RESUMO O pimentão, cultura de importância nutricional, destaca-se por seu valor de vitamina C. Diante da necessidade de práticas agrícolas sustentáveis, o estudo explorou o uso de biocarvões derivados de resíduos regionais como alternativa na cultura de pimentão. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de biocarvões provenientes de cama de frango, fibra de coco e palha de arroz, nas características biométricas e físico-químicas de frutos de pimentão verde, na produção de frutos por planta e na produtividade. A pesquisa foi conduzida em campo no delineamento em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 5 × 3 + 1, referentes a cinco doses de biocarvão (0, 3, 6, 9 e 12 t ha-1) e três tipos de biocarvão (fibra de coco, cama de aviário e palha de arroz) com quatro repetições, mais um tratamento adicional (adubação mineral). Foram avaliadas variáveis biométricas (comprimento e diâmetro dos frutos, espessura da casca, número de frutos, massa do fruto) e físico-químicas dos frutos (sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável, pH, vitamina C e teor de cinzas), produção e produtividade dos frutos. A produção de frutos de pimentão verde não foi influenciada pelos biocarvões, porém as doses de biocarvões influenciaram todas as variáveis analisadas com exceção da espessura da casca. Os teores de vitamina C e de sólidos solúveis foram maiores nos tratamentos com biocarvões e menores com adubação mineral. A maior influência na acidificação dos frutos foi com o biocarvão produzido com palha de arroz. nutricional destacase destaca se sustentáveis contexto objetivouse objetivou frango arroz físicoquímicas físico químicas casualizados 1 0, 0 (0 6 ha1 ha ha-1 repetições mineral . mineral) comprimento casca fruto titulável pH cinzas, cinzas , cinzas) ( ha-

ABSTRACT Bell pepper, a crop of nutritional importance, stands out for its vitamin C content. Given the need for sustainable agricultural practices, the present study explored the use of biochars derived from regional waste as an alternative in bell pepper cultivation. In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of biochars from poultry litter, coconut fiber, and rice straw on the biometric and physicochemical characteristics of bell pepper fruits, on fruit production per plant and on fruit yield. The experiment was performed in the field in a randomized block design, in a 5 × 3 + 1 factorial scheme, referring to five doses of biochar (0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 t ha-1) and three types of biochar (coconut fiber, poultry litter, and rice straw) with four repetitions, plus an additional treatment (mineral fertilization). Biometric variables (fruit length and diameter, skin thickness, number of fruits, fruit mass) and physicochemical variables of the fruits (soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, vitamin C, and ash content), production and yield of the fruits were evaluated. The production of bell pepper fruits was not influenced by biochars, but the doses of biochars influenced all variables analyzed with the exception of skin thickness. Vitamin C and soluble solids contents were higher in treatments with biochar and lower with mineral fertilizer. Biochar produced from rice straw had the greatest influence on fruit acidification. importance content practices cultivation context litter fiber design scheme 0, 0 (0 6 9 ha1 ha ha-1 repetitions fertilization. fertilization . fertilization) diameter thickness mass acidity pH content, , content) evaluated fertilizer acidification ( ha-

ABSTRACT Ornamental pepper plants have genetic variability, which can be accessed through morphological and molecular traits. Genotype selection to form the base population for breeding can be performed through the joint analysis of several types of data, providing greater selection accuracy. From this perspective, this study aimed to evaluate the diversity among pepper accessions based on analysis of phenotypic traits and molecular markers and to select the best ones to use as parents in breeding programs. The study was carried out at the Centro de Ciências Agrárias of the Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Paraíba, Brazil. Sixteen ornamental pepper genotypes were used and characterized for eight quantitative traits, nine qualitative traits, and 18 pairs of microsatellite primers. Simultaneous variable analyses were performed using Tocher’s clustering method, Ward’s clustering algorithm, and the dissimilarity matrix. The clustering methods were efficient in separating the genotypes, identifying genetic variability, and accuracy in the selection through the joint analysis of quantitative, qualitative, and molecular data. Different groups were formed among the genotypes by Tocher’s method (six groups) and Ward’s method (three groups). There is genetic variability among ornamental pepper genotypes considering the joint analysis of quantitative, qualitative, and molecular data. Qualitative traits are important in the identification of genetic divergence among ornamental pepper accessions. The UFPB genotypes 46, 134, 137, 443 and 449, the mini pepper Akamu, and the cultivar Calypso are indicated for selection and can be used to carry out crosses and continue the breeding program. data perspective programs Paraíba Brazil 1 primers Tochers Tocher s Wards Ward algorithm matrix six three groups. . 46 134 137 44 449 Akamu program 4 13

