Abstract The study of environmental comfort in open urban spaces has undergone constant updates in the last decades. In the meantime, the specific analysis of these aspects within the context of walkability stands out as an area with considerable potential to be investigated. In this context, this article aims to explore walkability in pedestrian routes and its relationship with environmental comfort, proposing a more systematized approach for its application in the strategic planning of cities. Therefore, we proposed the construction of a Pedestrian Walkability and Comfort Index (ICCP), composed of three partial indices that consider thermal, acoustic, and ergonomic aspects of pedestrian paths. The methodology is based on street visualization tools and Geographic Information System (GIS) tools to spatialize and systematize the interactions between walkability and environmental comfort. The research concludes that ICCP is a valid tool for measuring walkability at meso and micro scales, and it can be replicated in other urban contexts. Furthermore, the development and application of ICCP also highlight that rethinking walkability with environmental comfort in urban areas requires an integrated approach to the entire mobility system and urban infrastructure of cities. decades meantime investigated cities Therefore ICCP, , (ICCP) thermal acoustic paths GIS (GIS scales contexts Furthermore (ICCP

Resumo O estudo do conforto ambiental em espaços urbanos abertos está em constante crescimento. Contudo, a análise específica desses aspectos no contexto da caminhabilidade destaca-se como uma área com considerável potencial a ser investigado. Neste contexto, este artigo busca explorar a caminhabilidade nos percursos de pedestres e sua relação com o conforto ambiental, propondo uma abordagem sistematizada para sua aplicação no planejamento urbano estratégico. Propõe-se, assim, a construção de um Índice de Caminhabilidade e Conforto do Pedestre (ICCP) composto por três índices parciais que levam em consideração aspectos térmicos, acústicos e ergonômicos dos percursos de pedestres. A metodologia utilizada é baseada no uso de ferramentas de visualização de ruas e ferramentas de Sistemas de Informação geográfica (SIG) para espacializar e sistematizar as interações entre caminhabilidade e conforto ambiental. A pesquisa conclui que o ICCP se constitui como ferramenta válida para aferição da caminhabilidade na meso e microescalas, podendo ser replicada em outros contextos urbanos. Por último, a construção e aplicação do ICCP evidenciam, ainda, que repensar a caminhabilidade com conforto ambiental no meio urbano requerem uma abordagem integrada de todo o sistema de mobilidade e de infraestrutura urbana das cidades. crescimento Contudo destacase destaca investigado estratégico Propõese, Propõese Propõe se, Propõe-se assim (ICCP térmicos SIG (SIG microescalas último evidenciam ainda cidades

In Africa, 40% of traffic fatalities are pedestrians - the highest proportion globally. Yet little is known about driver characteristics that are associated with unsafe driving in African countries. We aimed to explore associations between driving practices that endanger pedestrian safety and motorists' attitudes to the law (i.e. lawlessness and normlessness), controlling for sociodemographic and personality factors. We used the Response Time Method, based on Russell Fazio's attitude paradigm, to collect information about driver behaviours, attitudes, and personality traits among a sample of 440 motorists. Male gender was associated with unsafe driving, even when controlling for the effects of personality and attitudes to the law. Unsafe driving was also associated with four dimensions of motorists' personality, namely aggression, impulsivity, risk tolerance, and altruism, even when controlling for sociodemographic factors. Lawlessness (defined as a general disregard for the law) is also an important determinant of unsafe driving, even when controlling for sociodemographic and personality factors. These findings suggest that efforts to improve pedestrian safety in South Africa should focus on changing motorists' attitudes to the law. SIGNIFICANCE: This study addresses pedestrian safety in the context of South Africa. The fact that 40% of traffic fatalities are pedestrians highlights the urgent need to understand the factors contributing to unsafe driving practices. The study delves into uncharted territory by examining driver characteristics associated with unsafe driving. Through exploring associations between driving practices that endanger pedestrian safety and motorists' attitudes to the law, this article provides valuable insights that can inform targeted interventions.

