RESUMEN El comercio electrónico se ha convertido en una actividad global practicada por un número cada vez más creciente de personas que interactúan en el mercado de bienes y servicios. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar y analizar las costumbres y hábitos de compras de los consumidores de Asunción y del Departamento Central de Paraguay en relación a las compras en línea. Se utilizó un enfoque cuali-cuantitativo y se aplicó una encuesta en formato electrónico a un total de 400 participantes residentes en las zonas de influencia del estudio. Se observo que gran parte de la población analizada utiliza este método de compras y qué lo hacen de manera frecuente, aunque con una clara preferencia por ciertos tipos de productos como es el caso de los alimentos, que mayormente son adquiridos vía servicios de delivery desde tiendas locales; y también los pedidos de ropas, que generalmente son adquiridos desde tiendas internacionales, aunque también provienen en un número importante de tiendas locales que ofrecen sus productos principalmente a través de redes sociales. Los resultados más relevantes señalan que la mayoría de los participantes ya realizan compras en línea y que estarían dispuestos a repetir las compras en esa modalidad, debido a que las experiencias en general han sido positivas. Como recomendación, se expresa que las empresas locales deberían invertir mayores recursos para dotar a sus negocios de un sistema de comercio electrónico que les permita concretar transacciones en línea incluyendo el proceso de cobros con distintos medios de pago.

ABSTRACT E-commerce has become a global activity practiced by an increasing number of people who interact in the market for goods and services. The objective of this study was to identify and analyze the customs and shopping habits of consumers in Asunción and the Central Department of Paraguay in relation to online shopping. A quantitative approach was used and a survey in electronic format was applied to a total of 400 participants residing in the areas of influence of the study. It was observed that a large part of the population analyzed uses this shopping method and that they do so frequently, although with a clear preference for certain types of products such as food, which are mostly purchased via delivery services from local stores; and also clothing orders, which are generally purchased from international stores, although they also come in a significant number from local stores that offer their products mainly through social networks. The most relevant results indicate that most of the participants already make purchases online and that they would be willing to repeat purchases in this modality, since the experiences have generally been positive. As a recommendation, it is expressed that local companies should invest more resources to provide their businesses with an e-commerce system that allows them to carry out online transactions, including the collection process with different means of payment.

Abstract During the 1970s, indigenous settlers (Wichí people) and non-indigenous people gathered around the area now known as El Sauzalito. They carried out work related to logging, village construction and agriculture. Here we analyze the relationship between them as workers and employers. The approach is done through the ethnographic method. Remembered and narrated interactions are contemplated, considering the modalities of payment to the workers, the administration of sales income, the coordination of activities, access to food and retirements/pensions. We find that the subordinate relationship of workers to employers can be interpreted both in terms of protection (employers do their part, workers treated as “employees”) and in terms of domination (employers don't do their part, workers treated like “changarines”).

Resumen En los años setenta, pobladores indígenas (pueblo Wichí) y no indígenas confluyeron en la zona de la provincia de Chaco hoy conocida como El Sauzalito. Llevaron a cabo labores vinculadas a la explotación forestal, la construcción del pueblo y la agricultura. Aquí analizamos la relación que entre ellos se configuró como entre trabajadores y patrones o empleadores. El abordaje se hace mediante el método etnográfico. Se contemplan las interacciones recordadas y narradas, considerando las modalidades de pago por el trabajo realizado, la administración de los ingresos por ventas, la coordinación de actividades, el acceso a alimentos y a jubilaciones/pensiones. Encontramos que la relación subordinada de los trabajadores hacia los patrones o empleadores puede interpretarse tanto en términos de protección (patrones que cumplen su parte, trabajadores tratados como “empleados”) como en términos de dominación (patrones que no cumplen su parte, trabajadores tratados como “changarines”).

Resumo Na década de 1970, indígenas (povo Wichí) e colonos não indígenas convergiram para a área da província do Chaco conhecida atualmente como El Sauzalito. Realizaram trabalhos relacionados com a exploração florestal, a construção do povoado e a agricultura. Analisamos aqui a relação que se desenvolveu entre eles, bem como entre trabalhadores e empregadores. A abordagem baseia-se no método etnográfico. São consideradas as interações lembradas e narradas, incluindo as modalidades de pagamento do trabalho efectuado, a gestão dos rendimentos das vendas, a coordenação das actividades, o acesso aos alimentos e às pensões. Constatamos que a relação de subordinação dos trabalhadores aos empregadores pode ser interpretada tanto em termos de proteção (os empregadores cumprem a sua parte, os trabalhadores são tratados como “empregados”) como em termos de dominação (empregadores que não cumprem a sua parte, trabalhadores tratados como “changarines”).

