Resumen Este trabajo tiene como objetivo comprender las causas de la erosión costera a través de la caracterización del ambiente de playa, determinando perfiles de playa y análisis hidrodinámico como principales métodos para comprender los procesos costeros. El foco espacial de esta investigación es un punto ubicado en la playa urbana de Areia Preta, costa este de la ciudad de Natal, capital del Estado de Rio Grande do Norte. La metodología científica aplicada consistió en estudio bibliográfico, caracterización ambiental, levantamiento topográfico transversal a la playa en los compartimientos backshore, foreshore y foreshore, utilizando la metodología Birkemeier “Stádia” (1981) y recogida de datos hidrodinámicos respaldados en la metodología de Mueher (2011), además de registros fotográficos costeros Preta Natal Norte bibliográfico ambiental backshore Stádia “Stádia 1981 (1981 2011, 2011 , (2011) 198 (198 201 (2011 19 (19 20 (201 1 (1 2 (20 ( (2

Abstract The objective of this work to understand the causes of coastal erosion through characterization of environment, determining beach profiles and hydrodynamic analysis, with the main methods for understanding coastal process. The spatial clipping of this research comprises a point, located on the urban beach Areia Preta, zone east of the city of Natal, capital of Rio Grande do Norte eastern coast of the state. A methodology consisted of bibliographic survey, environmental characterization, topographic survey transverse to the beach in the compartments of the postbeach foreshore and ante-beach through the methodology of “Stadia” Birkemeier (1918) and data collection method hydrodynamics based on the methodology of the Mueher (2011), and addition to records photographs. environment analysis process point Preta Natal state antebeach ante Stadia “Stadia 1918 (1918 2011, 2011 , (2011) photographs 191 (191 201 (2011 19 (19 20 (201 1 (1 2 (20 ( (2

Resumo O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi compreender as causas da erosão costeira através da caracterização do ambiente praial, determinando perfis praiais e análise hidrodinâmica, com os principais métodos para compreender os processos costeiros. O recorte espacial dessa pesquisa compreende um ponto, localizado na praia urbana de Areia Preta, zona leste da cidade do Natal, capital do Rio Grande do Norte, litoral oriental do estado. A metodologia consistiu de levantamento bibliográfico, caracterização ambiental, levantamento topográfico transversal à praia nos compartimentos do pós-praia, estirâncio e antepraia, através da Métodologia da “Stádia” Birkemeier (1981) e coleta de dados hidrodinâmicos baseado na metodologia de Mueher (2011), além de registros fotográficos. praial hidrodinâmica costeiros ponto Preta Natal Norte estado bibliográfico ambiental póspraia, póspraia pós praia, pós-praia antepraia Stádia “Stádia 1981 (1981 2011, 2011 , (2011) fotográficos 198 (198 201 (2011 19 (19 20 (201 1 (1 2 (20 ( (2

RESUMEN Realizar estudios sobre valoración, motivaciones y satisfacción permite entender mejor las expectativas, necesidades y objetivos del turista, elementos fundamentales para diseñar estrategias de marketing. Sin embargo, existen aún pocos trabajos de segmentación y valoración en función de las motivaciones turísticas más relevantes, especialmente en contextos como el ecuatoriano. El principal objetivo de la presente investigación es caracterizar cuáles son los perfiles de los turistas que visitan el destino turístico de Manta, en el área metropolitana de Manabí, Ecuador. La metodología aplicada fue de carácter cuantitativo, a través de una encuesta realizada a turistas y excursionistas, considerando las motivaciones, el comportamiento de viaje, el producto o servicio, y la evaluación y satisfacción. Los resultados llevan a concluir que la principal aplicación práctica de esta investigación es comprender motivaciones, valoración y satisfacción de los segmentos identificados en función de contribuir a mejorar estrategias clave de actuación en el marco de la complementariedad entre patrimonio cultural y turismo de sol y playa en el destino Manta.

RÉSUMÉ Réaliser des études sur la valorisation, les motivations et la satisfaction nous permet de mieux comprendre les attentes, les besoins et les objectifs du touriste, éléments fondamentaux pour concevoir des stratégies marketing. Cependant, il existe encore peu de travaux sur la segmentation et la valorisation en fonction des motivations touristiques les plus pertinentes, en particulier dans des contextes tels que l'Équateur. L'objectif principal de cette recherche est de caractériser les profils des touristes qui visitent la destination touristique de Manta, dans la zone métropolitaine de Manabí, en Équateur. La méthodologie appliquée a été de nature quantitative, à travers une enquête auprès des touristes et des randonneurs, tout en prenant en compte les motivations, le comportement de voyage, le produit ou le service, ainsi que l'évaluation et la satisfaction. Les résultats conduisent à la conclusion que la principale application pratique de cette recherche est de comprendre les motivations, l'évaluation et la satisfaction des segments identifiés afin de contribuer à l'amélioration des stratégies d'action clés dans le cadre de la complémentarité entre le patrimoine culturel et le tourisme solaire et balnéaire dans la destination Manta.

ABSTRACT Studying valuation, motivations and satisfaction allows a better understanding of the expectations, needs and objectives of tourists, which are essential inputs for the design of marketing strategies. Despite this, few works study segmentation and valuation based on the most relevant motivations of tourists, especially in countries such as Ecuador. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to characterize the profiles of the tourists who visit Manta, metropolitan area of Manabí, Ecuador, through a quantitative approach and the application of a survey that weighs their motivations, travel behavior, product or service purchased, and their evaluation and satisfaction towards the destination. The results lead to conclude that the main practical implication of this research is to understand the motivations, valuation and satisfaction of the identified segments in order to contribute to improving key action strategies within the framework of the complementarity between cultural heritage and sun-and-beach tourism in Manta.

RESUMO Realizar estudos sobre valorização, motivações e satisfação permite entender melhor as expectativas, as necessidades e os objetivos do turista, elementos fundamentais para desenhar estratégias de marketing. Contudo, há ainda poucos trabalhos de segmentação e valorização em função das motivações turísticas mais relevantes, especialmente em contextos como o equatoriano. O principal objetivo desta pesquisa é caracterizar quais os perfis dos turistas que visitam o destino de Manta, na área metropolitana de Manabí, Equador. A metodologia aplicada foi de caráter quantitativo, por meio de questionário realizado com turistas e excursionistas, considerando as motivações, o comportamento de viagem, o produto ou o serviço, a avaliação e a satisfação. Os resultados indicam que a principal aplicação prática desta pesquisa é compreender as motivações, a valorização e a satisfação dos segmentos identificados em função de contribuir para melhorar estratégias-chave de atuação no âmbito da complementariedade entre patrimônio cultural e turismo de sol e praia no destino Manta.