RESUMO Finalidade: O artigo visa analisar a caminhabilidade no bairro da Liberdade, Campina Grande, Paraíba, sob a perspectiva dos pedestres. Nesse sentido, buscou-se compreender as condições de deslocamento, incluindo qualidade da calçada, mobilidade, segurança pública, segurança viária, e ambiente, identificando áreas de melhoria para a tomada de decisões pelo poder público. Desenho/Metodologia/Abordagem: A pesquisa é qualitativa, utilizando uma abordagem analítica e comparativa. A coleta de dados envolveu pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e entrevistas semiestruturadas, realizadas presencialmente e online ao longo de oito dias. A amostra incluiu 15 participantes, predominantemente com ensino superior, residentes na Liberdade. O roteiro utilizado foi o instrumento adaptado de Medeiros e Vasconcelos (2021). Resultados: O estudo revelou condições inadequadas de caminhabilidade na Liberdade, destacando calçadas irregulares, falta de acessibilidade e segurança pública precária. A pesquisa enfatizou a necessidade de investimentos para melhorar a locomoção e criar um ambiente seguro. Destacou-se a perspectiva positiva dos pedestres em relação a atrações como parques. Limitações/Implicações da Pesquisa: Reconhecendo limitações nos resultados, a pesquisa concentrou-se na Liberdade, indicando a necessidade de mais estudos em outros bairros de Campina Grande. Implicações práticas incluem a necessidade de investimentos em infraestrutura e manutenção. Implicações Sociais: As descobertas evidenciam a importância da conscientização pública sobre a participação no planejamento urbano para melhorar as condições de deslocamento a pé nos espaços urbanos da cidade. Originalidade/Valor: Contribuindo para a gestão urbana e sustentabilidade, o estudo oferece insights sobre a expansão urbana e suas consequências. Destaca o papel democrático e participativo dos pedestres nas reflexões sobre a caminhabilidade urbana. Finalidade Liberdade Grande Paraíba sentido buscouse buscou se calçada mobilidade viária público Desenho/Metodologia/Abordagem DesenhoMetodologiaAbordagem Desenho Metodologia Abordagem qualitativa comparativa bibliográfica semiestruturadas dias 1 participantes superior 2021. 2021 . (2021) Resultados irregulares precária seguro Destacouse Destacou parques LimitaçõesImplicações Limitações Pesquisa resultados concentrouse concentrou manutenção Sociais cidade Originalidade/Valor OriginalidadeValor Originalidade Valor sustentabilidade consequências 202 (2021 20 (202 2 (20 (2 (

ABSTRACT Purpose: The article aims to analyze walkability conditions in the Liberdade neighborhood, Campina Grande, Paraíba, from the perspective of pedestrians. In this context, the goal is to understand the conditions of movement, including sidewalk quality, mobility, public safety, road safety, and the environment, identifying areas for improvement for decision-making by the municipal government. Design/Methodology/Approach: The research is qualitative, using an analytical and comparative approach. Data collection involved bibliographic and documentary research and semi-structured interviews, conducted both in-person and online over eight days. The sample included 15 participants, predominantly with higher education, residing in Liberdade. Results: The study revealed inadequate walkability conditions in Liberdade, highlighting irregular sidewalks, a lack of accessibility, and precarious public safety. The research emphasized the need for investments to improve mobility and create a safe environment. The positive perspective of pedestrians regarding attractions such as parks was also emphasized. Limitations/Implications of the Research: Acknowledging limitations in the results, the research focused on Liberdade, indicating the need for further studies in other neighborhoods of Campina Grande. Practical implications include the need for investments in infrastructure and maintenance. Social Implications: The findings highlight the importance of public awareness regarding participation in urban planning to enhance pedestrian conditions in the city’s urban spaces. Originality/Value: Contributing to urban management and sustainability, the study provides insights into urban expansion and its consequences. It emphasizes the democratic and participatory role of pedestrians in reflections on urban walkability. Purpose neighborhood Grande Paraíba context movement quality safety environment decisionmaking decision making government Design/Methodology/Approach DesignMethodologyApproach Design Methodology Approach qualitative approach semistructured semi structured interviews inperson person days 1 participants education Results sidewalks accessibility LimitationsImplications Limitations Implications Research results maintenance citys city s spaces Originality/Value OriginalityValue Originality Value sustainability consequences