RESUMO As pimenteiras ornamentais apresentam variabilidade genética que pode ser acessada por meio de caracteres morfológicos e moleculares. A seleção de genótipos para formação de população base para o melhoramento pode ser realizada por meio de análise conjunta de vários tipos de dados, proporcionando maior precisão na seleção. Nessa perspectiva, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a diversidade entre acessos de pimenta com base na análise de características fenotípicas e marcadores moleculares e selecionar os melhores para serem utilizados como parentais em programas de melhoramento. O trabalho foi realizado no Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Paraíba, Brasil. Foram utilizados 16 genótipos de pimenteiras ornamentais, e caracterizados quanto a oito caracteres quantitativos, nove qualitativos e 18 pares de iniciadores microssatélites. As análises simultâneas das variáveis foram realizadas usando o método de agrupamento de Tocher, agrupamento do algoritmo de Ward e a matriz de dissimilaridades. Os métodos de agrupamentos foram eficientes na separação dos genótipos, identificando variabilidade genética e precisão na seleção por meio da análise conjunta de dados quantitativos, qualitativos e moleculares. Diferentes grupos foram formados entre os genótipos pelo método de Tocher (seis grupos) e pelo método de Ward (três grupos). Existe variabilidade genética entre os genótipos de pimenteiras ornamentais, considerando análise conjunta de dados quantitativos, qualitativos e moleculares. Características qualitativas são importantes na identificação de divergência genética entre acessos de pimenteira ornamental. Os genótipos UFPB 46, 134, 137, 443 e 449, o mini pimentão Akamu e a cultivar Calypso são indicados para seleção, podem ser utilizados para realizar cruzamentos e dar continuidade ao programa de melhoramento genético. perspectiva Paraíba Brasil 1 quantitativos microssatélites dissimilaridades seis três grupos. . ornamental 46 134 137 44 449 genético 4 13

ABSTRACT Crop damage-based control threshold of 12.5% has been used to reduce the excessive use of insecticides while controlling Spodoptera litura and Helicoverpa armigera in hot peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivation systems. However, it is necessary to develop an easy, practical, inexpensive control threshold to increase farmer eagerness in reducing pesticide use. The study aimed to evaluate a light trap captured based-control threshold for both hot pepper pests. The activity was conducted at Lembang (ca. 1250 m a.s.l.), West Java, Indonesia, from September 2022 to April 2023. Six treatments and four replicates were arranged in a randomized block design. The treatments included the use of four light trap captured based-control thresholds, i.e., ≥ 30, ≥ 25, ≥ 20, ≥ and 15 moth trap-1 wk-1; crop damage based-control threshold of 12.5%; and once per week insecticide application as a control treatment. The study found that the implementation of pests’ control threshold of ≥ 25 moth trap-1 wk-1 could reduce 75% insecticide use compared to the plant damage-based control threshold. The use of this approach could maintain high crop production and generate a return rate of 1.26. The findings will be beneficial for farmers in reducing insecticide use.

ABSTRACT The availability of hot pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) hybrid varieties is limited compared to those in chili, bell or sweet pepper hybrid. Heterosis, heterobeltiosis, and reciprocal are critical indicators in F1 hybrids, valuable for developing hybrid varieties. This research aimed to evaluate both phenotypic and genotypic changes in F1 hybrids from single cross-hybridization. The study observed 53 phenotypic characteristics encompassing morphological (plant, leaves, flowers, and fruits), four production-related (fruit weight, fruit number per plant, fruit weight per plant, and yield per hectare), and 10 chemical characteristics (proximate, simple sugar, and secondary metabolite). Genotypic changes were analyzed using ten SSR markers. Employing a randomized complete block design, the study included two parents, F1, and reciprocal F1 hybrids, across four treatments with two replicates each. Phenotypic changes were analyzed using ANOVA and comparison test, while genotypic changes were analyzed through cluster analysis. Result indicated heterosis in 12 characters, heterobeltiosis in eight characters, and reciprocal effects in eight characters. Significant improvements were noted in key characteristics such as plant height, fruit maturity, fruit weight per plant, yield per hectare and vitamin C. Genotypic evaluation revealed distinct genetic differences between F1 and its parents, including the reciprocal F1. These phenotypic and genotypic changes suggest that hot pepper could be more productive and of higher quality when developed as a hybrid variety, indicating promising avenue for future breeding programs.

ABSTRACT The assembly of cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) cannot be separated from the direction of qualitative character development. This is based on the role of qualitative characters in determining nutritional content and market segments. Therefore, the analysis of qualitative characters in the F4 multiple cross cayenne pepper population needs to be done in determining the direction of line development in the next generation. The purpose of this study was to identify the inheritance pattern of qualitative traits and genotype grouping from a population of F4 multiple cross lines. The research was conducted at the Experimental Field of Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia. The study was designed with the concept of observation on 90 F4 multiple cross chili lines and three parental cultivars (Dewata F1, Bara and Ungara). Observations focused on 10 qualitative characters. The analysis showed that there are two types of diversity in this population, namely centralized diversity and distributed diversity. Centralized diversity consists of leaf color, book color, leaf shape, canopy density, stem color, fruit shape, and fruit tip shape. In contrast, characters that have a diverse distribution are crown color, young and old chili fruit color. The distribution results show three main groups, namely the Dewata-Bara group (27 genotypes), the Ungara group (16 genotypes) and the rest are groups outside of these two groups. Based on the whole study, the results of this evaluation are recommended as a consideration for the selection of F5 lines in supporting the direction of releasing chili cultivars from multiple cross.