Abstract The present study tackles the issue of training in pedagogical standards, from the perspective of Pedagogy students from five faculties of the University of Playa Ancha, Chile. It is an institutional case study, with a mixed design. At first, 78.3 percent of the Pedagogy student population participated, answering a predesigned questionnaire and, later, 13 representatives from Basic Education; and History and Geography joined a series of focus groups. The results reveal that the students asses their training from sufficient to good. There are statistically significant differences between faculties in 6 of the 10 standards. We concluded that the transversal presence of the standards in the training project during the career and the practice workshops can have a favorable influence on the training of students, whereas the lack of common guidelines between academic units results in different levels of training, a situation that must be taken into further consideration by the institution.

Resumen El presente estudio se ocupa de la formación en los estándares pedagógicos según estudiantes de pedagogía de cinco facultades de la Universidad de Playa Ancha, Chile. Es un estudio de caso institucional, con diseño mixto. En un primer momento participó 78.3 por ciento de la población estudiantil de pedagogía, quienes contestaron un cuestionario y, posteriormente, 13 representantes de Educación básica e Historia y geografía participaron en grupos focales. Los resultados destacan que los estudiantes valoran de suficiente a buena su formación. Existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre facultades en 6 de los 10 estándares. Se concluye que la presencia transversal de los estándares en el proyecto formativo de la carrera y los talleres de práctica puede influir favorablemente en la formación de los estudiantes, en cambio la falta de lineamientos comunes entre las unidades académicas determina distintos niveles de formación, situación que deberá ser analizada en la institución.

RESUMO Introdução Desde sua estréia nas Olimpíadas de Atlanta em 1996, o vôlei de praia cresceu internacionalmente. Uma abrangente coleta de dados de diferentes países e níveis de competição fornecerá um banco de dados que pode ser utilizado para caracaterizar os jogadores de volêi de praia e definir referências para as etapas do treinamento. Objetivo O propósito desse estudo consiste em descrever e comparar os perfis antropométricos de jogadores e jogadoras espanhóis de vôlei de praia, de diferentes níveis de competição, em relação ao rendimento esportivo. Métodos A amostra compreendeu 150 jogadores participantes do Campeonato Espanhol de Vôlei de Praia de 2011 (categorias Sub-19, Sub-21 e Sênior). Ao usar o ranking fornecido pela Real Federação Espanhola de Voleibol, os jogadores foram distribuídos através de níveis de rendimento (nível 1: jogadores entre o primeiro e quarto colocado; nível 2: entre o quinto e nono colocado e nível 3: a partir do décimo até o décimo-sétimo colocado). O estudo incluiu um grupo de 18 jogadores do nível 1 (M1), 39 do nível 2 (M2) e 22 do nível 3 (M3) e 18 jogadoras do nível 1 feminino (F1) , 41 do nível 2 (F2) e 12 do nível 3 (F3). Resultados A amostra masculina de alto nível (M1) apresentou uma idade média significativamente menor (19,33 anos) do que os jogadores da elite internacional (30 anos). A estatura e o peso corporal dos jogadores espanhóis de nível mais alto, em ambos os sexos, apresentaram valores inferiores aos apresentados pelos jogadores da elite internacional. Conclusão A altura e o componente de gordura são responsáveis pelas diferenças entre os jogadores de vôlei de praia de alto nível e nível inferior, tanto para homens quanto para mulheres. Além disso, quanto mais alto o nível de rendimento, maior a estatura e menor o componente de gordura. Considerando-se os dados observados no estudo, o processo de seleção de talentos no vôlei de praia espanhol deve priorizar a seleção de indivíduos mais altos do que atualmente. Nível de evidência lll; Estudos terapêuticos-Investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

ABSTRACT Introduction Since its debut at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics, beach volleyball has grown on the international sports scene. An extensive collection of data from several countries and levels of competition will provide a database that can be used to characterize beach volleyball players and define references for training stages. Objective The purpose of this study was to describe and compare the anthropometric profiles of Spanish male and female beach volleyball players at different levels of competition in relation to sports performance. Methods The sample comprised 150 players participating in the 2011 Spanish Beach Volleyball Championships (Under 19, Under 21, and Senior categories). Using the ranking provided by the Royal Spanish Volleyball Federation, the subjects were distributed by performance level (level 1: players ranked first to fourth; level 2: players ranked fifth to ninth; and level 3: players ranked tenth to seventeenth). The study comprised a group of male players, with 18 level 1 ( M1 ), 39 level 2 ( M2 ), and 22 level 3 players ( M3 ), and a group of female players, with 18 level 1 ( F1 ), 41 level 2 ( F2 ), and 12 level 3 players ( F3 ). Results The top level male sample ( M1 ) had a significantly lower average age (19.33 years) than the men’s international elite players (30 years). The top Spanish players of both genders had much lower values for height and body weight than the international elite players. Conclusions Height and fat component are responsible for the differences between top and lower level beach volleyball players, for both men and women. Moreover, as the level of performance increases, players are taller and have a lower fat component. In view of the data observed in this study, the talent selection process in Spanish beach volleyball should aim to select taller individuals than at present. Level of evidence III; Therapeutic studies-Investigating the results of treatment.

RESUMEN Introducción Desde su estreno en las Olimpíadas de Atlanta en 1996, el Vóleibol de Playa creció internacionalmente. Una amplia colecta de datos de diferentes países y niveles de competición proveerá un banco de datos que puede ser utilizado para caracterizar a los jugadores de vóleibol de playa y definir referencias para las etapas del entrenamiento. Objetivo El propósito de este estudio consiste en describir y comparar los perfiles antropométricos de jugadores y jugadoras españoles de Vóleibol de Playa, de diferentes niveles de competición, con relación al rendimiento deportivo. Métodos La muestra comprendió a 150 jugadores participantes del Campeonato Español de Vóleibol de Playa de 2011 (categorías Sub-19, Sub-21 y Sénior). Al usar el ranking suministrado por la Real Federación Española de Vóleibol, los jugadores fueron distribuidos a través de niveles de rendimiento (nivel 1: jugadores entre el primero y el cuarto colocado; nivel 2: entre el quinto y el noveno colocado; y nivel 3: a partir del décimo hasta el décimo-séptimo colocado). El estudio incluyó a un grupo de 18 jugadores de nivel 1 (M1), 39 del nivel 2 (M2) y 22 del nivel 3 (M3) y 18 jugadoras del nivel 1 femenino (F1), 41 del nivel 2 (F2), y 12 del nivel 3 (F3). Resultados La muestra masculina de mayor nivel (M1) presentó una edad promedio significativamente menor (19,33 años) que los jugadores de la élite internacional (30 años). La estatura y el peso corporal de los jugadores españoles de nivel más alto, en ambos sexos, presentaron valores inferiores a los presentados por los jugadores de la élite internacional. Conclusión La altura y el componente de grasa son responsables por las diferencias entre los jugadores de vóleibol de playa de alto nivel y nivel inferior, tanto para hombres como para mujeres. Además, cuanto más alto el nivel de rendimiento, mayor la estatura y menor el componente de grasa. Considerándose los datos observados en el estudio, el proceso de selección de talentos en el Vóleibol de Playa español debe priorizar la selección de individuos más altos que los que hay actualmente. Nivel de evidencia III; Estudios terapéuticos-Investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

