RESUMEN ¿Por qué no se soluciona la crisis carcelaria en Ecuador? Esta pregunta lleva a explorar la problemática penitenciaria desde sus orígenes hasta llegar al contexto ecuatoriano actual. El objetivo es reflexionar y demostrar que las prisiones y la privación de libertad han mantenido la misma dinámica desde sus orígenes, causando sufrimiento y dolor a los reclusos, en contraposición a la finalidad resocializadora de la pena; el contexto actual demuestra que la gestión penitenciaria no ha evolucionado, pese al desarrollo científico y normativo de esta rama. El enfoque cualitativo y socio-jurídico son la base de la investigación porque a través del diseño narrativo se describe de forma secuencial la historia del sistema penitenciario, el avance normativo y se compara con la realidad social; es decir, se hace un acercamiento del derecho a la sociedad a través de la revisión documental de fuentes secundarias. En definitiva, se concluye que no existe la voluntad política del Estado para abordar el problema de forma técnica y con el personal especializado, tal como sugiere la doctrina; al contrario, la crisis carcelaria en Ecuador tiene un tinte anacrónico, deshumanizante y alejado de la finalidad de la pena; es decir, no hay rehabilitación ni resocialización.

ABSTRACT Why is the prison crisis in Ecuador not solved? is the question that leads us to explore the penitentiary problem from its origins to the current Ecuadorian context. The objective is to reflect and demonstrate that prisons and deprivation of liberty have maintained the same dynamic since their origins, causing suffering and pain to inmates, in contrast to the resocializing purpose of punishment; The current context shows that prison management has not evolved, despite the scientific and regulatory development of this branch. The qualitative and socio-legal approach is the basis of the research because through the narrative design the history of the penitentiary system, the regulatory advance, and are compared with social reality are sequentially described; That is, an approach to the right to society is made through the documentary review of secondary sources. In short, it is concluded that there is no political will of the State to address the problem technically and with specialized personnel as suggested by the doctrine; on the contrary, the prison crisis in Ecuador has an anachronistic, dehumanizing tone and is far from the purpose of the sorrow; That is, there is no rehabilitation or resocialization.

RESUMEN En el marco de la presente investigación se analiza la relevancia del diálogo social en los establecimientos de privación de la libertad, así como del acceso de las personas privadas de libertad al derecho al trabajo, el cual incluye de manera evidente la oportunidad de desempeñar empleos remunerados. Con el propósito de precisar el diálogo social, resulta indispensable profundizar en las teorías que impulsan y fundamentan el trabajo, tales como las teorías económicas, políticas y sociales. Además, se requiere examinar detenidamente el reconocimiento del diálogo social en los instrumentos internacionales y comprender su alcance con relación a las personas privadas de su libertad que ejercen el derecho al trabajo, a través de una metodología cualitativa y teórica. En definitiva, el objetivo es explorar la participación democrática de las personas privadas de libertad, permitiéndoles acceder a condiciones laborales dignas que resultan fundamentales para lograr una efectiva reinserción en la sociedad. En este sentido, se reflexiona sobre los objetivos de la pena, se resalta la importancia fundamental del trabajo como elemento central para la reintegración social y la participación democrática de las personas privadas de libertad con la promoción del diálogo social para establecer políticas criminales como la creación de contratos de trabajo especiales que a su vez sean beneficiosos, tanto para las personas privadas de libertad como para la sociedad.

ABSTRACT Within the framework of this research, an analysis will be carried out on the relevance of social dialogue in prison establishments, as well as the access of people deprived of liberty to the right to work, which obviously includes the opportunity to perform paid jobs. To specify social dialogue, it is essential to delve deeper into the theories that drive and underpin the work, such as economic, political, and social theory. Furthermore, it is necessary to carefully examine the recognition of social dialogue in the International Instruments and understand its scope in relation to people deprived of their liberty who exercise the right to work, through a qualitative and theoretical methodology. Ultimately, the objective is to promote the democratic participation of people deprived of liberty, allowing them to access decent working conditions that are essential to achieve effective reintegration into society. In this sense, we reflect on the objectives of punishment and highlight the fundamental importance of work as a central element for the social reintegration and democratic participation of people deprived of liberty with the promotion of social dialogue to establish criminal policies that in turn, may be beneficial both for people deprived of liberty and for society.