ABSTRACT: Seventy-five pectinolytic strains collected from vegetables grown in the counties of Santarém, Belterra, and Mojuí dos Campos, located in the western region of the Pará State, Brazil, were studied according to their pathological and genetic variability. The strains were grouped in 5 clusters according to pathogenicity in potato, pepper, carrot, and onion, and 38 strains were selected for genetic analysis using rep-PCR. These strains were divided into 35 genetic groups according to rep-PCR at 70% similarity. These results indicated high pathological and genetic variability of the strains causing soft rot in vegetables in the western region of the Pará State, which will be used in etiological research and for the development and assessment of management techniques for the soft rot in vegetables in this region. ABSTRACT Seventyfive Seventy five Santarém Belterra Campos State Brazil potato pepper carrot onion 3 repPCR. repPCR rep PCR. PCR 70 similarity 7

RESUMO: Setenta e cinco isolados de bactérias pectinolíticas coletados de hortaliças cultivadas nos municípios de Santarém, Belterra e Mojuí dos Campos, região oeste do Estado do Pará, Brasil, foram estudadas de acordo com sua variabilidade patológica e genética. Os isolados foram agrupados em cinco grupos de acordo com a patogenicidade em batata, pimenta, cenoura e cebola, e 38 isolados foram selecionados para análise genética por rep-PCR. Esses isolados foram divididos em 35 grupos genéticos de acordo com rep-PCR a 70% de similaridade. Esses resultados indicaram alta variabilidade patológica e genética dos isolados causadores da podridão mole em hortaliças da região oeste do Pará, os quais serão utilizados em pesquisas etiológicas e para o desenvolvimento e avaliação de técnicas de manejo da podridão mole em hortaliças nesta região. RESUMO Santarém Campos Pará Brasil batata pimenta cebola 3 repPCR. repPCR rep PCR. PCR 70 similaridade 7

ABSTRACT Semi-hydroponic systems are an alternative for vegetable production, combining inert substrates and nutrient solutions and requiring less water. Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is a vegetable species of the Solanaceae family that is mainly grown in protected environments, which provide several financial and agronomic advantages for their management. Advancements in research and the need for high-quality productions have significantly contributed to this horticultural crop through the selection of productive cultivars with high economic yields and adapted to favorable conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate growth, physiological, and production characteristics of colored bell pepper cultivars in a semi-hydroponic system. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, using four colored pepper cultivars (Spinel, Bachata, Fulgor, and Red Jet), five evaluation times (7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days after transplanting - DAT) for growth variables, and evaluations at two developmental stages (45 and 95 DAT) for physiological variables. Production and post-harvest variables were not evaluated in different times, considering only the cultivar factor, with five replications, each plot consisting of two plants. Chlorophyll a and b, maximum fluorescence, and water use efficiency were greater in bell pepper plants of the cultivar Spinel. The sweetest fruits were those of the cultivar Bachata. The cultivar Fulgor was the most suitable for growth under the studied conditions due to its greater fruit length and diameter and total fruit weight. Semihydroponic Semi hydroponic Capsicum L. L environments management highquality quality semihydroponic semi system design Spinel, Spinel (Spinel Bachata Jet, Jet , Jet) 7, 7 (7 14 21 28 3 DAT 45 (4 9 postharvest post harvest factor replications b fluorescence weight ( 1 2 4

RESUMO O sistema semi-hidropônico é uma alternativa para a produção de hortaliças, pois combina substrato inerte e solução nutritiva, necessitando de menos água. O pimentão é uma hortaliça da família Solanaceae, principalmente produzida em ambiente protegido, apresentando diversas vantagens financeiras e agronômicas no seu manejo. Com os avanços nas pesquisas e a necessidade de uma produção de qualidade, selecionar cultivares produtivas e com alto rendimento econômico, adaptadas às condições favoráveis, torna-se um grande avanço para esta cultura hortícola. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o crescimento, características fisiológicas e produtivas das cultivares Red Jet, Spinel, Bachata e Fulgor em sistema semi-hidropônico. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro cultivares de pimentão colorido (Spinel, Bachata, Fulgor e Red Jet) subdivididas em cinco épocas de avaliação (7, 14, 21, 28 e 35 dias após transplantio - DAT) para as variáveis de crescimento e duas épocas (45 e 95 DAT) de avaliação para fisiologia. As variáveis produtivas e pós-colheita não foram subdivididas no tempo, levando-se em consideração apenas o fator cultivar para estas variáveis, com cinco repetições, sendo cada parcela composta por duas plantas. Os índices de clorofila a e b, fluorescência máxima e eficiência no uso da água foram maiores nas plantas de pimentão da cultivar Spinel. Os frutos mais doces foram obtidos com a cultivar Bachata. A cultivar Fulgor foi a mais indicada para cultivo nas condições estudadas devido ao maior comprimento, diâmetro e peso médio dos frutos. semihidropônico semi hidropônico hortaliças nutritiva Solanaceae protegido manejo qualidade econômico favoráveis tornase torna se hortícola Jet Spinel semihidropônico. hidropônico. (Spinel 7, 7 (7 14 21 2 3 DAT 45 (4 9 fisiologia póscolheita pós colheita tempo levandose levando repetições b comprimento ( 1 4

