RESUMEN Este artículo se centra en el análisis de registros de acceso para obtener información valiosa sobre el tráfico de un sitio web, el comportamiento del usuario y posibles problemas de seguridad. Se desarrolló un script para limpiar y analizar los datos generados por sistemas web que utilizan Nginx o Apache. El script, escrito en Bash, permite la limpieza, análisis y visualización de trazas, identificando eventos significativos. El script puede analizar los registros de acceso de ambos servidores web, así como de otras tecnologías web que utilicen el mismo formato estándar para el almacenamiento de las trazas. Para la experimentación se utilizó el script sobre un conjunto de trazas generados por el sistema de gestión XABAL EXCRIBA. Los resultados obtenidos a partir del análisis de las trazas determinan que el sitio web EXCRIBA se utiliza principalmente para la consulta de información debido a la gran cantidad de peticiones GET. Además, los resultados muestran que el servicio es confiable y eficiente en la entrega de contenido o servicios debido a la cantidad de respuestas con código exitoso. Sin embargo, la presencia de redirecciones y errores sugiere que hay áreas de mejora en la optimización de rutas o enlaces y en la forma en que las solicitudes son manejadas por el servidor.

ABSTRACT This article focuses on analyzing access logs to obtain valuable information about a website's traffic, user behavior, and potential security issues. A script was developed to clean and analyze data generated by web systems using Nginx or Apache. The script, written in Bash, allows cleaning, analysis and visualization of traces, identifying significant events. The script can analyze access logs from both web servers, as well as other web technologies that use the same standard format for storing traces. For the experimentation, the script was used on a set of traces generated by the XABAL EXCRIBA management system. The results obtained from the analysis of the traces determine that the EXCRIBA website is mainly used for information consultation due to the large number of GET requests. Furthermore, the results show that the service is reliable and efficient in delivering content or services due to the number of responses with successful code. However, the presence of redirects and errors suggests that there are areas for improvement in route or link optimization and in the way requests are handled by the server.

ABSTRACT High soybean grain yield is based on adequate crop management, mainly on disease prevention and control, especially Asian soybean rust (ASR), which causes great crop damage. This study aimed to evaluate the ASR chemical control with different fungicide mixtures in three soybean-producing areas in Brazil during two consecutive crop seasons. Four fungicide treatments [T1: benzovindyflupyr + picoxystrobin, T2: benzovindyflupyr + azoxystrobin, T3: fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin, and T4: inpyrfluxam + tebuconazole] were evaluated with five replications. Phytotoxicity damage, ASR disease severity, plant defoliation, 1,000-grain weight, and grain yield were evaluated. The results were relatively consistent among all regions and between the crop seasons, indicating that the treatments have similar responses when applied in diverse conditions. The T3 and T4 treatments presented higher phytotoxicity, lower disease severity, lower plant defoliation, and higher 1,000-grain weight and grain yield. The presence and damage caused by ASR tend to increase after the second soybean crop season in the same area, suggesting a loss of efficiency of the evaluated fungicides.

ABSTRACT The estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) and crop water requirements are crucial for the proper management and allocation of water resources in terms of quantity, quality, and timeliness. Therefore, remote sensing estimation of ET using the SEBAL algorithm (Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land) can provide spatio-temporal, non-punctual data, unlike traditional calculations relying on the nearest meteorological station. This research analyzed ET using SEBAL, based on ten Landsat 8 satellite images processed with a program developed in the Model Builder of ArcGis® version 10.2. The analysis was conducted during the vegetative period of starchy corn from May to October 2016. Validation of the results happened with a drainage lysimeter installed in a monitoring plot. Additionally, the statistical indices - such as percentage relative error (PRE) (0,09), root mean square error (RMSE) (0,30), R2 (0,92), and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NASH) (0,91) - indicated a good correlation of ET for starchy corn in the central highlands of Peru. The ET identified at ten monitoring points ranged from 1,05 to 7,79 mm d-1. (ET quantity quality timeliness Therefore Surface Land spatiotemporal, spatiotemporal spatio temporal, temporal spatio-temporal nonpunctual non punctual data station ArcGis 102 10 2 10.2 2016 plot Additionally PRE (PRE 0,09, 009 0,09 , 0 09 (0,09) RMSE (RMSE 0,30, 030 0,30 30 (0,30) R 0,92, 092 0,92 92 (0,92) NashSutcliffe Nash Sutcliffe NASH (NASH 0,91 091 91 (0,91 Peru 105 1 05 1,0 779 7 79 7,7 d1. d1 d 1. d-1 10. 201 00 0,0 (0,09 03 0,3 3 (0,30 0,9 9 (0,92 (0,9 1, 77 7, d- 20 0, (0,0 (0,3 (0, (0 (