SUMMARY: The aim was to compare anthropometric profiles, body composition, and somatotypes of female volleyball players grouped according to player status (National League Divisions) and function. The study assessed 62 volleyball players and 12 beach volleyball players (mean age, 23.58, s = 7.74 years). Anthropometric measures included height, body mass, body circumferences and diameters, adipose skinfold thickness. Data processing using a dietetic software package provided body mass index, fat mass percentage, arm muscular area, thigh muscular area, and somatotype. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS Statistics version 22. Division B volleyball players were taller than those in Division C (169.19, s = 6.68 cm vs. 165.40, s = 6.19 cm; P <0.05), but showed lower arm muscular area (34.77, s = 3.57 cm2 vs. 40.06, s = 7.27 cm2; p <0.05) and mesomorphy (3.40, s = 1.21 vs. 4.84, s = 2.10; P <0.05). For player functions, blockers were the tallest (172.38, s = 4.18 cm; P <0.05) and showed the highest ectomorphy (3.08, s = 1.02; P <0.05), setters showed the highest fat mass percentage (26.38 %, s = 2.99 %: P <0.05), and ‘liberos’ showed a more compact mesomorphy (5.46, s = 2.13) and low ectomorphy (1.58, s = 0.90). The anthropometric data showed few significant differences between the volleyball Divisions, suggesting that promotion up the Divisions is due to technical ability rather than physical qualities. The anthropometric profiles of the players varied according to their functions within their volleyball team.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar los perfiles antropométricos, la composición corporal y los somatotipos de jugadoras de voleibol agrupadas según el estado de jugador (División de la Liga Nacional) y la función. El estudio evaluó 62 jugadoras de voleibol y 12 jugadoras de voleibol de playa (edad media, 23,58, s = 7,74 años). Las medidas antropométricas incluyeron altura, masa corporal, circunferencias y diámetros corporales, y grosor del pliegue cutáneo adiposo. Los datos se analizaron mediante un software proporcionando el índice de masa corporal, el porcentaje de masa grasa, el área muscular del brazo, el área muscular del muslo y el somatotipo. El análisis estadístico se realizó con el software SPSS Statistics versión 22. Las jugadoras de voleibol de la División B eran más altas que las de la División C (169,19, s = 6,68 cm vs. 165,40, s = 6,19 cm; P <0,05), pero mostraron una zona muscular del brazo inferior (34,77, s = 3,57 cm2 vs. 40,06, s = 7,27 cm2; p <0,05) y mesomorfia (3,40, s = 1,21 vs. 4,84, s = 2,10; P <0,05). Para las funciones del jugador, las bloqueadoras fueron las más altas (172,38, s = 4,18 cm; p <0,05) y mostraron la ectomorfia más alta (3,08, s = 1,02; p <0,05), las colocadoras mostraron el mayor porcentaje de masa grasa (26,38 %, s = 2,99 %: p <0,05), y los “liberos” mostraron una mesomorfia más compacta (5,46, s = 2,13) y ectomorfia baja (1,58, s = 0,90). Los datos antropométricos mostraron pocas diferencias significativas entre las divisiones de voleibol, lo que sugiere que la promoción de las divisiones se debe a la capacidad técnica más que a las cualidades físicas. Los perfiles antropométricos de las jugadoras variaron según sus funciones dentro de su equipo de voleibol.

Abstract Development of anticorrosive coatings currently seeks the reuse of large quantities of discarded polymers, among which polystyrene stands out. The objective of this research was to evaluate an anticorrosive coating formulated based on recycled expanded polystyrene. Two standard formulations were developed with expanded polystyrene recycled as resin, D-limonene as solvent, TiO2 pigment charge, ZnO anticorrosive agent and cobalt octoate as a drying agent. Their physical, chemical and rheological properties were evaluated in reference to the Ecuadorian Technical Norm NTE INEN 1045 "Anticorrosive paints. Glossy alkyd enamel. Requirements. " The results show that the formulation 2 gives better results depending on its a time of drying to the touch (63,840 min), viscosity (715,80 cP), percentage of adherence (96,00 %), cleaning in glass and percentage of solids (39,50 %). Additionally, the corrosion resistance of the obtained coating versus a commercial coating was compared by exposure, in the saline environment of Las Palmas Beach in the city of Esmeraldas, plates made of carbon steel, 304L stainless steel and black tol, all treated with both coatings and tested by weight loss technique. Corrosion rate in the samples where the polystyrene coating was applied, in thousandths of inches per year (mpy), were 0.859 for the black tol, 0.259 for carbon steel and 0.064 for 304L stainless steel. Also ASTM-610 standard standardized images was applied. Potential of the recycled polymer as a resin for anticorrosive coating was confirmed by the results of this investigation.

Resumen El desarrollo de recubrimientos anticorrosivos en la actualidad busca la reutilización de las grandes cantidades de polímeros desechados, entre los que destaca el poliestireno. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar un recubrimiento anticorrosivo formulado en base a poliestireno expandido reciclado. Se desarrollaron dos formulaciones patrón con poliestireno expandido reciclado como resina, D-limoneno como disolvente, TiO2 pigmento carga, ZnO agente anticorrosivo y octoato de cobalto como secante. Se evaluaron sus propiedades físicas, químicas y reológicas en referencia a la Norma Técnica Ecuatoriana NTE INEN 1045 “Pinturas anticorrosiva. Esmalte alquídico brillante. Requisitos”. Los resultados muestran que la formulación 2 da mejores resultados en función de su un tiempo de secado al tacto (63,84 min), viscosidad (715,80 cP), porcentaje de adherencia (96,00 %), limpieza en vidrio y porcentaje de sólidos (39,50 %). Adicionalmente, se comparó la resistencia a la corrosión del recubrimiento obtenido versus un recubrimiento comercial, mediante la exposición al ambiente salino de la playa las Palmas de la ciudad de Esmeraldas de placas de acero al carbono, acero inoxidable 304L y tol negro tratadas con ambos recubrimientos y aplicando la técnica de pérdida de peso. La velocidad de corrosión en las muestras donde se aplicó el recubrimiento de poliestireno, en milésimas de pulgadas por año (mpy), fueron 0,859 para el tol negro, 0,259 para acero al carbono y 0,064 para acero inoxidable 304L en base a la norma ADTM D-610 usando imágenes estandarizadas. Lo que evidencia el potencial del polímero reciclado como resina para recubrimiento anticorrosivo.

