 0.724 724 0.724) 313 31 31.3% 25 25% 15 15% 125 12 12.5% 75 7 7.5% 88 8.8% 74%, 74 74% (74%) videoassisted video assisted 22%. 22 22% (22%) Overall 788 78 78.8 inflammation 137 13 13.7 32% 32 (32 infiltration. infiltration infiltration) 275 27 27.5% 545 54 54.5 procedure decompression 20 00 0.0 62.5% 6 (62.5% 37.5 (37.5% 072 0.72 72 31.3 1 12.5 7.5 8.8 (74% (22% 78. 13. (3 27.5 54. 0. 62.5 (62.5 37. (37.5 07 0.7 31. 12. 7. 8. (74 (22 ( 27. 62. (62. (37. (7 (2 (62 (37 (6

Resumo Fundamento A janela pericárdica, além de promover a drenagem pericárdica, também pode fornecer amostras do pericárdio para exame anatomopatológico. No entanto, a contribuição dessas biópsias para a elucidação da etiologia do derrame pericárdico tem sido debatida. Objetivo Analisar o valor diagnóstico da biópsia pericárdica não guiada obtida de procedimentos de janela pericárdica. Métodos Foram revisados retrospectivamente dados de 80 pacientes submetidos a biópsia pericárdica parietal de 2011 a 2020. A significância estatística foi considerada quando p < 0,05. Resultados Cinquenta pacientes eram do sexo masculino (62,5%) e 30 do sexo feminino (37,5%). A mediana de idade foi de 52 anos (intervalo interquartil: 29 a 59) e 49 anos (intervalo interquartil: 38 a 65), respectivamente (p = 0,724). A etiologia suspeita do derrame pericárdico foi neoplásica em 31,3%, incerta em 25%, tuberculose em 15%, autoimune em 12,5%, síndrome edemigênica em 7,5% e outras condições diversas em 8,8%. A abordagem mais frequente para drenagem pericárdica e biópsia foi a subxifoide (74%), seguida pela videotoracoscopia (22%). Em 78,8% das biópsias, os achados histopatológicos foram compatíveis com inflamação inespecífica, e apenas 13,7% de todas as biópsias produziram um diagnóstico histopatológico conclusivo. Aqueles que sofriam de câncer e derrame pericárdico apresentaram maior proporção de achados histopatológicos conclusivos (32% apresentavam infiltração neoplásica pericárdica). A taxa de mortalidade hospitalar foi de 27,5% e 54,5% dos pacientes que morreram no hospital tinham câncer. Nenhuma morte foi atribuída ao tamponamento cardíaco ou ao procedimento de drenagem. Conclusão Nossos resultados mostraram que a janela pericárdica é um procedimento seguro, mas teve pouco valor para esclarecer a etiologia do derrame pericárdico e nenhum impacto na terapia planejada para o diagnóstico primário além da descompressão cardíaca. anatomopatológico entanto debatida 8 201 2020 005 0 05 0,05 62,5% 625 62 5 (62,5% 3 37,5%. 375 37,5% . 37 (37,5%) intervalo interquartil 2 59 4 65, 65 , 65) 0,724. 0724 0,724 724 0,724) 313 31 31,3% 25 25% 15 15% 125 12 12,5% 75 7 7,5 88 8,8% 74%, 74 74% (74%) 22%. 22 22% (22%) 788 78 78,8 inespecífica 137 13 13,7 conclusivo 32% 32 (32 pericárdica) 275 27 27,5 545 54 54,5 seguro cardíaca 20 202 00 0,0 62,5 6 (62,5 37,5 (37,5% 072 0,72 72 31,3 1 12,5 7, 8,8 (74% (22% 78, 13, (3 27, 54, 0, 62, (62, 37, (37,5 07 0,7 31, 12, 8, (74 (22 ( (62 (37, (7 (2 (6 (37

ABSTRACT Recurrent pericardial effusion is commonly encountered in neoplastic and infective disorders. Intervention is compulsory in patients with unstable hemodynamics and tamponading effusion. Surgical options include: pericardiocentesis, subxiphoid pericardiostomy, and pericardial window. The latter has proved to have lower incidence of recurrence; however, the technique has been continuously refined to improve the recurrence-free survival and decrease postoperative morbidity. We herein present a novel simple modification to minimize recurrence by anchoring the free edges of pericardial fenestration overlying the superior vena cava and right atrium to the chest wall. Follow-up showed no recurrence compared to 3.5% in the conventional procedure.