Abstract The IMF´s practices affect the lives of millions of persons all around the world. Recently, institutional actors of the United Nations have defined the rules that it should follow to promote the respect and effectiveness of Human Rights. However, the Fund acts as if such rules do not in fact exist. The article aims to analyze the juridical nexus that ties the IMF to Human Rights, problematizing the «argumentative strategies» through which it legitimizes its position on the field. This way of approaching to the debate allows the paper to: 1) prove the IMF's juridical link to these Rights and, at the same time, show the benefits and limits of the critics that are directed to said link; 2) introduce in a single coherent narrative the developments on this subject that the specialized literature exhibits in a fragmented manner; 3) show how the newest trends that inform the doctrine of Human Rights are translated into official juridical documents. It is argued that the Fund has the international obligation of respecting and enforcing Human Rights from its own mandate and considering the rules of institutional actors on this regard, under penalty of incurring in responsibility for their violation. IMFs s world Recently However exist argumentative strategies field 1 time 2 manner 3 documents regard violation

Resumen Con sus prácticas, el FMI afecta la vida de millones de personas alrededor del mundo. Recientemente, la ONU ha definido las pautas que los agentes del campo financiero deben seguir para promover el respeto y la efectividad de los Derechos Humanos (DDHH). Sin embargo, el Fondo actúa como si de hecho tales pautas no existiesen. Este trabajo procura analizar el nexo jurídico que ata al FMI a los DDHH, problematizando las «estrategias argumentativas» a través de las cuales él legitima su posición al respecto. Esta manera de ingresar al debate permite: 1) sustentar jurídicamente la ligazón del Fondo a estos derechos y, al mismo tiempo, mostrar las bondades y límites de las críticas que se le endilgan a dicha ligazón; 2) presentar en un único relato coherente los desarrollos sobre esta temática que la literatura especializada exhibe de manera fragmentada; 3) dar cuenta de cómo las últimas tendencias que informan la doctrina de los DDHH se traducen en documentos jurídicos oficiales. Se argumenta que el FMI tiene la obligación internacional de respetar y efectivizar los DDHH desde su propio mandato y considerando las pautas de los actores institucionales al respecto, so pena de incurrir en responsabilidad por su violación. prácticas mundo Recientemente DDHH. . (DDHH) embargo existiesen estrategias argumentativas respecto permite 1 tiempo 2 fragmentada 3 oficiales violación (DDHH

Abstract The purpose of this work is to offer an approach to the use of letters of censorship and excommunication in New Spain during the 17th century. I maintain that the request for these legal documents served as a popular resource to demand justice from the ecclesiastical authorities due to damage against an individual or property. Thus, excommunication was regarded within the collective imagination as a penalty so terrible that, contrary to what was stipulated in the ecclesiastical codes, it implied the absolute condemnation of the accused both in earth and the hereafter. Derived from the study of sources located in various funds of the National General Archive (Archivo General de la Nación) in Mexico, and based on the approaches exposed by some theorists of the judicial history of the New Spain Catholic Church, I will outline a proposal regarding the use of letters of censorship, the role that excommunication could play within the collective imagination, as well as the work carried out by the ecclesiastical instance as a determining forum of justice against other secular organizations.

Resumen El propósito de este trabajo es ofrecer un acercamiento al uso de las cartas de censura y excomunión en la Nueva España durante el siglo XVII. Sostengo que la solicitud de estos documentos jurídicos funcionó como un recurso popular para exigir justicia a las autoridades eclesiásticas por causa de agravios en contra de individuos o de propiedades. En este sentido, la excomunión fue entendida dentro del imaginario colectivo como una pena tan terrible que, contrario a lo estipulado en los códigos eclesiásticos, implicaba la condena absoluta del acusado en la tierra y en el más allá. Derivado del estudio de estas fuentes localizadas en varios fondos del Archivo General de la Nación de México y con base en los planteamientos expuestos por algunos teóricos de la historia judicial de la Iglesia católica novohispana, esbozaré una propuesta en torno al uso de las cartas de censura; al papel que pudo desempeñar la excomunión en el imaginario colectivo, aunado a las labores realizadas por la instancia eclesiástica como determinante foro de justicia frente a otros organismos seculares.