ABSTRACT Meloidogyne enterolobii is currently the most damaging nematode of the genus Meloidogyne due to its aggressiveness and ability to overcome existing sources of resistance; therefore, the search for genotypes with resistance in crops of high economic importance such as chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum) is one of the greatest challenges facing agricultural researchers. The aim of this study was to determine the level of resistance in C. annuum landraces from Mexico to different population densities of M. enterolobii. Five C. annuum landraces (UTC24, UTC25, UTC66, UTC67, and UTC90) and the commercial cv. Revelation were used. The experiment was conducted twice under greenhouse conditions with a randomized block design with four replicates per genotype and cultivar. Inoculation was performed on 21-d-old seedlings with inoculum doses of 0, 4500, 9000, and 13500 eggs plant-1. The gall index, reproduction factor, and reproduction index were evaluated at 42 and 63 d after inoculation. Genotypes UTC66, UTC67, and UTC90 showed a higher level of resistance with a damage percentage lower than 50% compared to ‘Revelation’ (susceptible). Genotype UTC90 showed the lowest reproduction factor and index, so it was considered a highly resistant genotype to an inoculum dose of 4500 M. enterolobii eggs with a damage percentage of less than 10%, while, at a dose of 13 500 eggs, its resistance level was intermediate. The results of this study contribute to the search for sources of resistance to M. enterolobii in chili pepper landraces.

ABSTRACT Red chili pepper Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum plants are one of the fruity vegetable types that are often cultivated in riparian tropical wetlands but are constrained by water stress such as waterlogging during rainy season and drought in dry season. The aim of this research was to evaluate the growth and morpho-physiological responses of red chili pepper cultivars subjected to waterlogging and drought stress conditions. The experiment was carried out in a strip-plot design with two factors. The first factor was three water stress treatments, namely control (field capacity), waterlogging, and drought. The second factor was six cultivars of Indonesian red chili pepper. The findings indicated that both waterlogging and drought stress had a detrimental impact on the reduction of the growth parameters of red chili pepper such as root, shoot and total dry weight. Chili pepper defended its root weights in response to drought stress (0.653 g plant-1) whereas it preserved shoot weight in response to waterlogging (0.913 g plant-1). In the morphological characters, chili pepper exhibited an increase in specific leaf area expansion in response to both waterlogging (150.82 cm2) and drought (188.82 cm2) compared to control (140.91 cm2), but decreased specific leaf weight during stresses and recovered after 7 d in waterlogging. Leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD) and leaf relative water content (LRWC), as physiological characteristics, also experienced a decline during exposure to both waterlogging and drought during 8 d; yet, SPAD and LRWC able to recover completely at 7 d after waterlogging and drought treatment were terminated.

Abstract Introduction. Nitrogen (N) is an essential element for the photosynthesis process, and therefore, a determining factor in yield. The use of optical sensors to determine transmittance indices (SPAD, CCI), reflectance (NDVI) and fluorescence (Fv.Fm -1) related to the state of foliar N, allows adequate management based on non-destructive "in situ" monitoring. Objective. To evaluate the effect of different fertigation management strategies on nitrogen and chlorophyll concentration in the leaf; and the relationship between i- N and Cl concentration in leaf, ii- N and Cl concentration in leaf with yield and iii- N and Cl concentration in leaf with SPAD, CCI, NDVI and Fv.Fm -1 indices. Materials and methods. Six treatments were evaluated in an unrestricted randomized design with a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement, which combined 2 irrigation strategies (E1: low volume and more frequent and E2: high volume and less frequent) and 3 levels of nutrition: low (NB), medium (NM) and high (NA). The direct measurements of N and Cl in the leaf were determined with the Kjeldahl method and by ethanol extraction, respectively. Results. Nutrition level affected N content, where the NM and NA treatments were similar, although higher than NB. The regression model showed little ability to estimate N and yield from the Cl content in the leaf. Estimation of Cl in the leaf from the CCI (R2: 0.71) and SPAD (R2: 0.75) indices were only promising in NB. To estimate foliar N, the regression with Fv.Fm -1 showed R2 values of 0.89 in NB and 0.69 in NM; while for NDVI the R2 values were 0.61 in NB and 0.47 in NM. Conclusion. SPAD, CCI, NDVI and Fv.Fm -1 indices showed potential to estimate chlorophyll and N concentration in the leaf with low and medium nutrient inputs, and with limitations in treatments with high nutrient inputs.