Subxyphoid pericardial window (SPW) is performed as both a diagnostic and therapeutic intervention in patients presenting with a penetrating cardiac injury (PCI). Post-pericardiotomy syndrome (PPS) with cardiac tamponade has been reported after penetrating cardiac trauma¹ and after transdiaphragmatic pericardial window.² We describe the first PPS with acute tamponade, weeks after diagnostic SPW for a PCI.

ABSTRACT Primary myocardial involvement of Diffuse Large B-Cell lymphoma is extremely rare, accounting for 0.5 % of all lymphomas. We report a 65-year-old male, presenting with an acute cardiac tamponade, which was drained. A pericardial window with myocardial biopsy was carried out, disclosing a diffuse large B cell lymphoma. He received 6 cycles of rituximab, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CVP), without response. Finally, a palliative chemotherapy with gemcitabine plus oxaliplatin was prescribed.

El linfoma difuso de células grandes B, primario del miocardio es muy raro. Presentamos un varón de 65 años que se presentó con un taponamiento cardíaco agudo que fue drenado. La biopsia miocárdica un mostró linfoma difuso de células grandes B, primario de miocardio. El paciente recibió 6 ciclos de quimioterapia con rituximab, ciclofosfamida, vincristina y prednisona sin respuesta. Finalmente se optó por una quimioterapia paliativa con gemcitabina y oxaliplatino.

Abstract Introduction: The presence of mild to moderate pericardial effusion after cardiac surgery is common and oral medical therapy is usually able to treat it. Larger effusions are less frequent and surgical intervention is usually necessary. However, there are some rare cases of large effusions that are recurrent even after intervention and become challenging to treat. Methods: We describe the case of a patient submitted to coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) without any intraoperative complications, who was regularly discharged from the hospital. She was referred to our emergency department twice after surgery with large pericardial effusion that was drained. Even after those two interventions and with adequate oral medication, the large effusion recurred. Results: During follow-up, the patient had her symptoms resolved, with no need for further hospital admission. Her echocardiograms after the last intervention showed no pericardial effusion. The present surgical technique demonstrated to be easy to perform, thus it should be considered as a treatment option for these rare cases of large and repetitive effusions, which do not respond to the traditional methods. Conclusions: In challenging cases of recurrent and large pericardial effusions, the pericardial-peritoneal window is an alternative surgical technique that brings clinical improvement and diminishes the risk of cardiac tamponade. Introduction necessary However Methods CABG (CABG complications drained medication recurred Results followup, followup follow up, up follow-up resolved admission perform methods Conclusions pericardialperitoneal peritoneal tamponade

Abstract Introduction: In high-volume trauma centers, especially in developing countries, penetrating cardiac box injuries are frequent. Although many aspects of penetrating chest injuries have been well established, video-assisted thoracoscopy is still finding its place in cardiac box trauma and algorithmic approaches are still lacking. The purpose of this manuscript is to provide a streamlined recommendation for penetrating cardiac box injury in stable patients. Methods: Literature review was carried out using PubMed/MEDLINE and Google Scholar databases to identify articles describing the characteristics and concepts of penetrating cardiac box trauma, including the characteristics of tamponade, cardiac ultrasound, indications and techniques of pericardial windows and, especially, the role of video-assisted thoracoscopy in stable patients. Results: Penetrating cardiac box injuries, whether by stab or gunshot wounds, require rapid surgical consultation. Unstable patients require immediate open surgery, however, determining which stable patients should be taken to thoracoscopic surgery is still controversial. Here, the classification of penetrating cardiac box injury used in Colombia is detailed, as well as the algorithmic approach to these types of trauma. Conclusion: Although open surgery is mandatory in unstable patients with penetrating cardiac box injuries, a more conservative and minimally invasive approach may be undertaken in stable patients. As rapid decision-making is critical in the trauma bay, surgeons working in high-volume trauma centers should expose themselves to thoracoscopy and always consider this possibility in the setting of penetrating cardiac box injuries in stable patients, always in the context of an experienced trauma team. Introduction highvolume high volume countries frequent established videoassisted video assisted lacking Methods PubMedMEDLINE PubMed MEDLINE tamponade ultrasound Results wounds consultation however controversial Here detailed Conclusion decisionmaking decision making bay team