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a prevalência de prática de bullying e fatores associados entre adolescentes brasileiros, segundo a Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar 2019. Métodos: Estudo transversal, com amostragem por conglomerados. A variável desfecho, prática de bullying, foi obtida pela pergunta "Nos últimos 30 dias, você esculachou, zombou, mangou, intimidou ou caçoou algum de seus colegas da escola tanto que ele ficou magoado, aborrecido, ofendido ou humilhado?" (sim/não). Foram analisadas associações com características sociodemográficas, familiares, saúde mental e comportamentos de risco, utilizando regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. Resultados: 12,1% (IC95% 11,7-12,6) dos adolescentes relataram praticar bullying. Houve associação positiva entre meninos (RP 1,66; IC95% 1,55-1,77); autodeclarados pretos (RP 1,23; IC95% 1,11-1,36) e pardos (RP 1,1; IC95% 1,02-1,18); de escola privada (RP 1,29; IC95% 1,21-1,37), que sentiam-se solitários (RP 1,17; IC95% 1,09-1,26), que a vida não vale a pena (RP 1,28; IC95% 1,19-1,39), apanharam de familiar (RP 1,67; IC95% 1,55-1,79), faltaram às aulas (RP 1,23; IC95% 1,15-1,31), usavam tabaco (RP 1,34; IC95% 1,22-1,47), álcool (RP 1,38; IC95% 1,28-1,50) e drogas regularmente (RP 1,17; IC95% 1,04-1,31) e tiveram relação sexual (RP 1,26; IC95% 1,18-1,35). A idade 16 e 17 anos (RP 0,82; IC95% 0,76-0,89) e supervisão familiar foram protetoras (RP 0,70; IC95% 0,66-0,75). Conclusão: Praticar bullying foi mais provável entre meninos, mais jovens, com problemas familiares e de saúde mental, e comportamentos de risco. Observa-se a importância de práticas como supervisão familiar contra o bullying.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the prevalence of bullying practices and associated factors among Brazilian adolescents, according to the National Survey of School Health 2019. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with cluster sampling. The outcome variable, bullying practice, was assessed by the question: "In the last 30 days, have you mocked, ridiculed, teased, intimidated, or bullied any of your schoolmates to the point that they felt hurt, upset, offended, or humiliated?" (yes/no). Associations with sociodemographic characteristics, family environment, mental health, and risk behaviors were analyzed using Poisson regression with robust variance. Results: 12.1% (95%CI 11.7-12.6) of adolescents reported bullying others. Positive associations were found among boys (PR 1.66; 95%CI 1.55-1.77); self-declared Black (PR 1.23; 95%CI 1.11-1.36) and brown (PR 1.1; 95%CI 1.02-1.18) adolescents; private school students (PR 1.29; 95%CI 1.21-1.37); those who felt lonely (PR 1.17; 95%CI 1.09-1.26); thought life was not worth living (PR 1.28; 95%CI 1.19-1.39); were physically assaulted by a family member (PR 1.67; 95%CI 1.55-1.79); skipped classes (PR 1.23; 95%CI 1.15-1.31); used tobacco (PR 1.34; 95%CI 1.22-1.47), alcohol (PR 1.38; 95%CI 1.28-1.50), and drugs (PR 1.17; 95%CI 1.04-1.31) regularly; and had sexual relations (PR 1.26; 95%CI 1.18-1.35). Ages 16 and 17 (PR 0.82; 95%CI 0.76-0.89) and family supervision were protective factors (PR 0.70; 95%CI 0.66-0.75). Conclusion: Bullying was more likely among boys, younger adolescents, those with family and mental health issues, and those engaged in risk behaviors. The importance of practices, such as family supervision in preventing bullying, is highlighted.