Abstract The mechanical degradation of concrete structures is a phenomenon dependent on the material heterogeneity observed at mesoscale. As the mechanical degradation is a localized phenomenon, structural members and structures may be simulated using the concurrent multiscale analysis technique. Thus, only the most critical regions are modeled in mesoscale, reducing the computational cost compared to the simulation of the entire structure at this scale. This work presents two contributions in concurrent multiscale analysis. The first contribution introduces an alternative representation of the mesoscale interfacial transition zone (ITZ) of the concrete together with a strategy that allows modeling particles (coarse aggregates) without degrees of freedom. The resulting ITZ representation allows the simulation of more realistic discrete cracks in concrete modeling. The second contribution uses particle-like elements without degrees of freedom as coupling elements to model non-matching meshes between different media. The proposed coupling technique does not add degrees of freedom and does not use penalty or Lagrange Multipliers methods. Experimental and numerical results are used in order to validate the proposed multiscale formulation regarding concrete specimen simulations. Thus scale (ITZ coarse aggregates particlelike particle like nonmatching non matching media methods simulations

Resumo A degradação mecânica de estruturas de concreto é um fenômeno dependente da heterogeneidade do material observada em mesoescala. Como a degradação mecânica é um fenômeno localizado, elementos estruturais e estruturas podem ser simulados usando a técnica de análise multiescala concorrente. Assim, apenas as regiões mais críticas são modeladas em mesoescala, reduzindo o custo computacional em comparação com a simulação de toda a estrutura nessa escala. Este trabalho apresenta duas contribuições para a estratégia de análise multiescala concorrente. A primeira contribuição apresenta uma representação alternativa da zona de transição interfacial da mesoescala (ITZ) do concreto juntamente com uma estratégia que permite modelar partículas (agregados graúdos) sem graus de liberdade. A representação da ITZ resultante permite a modelagem de fissuras discretas mais realistas na simulação de concreto. A segunda contribuição usa elementos semelhantes a agregados sem graus de liberdade como elementos de acoplamento para modelar malhas não conformes entre diferentes meios. A técnica de acoplamento proposta não adiciona graus de liberdade e não utiliza métodos de penalização ou multiplicadores de Lagrange. Resultados experimentais e numéricos são usados para validar a formulação multiescala proposta aplicada em simulações de amostras de concreto. localizado concorrente Assim escala (ITZ graúdos meios Lagrange

Abstract: Background: Echinochloa colona (junglerice), a troublesome weed in rice, is resistant to 15 herbicide active ingredients. High temperatures are linked to reduction of herbicide efficacy. Objective: Evaluate growth and seed production of junglerice, after five generations of recurrent selection with sublethal dose of rice herbicides under heat stress. Methods: Junglerice plants previously subjected to recurrent selection with herbicides and heat stress for three cycles were exposed to further iterative cycles of selection with heat stress (45 °C) and sublethal dose of florpyrauxifen-benzyl (FPB, 0.125x), imazethapyr (0.125x), quinclorac (0.25x), and glufosinate (0.25x). Plant injury was evaluated 1 and 3 weeks after treatment. Panicle number; plant height; and dry biomass of shoot, panicles, and seeds were recorded. Seed number plant-1 and reproductive effort were estimated. Results: The joint effect of heat stress and sublethal dose of herbicides reduced the sensitivity of junglerice to all herbicides tested. Plants treated with FPB and quinclorac produced more shoot biomass and seed number after five generations. Heat-stressed plants treated with FPB produced more seeds than non-stressed plants. Imazethapyr reduced seed production. Heat-stressed junglerice treated with glufosinate produced fewer seeds than non-stressed plants. Conclusions: The joint effect of heat stress and sublethal dose of herbicides reduced junglerice sensitivity to the four rice herbicides tested after five generations. Heat stress and sublethal dose of the relatively recent auxinic herbicide florpyrauxifen-benzyl reduced junglerice sensitivity and increased seed production. Abstract Background , (junglerice) ingredients efficacy Objective Methods 45 (4 °C C florpyrauxifenbenzyl florpyrauxifen benzyl FPB, (FPB 0.125x, 0125x x 0.125x 0 125x 0.125x) (0.125x) 0.25x, 025x 0.25x 25x (0.25x) 0.25x. . treatment height panicles recorded plant1 plant- estimated Results Heatstressed stressed nonstressed non Conclusions (junglerice 4 ( (0.125x (0.25x