Resumen Introducción. El nitrógeno (N) es un elemento esencial para el proceso de fotosíntesis, y por tanto, determinante en el rendimiento. El uso de sensores ópticos para determinar índices de transmitancia (SPAD, CCI), reflectancia (NDVI) y fluorescencia (Fv.Fm -1) relacionados con el estado del N foliar, permite un adecuado manejo a partir del monitoreo “in situ” no destructivo. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de diferentes estrategias de manejo del fertiriego sobre las concentraciones de nitrógeno y clorofila en hoja; y la relación entre i- concentración de N y de clorofila (Cl) en hoja, ii- concentración de N y de Cl en hoja con el rendimiento y iii- concentración de N y de Cl en hoja con índices SPAD, CCI, NDVI y Fv.Fm -1. Materiales y métodos. Se evaluaron 6 tratamientos en un diseño irrestricto al azar con arreglo factorial 2 x 3, que combinaron 2 estrategias de riego (E1: bajo volumen y de mayor frecuencia y E2: alto volumen y menor frecuencia) y 3 niveles de nutrición: bajo (NB), medio (NM) y alto (NA). Las medidas directas de N y Cl en hoja se determinaron con el método Kjeldahl y por extracción con etanol, respectivamente. Resultados. El nivel de nutrición afectó el contenido de N, donde los tratamientos NM y NA fueron similares, aunque superiores a NB. El modelo de regresión mostró poca capacidad para estimar N y rendimiento a partir del contenido de Cl en hoja. La estimación de Cl en hoja a partir de los índices CCI (R2: 0,71) y SPAD (R2: 0,75) resultaron prometedores solamente en NB. Para estimar N foliar, la regresión con Fv.Fm -1 mostró valores de R2 de 0,89 en NB y 0,69 en NM; mientras que para NDVI los valores R2 fueron 0,61 en NB y 0,47 en NM. Conclusión. Los índices SPAD, CCI, NDVI y Fv.Fm -1 presentaron potencial para estimar la concentración de clorofila y de N en hoja con aportes bajo y medio de nutrientes, y con limitaciones en los tratamientos con altos aportes de nutrición.

Abstract Introduction. The amount of usable water is currently limited due to the deterioration of its sources and indiscriminate use. An alternative to this problem is producing under green houses, where it is possible to obtain better water use efficiency (WUE) by reducing crop evapotranspiration (ETc) without compromising its productive potential. Objective. To evaluate the effect of 3 levels of volumetric moisture content depletion in coir on the vegetative-generative behavior of hydroponic tomato and sweet pepper produced under greenhouse cultivation. Materials and methods. The study was conducted during August to December 2020 and January 2021, at Estación Experimental Agrícola Fabio Baudrit Moreno, Alajuela, Costa Rica. Three treatments were applied: 11, 22 and 32% of water depletion in the substrate. Morphophysiological and reproductive parameters such as: the leaf area (AF), the number of leaves (NH), width (AH) and length of the leaf (LH), the length (LT) and the diameter of the stem (DT), the number of nodes (NN), dry matter (DM), stomatal conductance (gs), crop evapotranspiration (ETc), water use efficiency (WUE), the total yield (Rt), the commercial (Rc) of first (F1), second (F2) and third (F3) and waste fruits (Fd) were evaluated. Results. In the tomato treatments (TT) there was no effect on NH, LT, LH and NN; on the other hand, differences were reported in AH, DT and in MS, with treatment TT11 obtaining the higher values. The sweet pepper (TC), the treatment TC11 was statistically superior to the other treatments in number (NH), width (AH) and length (LH) of the leaf, in number of nodes (NN), production of fresh (MF) and dry matter (MS) and in diameter of the stem (DT), while there were no differences between treatments in stem length (LT). There were no differences in ETc and Rt, for both crops, but there was a difference in the commercial yield once it was divided by quality of fruit, TT11 presented the highest production of first and second fruit quality, while treatment TC11 presented the highest production of first, second and third fruit quality. For both crops, there were significant differences between treatments in terms of stomatal conductance. TT11 and TC11 treatments obtained the highest value of EUA with 37.32 kg.m-3 and 21.46 kg.m-3, respectively. Conclusion. In both crops, treatments with 11 and 22% water depletion showed an adequate balance between vegetative and productive growth, which was reflected in greater production of better quality commercial fruits, less waste and greater WUE.