Resumen El manejo definitivo de los pacientes hemodinámicamente estables con heridas cardíacas penetrantes continúa siendo controversial con abordajes invasivos versus manejos conservadores. Estas posiciones contrarias se extienden hasta aquellos casos de pacientes hemodinámicamente inestables donde se ha descrito y considerado la cirugía de control de daños como un procedimiento útil y efectivo. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar la experiencia en el manejo quirúrgico de heridas cardíacas penetrantes con la creación de un algoritmo práctico que incluye los principios básicos del control de daños. Se recomienda que a todos los pacientes con heridas precordiales penetrantes se les debe realizar un ultrasonido torácico como componente integral de la evaluación inicial. Aquellos que presenten un ultrasonido torácico positivo y se encuentren hemodinámicamente estables se les debe realizar una ventana pericárdica con posterior lavado. Se ha demostrado que el 25% de las ventanas pericárdicas positivas no se benefician ni requieren de posteriores abordajes quirúrgicos invasivos. Antes de este concepto, todos los pacientes con ventana pericárdica positiva terminaban en una exploración abierta del tórax y del pericárdico. Los pacientes hemodinámicamente inestables requieren de una cirugía de control de daños para un adecuado y oportuno control del sangrado. Con este propósito, se propone un algoritmo de manejo quirúrgico que incluye todos estos aspectos esenciales en el abordaje de este grupo de pacientes.

Abstract Definitive management of hemodynamically stable patients with penetrating cardiac injuries remains controversial between those who propose aggressive invasive care versus those who opt for a less invasive or non-operative approach. This controversy even extends to cases of hemodynamically unstable patients in which damage control surgery is thought to be useful and effective. The aim of this article is to delineate our experience in the surgical management of penetrating cardiac injuries via the creation of a clear and practical algorithm that includes basic principles of damage control surgery. We recommend that all patients with precordial penetrating injuries undergo trans-thoracic ultrasound screening as an integral component of their initial evaluation. In those patients who arrive hemodynamically stable but have a positive ultrasound, a pericardial window with lavage and drainage should follow. We want to emphasize the importance of the pericardial lavage and drainage in the surgical management algorithm of these patients. Before this concept, all positive pericardial windows ended up in an open chest exploration. With the coming of the pericardial lavage and drainage procedure, the reported literature and our experience have shown that 25% of positive pericardial windows do not benefit and/or require further invasive procedures. However, in hemodynamically unstable patients, damage control surgery may still be required to control ongoing bleeding. For this purpose, we propose a surgical management algorithm that includes all of these essential clinical aspects in the care of these patients.

ABSTRACT Background: Massive pericardial effusion represents less than 2% of cardiac surgery complications. Case Report: Male, 31 years old, with mechanical mitral valve, who were readmitted three weeks after cardiac surgery, due to massive hemopericardium and INR of 6,23. He underwent the pericardial window through the left mini-thoracotomy, draining 1500ml. Conclusions: It is necessary a systematic monitoring to maintain desired anticoagulation values and to identify possible complications early.

RESUMEN Introducción: Los derrames pericárdicos masivos representan menos del 2% de las complicaciones de los post operados de cirugía cardíaca. Reporte de caso: Varón de 31 años, portador de prótesis mitral mecánica, que reingresa a la tercera semana de la cirugía por hemopericardio masivo e INR en 6,23. Fue sometido a ventana pleuropericárdica de emergencia, drenando un volumen de 1500ml. Conclusiones: Es necesario un seguimiento sistemático para mantener un rango de anticoagulación deseado e identificar tempranamente posibles complicaciones.