Resumo Objetivo da Investigação: Preservar a memória de um lugar através dos monumentos, edifícios e sítios históricos é primordial para garantir que as próximas gerações possam ter acesso a esses espaços, à sua história e cultura. O desafio das cidades turísticas que possuem centros históricos tombados pelo patrimônio histórico é assegurar que todas as pessoas, independentemente de ter algum grau de restrição motora, visual ou auditiva, tenham acesso pleno, com autonomia para visitar esses espaços. Vários fatores podem influenciar na escolha de um trajeto para fins utilitários ou de lazer (turístico), e a qualidade e as condições da estrutura urbana voltadas para os deslocamentos a pé podem ser determinantes. Nesse sentido, este artigo objetiva avaliar a qualidade da caminhabilidade de um percurso turístico localizado no centro histórico da cidade de Itu, localizada no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Metodologia: A metodologia utiliza um índice e indicadores de desempenho para avaliar a qualidade de percursos turísticos voltados a pedestres, através das categorias calçadas, fachadas e travessias. Resultados: Os principais problemas estão relacionados à falta de seguridade, conforto e acessibilidade. O índice e os indicadores propostos permitem realizar uma análise do local através da identificação dos aspectos positivos e negativos que interferem na caminhabilidade do pedestre e tornam o trajeto difícil para o acesso de pessoas com problemas de mobilidade, visão, audição e cognição. Os resultados permitem que os gestores municipais possam propor e implementar soluções de curto e médio prazo para melhorar a qualidade espacial deste local. Originalidade/Valor: O estudo permitiu constatar que embora o Brasil tenha legislações e normativas (patrimoniais e de acessibilidade) específicas, muitos problemas relacionados a acessibilidade ainda são recorrentes em alguns centros históricos de cidades turísticas, o que compromete a visitação de turistas e residentes.

Abstract Research Purpose: Preserving the memory of a place through monuments, buildings and historical places is essential to ensure that future generations can have access to these spaces, their history and culture. The challenge of tourist cities that have historic centers listed by historical heritage is to ensure that all people, regardless of having some degree of motor, visual or hearing restriction, can have full access, with autonomy to visit these spaces. Several factors can influence the choice of a route for utilitarian or leisure (tourist) purposes, and the quality and conditions of urban infrastructure aimed at walking can be decisive. In this sense, this article aims to evaluate the walkability quality of a tourist route located in the historic center of the city of Itu, located in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Methodology: The methodology uses an index and performance indicators to evaluate the quality of tourist routes aimed at pedestrians, through the category’s sidewalks, facades and crossings. Findings: The main problems are related to the lack of security, comfort and accessibility. The proposed index and indicators allow for an analysis of the location by identifying the positive and negative aspects that interfere with pedestrian walkability and make the route difficult for people with mobility, vision, hearing and cognition problems. The results allow municipal managers to propose and implement short and medium-term solutions to improve the spatial quality of these locations. Originality/Value: The study revealed that although Brazil has specific legislation and regulations (heritage and accessibility), many problems related to accessibility are still recurrent in some historic centers of tourist cities, which compromises the visitation of tourists and residents.

Resumen: En Guayaquil, como en muchas ciudades latinoamericanas, debido a su crecimiento territorial desbalanceado coexisten áreas muy dinámicas con otras fuertemente rezagadas. Desde el año 2021 la Municipalidad de Guayaquil incorpora en su planificación a las centralidades o núcleos multifuncionales, para optimizar su funcionamiento y desconcentrar al centro tradicional, las centralidades pueden ser de tipo urbana, zonal, barrial o sectorial. El presente estudio aborda a la centralidad zonal de La Alborada, con núcleos de interés y diversidad de comercio de proximidad coexistentes con un entorno residencial, condición que hace necesario caracterizar los usos del suelo a mediana y pequeña escala en su contexto comercial y residencial. La metodología adoptada recoge información catastral del geoportal municipal, para mapear, actualizar y clasificar las actividades comerciales, incluyendo la altura de edificaciones, tipos de vías y de manera general a través de recorridos de observación la percepción que tienen las personas de los espacios públicos de uso peatonal. Los principales resultados demuestran diversidad de actividades y servicios, y la consolidación del uso comercial en la periferia de las catorce etapas. Evidencia también a las edificaciones fuera de norma y la tendencia a especialidades de los usos comerciales, existiendo en algunas etapas más de diez locales próximos para una actividad especifica, como restaurantes y tratamientos estéticos. Concluyendo que, los espacios públicos colindantes con los locales comerciales son forzosamente utilizados como vestíbulos a cielo abierto, obligando al usuario a ocupar espacios previstos para la circulación peatonal, afectando la movilidad segura, confortable y eficiente de los residentes y usuarios.