ABSTRACT In this article, we study the existence and uniqueness of a global weak solution for the degenerate nonlinear variational inequality K x , t u " + Δ 2 u + M u 2 - Δ u + u ' ≥ f u 0 = u 0 u ' 0 = u 1 u ⌊ Σ = ∂ u ∂ η ⌊ Σ = 0 where K(x, t) is a function defined on Q = Ω × ] 0 , T [ , K ( x , t ) ≥ 0 para todo ( x , t ) ∈ Q, M a continuous real function with specific properties and f belongs to the class of functions L 2 0 , T ; H 0 1 ( Ω ). We will use the Faedo-Galerkin method, monotone operator and Compactness to prove the existence and uniqueness of weak solutions. article Kx, Kx x, K(x . FaedoGalerkin Faedo Galerkin method solutions

RESUMO Estudamos neste artigo existência e unicidade de solução fraca global para a inequação variacional não linear degenerada K x , t u " + Δ 2 u + M u 2 - Δ u + u ' ≥ f u 0 = u 0 u ' 0 = u 1 u ⌊ Σ = ∂ u ∂ η ⌊ Σ = 0 em que K(x, t) é uma função definida em Q = Ω × ] 0 , T [ , K ( x , t ) ≥ 0 para todo ( x , t ) ∈ Q, M uma função real contínua com propriedades específicas e f pertence a classe de funções L 2 0 , T ; H 0 1 ( Ω ). Usaremos o Método de Faedo-Galerkin, operador monótono e Compacidade para provar a existência e a unicidade de soluções fracas. Kx, Kx x, K(x . FaedoGalerkin, FaedoGalerkin Faedo Galerkin, Galerkin Faedo-Galerkin fracas

RESUMEN Introducción: El estudio de los patrones del movimiento técnico deportivo implica analizar sus componentes biomecánicos, teniendo en cuenta el carácter multifactorial del rendimiento deportivo. Objetivo: Describir la mecánica del movimiento del tiro penalti en futbolistas categorías sub-12 y sub-17. Métodos: Estudio cuasi experimental de orden correlativo. Se estudiaron ocho variables biomecánicas: centro de gravedad en sus dos ejes, inclinación corporal, ángulos femorotibial antes del contacto, ángulos femorotibial luego del contacto, velocidad, aceleración y acierto. Se seleccionaron dos grupos independientes de 30 futbolistas del género masculino, se clasificaron por categorías sub-12 y sub-17, y se analizó su rendimiento mediante videoanálisis. Resultados: Hubo diferencias significativas a favor de la categoría sub-17 en las variables centro de gravedad en el eje X (p = 0,000), en inclinación corporal (p = 0,000), en velocidad (p = 0,000), y en aceleración y acierto (p = 0,000); y diferencias no significativas en el resto (centro de gravedad eje Y: p = 0,267; ángulos femorotibial antes del contacto: p = 0,459; ángulos femorotibial luego del contacto: p = 0,446; y aciertos: p = 0,226). Conclusiones: Todos los rangos promedios sobresalieron en la categoría sub-17, excepto en la variable aciertos, lo que implicó una mayor velocidad y aceleración del pie durante la ejecución del tiro a penal. Sin embargo, la precisión, como componente coordinativo, resultó fundamental en la efectividad del disparo.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The study of the patterns of technical sports movement involves analyzing its biomechanical components, taking into account the multifactorial nature of sports performance. Objective: To describe the mechanics of the movement of the penalty kick in U-12 and U-17 football players. Methods: Quasi-experimental study of a correlative order. Eight biomechanical variables were studied: center of gravity in its two axes, body inclination, femorotibial angles before contact, femorotibial angles after contact, speed, acceleration and success. Two independent groups of 30 male footballers were selected, classified by U-12 and U-17 categories, and their performance was analysed through video analysis. Results: There were significant differences in favor of the sub-17 category in the variables center of gravity on the X axis (p = 0.000), body inclination (p = 0.000), speed (p = 0.000), and acceleration and accuracy (p = 0.000); and non-significant differences in the rest (center of gravity Y-axis: p = 0.267; femorotibial angles before contact: p = 0.459; femorotibial angles after contact: p = 0.446; and correct answers: p = 0.226). Conclusions: All the average ranges stood out in the U-17 category, except in the variable hits, which implied a greater speed and acceleration of the foot during the execution of the penalty kick. However, accuracy, as a coordinating component, was fundamental in the effectiveness of the shot.