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ABSTRACT University social responsibility is a set of actions that helps to promote the active participation of students in their university education, with ethical conduct to create a culture of social commitment based on values and academic quality. The main role of the university is to develop the functions of teaching, research and social responsibility; this allows creating a broader vision of the needs in the community, generating competent professionals and causing a positive impact (Palomino, Vázquez, Vicente, & Tomás, 2019). Objective: To identify the main authors of the subject from the systematic review of the literature, to point out the four axis that RSU has and the four university impacts. Materials and methods: This research is exploratory and documentary with a qualitative approach. The information sources used correspond to consultation pages, among which are: Google academic, and Lens.org. Likewise, inclusion and exclusion criteria were used to collect information and the results obtained were delimited after adding search conditions such as the year interval from 2017 to 2023. Another limitation is that they were only review articles and in any language. Results: The results obtained were 10 definitions of prominent authors which haves an impact on the fact that the University social responsibility has 8 dimensions among which are: Responsible Campus, Citizen Education, Social Knowledge Management, and Mutual Learning Communities for Development, Organizational, Educational, Cognitive and social. The four axis of the RSU are the basis of the organizations to be able to fulfill the mission that each university community pursues. Within the responsible campus, care is taken to ensure that environmental and sustainable care is met and students are taught to participate in it. , responsible citizen and professional training, deontology, which is the duty of people, this helps the university community to do things ethically and with good morals inside and outside universities, knowledge management is a of the main tasks of higher education institutions, social work, the reason for being of various organizations, thanks to which they can disseminate their knowledge and contribute to the development of community and group culture, and finally the need for The society of inclusion and communication between people occur within communities of mutual learning for development. The organizational impacts, within the RSU, impact people, management and sustainability. The educational impacts are related to the training of students (their ethics, their way of interpreting the world and the social role that corresponds to them) and involves all university processes (curriculum, central administration and knowledge management policies). Cognitive impacts are the dissemination of knowledge and social impacts are the relationship within and on the university campus, the treatment and participation of students; Students in the different branches offered. When reviewing and reading the different existing articles, it was observed that there is little information regarding the RSU, focusing on a chronology of the different authors from 2014 to date. Within the articles reviewed, it can be defined that RSU trains, teaches, supports, promotes, guides and organizes; involving the student community, teachers, administrative and managerial staff. The RSU transmits responsible knowledge, ethical principles and helps to train responsible citizen professionals. Conclusion: After studying the literary review, it can be mentioned that all the axis of the RSU must have the participation of the students and all the people who make up the university community in order to have a responsible university, both internally and externally, according to the different concepts that are mentioned of University Social Responsibility; In other words, it is a way to help the professional and civic training of all students, since this is part of what social responsibility seeks. It is mentioned that university students must get involved in real problems within their professional and civic training, since this helps to create links between learning and social responsibility and thus be able to promote human development, both ethically and morally, as that participation in the different projects that the same institution carries out in its activities will grow.Ramírez (2020),Quezada and Rodríguez (2019),Arauco and Apaza (2022),Évora (2017), agree that RSU is reflected in the existence of four axis for the socially responsible management of universities, so that the students are aware that everything that is done within the institution will be reflected outside of it. Complying with Social Responsibility in higher education is a transformation resource that promotes compliance with transparent practices and ethical conduct for sustainable development, generating social well-being on the university campus for the comprehensive and ideal training of its students. Currently, globalization leads to constant changes in organizations and forces them to be able to identify their challenges for the new trends that their environment requires. Therefore, globalization, competition, technology, social responsibility, knowledge and intangible assets demand serious modifications in their structures and strategies from companies.Niebles Nuñez et al. (2018)the universities have the important mission of equitably distributing knowledge and social information. That is why universities must assume the position of University Social Responsibility and analyze whether effective or null knowledge is being provided. The current era is characterized by its constant change, in social demands, in the role of traditional actors, in the situation at the regional and international level, in development approaches (Uribe et al., 2020). Addressing the issue of RSU requires articulating the various parts of the institution in an equitable and sustainable social promotion project, for the production and transmission of responsible knowledge and the training of equally responsible citizen professionals (Mosquera Tayupanta and Alba Granados, 2021; Peña y otros, 2017). There is a proposal for university social responsibility that provides a space for participation in the activities carried out and that are adapted to the new acquisition modalities for students, in addition to the fact that university social responsibility seeks not only to work on the axis of transformation within of the institution, but is also aimed at the entire society that is involved (Pedró, 2019). The university must promote the participation of its students in cultural, social, sports and environmental activities.