Resumen Introducción. El uso de agua dulce en agricultura se encuentra limitado debido al deterioro de sus fuentes y su uso indiscriminado. El riego deficitario en agricultura protegida es una alternativa para mejorar la eficiencia en el uso del agua, a través de la reducción de la evapotranspiración del cultivo, sin comprometer su potencial productivo. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de 3 niveles de agotamiento del contenido de humedad volumétrica en un sustrato de fibra de coco, sobre el comportamiento vegetativo-generativo de los cultivos de tomate y chile dulce hidropónicos en invernadero. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó en la Estación Experimental Agrícola Fabio Baudrit Moreno, Alajuela, Costa Rica. En ambos cultivos se aplicaron 3 tratamientos con 11, 22 y 32% de agotamiento hídrico en el sustrato, en un diseño experimental en bloques completos al azar. Se evaluaron parámetros morfofisiológicos y productivos tales como área foliar (AF), número de hojas (NH), ancho (AH) y longitud de hoja (LH), longitud (LT) y diámetro del tallo (DT), número de nudos (NN), materia seca (MS), conductancia estomática (gs), evapotranspiración del cultivo (ETc), eficiencia de uso de agua (EUA), rendimiento de fruto comercial (Rc) de primera (F1), segunda (F2) y tercera (F3), fruto de desecho (Fd) y rendimiento total (Rt). Resultados. En los tratamientos en tomate (TT) no hubo efecto sobre el NH, LH, LT y NN; mientras que con TT11 se obtuvieron valores superiores en AH, DT y MS. En chile dulce (TC), el TC11 obtuvo mayor NH, AH, LH, NN, DT y MS que los demás tratamientos; mientras que no hubo diferencias entre tratamientos en LT. En ambos cultivos, no hubo efecto sobre la ETc y el Rt, sin embargo, con 11% de agotamiento se obtuvo mayor producción comercial de F1 y F2 por lo que consecuentemente hubo mayor EUA con 37,32 kg.m-3 y 21,46 kg.m-3, respectivamente. Para ambos cultivos, la gs fue diferente entre tratamientos. Conclusión. En ambos cultivos, los tratamientos con 11 y 22% de agotamiento hídrico evidenciaron un adecuado balance entre crecimiento vegetativo y productivo, que se reflejó en mayor producción de frutos comerciales de mejor calidad, menos desecho y mayor EUA.

Resumen Introducción y objetivos: El falso nematodo de la agalla (Nacobbus spp.) comprende especies polífagas, siendo el pimiento (Capsicum annuum) uno de los cultivos más afectados. Debido a la falta de genotipos resistentes del pimiento, comparamos las respuestas de diferentes cultivares comerciales para identificar posibles mecanismos de defensa contra N. celatus. M&M: Nematodos provenientes de Río Cuarto (provincia de Córdoba) y Lisandro Olmos (provincia de Buenos Aires) se inocularon en cultivares de pimiento: California Wonder, Fyuco INTA, Yatasto y Fenomeno RZ. Las plantas se desarrollaron en invernadero y las agallas se analizaron mediante técnicas histopatológicas. Resultados: Las raíces de los cultivares analizados mostraron las alteraciones morfo-anatómicas típicas inducidas por N. celatus: formación de agallas, reacciones de hiperplasia, desarrollo de sincitios en el cilindro central y desorganización de los tejidos vasculares. Las células sincitiales en contacto con hembras de Lisandro Olmos mostraron una reacción de defensa por parte de Fyuco INTA, mientras que los sincitios en Fenomeno RZ denotaron baja actividad metabólica en nematodos de ambas procedencias. Conclusiones: Las diferencias observadas entre las poblaciones y/o hospedadores demuestran la importancia de considerar nematodos de diferentes orígenes geográficos al analizar material vegetal para determinar su tolerancia y/o resistencia a N. celatus. Estudios de esta naturaleza son necesarios ya que facilitan una comprensión más profunda de la interacción parásito-planta.

Summary Background and aims: The false-root knot nematode (Nacobbus spp.) comprises polyphagous species, with pepper (Capsicum annuum) being one of the most affected crops. Due to the lack of resistant pepper genotypes, we compared the responses of different commercial cultivars to identify possible plant defence mechanisms against N. celatus. M&M: Nematodes from Río Cuarto (Córdoba Province) and Lisandro Olmos (Buenos Aires Province) were inoculated on pepper cultivars: California Wonder (control), Fyuco INTA, Yatasto, and Fenomeno RZ. Plants were grown under a greenhouse and galls were analysed by histopathological techniques. Results: The roots of the commercial cultivars showed the typical morpho-anatomical alterations induced by N. celatus: gall formation, hyperplasia reactions, development of syncytia in the central cylinder and disorganisation of vascular tissues. Syncytial cells in contact with females of nematodes from Lisandro Olmos showed a defence reaction by Fyuco INTA, whereas feeding sites in Fenomeno RZ did not denote high metabolic activity in nematodes of both origins. Conclusions: The different responses observed between populations and/or hosts demonstrate the importance of considering nematodes from different geographical origins when testing plant material for tolerance and/or resistance to N. celatus. Studies of this nature are necessary since they facilitate a more in-depth understanding of the parasite-plant interaction.