Abstract Variable renewable energies are leading the energy transition and power system flexibility has become a global priority. Incorporating short-term assessment into long-term planning is essential to capture the operational characteristics of generation and address flexibility issues. This paper presents a novel model for generation and transmission expansion planning with economic dispatch. In the generation expansion planning, the capacity expansion is optimized. In the economic dispatch problem, power plant operation, hydropower generation, and line transmission power flow are optimized. The model is a mixed-integer linear programming problem solved in MATLAB using Gurobi toolbox. A model is proposed to optimize the reservoir of hydropower systems and run-of-river. A case study for supplying Brazilian demand in 2050 is presented. A scenario with greenhouse gas emission costs and no deficit is proposed. This study has shown that the current penalty cost for loss of load is not sufficient to avoid a deficit. It is possible to supply 2050 demand, without large reservoirs or deficits, with a 5.5% curtailment, using 13% of total storage capacity, however; peaking power plants are required. priority shortterm short term longterm long issues optimized operation mixedinteger mixed integer toolbox runofriver. runofriver run river. river run-of-river 205 presented deficits 55 5 5.5 curtailment 13 however required 20 5. 1 2

Abstract Background: With the COVID-19 pandemic, several social sectors felt the need to reorganize, among them the prison and socio-educational systems. The work of professionals in these systems has been impacted due to changes in routine, and there have been difficulties in guaranteeing access to health, which have arisen or worsened as a result of this. In view of the demand for information and training, Fiocruz offered the online course Mental Health and Psychosocial Care during COVID-19, which included a module concerning the population deprived of liberty. Objective: Understand the main difficulties of health professionals and the impacts of the pandemic on the units. Method: Analysis of the interventions made by the participants in two spaces of the course: the forum "Talk to the teacher" and a chat during a live class. Results: The main themes involve health outcomes, contact strategies for care and communication, protocols and substitution of penalty/measure. Among the challenges is the recurrence of historical problems prior to the pandemic, such as overcrowding and precarious infrastructure. Conclusion: Access to health is not guaranteed, and there is a need for clearer guidelines on standards and the creation of strategies to guarantee this access. It is hoped that this report can contribute with important reflections to the improvement of actions in this area. Background COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 reorganize socioeducational socio educational routine training COVID19, 19, liberty Objective units Method Talk teacher class Results outcomes communication penaltymeasure penalty measure penalty/measure infrastructure Conclusion guaranteed area COVID1 1 COVID-

Resumo Introdução: com a pandemia de COVID-19, diversos setores sociais precisaram se reorganizar, como os sistemas prisional e socioeducativo. A atuação dos profissionais dos sistemas tem sido impactada em função de mudanças na rotina, e há dificuldades na garantia de acesso à saúde daí decorrentes ou agravadas. Em vista da demanda por informações e capacitação, a Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz) ofereceu o curso online Saúde Mental e Atenção Psicossocial na COVID-19, que contou com módulo sobre população privada de liberdade. Objetivo: Compreender as principais dificuldades dos profissionais de saúde e os impactos da pandemia do novo coronavírus nas unidades. Método: Análise das intervenções dos cursistas em dois espaços do curso: Fórum "Fale com o professor" e Bate-papo de uma aula ao vivo. Resultados: Os principais temas envolvem desfechos em saúde, estratégias de contato para atendimento e comunicação, protocolos e substituição de pena/medida. Entre os desafios, está a recorrência de problemas históricos prévios à pandemia, como superlotação e precária infraestrutura. Conclusão: O acesso à saúde não está garantido, havendo necessidade de orientações mais claras sobre normativas e criação de estratégias para garantir esse acesso. Espera-se que este relato possa contribuir com reflexões visando ao aprimoramento das ações neste âmbito. Introdução COVID19, COVID19 COVID 19, 19 COVID-19 reorganizar socioeducativo rotina agravadas capacitação Fiocruz (Fiocruz liberdade Objetivo unidades Método Fale professor Batepapo Bate papo vivo Resultados comunicação penamedida pena medida pena/medida desafios infraestrutura Conclusão garantido Esperase Espera âmbito COVID1 1 COVID-1 COVID-

This article addressed 'The conceptualisation of morality in ancient religions at the hand of the Gilgamesh Epic'. After pointing out that ancient languages do not have words for neither morality nor religion, I discussed the following incidents in the Epic: he who saw the Deep; the immoral conduct of a king; the slaying of Humbaba; Ishtar and a death penalty; and a visit to Utanapishtim, the Distant. I alluded briefly to the way that the Epic ends. The aim was to examine whether ancient societies had a concept of morality and what role, if any, did religion play. INTRADISCIPLINARY AND/OR INTERDISCIPLINARY IMPLICATIONS: The conclusion was that religion played a very minor role, and that morality in ancient societies was a human endeavour