Abstract: The type of learning strategies most used by students, according to the levels of academic performance and some contextual variables in their first year of higher education is determined. This is done to identify profiles based on dependency networks. The methodology used in the study is based on the positivist paradigm, with a quantitative, cross-sectional measurement, in a descriptive and inferential context with a random sample of 83 first-year students of the Playa Ancha University (in Chile), with the use of the Learning Strategies Evaluation of University Education Questionnaire. Results show significant dependencies (5%) with a greater degree of explanation among metacognitive strategies, processing strategies and use of information; and context control strategies. Two profiles of students are characterized, mainly as a result of the use of metacognitive and processing learning strategies, and to a lesser extent with respect to contextual variables.

Resumen: Se determina el tipo de estrategias de aprendizaje más empleadas por los estudiantes, de acuerdo a los niveles de desempeño académico y a algunas variables contextuales en su primer año de educación superior. Esto se hace con el objetivo de identificar perfiles en función de las redes de dependencias. La metodología empleada responde al paradigma positivista, con alcance cuantitativo, de medición transversal, en un contexto descriptivo e inferencial con una muestra aleatoria de 83 estudiantes de primer año de la Universidad de Playa Ancha (en Chile), con el uso del Cuestionario de Evaluación de Estrategias de Aprendizaje de Educación Universitaria. Los resultados nos permiten identificar dependencias significativas (5%) con un mayor grado de explicación entre las estrategias metacognitivas, las estrategias de procesamiento y uso de información; y estrategias de control de contexto. Se caracterizan dos perfiles de estudiantes, como resultado, principalmente, del uso de las estrategias de aprendizaje metacognitivas y de procesamiento, y en menor medida respecto a las variables contextuales.

Resumen El turismo de sol y playa se sigue expandiendo en todo el mundo, principalmente debido a la atracción por servicios ecosistémicos relevantes, como la belleza escénica y las actividades recreativas que un lugar ofrece; de la misma manera, este sector es uno de los que más aporta a la economía de muchos países del mundo. Es por eso, que existe una gran cantidad de investigaciones dedicadas a identificar los perfiles y las motivaciones del turista en las diferentes localidades, ya que dicha información es esencial para producir estimaciones integrales del beneficio económico de este tipo de turismo en un área específica. El objetivo de esta investigación es examinar el perfil y las motivaciones de los turistas que llegan al balneario de Salinas de la provincia de Santa Elena, Ecuador. El tipo de investigación es exploratoria. Los resultados revelaron que el turista que llega al balneario, en su mayoría son mujeres que vienen de las provincias más populosas del país tales como Guayas y Pichincha, con alto perfil académico profesional, las cuales visitan el balneario principalmente los fines de semana y prefieren quedarse en un hotel. Entre las principales motivaciones para visitar el balneario, se encuentran la playa, especialmente por el avistamiento de ballenas y la variedad gastronómica. Esto sugiere que las estrategias para fortalecer el turismo en Salinas deben diseñarse y desarrollarse para promover actividades de sol, playa y la gastronomía como una de las principales atracciones turísticas de la ciudad. Una buena gestión basada en iniciativas como la creación de rutas culinarias podría ser una alternativa para implementar estrategias dirigidas al desarrollo social y económico local.

Abstract Sun and Sea tourism continues expanding throughout the world, mainly due to the attraction of relevant eco-systemic services, such as the scenic beauty and the recreational activities that a place offers. In the same way, this sector is one of the most important sectors that contribute to the economy of many countries in the world. That is why there is a large amount of research related to the identification of tourist profiles and motivations of them in choosing different locations, is important because such information is essential to produce comprehensive estimates of the economic benefit of this type of tourism in a specific area. The objective of this research is to examine the profile and motivations of tourists who arrive at Salinas city in Ecuador. The type of research is exploratory. The results revealed that the tourists that visit Salinas, are mostly women who come from the largest provinces in the country such as Guayas and Pichincha, with university studies, which visit the place mainly on weekends and prefer to stay in a hotel. Among the main motivations to visit Salinas, are the beach, especially for the whale watching and the gastronomic variety. This suggests that strategies to strengthen tourism in Salinas should be designed and developed to promote sun and beach activities and gastronomy as one of the main tourist attractions of the city. Good management based on initiatives such as the creation of culinary routes could be an alternative to implement strategies aimed at local social and economic development.

Abstract Based on measurements and sampling carried out quarterly along 18 profiles of the Las Glorias beach from August 2015 to May 2016 and with the wave data provided by the Mexican Institute of Transport (IMT), on the one hand, the changes in the profile of the beach and its relationship with the wave regime impacting it are analyzed and, on the other hand, a database is provided that includes the analysis of swell, sediment and morphology data for future studies on its morph dynamics. The results revealed that the distribution of sediments on the beach is spatially and temporally very homogeneous and that the inter-annual cycle of change of the beach profile responds to the seasonal wave regime.

Resumen Con base en mediciones y muestreos realizados trimestralmente a lo largo de 18 perfiles de la playa Las Glorias a partir de agosto de 2015 hasta mayo de 2016 y con los datos de oleaje proporcionados por el Instituto Mexicano del Transporte (IMT), por un lado, se analiza los cambios del perfil de la playa y su relación con el régimen de oleaje que incide sobre ella y, por otro lado, se proporciona una base de datos que incluye el análisis de datos de oleaje, sedimento y morfología de la playa para futuros estudios sobre su morfodinámica. Los resultados revelaron que la distribución de sedimentos en la playa es espacial y temporalmente muy homogénea y que el ciclo interanual de cambio del perfil de playa responde al régimen estacional del oleaje.