Abstract Mexico is the largest exporter of chili peppers and the second largest producer worldwide, due to which large quantities of biomass are produced, which are not always treated in a sustainable way, which can have a negative impact on the environment. One of the utilization trends is their use to obtain nutraceuticals. This research aimed to determine the phytochemicals present in poblano, jalapeno, and bell pepper biomasses produced in Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico, as well as to evaluate their antioxidant activity. The study was conducted in 2022. Phytochemical screening was performed and total free and bound phenolic compounds, flavonoids, antioxidant activity, capsaicinoids, and volatile compounds were quantified. Chili pepper biomasses are an important source of free phenols (1 010.14 ±41.81 mg GAE 100 g-1), bound phenols (158.66 ±8.87 mg GAE 100 g-1), flavonoids (158 ±8.87 mg QE 100 g-1), dihydrocapsaicin (1.762 μg kg-1), phytosterols, terpenes, tannins, saponins, and alkaloids (atropine), in addition to presenting antioxidant activity (35 744.04 ±618.6 μmol TE 100 g-1). It was concluded that biomasses contain biofunctional nutraceuticals, so their valorization for this purpose can promote the generation of circular economies in Mexico.

Resumen México es el principal exportador de chile y segundo productor a nivel a mundial, debido a esto se producen grandes cantidades de biomasas, las cuales no siempre son tratadas de forma sustentable, pudiendo ejercer un impacto negativo al medio ambiente. Una de las tendencias de aprovechamiento, es su uso para la obtención de nutracéuticos. El objetivo de la investigación fue determinar los fitoquímicos presentes en las biomasas de chile poblano, jalapeño y pimiento morrón producidas en Culiacán, Sinaloa, México, así como evaluar su actividad antioxidante. El estudio se realizó durante 2022. Se realizó un tamizaje fitoquímico y se cuantificaron los compuestos fenólicos totales libres y ligados, flavonoides, actividad antioxidante, capsaicinoides y compuestos volátiles. Las biomasas de chile son una fuente importante de fenoles libres (1 010.14 ±41.81 mg EAG 100 g-1), ligados (158.66 ±8.87 mg EAG 100 g-1) flavonoides (158 ±8.87 mg EQ 100 g-1), dihidrocapsaicina (1.762 µg kg-1), fitoesteroles, terpenos, taninos, saponinas, y alcaloides (atropina) además de presentar actividad antioxidante (35 744.04 ±618.6 µmol ET 100 g-1). Se concluyó que las biomasas contienen nutracéuticos biofuncionales, por lo que su valorización para este fin puede promover la generación de economías circulares en México.

ABSTRACT Species of the genus Capsicum, especially peppers, are economically important and widely consumed worldwide. The application of animal waste as organic fertilizer is a simple and cost-effective technique for applying nutrients to the soil. Combining cattle manure with humic substances can stimulate plant metabolism, resulting in increased nutrient absorption and assimilation. Therefore, the objective in this study was to evaluate doses of cattle manure combined with humic substances for stimulating plant metabolism and morphophysiological and nutritional processes in pepper plants. A randomized block design with four replicates was used, in a 4×3 factorial arrangement consisting of four cattle manure doses (8, 18, 28, and 38 Mg ha-1) and three humic substance doses (0, 8, and 12 kg ha-1). Humic substances (12 kg ha-1) enhanced gas exchange, increasing net photosynthesis (34.2%), stomatal conductance (12.7%), instantaneous water use efficiency (15.87%), instantaneous carboxylation efficiency (37.37%), and absorbed energy conversion efficiency (23.53%). Cattle manure adequately met the crop’s nutritional requirements, while humic substances increased the number and thickness of plant root hairs. The most effective combination to increase photosynthetic activity in pepper plants was 38 Mg ha-1 of cattle manure combined with 8 kg ha-1 of humic substances. Humic substances stimulated positive morphophysiological responses in organic pepper crops, which resulted in increased production. Capsicum peppers worldwide costeffective cost soil assimilation Therefore used 43 4 3 4× (8 18 28 ha1 ha 1 0, 0 (0 ha1. . (1 exchange 34.2%, 342 34.2% , 34 2 (34.2%) 12.7%, 127 12.7% 7 (12.7%) 15.87%, 1587 15.87% 15 87 (15.87%) 37.37%, 3737 37.37% 37 (37.37%) 23.53%. 2353 23.53% 23 53 (23.53%) crops crop s requirements hairs ha- production ( 34.2 (34.2% 12.7 (12.7% 158 15.87 (15.87% 373 37.37 (37.37% 235 23.53 5 (23.53% 34. (34.2 12. (12.7 15.8 (15.87 37.3 (37.37 23.5 (23.53 (34. (12. 15. (15.8 37. (37.3 23. (23.5 (34 (15. (37. (23. (3 (15 (37 (23 (2