ABSTRACT: This study aims to develop a mathematical model for crew optimization in urban rail systems. In this sense, the proposed model offers a solution that considers the number of operators distributed daily in each working day, as well as providing the distribution of the workforce in work schedules, to minimize the total number of operators needed, but without any penalty to contractual work restrictions, legal restrictions and practical specificities presented by the operational context of the system. Another relevant aspect of the proposed model is the joint optimization of both the shifts and work schedule problem, without the need to use the timetable as an initial parameter for the model. Also in this work, the application of the model in a light rail vehicle (VLT) operator in the city of Rio de Janeiro is presented, while allowing the practical evaluation of the capacity to optimize the workforce after to use of the model, by the comparison between the generated computational results and the currently solution from the operator. In the end, some alternative work schedules in Brazilian labor legislation are tested and their direct gains in the reduction of the workforce obtained by optimizing the model are presented, as well as the guarantee of a more evenly fair work schedule, avoiding any work overload for operator or deviations from current labor legislation. ABSTRACT systems sense day needed system problem VLT (VLT end

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo é desenvolver um modelo matemático para otimização da tripulação em sistemas ferroviários urbanos. Neste sentido, o modelo proposto oferece uma solução que considere as quantidades de operadores alocados diariamente em cada jornada de trabalho, bem como prover a distribuição do efetivo em escalas de trabalho, de modo que minimize a quantidade total de operadores necessários, mas sem qualquer penalização às restrições contratuais de trabalho, restrições legais e especificidades práticas apresentadas pelo contexto operacional do sistema. Outro aspecto relevante acerca do modelo proposto é a otimização conjunta tanto do problema de alocação quanto escala, sem a necessidade de utilização de uma tabela de horários como parâmetro inicial ao modelo. Ainda neste trabalho, apresenta-se a aplicação do modelo em um operador de veículo leve sobre trilhos (VLT), na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, ao passo que permita a avaliação prática da capacidade de otimização do efetivo após o emprego do modelo, por meio da comparação entre os resultados computacionais gerados e o efetivo atualmente praticado no operador. Ao final, são testadas algumas alternativas de escalas de trabalho vigentes na legislação brasileira e apresentado seus ganhos diretos na redução do efetivo obtidos pela otimização do modelo, bem como a garantia de uma escala distribuída de forma mais equilibrada, evitando qualquer sobrecarga de trabalho dos operadores ou desvios na legislação vigente. RESUMO urbanos sentido necessários sistema apresentase apresenta se VLT, VLT , (VLT) Janeiro final equilibrada vigente (VLT

Abstract: Menarche marks the beginning of female reproductive cycle and constitutes an important milestone of female growth. Age at menarche varies according to genetic and socio-environmental factors, so it stands as an interesting indicator of biological wellbeing of the population. Based on an initial sample of 445 women from Valparaiso, born in 1851-1895, we examine the impact of socio-environmental factors on age of menarche in a historical context characterized by a strong GDP growth and intense, although uneven, urban development. Although results indicate a tendency for menarche to present itself at increasingly younger ages, this tendency is not statistically significant (p > .05). Factors like rural/urban origin, size of the household and intra-household stress do not seem to affect age of menarche in the sample, characterized by a low socio-economic status. Urban penalty phenomena, typical of early processes of modernization, could be partially explaining the results obtained.

Resumen: La menarquia señala el inicio del periodo reproductivo y constituye un importante marcador del crecimiento humano femenino. La edad en la que se presenta depende de la interacción de factores genéticos y socioambientales, por lo que resulta un interesante indicador del bienestar biológico de las poblaciones. Con una muestra inicial de 445 mujeres residentes en Valparaíso y nacidas entre los años 1851-1895, evaluamos la incidencia de factores socioambientales en la edad de la menarquia en un contexto histórico caracterizado por un fuerte incremento del Producto Interno Bruto y un intenso, pero inarmónico desarrollo urbano. Aunque los resultados muestran una tendencia al adelanto de la edad de menarquia, este no resulta estadísticamente significativo (p > .05). El origen rural/urbano, el tamaño familiar y el estrés intrafamiliar no parecen incidir en la edad de menarquia de la población de la muestra. El fenómeno de penalización urbana podría explicar en parte los resultados.