Abstract: In Guayaquil, like many Latin American cities, very dynamic areas coexist with others that are strongly lagging because of their unbalanced territorial growth. Since 2021, the Municipality of Guayaquil has incorporated centralities or multifunctional centers into its planning to optimize its operation and decentralize the traditional center. The centralities can be urban, zonal, neighborhood, or sectoral. This study addresses the zonal centrality of La Alborada, with nuclei of interest and the diversity of local commerce coexisting with a residential environment, making it necessary to characterize the uses of the land on a medium and small scale in its commercial and residential context. The adopted methodology collects cadastral information from the municipal geoportal to map, update, and classify commercial activities, including the height of buildings, types of roads, and, in general, through observation tours, people's perception of public spaces for pedestrian use. The results show diverse activities and services and commercial use consolidation on the fourteen stages' periphery. They also show non-compliant buildings and the trend towards specialties in commercial uses, with over ten nearby businesses in some stages of a specific activity, such as restaurants and aesthetic treatments. Concluding that the public spaces adjoining the commercial premises are forcibly used as open-air lobbies, forcing the user to occupy spaces provided for pedestrian circulation, affecting the safe, comfortable, and efficient mobility of residents and users.

ABSTRACT Objective. This study aimed to identify the areas with the highest concentration of traffic accidents and injuries in the San Salvador Metropolitan Area (SSMA). Materials and methods. Traffic accidents were analyzed spatially by point location and by the sum of events in areas of 200 m2. The point location was analyzed by “nearest neighbor analysis”, while the areas with the sum of traffic accidents were analyzed by Getis-Ord Gi* to obtain the hot spots. The resulting hot spots with the highest concentration of traffic accidents in the SSMA were evaluated in the field using an observation form to collect data on infrastructure and road safety characteristics. Results. Five areas with the highest number of traffic accidents and injuries, mainly containing primary roads, were identified by analyzing 8191 traffic accidents reported between 2014-2018. Conclusion. The sites with the highest concentration of traffic accidents and injuries were characterized by considerably damaged road infrastructure and the lack of safety systems for drivers and pedestrians. The spatial analysis of traffic accidents and injuries can contribute to improve surveillance and road safety in the SSMA.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Identificar las áreas de mayor concentración de accidentes de tránsito y lesionados en el Área Metropolitana de San Salvador (AMSS). Materiales y métodos. Los accidentes de tránsito se analizaron espacialmente mediante la ubicación puntual y por la sumatoria de eventos en áreas de 200 m2. La ubicación puntual se analizó mediante «análisis de vecinos más cercanos», mientras que las áreas con la sumatoria de accidentes de tránsito se analizaron mediante Gi* de Getis-Ord para obtener los puntos calientes. Los puntos calientes resultantes con mayor concentración de accidentes de tránsito en el AMSS se evaluaron en campo mediante un formulario de observación de las características de infraestructura y seguridad vial. Resultados. Al analizar 8191 accidentes de tránsito reportados entre 2014‒2018, se identificaron cinco áreas con mayor cantidad de accidentes de tránsito y lesionados, principalmente sobre vías primarias. Conclusión. Los sitios de mayor concentración de accidentes de tránsito y lesionados se caracterizan por una infraestructura vial con daños considerables y falta de sistemas de seguridad para conductores y peatones. El análisis espacial de los accidentes de tránsito y lesionados puede contribuir a mejorar la vigilancia y seguridad vial en el AMSS.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Identificar las áreas de mayor concentración de accidentes de tránsito y lesionados en el Área Metropolitana de San Salvador (AMSS). Materiales y métodos. Los accidentes de tránsito se analizaron espacialmente mediante la ubicación puntual y por la sumatoria de eventos en áreas de 200 m2. La ubicación puntual se analizó mediante «análisis de vecinos más cercanos», mientras que las áreas con la sumatoria de accidentes de tránsito se analizaron mediante Gi* de Getis-Ord para obtener los puntos calientes. Los puntos calientes resultantes con mayor concentración de accidentes de tránsito en el AMSS se evaluaron en campo mediante un formulario de observación de las características de infraestructura y seguridad vial. Resultados. Al analizar 8191 accidentes de tránsito reportados entre 2014‒2018, se identificaron cinco áreas con mayor cantidad de accidentes de tránsito y lesionados, principalmente sobre vías primarias. Conclusión. Los sitios de mayor concentración de accidentes de tránsito y lesionados se caracterizan por una infraestructura vial con daños considerables y falta de sistemas de seguridad para conductores y peatones. El análisis espacial de los accidentes de tránsito y lesionados puede contribuir a mejorar la vigilancia y seguridad vial en el AMSS.