Abstract The activities carried out by preindustrial agricultural societies are not usually considered as important factors of soil degradation. Nonetheless, repetitive human daily activities for hundreds of years can substantially transform the natural properties of the soils. At the site of La Playa, Mexico, the activities of early farmers modified the landscape and had an important role in the physical transformations of the natural soil features. This paper depicts the characteristics of La Playa paleosols, which were the living surface of the Early Agriculture Period community (4000 - 1800 cal BP) and we discuss the influence of daily subsistence activities on the soil. The soil features (structuring, differentiation of horizons, texture-in field and laboratory, color, porosity, stoniness, magnetic properties, organic carbon content, carbonation, presence of cutans, nodules and/or concretions, among other pedological features) of three profiles with pedosediments (paleosols interbedded with sediments) formed during late Holocene are discussed. Our study suggests that La Playa Fluvisols are poorly developed and were formed with alluvial deposits (largely composed of reworked soils). The pedogenic properties indicate that overlapping developed during short time periods of stability, under arid conditions of the last 4000 years. The uniformity of the features in all the studied profiles indicate similar pedogenetic conditions across the site. The micromorphological and magnetic properties clearly show that the soil was deeply disturbed by human activities, mainly by roasting features to process food, crematories and grave digging to bury the dead, and removing soil for several agricultural activities.

Resumen Las actividades realizadas por las sociedades agrícolas prehispánicas poco complejas, no son usualmente consideradas como factores importantes de degradación del suelo. Sin embargo, la repetición de actividades cotidianas durante cientos de años puede afectar sustancialmente sus características. En el sitio de La Playa, las modificaciones del paisaje producidas por las actividades cotidianas, tales como la construcción de hornos de tierra para cocer alimentos, campos de maíz con un complejo sistema de canales de riego, y la práctica de rituales mortuorios (crematorios, cremaciones e inhumaciones), juegan un papel importante en las transformaciones de los rasgos naturales del suelo. En este artículo se muestran las características de los paleosuelos de La Playa, que constituyeron la superficie de ocupación durante el Periodo de Agricultura Temprana (4500-1800 cal AP), y la influencia que las actividades de subsistencia diaria tuvieron en su configuración. Para ello, se muestran los resultados obtenidos en campo y en laboratorio de tres perfiles de secuencias pedosedimentarias formadas durante el Holoceno tardío en La Playa, Sonora (NW de México). Las características evaluadas son: estructuración, diferenciación de horizontes, textura (a tacto y por separación de fracciones), color, porosidad, pedregosidad, propiedades magnéticas, contenido de carbono orgánico, carbonatación, presencia de cutanes, nódulos y/o concreciones, entre otros rasgos pedológicos. Estudios previos muestran que los Fluvisoles de La Playa están pobremente desarrollados y se formaron a partir de depósitos aluviales (compuestos en gran medida por suelos redepositados). Las propiedades físicas y químicas indican periodos cortos de pedogénesis superpuestos, desarrollados bajo un clima árido durante los últimos 4000 años. Las características de todos los perfiles son muy similares, indicando las mismas condiciones pedogenéticas; mientras que las propiedades micromorfológicas y magnéticas muestran claramente que el suelo está profundamente perturbado por las actividades humanas, principalmente quema en los hornos y cremaciones.

El turismo es uno de los sectores económicos de mayor crecimiento a nivel mundial; el de sol y playa, el principal de la industria turística española. Las redes sociales juegan un papel clave en el desarrollo de los destinos turísticos al ser uno de los canales principales para su difusión y comercialización, y un espacio para que los turistas reales y potenciales compartan sus experiencias influyendo en las decisiones de otros turistas. La presente investigación analiza la presencia y gestión de los principales destinos de sol y playa españoles en Facebook, así como la interacción de sus usuarios como posible origen de eWOM. Se utiliza para ello una metodología cuantitativa a partir de la monitorización y análisis de contenido de las publicaciones de los perfiles turísticos oficiales, de los responsables y de los usuarios. Los resultados muestran una clara implantación de esta red social en las estrategias de marketing y comunicación de los destinos turísticos, pero con planteamientos y resultados diferentes que no permiten establecer una relación directa entre las variables analizadas y su incidencia en la interacción de los usuarios. En este sentido, se concluye la pertinencia de métricas globales, aunque complementadas con estudios individualizados de los usuarios y de sus intereses.

Tourism is one of the fastest growing economic sectors in the world; Sun and beach tourism is the main tourist industry in Spain. Social networks play a key role in the development of tourism destinations as one of the main channels for its dissemination and marketing, and a space for actual and potential tourists to share their experiences, influencing the decisions of other tourists. The present research analyses the presence and management of the main sun and beach destinations of Spain on Facebook, together with user interaction as possible sources of eWOM. To this purpose, a quantitative methodology is used, based on the monitoring and analysis of the content posted by the managers and the users on the official tourism profiles. The results show a clear implementation of this social network in marketing and communication strategies of tourist destinations, but with different approaches and results. Hence, they do not allow to establish a direct relationship between the variables analysed and their impact on user interaction. In this sense, the pertinence of global metrics is concluded, although complemented with individualized studies of users and their interests.