Resumen Introducción. Las condiciones edafoclimáticas del Ecuador son ideales para el cultivo del arroz, los rendimientos son mayores al promedio mundial, pero su manejo agronómico conlleva a un aumento de cadmio en el suelo, que puede llegar al grano por translocación, lo cual afectan su inocuidad. Objetivo. Evaluar la absorción de cadmio mediante la técnica de omisión de macronutrientes en seis suelos del Ecuador y su efecto sobre el desarrollo vegetativo del cultivo de arroz. Materiales y métodos. El ensayo se realizó en la Estación Experimental Tropical Pichilingue del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Ecuador, durante el año 2018. Se estudiaron nueve tratamientos 1) Sin fertilización y sin Cd (testigo 1), 2) sin fertilización y con Cd (Testigo 2), 3) Fertilización completa y seis tratamientos de omisión de un nutriente a la vez, se usó un diseño de experimentos de bloques completamente al azar, parcelas divididas y tres repeticiones. Las variables evaluadas fueron las relacionadas a la producción de materia seca en raíz y parte aérea. Para la comparación entre medias, se utilizó la prueba de Tukey (p<0,05). Resultados. Las omisiones de los nutrientes (N y P) llevaron a la reducción de la absorción del Cd, que disminuyó la producción de materia seca, en particular en los suelos muy ácidos o alcalinos como en Sucumbíos (pH 4) y Guayas (pH 7,9), respectivamente. Conclusiones. La absorción de cadmio en plantas de arroz se redujo en mayor medida con la omisión de los macronutrientes N y P, principalmente en los suelos de Sucumbíos, Los Ríos, El Oro y Manabí, afectando también la omisión de nutrientes a la producción de materia seca y los rendimientos, observándose además que un pH por debajo de 5 o superior a 7,9 afecta la absorción de cadmio en los suelos estudiados

Abstract Introduction. The soil and climatic conditions of Ecuador are ideal for rice cultivation, yields are higher than the world average, but agronomic management leads to an increase of cadmium in the soil, which can reach the grain by translocation, which affects its safety. Objetive. To evaluate the absorption of cadmium through the omission of macronutrients technique in six soils of Ecuador and its effect on the vegetative development of rice crops. Materials and methods. The trial was carried out at the Pichilingue Tropical Experimental Station of the National Institute of Agricultural Research, Ecuador, during 2018. Nine treatments were studied: 1) Without fertilization and without Cd (control 1), 2) without fertilization and with Cd (Control 2), 3) Complete fertilization and six omission treatments of one nutrient at a time, a completely randomized block design of experiments, divided plots and three repetitions was used. The variables evaluated were those related to the production of dry matter in the root and aerial part. For the comparison between means, the Tukey test was used (p<0.05). Results. Nutrients omissions (N and P) led to reduced Cd absorption, which decreased dry matter production, particularly in very acidic or alkaline soils such as in Sucumbíos (pH 4) and Guayas (pH 7, 9), respectively. Conclusions. The absorption of cadmium in rice plants was reduced to a greater extent with the omission of the macronutrients N and P, mainly in the soils of Sucumbíos, Los Ríos, El Oro and Manabí, the nutrient omission technique also affecting the production of dry matter and yields, also observing that a pH below 5 or higher than 7.9 affects the absorption of cadmium in the soils studied.

RESUMEN El financiamiento externo es una de las limitantes del desarrollo en emprendimiento MIPYMES entre los cuales se encuentran los emprendimientos agropecuarios. Por tanto, el trabajo de investigación, tuvo como objetivo identificar el origen del financiamiento externo en productores hortícolas de tres localidades del distrito de Julián Augusto Saldívar, Departamento Central. Se aplicó una investigación con enfoque cuantitativo de alcance descriptivo. El diseño del mismo es no experimental cuantitativa. Se aplica el método de la entrevista en profundidad para un mejor abordaje de los sujetos. La totalidad de las fincas son del tipo familiar. El 48% de los emprendimientos no operan con financiamiento o crédito externo, el 52% cuenta con algún nivel de endeudamiento. El Crédito Agrícola de Habilitación (CAH) ha aportado financiamiento a un 22%. El Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería a un 9%. El 33% afirma haber recibido financiamiento de Bancos. Las Cooperativas han aportado al financiamiento a un 25%. Las Casas de Crédito a un 9%. Las fundaciones aportaron a un 13%. Finalmente, existe un 8% que considera al Crédito de Proveedores como fuentes de financiamiento. Considerando que el 52% de los encuestados informa contar con endeudamiento, se puede afirmar que, si bien el financiamiento externo a nivel general puede considerarse escaso, por la falta de acceso al crédito, los emprendimientos estudiados se encontrarían un poco por encima de las estadísticas nacionales.