ABSTRACT Objective. This study aimed to identify the areas with the highest concentration of traffic accidents and injuries in the San Salvador Metropolitan Area (SSMA). Materials and methods. Traffic accidents were analyzed spatially by point location and by the sum of events in areas of 200 m2. The point location was analyzed by “nearest neighbor analysis”, while the areas with the sum of traffic accidents were analyzed by Getis-Ord Gi* to obtain the hot spots. The resulting hot spots with the highest concentration of traffic accidents in the SSMA were evaluated in the field using an observation form to collect data on infrastructure and road safety characteristics. Results. Five areas with the highest number of traffic accidents and injuries, mainly containing primary roads, were identified by analyzing 8191 traffic accidents reported between 2014-2018. Conclusion. The sites with the highest concentration of traffic accidents and injuries were characterized by considerably damaged road infrastructure and the lack of safety systems for drivers and pedestrians. The spatial analysis of traffic accidents and injuries can contribute to improve surveillance and road safety in the SSMA.

Resumen El diseño y la construcción de las vías de transporte en Costa Rica durante el siglo XIX, se hizo, fundamentalmente, para las agroexportaciones. De esta forma, las líneas férreas hacia el Pacífico y el Caribe, cumplieron el objetivo de comunicar las zonas productoras de café (inicialmente en el Valle Central) y, posteriormente, de banano (en el Caribe costarricense), con los principales puertos del país. De forma secundaria, desde el punto de vista de la planificación, se integra el tema del transporte de pasajeros. Y si bien, en el Ferrocarril al Atlántico se trató de renegociar este asunto, en el contrato con la compañía estaba estipulado que estos debían brindar el transporte de pasajeros. El presente artículo analiza algunos de los accidentes ferroviarios ocurridos entre 1920 y 1940. Esto porque después de la construcción del ferrocarril, hubo una serie de cambios en la ubicación de las vías, en función del abandono de terrenos debido a las plagas y posiblemente, a los movimientos sociales. La mayoría de los casos que se abordan, son de pasajeros del tren o de peatones que fueron golpeados o atropellados por la máquina, pues el objetivo de este trabajo radica en explicar algunos factores humanos y socioculturales, involucrados en la participación en los accidentes ferroviarios, desde la casuística.

Abstract The design and construction of transport routes in Costa Rica during the 19th century was mainly for agro-exports. In this way, the railways to the Pacific and the Caribbean met the objective of communicating coffee-producing areas (initially in the Central Valley) and, later, bananas (in the Costa Rican Caribbean), with the main ports of the country. Secondly, from the planning point of view, the issue of passenger transport is integrated. And while the Atlantic Railroad tried to renegotiate this matter, the contract with the company stipulated that they should provide passenger transport. This article analyzes some of the railway accidents that occurred between 1920 and 1940. This is because after the construction of the railway, there were a number of changes in the location of the tracks, depending on the abandonment of land due to plagues and possibly social movements. Most of the cases that are addressed, are of passengers of the train or of pedestrians that were beaten or run over by the machine, because the objective of this work lies in explaining some human and sociocultural factors, involved in the participation in railway accidents, from the casuistry.

Abstract Objective: To describe the characteristics and epidemiological profile of road traffic accidents (RTAs) in Mexico during the period 2010-2019. Materials and methods: The study is descriptive and retrospective. As secondary sources were analyzed the database "Road Accidents", “Vehicle fleet” and “Mortality” of the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI). In addition, a descriptive analysis was added using chi square. Results: In the period studied, there were 3,808,981 RTAs, 19.8% of these occurred in Nuevo León. Cars and trucks are the types of vehicle most often involved in these accidents. The recklessness of the driver is the main cause of traffic accidents. The most common type of accident is a collision with a motor vehicle (67.7%). RTAs have caused 52,387 deaths at the accident site and 1,126,709 injured in Mexico in the period. Conclusions: RAs are a public health problem in Mexico. There is a downward trend in the mortality and morbidity figures from RA in the period studied. Although vehicle occupants are the main victims of fatal and non-fatal accidents, pedestrians are the most vulnerable group in terms of mortality. The study adds to the Mexican literature on road safety, seeking to serve in the decision-making of the institutions involved.