RESUMO As espécies do gênero Capsicum, principalmente pimentão, possuem grande relevância econômica e são amplamente consumidas em todo o mundo. A aplicação de dejetos animais como fertilizante orgânico é uma técnica simples e barata de distribuição de nutrientes ao solo. O esterco bovino em associação com substâncias húmicas pode estimular o metabolismo das plantas, resultando no aumento da absorção e assimilação de nutrientes. Portanto, o objetivo neste estudo foi avaliar doses de esterco bovino associado a substâncias húmicas para estimular o metabolismo vegetal, a morfofisiologia e a nutrição em pimentões. O delineamento utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, distribuídos em arranjo fatorial 4 x 3, referente a quatro doses de esterco bovino (8, 18, 28 e 38 t ha-1) e três doses de substâncias húmicas (0, 8 e 12 kg ha-1), com quatro repetições. Substâncias húmicas (12 kg ha-1) estimularam as trocas gasosas, aumentando a fotossíntese líquida (34,2%), a condutância estomática (12,7%), a eficiência instantânea do uso da água (15,87%), a eficiência instantânea de carboxilação (37,37%) e a eficiência efetiva da absorção conversão de energia (23,53%). O esterco bovino supriu adequadamente as necessidades nutricionais da cultura, enquanto as substâncias húmicas aumentaram o número e a espessura dos pelos radiculares do pimentão. A combinação de manejo mais eficaz para aumentar a atividade fotossintética em pimentões é 38 t ha-1 de esterco combinado com 8 kg ha-1 de substâncias húmicas. As substâncias húmicas estimularam respostas morfofisiológicas positivas no cultivo de pimentão orgânico, o que resultou no aumento da produção. Capsicum mundo solo plantas Portanto vegetal casualizados 3 8, (8 18 2 ha1 ha 1 0, 0 (0 ha1, , repetições (1 gasosas 34,2%, 342 34,2% 34 (34,2%) 12,7%, 127 12,7% 7 (12,7%) 15,87%, 1587 15,87% 15 87 (15,87%) 37,37% 3737 37 (37,37% 23,53%. 2353 23,53% . 23 53 (23,53%) cultura ha- produção ( 34,2 (34,2% 12,7 (12,7% 158 15,87 (15,87% 37,37 373 (37,37 235 23,53 5 (23,53% 34, (34,2 12, (12,7 15,8 (15,87 37,3 (37,3 23,5 (23,53 (34, (12, 15, (15,8 37, (37, 23, (23,5 (34 (15, (37 (23, (3 (15 (23 (2

ABSTRACT: Capsicum chinense, is a species of chili native to Peru, considered a culinary symbol in the La Libertad region, for its culinary characteristics, such as its distinctive aroma, high heat, uniform fruits, attractive color and significant resistance to pests, in addition to require little care during cultivation. Given the need to carry out research that favors the improvement of cultivable species, the research objective was to determine the correlation between the development of the floral bud and the stage from uninucleate to binucleate in Capsicum chinense "ají mochero". This activity was carried out by staining the anthers of 200 randomly selected ají mochero floral buds with the acetic orcein dye. The results revealed that the floral buds of Capsicum chinense "ají mochero" that are related to the uninucleate microspore phase have lengths ranging between 3.744 and 3.976 millimeters, with diameters of 2.644 to 2.828 millimeters. Similarly, the floral buds associated with the binucleate microspore phase are found in the length range of 4.674 to 4.917 millimeters and diameters of 2.923 to 3.001 millimeters. It is concluded that There is a positive correlation between the development of the floral bud and the binucleate stage of C. chinense "ají mochero", therefore, buds that have a corolla slightly smaller than the calyx are ideal for initiating an androgenesis process, which would contribute to the genetic improvement of C. chinense by obtaining pure lines.

RESUMEN: Capsicum chinense es una especie de ají originario de Perú, considerado un símbolo culinario en la región de La Libertad, por sus características culinarias, como su aroma distintivo, alto picor, frutos uniformes, atractivo color y una resistencia significativa a plagas, además de requerir pocos cuidados durante su cultivo. Ante la necesidad de realizar investigaciones que favorezcan con el mejoramiento de especies cultivables, se planteó como objetivo de investigación determinar la correlación entre desarrollo del pimpollo floral y el estadio de uninucleado a binucleado en Capsicum chinense "ají mochero”. Esta actividad se llevó a cabo mediante la tinción de anteras de 200 capullos florales de ají mochero seleccionados al azar, con la colorante orceína acética. Los resultados revelaron que los pimpollos florales de Capsicum chinense "ají mochero" que están relacionados con la fase de microsporas uninucleadas tienen longitudes que oscilan entre 3,744 y 3,976 milímetros, con diámetros de 2,644 a 2,828 milímetros. De manera similar, los pimpollos florales asociados con la fase de microsporas binucleadas se encuentran en el rango de longitud de 4,674 a 4,917 milímetros y diámetros de 2,923 a 3,001 milímetros. Se concluye que existe una correlación positiva entre el desarrollo del pimpollo floral y el estadío a binucleado de C. chinense "ají mochero", por tanto, los pimpollos que poseen corola ligeramente más pequeña que el cáliz, son ideales para iniciar un proceso de androgénesis, el cual contribuiría con el mejoramiento genético de C. chinense al obtenerse líneas puras.