ABSTRACT External financing is one of the limitations of development in MSME entrepreneurship, among which are agricultural ventures. Therefore, the objective of the research work was to identify the origin of external financing in horticultural producers in three locations in the district of Julián Augusto Saldívar, Central Department. A research with a quantitative approach of descriptive scope was applied. Its design is non-experimental quantitative. The in-depth interview method is applied for a better approach to the subjects. All of the farms are family-type. 48% of the ventures do not operate with external financing or credit, 52% have some level of debt. The Agricultural Habilitation Credit (CAH) has provided financing to 22%. The Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock at 9%. 33% claim to have received financing from banks. The Cooperatives have contributed 25% to the financing. Credit Houses at 9%. The foundations contributed 13%. Finally, there is 8% that consider Supplier Credit as sources of financing. Considering that 52% of those surveyed reports having debt, it can be stated that, although external financing at a general level can be considered scarce, due to the lack of access to credit, the ventures studied would be a little above the statistics national.

RESUMEN Introducción: La depresión posparto es un trastorno psiquiátrico con alta prevalencia en el periodo perinatal, es frecuente entre los primeros cuatro meses y las consecuencias negativas en la madre y el niño son múltiples, desde complicaciones obstétricas, hasta el suicidio materno y el filicidio. Objetivo: Caracterizar la depresión posparto en madres que acuden a consultorio ambulatorio de Gineco-obstetricia y Pediatría en el año 2023. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal, con abordaje cuantitativo; Aplicado a 61 mujeres seleccionadas a través de un muestreo no probabilístico de conveniencia, con el método de observación, la técnica de entrevista y el instrumento un formulario con variables sociodemográficas, antecedentes gineco-obstétricos y la Escala de Depresión Postparto de Edimburgo (EDPS-9). Resultados: edad promedio de 27 años, 49,2% con formación secundaria, 60,7% sin remuneración, 39,3% de procedencia San Lorenzo, 47,6% en unión libre, 72,1% con acompañamiento de la pareja, 73,8% responsable por los que haceres del hogar. 59% con primera gestación, 91,8% sin abortos previos, 50,8% con parto por cesárea, 68,9% sin complicaciones y 73,8% no extendió el tiempo de internación. 18% tiene antecedentes personales de salud mental y 14,8% familiares. El 52,5% con sintomatología sugestiva de depresión postparto. Conclusión: la depresión posparto es frecuente y se asocia con condiciones sociales y de la mujer que la vuelve vulnerable, como la baja formación, el estado civil unión libre, no tener remuneración, el ser la principal responsable de los que haceres del hogar, así como la extensión del tiempo de internación y los problemas de salud mental previos, lo que vuelve necesario abordar integralmente el problema.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Postpartum depression is a psychiatric disorder with a high prevalence in the perinatal period. It is common between the first four months and the negative consequences for the mother and child are multiple, from obstetric complications to maternal suicide and filicide. Objective: To characterize postpartum depression in mothers who attend outpatient Gynecology-Obstetrics and Pediatrics clinics in 2023. Materials and methods: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study, with a quantitative approach; Applied to 61 women selected through a non-probabilistic convenience sampling, with the observation method, the interview technique and the instrument a form with sociodemographic variables, gynecological-obstetric history and the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EDPS-9). Results: average age of 27 years, 49.2% with secondary education, 60.7% without remuneration, 39.3% from San Lorenzo, 47.6% in a free union, 72.1% with partner accompaniment, 73.8% responsible for household chores. 59% with first pregnancy, 91.8% without previous abortions, 50.8% with cesarean delivery, 68.9% without complications and 73.8% did not extend the hospitalization time. 18% have a personal history of mental health and 14.8% have a family history. 52.5% with symptoms suggestive of postpartum depression. Conclusion: postpartum depression is frequent and is associated with social and women's conditions that make them vulnerable, such as low training, civil union status, not having remuneration, being primarily responsible for household chores, etc. such as the extension of hospitalization time and previous mental health problems, which makes it necessary to comprehensively address the problem.