Resumen: Objetivo: Describir las características del perfil epidemiológico de los accidentes de tránsito (AT) en México, en el periodo 2010 - 2019. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, se analizaron como fuentes secundarias las bases de datos Accidentes del tránsito, parque vehicular y Mortalidad del Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI). Además, se agregó un análisis descriptivo utilizando chi-cuadrada. Resultados: En el periodo estudiado se produjeron 3,808,981 AT, el 19.8% de éstos sucedieron en Nuevo León. Los automóviles y las camionetas representan los tipos de vehículo más veces involucrados en estos accidentes. La imprudencia del conductor es la principal causa de siniestralidad. El tipo de accidente más común es la colisión con vehículo automotor (67.6%). Los AT han provocado 52,387 muertos en el lugar del accidente y 1,126,709 lesionados en México en la década estudiada. Conclusiones: Los AT son un problema de salud pública en México. Se registra una tendencia a la baja en las cifras de fallecimientos y heridos, así como en la tasa de mortalidad y morbilidad por AT, pero no así en la tasa de letalidad por AT en el periodo estudiado. Aunque los ocupantes de vehículos son las principales víctimas de accidentes fatales y no fatales, los peatones figuran como el grupo más vulnerable en mortalidad. El estudio abona a la literatura mexicana en materia de seguridad vial buscando servir en la toma de decisiones de las instituciones involucradas.

Abstract From an ethnographic perspective, through the life histories of different actors-neighbors, caretakers and people who provide different services on the streets,-and also participant observation in parks and main shopping center, neighborhood’s events and WhatsApp groups, our aim is to identify the affective practices that sustain the care economy, and what it means for caretakers to look after the most intimate and vital aspects of another family from a different social class on a daily basis in order to achieve a peaceful life. This is also valid for the people taking care of streets and parks. These practices reveal ways of interacting and relating to others and making sense of it. These dynamics reveal encounters, conflicts, negotiations, and borders that reproduce the symbolic fabric that composes the social space between the inside of different social sectors of residents and non-residents, besides securing care and the politics of care. In the same way that pedestrians make the city, caretakers and people who provide services make the reproduction of a middle-class neighborhood possible.

Resumen Desde una mirada etnográfica, a través de las trayectorias de vida de vecinos, cuidadores y servidores, al igual que la observación participante en el Centro Comercial, parques, eventos vecinales y grupos de WhatsApp de residentes de la zona, queremos identificar las prácticas afectivas que sostienen la economía de los cuidados y lo que significa para los cuidadores y servidores atender lo más íntimo y vital de familias ajenas de manera sostenida y diaria, al interior de un sector social diferente al propio y lograr una convivencia armónica. De la misma manera, hemos incluido en nuestras reflexiones a aquellos que mantienen y velan los espacios semipúblicos como parques y aceras. A través de estas dinámicas, afloran formas de relacionarse y sentidos de alteridad/identidad y catalogar a los demás, así como maneras de autodefinirse. En la encrucijada resultante entre y al interior de los distintos segmentos y grupos sociales residentes y no residentes, se revelan encuentros, colisiones, fronteras y negociaciones entre sí que terminan caracterizando y reproduciendo el tejido simbólico que compone el espacio social, además de asegurar una economía y política de cuidados. De la misma manera que son los transeúntes que circulan los que hacen la ciudad, son los cuidadores y servidores los que sostienen y hacen posible la reproducción de los barrios de clase media.

ABSTRACT The deaths that run red the roads with blood are a problem that arose when men began to use motor vehicles as a sign of modernity. The legal implications derived from the reckless behavior of road users, such as drivers or pedestrians, have not been treated with the same attention as mens rea cases. In this context, the subject matter of this research is the observance of dogmatic scholar theories that have not been fully and specifically developed to cases of concurrent recklessness, which implies a reinterpretation of foreign scholar doctrine in order to make a de lege ferenda proposal.