The hydrochemical and sedimentary features of water bodies are directly linked to climate conditions during genesis and evolution (Williamson et al., 2008). Lacustrine deposits record climatic signals spatially and temporally, so their study allows the reconstruction of these environmental conditions and their evolution (Lapridaet al., 2014). The high resolution of the lake sedimentary record has a key role in paleoenvironmental and paleoclimate understanding (Gierlowski-Kordesch and Kelts, 1994; Bohacs et al., 2000). Hence, paleolimnology is an interdisciplinary science developed from chemical, physical and biological information of sedimentary records of aquatic bodies that allows paleo-environmental reconstruction (García-Rodríguez, 2002). In particular, these studies are performed in current lakes by drilling and core extraction, which limits the interpretation of macro structures given that many cores are required to perform a comprehensive analysis of past environmental and climatic conditions. In this work we analyze the sedimentary sequence of the exposed profile of a paleolake where remains of an equine belonging to the Hippidion devillei species were found (Cerdeño et at., 2008). These remains correspond to dental material consisting in premolars and molars that constitute the first fossil record of a Pleistocene horse found in the province of Mendoza (Argentina) (32º S). The objective of our work is to understand the sedimentary regime and evolution of this high altitude-paleolake (2680 m) associated with the megafauna of South America. This paleolake, named as DL3, is preserved along the Arroyo Minero located in the northwest of Mendoza province, specifically in the north extreme of the El Plata range (Central Andes) (Fig. 1). This paleolake was naturally dammed by the PB3 rock avalanche (Fig. 2). The chronology of this collapse was established by terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides (TCN) dating, performed on surficial big boulders on the top of rock avalanche deposits. 36Cl isotope was used because of the volcanic composition of these blocks. An~ 115±23 Ka age (Moreiras et al., 2015) was determined after discarding a younger result from 4 dated samples (PB4.01 in Table 1). The total lake succession reaches 29 m in thickness, for this reason several profiles were analyzed considering the abrupt topography (Fig. 3). Each level was described considering grain size, sedimentary structures, and main facies according to the lithofacies code of Miall, (1978) (Table 3). Color of layers was determined with field humidity and was described according to the Munsell chart. Descriptions were documented by pictures taken with a digital camera (Sony DSC, zoom 15X). Three sections were a priori established in the whole lake sequence profile. A Lower section corresponding to the lowest 9 m.; the Medium section comprehends the following 10 m up, and the Upper section involves the last 10 m of the sequence. Data of the revealed profiles were used to draw the lacustrine stratigraphic sequence (Fig. 4). Sedimentary analysis shows a thick succession of alternating levels of sands and silts with thicker subordinate boulders and gravels in the profile base. The facies association a is composed by matrix supported gravels, stratified sands and laminated silt-clays (Gm-Sh-Fl) (Table 2) representing the lower 10 meters of the profile. It consists of the interbedding of clays and silts layers of 50-70 mm (Fig. 5a) with 60 mm - thick sand layers. The clays and silts are laminated (facies Fl), with reddish, light brown and green sheets of 0.5 to 1 mm in thickness (Fig. 5b and c); they can be massive (Fm) and present organic matter (OM) content. Sand levels are medium to fine in grain with yellow color. They can be massive (Sm facies) or show planar lamination (Sh facies) within 1-2 cm thick layers. The Sm facies can present CaCO3 nodules (Fig. 5e), associated with oxidized levels showing rain drop marks. The Sh facies presents lags of rhyolitic angular clasts of 5-30 cm in diameter (Fig. 5d), from local outcrops. Towards the top of the lower section we can observe matrix supported gravels (Gm facies) with angular to subangular blocks of 0.07 m in diameter of rhyolitic porphyries and vulcanites within a sabulitic matrix of coarse sand of equal composition, its base is erosive. The facies b association is composed by stratified sands and laminated silt-clays (facies Sh-Sr-Sp-Fl-Fr) that extend over 9 m of the exposed profile (Fig. 6a). The Sh facies is characterized in this case by lentiform levels (Fig. 6b) that may have superimposed load structures and silt cracks (Fig. 6e and f). The Sr facies have ripples of 2 cm in width and 1 cm in height (Fig. 6c). The Sp facies are characterized by 7 cm planar cross-bedding structures forming 0.5-1 cm sets and 2 cm cosets containing the found remains of the Hippidion devillei (Fig. 6d). Silts and clays (facies Fl) contain sand dikes (Fig. 6g) and mud drapes with cracks drying out at the tops. They can form ripples of 0.5 mm in height on inclined surfaces between 10-15°. We identified rework, cut and fill structures supported by silts in diffuse contact. In certain strata, the presence of a reverse fault is observed towards the top of this section. Concerning interpretation of the facies associations, the alternation of facies Sh-Sm with facies Fl suggests a zone of interaction of tractive flows probably sheet flood with processes of deposition by suspension (Young et al., 2003, Fisher et al., 2008). The presence of massive sandstones arranged in coarsening-thickening upward pattern and covered by levels rich in carbonate nodules indicates alteration of the fabric by pedogenetic processes (Retallack, 1994). This indirectly raises the possibility of a system with low sediment input. The deposit of clasts, possibly dealing with a hyper-concentrated flow without lamination, came from the outside or edge of this level. It is ruled out that it is a local fall since no deformation is observed at the base of said level. The angular blocks originating from the Choiyoi Group reinforce the hypothesis of sediment supply from the basin margin. Taking into account the described facies, and the scarce presence of organic matter, one can deduce a sub-environment of ephemeral sandy plain (Smoot and Lowenstein, 1991). While, interpretation of the facies b association with an alternation of facies Sh and Fl with greater contribution of fine sediments allows inferring a more central position in the system with greater dominion of decantation processes and lower contribution of coarse sediments from the margin of the basin through tractive processes (Gierlowski-Kordesch and Rust, 1994). The presence of Sr suggests tractive processes associated with sheet flood flows. The Fr facies suggest ripple formation by wave action in possible bodies of water seasonally generated (Gierlowski-Kordesch, 1998). Loading structures are interpreted as a result of alternating sediments of different densities and with different degrees of water saturation (Van Loon, 2009). The presence of wafers suggests the development of a thin sediment cover during the cessation of water and sediment supply (mud drapes) and subsequent erosion (wafers) during the subsequent flood event of the system (Fisher et al., 2008). The thin covering added to the presence of desiccation cracks is a robust evidence of the system's ephemeral regime (Smoot and Lowenstein, 1991). Sand dams are associated with possible seismites (Obermeier, 1996, Rodríguez-Pascua et al., 2000, Alfaro et al., 2010). The reverse type fault corresponds to the most central area of the playa (Fig. 4i) to which sliding structures (slumps) could have been extended. The dominion of the facies Fl towards the top of the succession allows inferring an ephemeral muddy plain (Smoot and Lowenstein, 1991). Facies associations correspond to two sub-environments: sandy and muddy plains that conform an ephemeral playa lake. The normal gradation trend of layers with presence of thick sediments (Gm) at the base and finer layers (Fl) towards the top of the succession suggest a decrease in the sedimentary contribution over time and a more central position in the basin. These findings are significant for Quaternary paleo environment record of the Central Andes. The predominance of arid climate conditions restricts development and preservation of organic matter. Thus, the use of commonly used techniques such as pollen determination or radiocarbon dating in Quaternary records is practically unfeasible in this region. For this reason, the study of paleolakes if they show well preserved successions, may be a response to this limitation in paleoclimate reconstruction in the Arid Andes.

En este trabajo se estudia el régimen sedimentario de un paleolago donde fueron encontrados restos que constituyen el primer registro fósil de un équido perteneciente a la especie Hippidion devillei, en la provincia de Mendoza (Argentina). Los niveles lacustres donde se encontró el material dentario compuesto por premolares y molares fueron analizados en detalle mediante perfiles estratigráfico-sedimentológicos realizados a distintos niveles en la comarca de Uspallata al pie del Cordón del Plata. En esta sucesión principalmente limo-arenosa de 29 m de espesor total se describieron las estructuras sedimentarias, la granulometría de los depósitos y las facies principales. Este paleolago, represado por una avalancha de rocas pleistocena (~115Ka) permite reconstruir parcialmente el paleoambiente donde vivió el equino. Se trató de un sistema efímero de tipo barreal con períodos de llenado y secado.