Abstract The mototaxi, a three-wheeled vehicle equipped with a roof, is a widely utilized mode of transportation in Mexico. Typically, it is employed for short-distance journeys in exchange for payment, similar to the operation of a conventional taxi. This study conducts a structural analysis of a mototaxi-type vehicle utilized in Mexico to assess its performance and safety. It underscores the significance of this mode of transportation, widely relied upon by numerous individuals. A product design and development methodology was employed, utilizing torsional deformation simulations to validate the new geometry. The objective was to minimize torsions as much as possible, thereby enhancing the motorcycle taxi’s safety and ensuring the vehicle’s correct positioning. Through computeraided design, the prevailing torsions within the casing were assessed, establishing the operating conditions to which the system is commonlysubjected. The findings from the chosen vehicular structure reveal a flexural rigidity of 6,508.15 N/mm, torsional rigidity of 27.35 KNm/º, and a range of natural frequencies between 8-21 Hz. These values indicate favorable resistance against bending forces and operational frequency. However, the torsional results exhibit deficiencies, suggesting an unsafe structure for all motorcycle taxi occupants. Consequently, technology developers and national legislators should prioritize enhancing the structural integrity of such vehicles.

Resumen El mototaxi es un vehículo de tres ruedas y con techo que se usa como medio de transporte popular en México, generalmente para recorrer caminos cortos a cambio de dinero, de la misma forma que opera un taxi. Esta investigación presenta el análisis estructural de un vehículo tipo mototaxi empleado en México, para evaluar su desempeño y seguridad, teniendo en cuenta que es un medio de transporte utilizado por muchas personas. Se empleó una metodología de diseño y desarrollo de producto, utilizando simulaciones de deformación torsionales para validar la nueva geometría, minimizando las torsiones en lo posible, tratando de mejorar la seguridad del mototaxi, así como la posición correcta del vehículo. Mediante el diseño asistido por computadora se probaron las torsiones existentes en la carcasa, determinando las condiciones de operación por las que generalmente es sometido el sistema.Los resultados obtenidos en la estructura vehicular seleccionada son para la rigidez por flexión de 6508,15 N/mm, la rigidez torsional de 27,35 KNm/º y el rango de frecuencias naturales en 8-21 Hz, valores que muestran que la estructura presenta condiciones favorables mediante esfuerzos de resistencia por flexión y la frecuencia de operación de la estructura, pero carencias en los resultados torsionales, generando así una estructura insegura para los ocupantes del mototaxi. Es necesario que los desarrolladores de tecnología como los legisladores nacionales actúen en favor de mejorar sus condiciones estructurales.

Abstract Within this research, the institution of natural punishment is studied, which is relatively new in the Ecuadorian legal system, this is because it has only been implemented since August 2014 with the adoption of the Comprehensive Organic Penal Code. The reason for this institution is to limit the punitive power of the State, by virtue of the no need to apply a state penalty (which is not the same as punishment), to those who, as a result of and as a consequence of a culpable crime, have had enough punishment for his wrong done. The object of study focuses directly on the natural penalty, described in article 372 of the Comprehensive Organic Penal Code (2014), and how the legislator has completely excluded the spouse, cohabitant, or partner from this legal figure, as well as the consequences. of that.

Resumen Dentro de esta investigación se estudia la institución de la pena natural, la cual es relativamente nueva en el ordenamiento jurídico ecuatoriano, recién implementada desde agosto del 2014 con la adopción del Código Orgánico Integral Penal. La razón de ser de esta institución es limitar el poder punitivo del Estado, en virtud de la no necesidad de aplicación de una pena estatal (que no es lo mismo que castigo), a quien, a causa y consecuencia de un delito culposo, ha tenido suficiente castigo por su mal causado. El objeto de estudio se centra directamente en la pena natural, descrita en el artículo 372 del Código Orgánico Integral Penal (2014), y en cómo el legislador ha excluido por completo de esta figura jurídica al cónyuge, conviviente o pareja, así como las consecuencias de aquello.

ABSTRACT: This essay explores affective repertoires around Helen Keller, famous deafblind activist and socialist militant. Departing from the popular image in American culture that portrays her as a miracle or a selfless champion for the “cause of disability rights,” I consider the way in which suffering and optimism function as emotional foundations for the “American dream.” Then I focus on the few acts of resistance of a woman who knew that her body was traversed by “public feelings.” Finally, I analyze Her Socialist Smile (2020), a documentary by John Gianvito that conceptually, affectively and sensorially mobilizes Keller's political ideas where anger, sorrow, and joy are socialist. In a novel way, the haptic visuality of this film establishes a connection between sensation and thought, individual and collective body, to tentatively explore into the deaf-blind sensorium as the possibility of a political affect.