Abstract Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is an entity characterized by acute and transient ventricular dysfunction, which is usually related to a triggering event (emotional or physical stress), and usually presents with regional systolic dysfunction of the left ventricle, however up to 30% may be biventricular. Depending on its severity in some cases the disease can condition refractory cardiogenic shock to management with inotropics and vasopressors, so for these cases circulatory assistance devices should be considered. We present the case of a young patient who had pulmonary valve change with biological prosthesis, which seven weeks after surgery went to the emergency department with pericardial effusion and tamponade physiology secondary to postpericardiotomy syndrome. For this reason pericardial window was practiced, however during the procedure she presented biventricular Takotsubo cardiomyopathy which conditioned cardiogenic shock with severe mitral and tricuspid regurgitation, and refractivity to medical treatment as well as intraaortic balloon pump, requiring circulatory support with venoarterial ECMO for 5 days.

Resumen La cardiomiopatía de Takotsubo es una entidad caracterizada por disfunción ventricular aguda y transitoria, la cual está generalmente relacionada a un evento desencadenante (estrés emocional o físico) y que, por lo general, se presenta con disfunción sistólica regional del ventrículo izquierdo, aunque hasta en un 30% puede ser biventricular. Según su severidad, en algunos casos puede condicionar choque cardiogénico refractario a manejo con inotrópicos y vasopresores, por lo que para estos casos deben considerarse los dispositivos de asistencia circulatoria. Presentamos el caso de una paciente joven a quien se realizó cambio valvular pulmonar con prótesis biológica, la cual siete semanas posteriores a la cirugía acudió al servicio de urgencias con derrame pericárdico y fisiología de tamponade secundario a síndrome pospericardiotomía. Por tal motivo se le practicó ventana pericárdica, sin embargo durante el transquirúrgico presentó cardiomiopatía de Takotsubo biventricular que le condicionó choque cardiogénico con insuficiencia mitral y tricúspidea severas y refractariedad a tratamiento médico, así como a balón intraaórtico de contrapulsación (BIAC), por lo cual requirió soporte circulatorio con ECMO venoarterial durante 5 días.

Abstract Case Presentation: A case of a 49-year-old patient, male, victim of stab wound, developing belatedly cardiac tamponade and hemodynamic stability was reported. The patient underwent a pericardial window with drainage of pericardial effusion of blackened aspect; however, without visualization of the cardiac lesion, enlargement of the incision by median sternotomy was opted for. A hematoma was spotted at the left ventricle with epicardial lesion and a patch of pericardium was made with 3-0 polypropylene. The patient developed acute pulmonary edema and atrial fibrillation, which improved after the intensive care unit clinical management, with hospital discharge in the 7th postoperative day.

We report the case of a 73-year- old female patient with vomiting, aspiration pneumonia and constitutional symptoms. The imaging tests showed total gastric herniation in the pericardial sac through a pericardio-peritoneal window previously created. The case was solved with surgery. The therapeutic options for persistent pericardial effusion are considered. Intrapericardial gastric hernia as a complication, its clinical presentation, intraoperative findings, complementary tests and treatment are discussed.

Presentamos el caso de una paciente septuagenaria, con vómitos, neumonía por broncoaspiración y síndrome de impregnación neoplásica. Los estudios por imágenes muestran la totalidad del estómago herniado en el pericardio a través de una ventana pericardio-peritoneal realizada previamente. Se realizó la resolución quirúrgica del caso. Se hacen consideraciones sobre las opciones para el tratamiento del derrame pericárdico persistente, la hernia gástrica intrapericárdica como complicación, su presentación clínica, hallazgos intraoperatorios, forma de estudio y tratamiento.