Abstract Background La Escobilla is a sandy beach and the main nesting site of the Olive Ridley turtle, Lepidochelys olivacea, (golfina in Spanish), from the southern Mexican coast. Studies related to the habitat of these organisms suggest conservation strategies that lead us to examine the physical parameters that affect the arribazones [i.e., coastal abundance of fish, off-shore shoals, and, by extension, abundance of turtles]. Goals The aim of this study was to investigate the textural characteristics of coastal sediments and morphology of the beach in order to determine their possible relation with the nesting of this species. Methods Sediment samples were collected along 15 km of infra-, meso-, an supra-beach, topographic surveys of beach profiles were made, and some sedimentological parameters were obtained, i.e., Mzϕ (size grain) and αϕ (sediment classification). Results Meso-beach and supra-beach areas with a gentle slope (from 2° to 4°), grain size medium sands (1ϕ to 2ϕ), and the opening of the sandbar at the mouth of the Cozoaltepec River during rainy season appear to favor nesting. Conclusions Areas with major nesting sites are located at a distance of 2.3 km to the east of the Cozoaltepec River, where apparently the morphology of the beach is more adequate because its slope is not so high and the beach is wide enough for nesting. We also know that the largest observed turtle arribazones occurin this area.

Resumen Antecedentes La Escobilla es una playa arenosa que constituye el principal sitio de anidación de la tortuga golfina (Lepidochelys olivacea) en la costa mexicana. Los estudios relacionados con el hábitat de estos organismos permiten establecer estrategias de conservación dentro de las cuales es necesario conocer los parámetros físicos que afectan las arribazones. Objetivos Este estudio determinó las características texturales de los sedimentos litorales y la morfología de la playa con el fin de evaluar sus posibles relaciones con las anidaciones de esta especie. Métodos Se colectaron muestras de sedimento en las zonas de infraplaya, mesoplaya y supraplaya a lo largo de 15 km de playa; se realizaron levantamientos topográficos de perfiles de playa, y se obtuvieron los parámetros texturales de Mzϕ (tamaño gráfico promedio) y αϕ (clasificación gráfica inclusiva). Resultados Las zonas de mesoplaya y de supraplaya con pendiente suave del orden de 2° a 4°, tamaño de grano de arenas medias (1ϕ a 2ϕ) y la apertura de la barra arenosa por la desembocadura del río Cozoaltepec en época de lluvias parecen favorecer las anidaciones. Conclusiones Las zonas con mayores sitios de anidación se encuentran a una distancia de 2.3 km hacia el este del río Cozoaltepec, donde aparentemente la morfología de la playa es más adecuada, ya que su pendiente no es demasiado alta y la playa es suficientemente amplia para las anidaciones. Además, en esa localidad se presentó el mayor número de arribazones de las tortugas.

Excessive anthropic occupation reduces the coastal extension and causes significant impacts on the ecosystem. Urban evolution in coastal areas has reached a point of no return. For this reason, the knowledge about whether a particular type of infrastructure or vegetation on a frontal dune could cause greater or lesser impact on the beach is extremely useful for urban planning. The study area was Pehuen Co (Fig. 1), a town located in the southwest of the Buenos Aires Province (Argentina). The aim of this work is to analyze the evolution of beach profiles backed with different foredune cover in order to understand the erosion/accretion processes that may be related to the various dynamic conditions. This will provide useful information to decision makers for urban planning and sustainable management projects orientated for short, medium and long terms. Pehuen Co is a dissipative beach with east-west coastal orientation within a region with alternating wet and dry periods. Normally, rains are concentrated in spring-summer, decreasing in autumn and becoming minimal in winter. The prevailing winds are from N and NW, with greater intensity in the spring and summer, mainly December and January. The study area coincides with the smaller beach of the downtown sector (Fig. 2). To the west, the foredune has been heavily eroded and has a steep front, whereas to the east there are vegetated, large dunes. The dominant vegetation is Tamarix gallica and Carpobrotus edulis, which are not observed in the walkways to the beach or where there are infrastructures over the foredunes. Beach profiles in different geomorphological situations were analyzed in order to describe their behavior. Three different sectors separated 50 m from each other were selected: ZC1 next to a restaurant on top of the frontal dune, ZC2 on the vegetated dune, and ZC3 on a walkway to the beach (Fig. 2). Monthly beach profiles were carried out from July 2007 to June 2010. The profiles were made using a modified version of the method proposed by Emery (1961), already developed in Bustos et al. (2013). The analysis of the beach profiles was performed seasonally (summer, autumn, winter and spring). Additionally, others were surveyed after strong storms. The profiles were digitalized and the volumes for the sediment budget and the Annual Variation Rate (AVR) were calculated. The volume was calculated considering a constant beach width equal to 1 m and a length defined by the shorter profile. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to complete the analysis of the seasonal beach profiles. The study for all sectors demonstrated that during winter periods they all present concave profiles (Fig. 3), while during the summer periods were characterized by significant berms (Table 1). The profiles at ZC1 and ZC2 behaved rather similarly, whereas those at ZC3 were still more concave than the others. ZC3 during the winter of 2009 presented a 1.5 m microcliff on the dune front. Also, during the summer profiles showed areas of accumulation, mainly with the formation of berms and bars (Fig. 3). The sedimentary balance reflected the behavior of the profiles, with volume increment in the summer periods and reduction in winter (Fig. 4). ZC1 presented a negative balance with an erosional trend. ZC3 profiles had the highest losses, with up to 60 m³ of erosion in the winter of 2008. The TVA for both profiles were negative, for ZC1 it was -12.9 m³/ yr, and for ZC3 of -20.3 m³/yr. In contrast, ZC2 had a positive TVA (9.9 m³/yr). Its largest gain occurred in Autumn 2009 (65.6 m³) (Fig. 4). ZC3 showed more concave profiles than the rest and represents the place with higher sediment loss, especially during rainfall. The entrances to the beach are constructed perpendicularly to the coast and without vegetation protection. For this reason, they are easily eroded, mainly by rainwater runoff. Monthly characteristics and trends in the behavior of the beach profiles were obtained by applying a PCA. The average profile of ZC1 presented a stable line with a slight concave tendency. Sediment loss was mainly observed in summer, winter and autumn; accretion occurred in spring (Fig. 5). The ZC2 profile showed a slightly concave shape, similar to ZC1, while small erosion cycles were observed every three months. The average profile showed losses in winter, spring and autumn, whereas it only gained sediment in summer (Fig. 6). The average profile in ZC3 is more concave than ZC1 and ZC2. The temporal components showed an erosion trend, with cycles of approximately six months of accretion-erosion. During autumn, winter and spring the sediment of the average profile decreased while increased in the summer (Fig. 7). In order to evaluate the damages and response of the beach profiles to erosive events, the impact of a wind storm that occurred between 22 and 23 July is presented as an example. This event on the beaches of Pehuen Co was originated due to an extensive frontal storm. The winds associated with the front prevailed from the south with a maximum intensity of 63.7 km h-1. The total length of the event was approximately 33 h. The waves on the beach, favored by the strong wind, reached 5 m in height (based on SMN map data). Beach profiles were made before and after the event to estimate volumetric differences. The effects on the beach and buildings were analyzed by field recognition after the event. Based on the profile data, we observed an erosive behavior with the profile becoming concave. ZC1 had a total volume loss of 3.17 m³, specifically on the backshore. The rest of the beach remained basically constant. The erosion caused damage to the infrastructures over the dune. In September (2009) the profile had recovered 2.38 m³ with respect to the pre-storm profile. The ZC2 had a behavior similar to ZC1 in terms of sediment loss and gain. A volume of -9.16 m³ was lost. In September, a sediment recovery from the pre-storm profile of 9.04 m³ was observed (Fig. 8). ZC3 had significant erosion in the dune area, with an escarpment of 1.6 m high. In this zone of the backshore, a volume loss of 6.51 m³ was recorded between the pre- and post-storm profiles. In September, this profile did not recover as in the other two sites (ZC1 and ZC2). The escarpment began to diminish in height on December, four months after the storm occurred (Fig. 8). The ability to differentiate the behavior of the beach according to the coverage of its frontal dune is fundamental for land-use planning. Therefore, to find solutions applicable in the short and medium term is important to the natural balance, economic and social growth of these cities. It is concluded that in an erosive zone such as the central area of Pehuen Co, the frontal dune cover is decisive for coastal dynamics. The impact and recovery of the beach after storm events were better developed in places with vegetation cover over the dunes. In turn, the beach profiles in areas with perpendicular entrances to the beach had strong erosion processes and slow recovery. We recommend to modify the entrances to the beach and reduce their number as much as possible. Therefore, risk maps are needed in order to generate better planning for coastal urban development.