RESUMEN: Este ensayo explora los repertorios afectivos que se tejen en torno a Helen Keller, famosa activista sordociega y militante socialista norteamericana. Partiendo de la imagen dominante en la cultura popular, que la vio como objeto de un milagro o abnegada abanderada de la “causa de la discapacidad”, considero al sufrimiento y al optimismo como sustento afectivo para el “sueño americano”. Luego, destaco las pequeñas tácticas de resistencia de una mujer que supo que su cuerpo estaba atravesado por “sentimientos públicos”. Finalmente, me detengo en Her Socialist Smile (2020), documental de John Gianvito que moviliza conceptual, afectiva y sensorialmente las ideas políticas de Keller para rescatar un enojo, una pena y una alegría socialistas. La visualidad háptica de la película establece puentes entre sensación e intelección, entre cuerpo individual y colectivo y bucea en el sensorio sordo-ciego la posibilidad de un afecto político.

Active screening for forms of tuberculosis (TB) that transmit disease in the community is a strategy that reduces the gaps in undiagnosed cases and contributes to the goal of eliminating this disease. To optimize the performance of case location, a search should be carried out aimed at people with respiratory symptoms, who belong to vulnerable groups (home contacts, in people deprived of liberty or living with HIV, older adults, diabetics, immigrants from countries with a prevalence of TB, indigenous peoples, homeless people and alcohol and drug users). In these symptomatic groups called "Presumptive TB Cases" (PTC) the use of rapid molecular tests (RMT) in sputum and chest x-ray are more efficient than the use of traditional sputum smear because they are more sensitive methods. Chile maintains a stable rate of TB ranging from 10 to 15 per 100.000 inhabitants and has incorporated the use of RMT into an automated enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) amplification of a specific of Mycobacterium tuberculosis nucleic acid sequence. Since 2019 the use of RMT has been increasing until 95% of diagnosed of confirmed pulmonary TB are established by this technology by 2023. Additionally, it was possible to know the susceptibility of the strains to Rifampicin, the main drug for the treatment of TB.

Resumen La pesquisa activa de las formas de tuberculosis (TBC) que trasmiten la enfermedad en la comunidad es una estrategia que permite reducir las brechas de casos no diagnosticados y contribuyen al objetivo de la eliminación de esta enfermedad. Para optimizar el rendimiento de la localización de casos se debe realizar una búsqueda dirigida a las personas sintomáticas respiratorias que pertenecen a grupos vulnerables (contactos domiciliarios, personas privadas de libertad o viviendo con el VIH, adultos mayores, diabéticos, inmigrantes desde países de alta prevalencia de TBC, pueblos originarios, personas en situación de calle y consumidores de alcohol y drogas). En estos grupos sintomáticos denominados "Casos Presuntivos de TBC" (CPT) el uso de pruebas moleculares rápidas (PMR) en expectoración y radiografía de tórax son más rendidores que el uso de la tradicional baciloscopía de expectoración por ser métodos más sensibles. Chile mantiene una tasa estable de TBC que oscila entre 10 a 15 x 100.000 habitantes y ha incorporado el uso de pruebas moleculares rápidas (PMR) en una plataforma automatizada de amplificación mediante Enzimoinmuno ensayo (ELISA) de una secuencia específica de ácidos nucleicos de Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Desde el año 2019 el uso de PMR se ha ido incrementando hasta llegar en el año 2023 a lograr que el 95% de los casos diagnosticados de TBC pulmonar confirmada se establezca mediante esta tecnología. Adicionalmente se pudo conocer la susceptibilidad de las cepas a la Rifampicina, principal fármaco del tratamiento de la TBC.

Abstract: Purpose: The objective is to descriptively analyze the employment of accounting professionals from a university in Chile, contrasting their situation with the national average. Methodology: The analysis employed frequency distribution tables, contingency tables, Chi-square tests, and correlation coefficients. Data were obtained from a survey administered to 184 accounting graduates between 2012 and 2021 from a university in Chile. Results: The findings indicate that employability is higher among graduates from the studied university; however, their gross income is lower compared to the national average. Implications: The results are useful for improving aspects of the curriculum to better align with current and future labor market trends for accounting professionals. Additionally, it calls for an exploration of the determinants that explain the employment situation, with the aim of identifying potential areas for professional development. Value: Although there are existing studies on the employability of accounting professionals, this work contrasts a local reality with the national average to identify differences that can be translated into curricular improvements and public employment policy to balance labor market conditions.