RESUMEN Las muertes que tiñen de sangre las pistas son una problemática que surgió conforme el hombre comenzó a hacer uso del vehículo automotor como signo de modernidad. Las implicancias jurídicas derivadas del actuar imprudente de los usuarios de las vías de tránsito, como conductores o peatones, no han sido tratadas con la misma atención que los delitos dolosos. En ese contexto, la adhesión a teorías dogmáticas no desarrolladas integral ni específicamente para los casos de concurrencia de imprudencias es objeto del presente trabajo que sugiere una relectura de la doctrina importada y efectúa una propuesta de lege ferenda.

RESUMO As mortes que mancham de sangue as estradas são um problema que surgiu quando o homem começou a usar o veículo a motor como sinal de modernidade. As implicações jurídicas decorrentes das ações imprudentes dos usuários das estradas, como condutores ou peões, não foram tratadas com a mesma atenção que os crimes dolosos. Nesse contexto, a adesão a teorias dogmáticas não desenvolvidas de forma integral nem específica para os casos de ocorrência de imprudências é objeto do presente trabalho que sugere uma nova leitura da doutrina importada e faz uma proposta de lege ferenda.

Abstract Objective: To present the profile of hospitalizations due to transport accidents in individuals aged 0-19 years in a reference hospital for urgent and emergency traumatology care. Material and Methods: This retrospective study is grounded on analyzing medical records of children and adolescents hospitalized due to transport accidents in 2016 and 2017. The bivariate analyses included Chi-square and Fischer’s exact tests and binary logistic regression, with a 5% significance level. Results: Four hundred and seventy-five (43.7%) of the 1,088 medical records investigated corresponded to transport accidents, and accidents involving motorcycles were the most frequent (68.3%), affecting adolescents (81.3%), while children were more involved in accidents as pedestrians (57.1%). Advancing age increases the likelihood of the outcome, with a significant association in the multivariate analysis (p<0.001). The mandible was most frequently affected in maxillofacial fractures. Conclusion: Transport accidents predominantly affect male adolescents, involving motorcycles, and the lower limbs are the most affected. The mandible was the most affected bone in maxillofacial fractures. Objective 019 0 19 0-1 care Methods 201 2017 Chisquare Chi square Fischers Fischer s regression 5 level Results seventyfive seventy five 43.7% 437 43 7 (43.7% 1088 1 088 1,08 68.3%, 683 68.3% , 68 3 (68.3%) 81.3%, 813 81.3% 81 (81.3%) 57.1%. 571 57.1% . 57 (57.1%) outcome p<0.001. p0001 p p<0.001 001 (p<0.001) fractures Conclusion 01 0- 20 43.7 4 (43.7 108 08 1,0 68.3 6 (68.3% 81.3 8 (81.3% 57.1 (57.1% p000 p<0.00 00 (p<0.001 2 43. (43. 10 1, 68. (68.3 81. (81.3 57. (57.1 p00 p<0.0 (p<0.00 (43 (68. (81. (57. p0 p<0. (p<0.0 (4 (68 (81 (57 p<0 (p<0. ( (6 (8 (5 p< (p<0 (p< (p

Resumo Compreender as relações entre mobilidade urbana e o processo saúde-doença requer perceber que a mobilidade urbana está diretamente relacionada ao tipo de cidade e sociedade onde ela ocorre. Assim, as diferentes condições de mobilidade nas cidades, um fenômeno subjacente à qualidade física e social do espaço urbano, pode implicar em iniquidades em saúde, em especial em países do capitalismo periférico. No Brasil, o modelo de mobilidade associado à precariedade da infraestrutura para pedestres e ciclistas, às longas distâncias a serem percorrida, ao tempo de viagem e à insuficiência e falta de qualidade dos sistemas coletivos de transporte, potencializa os efeitos deletérios sobre a saúde humana. Isso nos permite inferir sobre a mobilidade urbana como uma determinação social da saúde. Este ensaio busca lançar reflexões acerca da mobilidade urbana para além de um utilitarismo positivista a partir de um devir de justiça social alicerçado pela Promoção da Saúde e tendo como estratégia principal o fortalecimento das intersetorialidades.