Resumen Lejos de configurar entornos de poder totalizante y absoluto, donde los presos están anclados en una pasividad obsecuente y dócil, los escenarios carcelarios se desenvuelven sobre matrices contingentes marcadas por fuertes turbulencias, configurando una atmósfera cotidiana que se encuentra sujeta a múltiples zonas de incertidumbre sistémica. Así pues, atravesado por diversas fuentes de violencia material y simbólica, el campo intersubjetivo conformado entre los trabajadores e internos se desenvuelve desde la indeterminación. Sobre estas coordenadas, la producción del orden cotidiano no se logra a través de una imposición unilateral de reglas, sino que las prácticas laborales se orientan principalmente hacia una artesanía vincular del orden, donde los perímetros semánticos que regulan los cotidianos son el resultado de acuerdos situacionales informales producto de complejos procesos de negociación dialógica, en los que los presos detentan capacidad de agencia. En este marco, ¿cuáles son los sentires, discursos y prácticas de los trabajadores en relación con los procesos de negociación que intervienen en la producción del orden cotidiano? ¿cómo operan ante escenarios violentos permeados por el riesgo, donde las reglas son cambiantes y difusas? A través de un estudio cualitativo de caso realizado sobre los trabajadores del Instituto Nacional de Inclusión Social Adolescente (INISA), este artículo tiene como objetivo principal la construcción de un marco hermenéutico que instituya visibilidad sobre la experiencia subjetiva de los trabajadores con los adolescentes privados de libertad, tomando como referencia las múltiples tramas de poder que intervienen en la configuración dialógica y negociada del orden de los cotidianos del encierro.

Abstract Far from configuring environments of totalizing and absolute power, where the prisoners are anchored in an obsequious and docile passivity, prison settings unfold on contingent matrices marked by strong turbulence, configuring a daily atmosphere that is subject to multiple zones of systemic uncertainty. Thus, traversed by various sources of material and symbolic violence, the intersubjective field formed between workers and inmates develops from indeterminacy, On these coordinates, the production of the daily order is not achieved through a unilateral imposition of rules, but labor practices are mainly oriented towards a linking craft of order, where the semantic perimeters that regulate the daily activities are highly informal and are the result of situational agreements product of complex processes of dialogical negotiation, where the prisoners hold agency capacity. What are the feelings, discourses and practices of workers in relation to the negotiation processes involved in the production of daily order? How do they operate in violent scenarios permeated by risk, where the rules are changing and diffuse? Through a qualitative case study carried out on the workers of the National Institute for Adolescent Social Inclusion (INISA), this article has as its main objective the construction of a hermeneutic framework that establishes visibility on the subjective experience of workers with adolescents internees, taking as a reference the dialogical and negotiated configuration of the daily order of confinement, demarcated by contingency and subject to multiple plots of power and influence.

Resumo Longe de configurar ambientes de poder totalizante e absoluto, onde os presos estão ancorados numa passividade obsequiosa e dócil, os cenários prisionais desenrolam-se em matrizes contingentes marcadas por fortes turbulências, configurando uma atmosfera quotidiana sujeita a múltiplas zonas de incerteza sistémica. Assim, atravessado por diversas fontes de violência material e simbólica, o campo intersubjetivo formado entre trabalhadores e detentos se desenvolve a partir da indeterminação, Nestas coordenadas, a produção da ordem quotidiana não se realiza através de uma imposição unilateral de regras, mas as práticas laborais orientam-se sobretudo para um ofício de ligação da ordem, onde os perímetros semânticos que regulam as atividades quotidianas são altamente informais e resultam de acordos situacionais produto de complexos processos de negociação dialógica, onde os presos detêm capacidade de agenciamento. Quais são os sentimentos, discursos e práticas dos trabalhadores em relação aos processos de negociação envolvidos na produção da ordem cotidiana? Como operam em cenários violentos permeados pelo risco, onde as regras são mutáveis e difusas? Através de um estudo de caso qualitativo realizado sobre os trabalhadores do Instituto Nacional para a Inclusão Social do Adolescente (INISA), este artigo tem como principal objetivo a construção de um quadro hermenêutico que dê visibilidade à experiência subjetiva dos trabalhadores com adolescentes privados de liberdade, tomando como referência a configuração dialógica e negociada da ordem quotidiana do confinamento, demarcada pela contingência e sujeita a múltiplas tramas de poder e influência.