Resumen: Propósito: Analizar de manera descriptiva el empleo de profesionales contables provenientes de una universidad en Chile, contrastando su realidad con la media nacional. Metodología: Para el análisis se utilizaron tablas de distribución de frecuencias, de contingencia, pruebas Chi-cuadrado y coeficientes de correlación. Los datos fueron obtenidos de una encuesta aplicada a 184 titulados de contabilidad entre los años 2012 y 2021 de una universidad en Chile. Resultados: Los resultados muestran que la empleabilidad es superior en titulados provenientes de la universidad estudiada, sin embargo, el ingreso bruto es inferior en comparación a la media nacional. Implicaciones: Los hallazgos son útiles para mejorar aspectos del currículum de la carrera, de manera tal de ajustarse a las tendencias actuales y futuras del mercado laboral para los profesionales contables. Además, hace un llamado hacia la exploración de los determinantes que explican la situación de empleo, con el fin de identificar potenciales líneas de desarrollo profesional. Valor: Aunque existen estudios sobre la empleabilidad de profesionales contables, este trabajo propone el contraste de una realidad local con la media nacional, para identificar diferencias que se puedan traducir en mejoras curriculares y de la política pública de empleo para equilibrar las condiciones del mercado laboral.

Abstract: Despite the evident social relevance of hate crimes, there are profound disagreements regarding the most appropriate way to explain their nature and justify their punishment. In this paper, we will analyse three different approaches to justifying hate crimes. We will demonstrate that the objectivist view, paradoxically, strips hate of any normative relevance concerning the enhancement of penalties, conferring upon it a dubious form of probative relevance. We will argue that the expressive view transforms hate crimes into heinous crimes, providing a distorted view of the attribution of responsibility. This distortion entails shifting the focus of the punishment enhancement not on the agent’s emotion but on the emotional impact their action has on the community. We will conclude that the hate driving the agent's action must be understood as the normatively justifying factor for the increased reproach and, consequently, as an element subject to proof in each case.

Resumen: En este trabajo analizaremos tres enfoques diferentes para fundamentar los delitos de odio. Mostraremos que la familia de fundamentación objetivista, paradójicamente, priva al odio de toda relevancia normativa en cuanto al aumento de pena, otorgándole una dudosa relevancia probatoria. Sostendremos que la concepción expresiva convierte a los delitos de odio en delitos odiosos, lo que proporciona una visión distorsionada de la atribución de responsabilidad, consistente en centrar el aumento de la pena no en la emoción que impulsa al delincuente, sino en el efecto emocional que su acción provoca en la comunidad. Concluiremos que el odio que impulsa la acción del agente debe ser entendido como el factor normativamente justificante del aumento de reproche y, por lo tanto, como un factor empírico susceptible de prueba en cada caso.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between seroprevalence of chronic diseases, hair cortisol concentration (HCC), and welfare of dairy goats housed throughout a productive cycle. Sixty multiparous dairy goats, over four years old, were selected. Ananimal welfare assessment was conducted using health indicators for goats, according to the AWIN protocol. Blood samples were also collected for haematology and determination of seroprevalence of chronic diseases, hair samples for determination of HCC, milk samples for chemical composition and somatic cell counts, and faecal samples for parasite load. Small Ruminant Lentivirus (SRLv) had a prevalence of 71.66%, Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) of 5%, Leptospira interrogans of 40% and Ovine Gammaherpesvirus type 2 (OvHV-2) of 50%. The percentages of goats that tested positive for one, two or three diseases were 31.67%, 50% and 11.66% respectively. Haematological alterations included hyperproteinaemia (84.94±1.58g/L) and hyperfibrinogenaemia (6.11±0.65g/L) for those with one or two diseases, with significant differences being found (P<0.05). The welfare indicators related to health and the number of diseases were poor body condition, poor coat, poor udder conformation, and mucosal lesions (P<0.05). However, no significant differences were observed between HCC and the number of chronic diseases in dairy goats (P>0.05). Higher concentrations of cortisol in hair were found at 150 days of lactation (16.65±1.39pg/mg) compared to the mating season (9.55±0.04pg/mg) (P<0.05). No associations were found (P>0.05) between the production, composition, and somatic cell counts in milk and cortisol concentrations and diseases. It was concluded that the presence of chronic diseases in goats did not influence hair cortisol concentrations, possibly due to an effect of adaptive tolerance to diseases, as occurs in other domestic species; however, there was an effect of the productive stage.