Los asentamientos urbanos ocasionan una degradación de las playas haciéndolas más vulnerables a los efectos de eventos naturales (olas, mareas, vientos). Por este motivo, conocer el impacto del tipo de infraestructura o vegetación en médanos frontales puede ocasionar en la playa resulta de suma utilidad para la planificación urbana. En la localidad de Pehuen Co, al sudoeste de la provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina), se analizó la evolución de un sector específico de la playa con diferentes coberturas del médano frontal para comprender su comportamiento general (erosión y/o acreción). Para ello, se realizaron perfiles de playa mensuales y luego de tormentas fuertes, desde julio de 2007 a junio de 2010. Se eligieron tres sectores diferentes, separados 50 m entre sí, para realizar los perfiles: 1) al lado de una edificación construida sobre el médano frontal, 2) sobre el pie del médano vegetado, y 3) sobre una bajada peatonal hacia la playa. Sobre los resultados se aplicó un Análisis de Componentes Principales (ACP) y se calcularon los volúmenes sedimentarios. Con el fin de completar el análisis se creó una matriz de doble entrada que permitió observar los desplazamientos y comportamientos de las geoformas en cada perfil. Finalmente, para evaluar los daños y respuesta en los perfiles de playa ante eventos erosivos se evaluó el impacto de uno de los temporales de viento más fuertes del período. Se concluyó que la cobertura del médano frontal es decisiva para la dinámica litoral. El impacto y la recuperación de la playa luego de eventos de tormenta fueron mejores donde había coberturas con vegetación. A su vez, los perfiles de playa en zonas con bajadas a la playa perpendiculares a la misma tuvieron fuertes procesos erosivos y lenta recuperación de sedimentos. Las diferentes respuestas de la playa según las condiciones que posee el médano frontal serán de ayuda a quienes deben tomar decisiones al momento de planificar la urbanización y emprendimientos a corto, medio y largo plazo sobre la franja costera.

Resumo A orla de Capão da Canoa, RS, intercala áreas de alta densidade ocupacional com áreas não urbanizadas que preservam suas características naturais. Neste trabalho, buscou-se analisar o índice de vulnerabilidade das dunas frontais, a partir de levantamentos de campo realizados no inverno e verão, utilizando-se uma lista de parâmetros. A partir da taxação destes, atribuiu-se um índice de vulnerabilidade para cada perfil. Os valores mais altos coincidiram com as áreas mais urbanizadas do município, devido à posição da urbanização que reduz a largura dos cordões de dunas frontais. A superioridade dos valores do índice de vulnerabilidade de inverno ao de verão altera o consenso sobre a interferência humana como principal vetor de vulnerabilidade. Os fatores que mais contribuíram para a degradação das dunas frontais foram: a condição de praia, no inverno, e a pressão de uso, no verão, indicando a alta fragilidade de alguns perfis ao longo da orla.

Abstract The shoreline of Capão da Canoa, RS, alternates densely populated areas with non urban empty spaces that still have their natural features preserved. This paperwork aimed to evaluate the foredunes vulnerability, by field evaluation along the shoreline in wintertime and summertime, using a field checklist. After rating some parameters, a Vulnerability Index was established for each profile. The highest values matched the most densely populated areas in that municipality, due to the position of the urban area that often shortens the width of the foredune ridges. The superiority of the wintertime vulnerability index when compared to summertime, changes the consensus about the human interference as the main vector of vulnerability. The major factors contributing to foredune degradation were: beach condition during winter time and use pressure, during summertime, indicating the high vulnerability associated with some profiles along the shoreline.

Resumen El litoral de Capão da Canoa, RS, alterna zonas densamente pobladas con espacios de vacíos urbanos que preservan sus características naturales. El objetivo de este artículo fue evaluar el grado de vulnerabilidad de lo cordón dunar, por la evaluación de campo en invierno y el verano, utilizando una lista de verificación de campo. A partir de la obtención de los parámetros, un índice de vulnerabilidad se estableció para cada perfil. Los valores más elevados corresponden las zonas más densamente pobladas en ese municipio, tanto en invierno como en verano, debido la posición de la zona urbana, que a menudo reduce el ancho de lo cordón dunar. Los principales factores que contribuyen a la degradación de dunas litorales fueron: las condiciones de la playa durante el invierno y los usos humanos, durante el verano, lo que indica la alta vulnerabilidad asociada con algunos perfiles a lo largo del litoral.