ABSTRACT Primary cardiac lymphoma is an extremely rare and fatal entity of the heart. It is defined as a lymphoma that compromises the heart as well as the pericardium. It has a poor prognosis because of the difficulty in its diagnosis, due to the inaccessibility of its location. Here is presented the case of an 84-year-old man with healthy history that came to our hospital with symptoms and signs of heart failure. The first suspicion was dilated cardiomyopathy, but in the transthoracic echocardiography was observed a large pericardial effusion with a mass attached to the side wall of the right chambers, without chamber dilation. A pericardial window was performed to drain the effusion, without being able to study the extracted fluid. Finally, a magnetic resonance imaging was performed resulting in a cardiac lymphoma diagnosis, that, taking into account the absence of other changes in the rest of the body, was defined as primary. No histological diagnosis could be developed due to refusal of the patient and his relatives.

RESUMEN El linfoma cardíaco primario es una enfermedad extremadamente rara y fatal del corazón. Es definido como un linfoma que compromete el corazón y el pericardio. Tiene un pronóstico pobre debido a la dificultad en su diagnóstico por lo inaccesible de su localización. Se presenta el caso de un hombre de 84 años de edad con antecedentes de salud que acudió con síntomas y signos de insuficiencia cardíaca. Se sospechó cardiopatía dilatada, pero en el ecocardiograma transtorácico se observó derrame pericárdico severo con masa adherida a la pared lateral de las cavidades derechas, sin dilatación de cavidades. Se realizó ventana pericárdica para drenar el derrame, sin poder estudiar el líquido extraído. Finalmente se realizó resonancia magnética nuclear que diagnosticó linfoma cardíaco, y teniendo en cuenta la ausencia de otras alteraciones en el resto del cuerpo, se definió como primario. No se pudo realizar diagnóstico histológico por negativa del paciente y familiares.

Abstract A 68 year old female, hypertensive patient, treated with telmisartan/hydrochlorothiazide 80/12.5/24h. History of Dyspnea of small efforts, orthopnea, hypotension the supine, bilateral pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, heart failure with LVEF 20%, with very rapid evolution (2-3 months). Origin of bilateral pleural effusions so far of idiopathic origin. Requested anesthetic time to have videotoracopia diagnosed, bilateral pleural effusion, pericardial window drainage, take biopsies pleural and Mediastinal, abrasive and chemical pleurodesis. Anesthetic plan to: lock the bilateral spinal erector with total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA), remifentanil in perfusion system continues with etomidate. Conclusion: The blocking of the spinal erector decreased consumption of opioid to half the expected, as well as allowing good in the intraoperative and postoperative pain management. We did not have hemodynamic variations at the time of its application, despite being a susceptible patient to hypotension to the supine position. Etomidate did nót allow variations in the hemodynamics at the time of the induction and maintenance of anesthesia. The remifentanil allowed to maintain a constant opioid infusion including a post-extubation time, having the advantage of being an opioid of begining and fast metabolism.

Resumen Paciente de 68 años de edad, hipertensa, en tratamiento con telmisartan/hidroclorotiazida 80/12.5/24h. Antecedentes de disnea de pequeños esfuerzos, ortopnea, hipotensión al supino, derrame pleural bilateral, derrame pericárdico, falla cardiaca con FEVI 20%, con muy rápida evolución (2-3 meses). Origen del derrame pleural bilateral hasta el momento de origen idiopático. Se solicitó tiempo anestésico para videotoracopia diagnostica, drenaje de derrame pleural bilateral, ventana pericárdica, toma de biopsias pleurales y mediastinales, pleurodesis abrasiva y química. Plan anestésico: Bloqueo del erector espinal bilateral con anestesia total intravenosa (TIVA), remifentanilo en sistema de perfusión continúa con etomidato. Conclusiones: El bloqueo del erector espinal disminuyó el consumo de opioide a la mitad del esperado, además de permitir buen manejo del dolor en el transoperatorio y postoperatorio. No tuvimos variaciones hemodinámicas al momento de su aplicación, a pesar de ser una paciente con predisposición a hipotensión al supino. El etomidato tampoco permitió variaciones en la hemodinamia al momento de la inducción y mantenimiento de la anestesia. El remifentanilo permitió mantener perfusión de un opioide constante inclusive una hora posterior a la extubación, teniendo la ventaja de ser un opioide de inicio y metabolismo rápido.