Abstract Understanding the relationships between urban mobility and the health-disease process requires realizing that urban mobility is directly related to the type of city and society where it occurs. Thus, the different mobility conditions in cities, a phenomenon underlying the physical and social quality of urban space, may imply health inequities, especially in peripheral capitalist countries. In Brazil, the mobility model associated with precarious infrastructure for pedestrians and cyclists, long distances to be travelled, travel times, and the insufficiency and low quality of collective transport systems potentiates the deleterious effects on human health. This leads us to infer on urban mobility as a social determinant of health. This essay seeks to launch reflections on urban mobility beyond a positivist utilitarianism from a development of social justice based on Health Promotion and having as main strategy the strengthening of intersectorialities.

Abstract Understanding the relationships between urban mobility and the health-disease process requires realizing that urban mobility is directly related to the type of city and society where it occurs. Thus, the different mobility conditions in cities, a phenomenon underlying the physical and social quality of urban space, may imply health inequities, especially in peripheral capitalist countries. In Brazil, the mobility model associated with precarious infrastructure for pedestrians and cyclists, long distances to be travelled, travel times, and the insufficiency and low quality of collective transport systems potentiates the deleterious effects on human health. This leads us to infer on urban mobility as a social determinant of health. This essay seeks to launch reflections on urban mobility beyond a positivist utilitarianism from a development of social justice based on Health Promotion and having as main strategy the strengthening of intersectorialities. healthdisease disease occurs Thus cities space inequities countries Brazil cyclists travelled times intersectorialities

Resumo Compreender as relações entre mobilidade urbana e o processo saúde-doença requer perceber que a mobilidade urbana está diretamente relacionada ao tipo de cidade e sociedade onde ela ocorre. Assim, as diferentes condições de mobilidade nas cidades, um fenômeno subjacente à qualidade física e social do espaço urbano, pode implicar em iniquidades em saúde, em especial em países do capitalismo periférico. No Brasil, o modelo de mobilidade associado à precariedade da infraestrutura para pedestres e ciclistas, às longas distâncias a serem percorrida, ao tempo de viagem e à insuficiência e falta de qualidade dos sistemas coletivos de transporte, potencializa os efeitos deletérios sobre a saúde humana. Isso nos permite inferir sobre a mobilidade urbana como uma determinação social da saúde. Este ensaio busca lançar reflexões acerca da mobilidade urbana para além de um utilitarismo positivista a partir de um devir de justiça social alicerçado pela Promoção da Saúde e tendo como estratégia principal o fortalecimento das intersetorialidades. saúdedoença doença ocorre Assim cidades urbano periférico Brasil ciclistas percorrida transporte humana intersetorialidades

Resumen: Dentro de las directrices de la movilidad urbana sostenible, el modo peatonal desempeña un papel fundamental, ya sea como parte o totalidad de cualquier viaje, debido a su bajo impacto ambiental y su asequibilidad. Sin embargo, a menudo no se tiene en cuenta a los peatones cuando se analizan las pautas de movilidad. Así, los proyectos urbanos tienden a centrarse en el transporte masivo y en las infraestructuras urbanas, generando barreras y penalizando el modo peatonal. Este artículo desarrolla un método de evaluación del impacto del diseño urbano en los desplazamientos de los peatones. Para eso, propone evaluar la interacción entre la forma urbana y la movilidad peatonal a través de dos conceptos: 1) la macrobarrera urbana, entendida como un obstáculo que afecta el caminar al provocar un desvío para el peatón; y 2) la desviación, definida como la intensidad de la barrera. Usando datos abiertos y cartográficos, se realiza un análisis aplicado a Buenos Aires que permite detectar las barreras urbanas de macroescala. Se entregan soluciones para mejorar la experiencia de los peatones en función de varios aspectos del diseño urbano como la accesibilidad, la proximidad, la legibilidad y la complejidad.

Abstract: Within sustainable urban mobility guidelines, pedestrian mode plays a key role, as part or totality of any journey, due to its low environmental impact and affordability. However, pedestrians are often not considered when analyzing mobility patterns. Urban projects tend to focus on mass transport and urban infrastructure, creating urban barriers and penalizing the pedestrian mode. This article develops a method for assessing the impact of urban design on pedestrian travel. To do so, it proposes to evaluate the interaction between urban form and pedestrian mobility through two concepts: the "urban barrier", understood as an obstacle that affects walking, and "deviation", defined as the intensity of the barrier. An analysis applied to Buenos Aires to detect these urban barriers is done using open and cartographic data. Solutions to improve the pedestrian experience are delivered, highlighting various aspects of urban design such as accessibility, proximity, legibility and complexity.