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the implementation effect of serious illness medical insurance in Guang Xi Zhuang Autonomous Region of western China. Study design: Through the collection of 2017-2021 Guang Xi serious illness medical insurance specific policy making such as fund usage, serious illness compensation, medical expenses data, and data analysis of a serious illness medical insurance effect. Method: Literature research, Policy text analysis, quantitative data collection method, using Excel and SPSS 19.0 data descriptive statistical analysis and comparative analysis. Results: Serious illness medical insurance has had some effect, e.g., from 2017 to 2021, the utilization rate of serious illness medical insurance fund in Guang Xi was 109.49% and 103.87% respectively, the fund balance rate was -9.45% and -8.54% respectively, and the accumulated balance was -2.3871 million CNY and -70.7955 million CNY. Conclusion: The serious illness medical insurance has reduced the burden of large medical expenses of patients to a certain extent, but the fund is under too much pressure, and there is a payment deficit. The coverage and security of serious illness medical insurance need to be expanded and strengthened, and the cooperation mechanism with commercial insurance institutions should be gradually explored to improve the serious illness medical insurance.

Resumo: Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da implementação de seguro médico para doenças graves na Região Autônoma de Guang Xi Zhuang da China Ocidental. Desenho do Estudo: Através da coleta de políticas específicas de seguro médico para doenças graves de Guang Xi 2017-2021, uso de fundos, compensação por doenças graves, dados de despesas médicas e análise de dados de um efeito de seguro médico para doenças graves. Método: Pesquisa na literatura, análise do texto da política, método de coleta de dados quantitativos usando Excel e SPSS 19.0, análise estatística descritiva de dados e análise comparativa. Resultados: Seguro médico de doenças graves teve um certo efeito. Em 2017 e 2021, a taxa de utilização do fundo de seguro médico para doenças graves em Guang Xi foi 109,49% e 103,87% respectivamente, a taxa de saldo do fundo foi -9,45% e -8,54% respectivamente e o saldo acumulado foi -2,3871 milhões de yuans e -70,7955 milhões de yuans. Conclusão: O seguro médico para doenças graves reduziu o ônus de grandes despesas médicas dos pacientes até certo ponto mas o fundo está sob demasiada pressão e há um déficit de pagamentos. A cobertura e segurança do seguro médico de doenças graves necessitam ser expandidas e fortalecidas, e o mecanismo de cooperação com instituições de seguros comerciais deve ser gradualmente explorado para melhorar o seguro médico para doenças graves.

Resumen: Objetivo: evaluar el efecto de la implementación de seguros médicos para enfermedades graves en la Región Autónoma Guang Xi Zhuang, al oeste de China. Diseño del estudio: a través de la recopilación de pólizas de seguro médico específicas para enfermedades graves de la región de Guang Xi entre 2017-2021, como por ejemplo: uso de fondos, compensación por enfermedades graves, datos de gastos médicos y análisis de datos del efecto de seguros médicos para enfermedades graves. Método: investigación de literatura, análisis de textos de políticas públicas, metodología de recolección de datos cuantitativos utilizando Excel y SPSS 19.0, análisis estadístico descriptivo de datos y análisis comparativo. Resultados: el seguro médico para enfermedades graves ha demostrado tener efectos, tales como: entre 2017 y 2021, la tasa de utilización de fondos de seguros médicos para enfermedades graves en Guang Xi fue de 109,49 % y 103,87 % respectivamente, las tasas de saldo del fondo fue de -9,45 % y -8,54 % respectivamente y el saldo acumulado fue de -2,3871 millones de CNY y -70,7955 millones de CNY. Conclusión: El seguro médico para enfermedades graves ha reducido en cierta medida la carga de los grandes gastos médicos de los pacientes, pero al existir un déficit de pagos está bajo demasiada presión. Por ello, es necesario ampliar y fortalecer la cobertura y seguridad del seguro médico para enfermedades graves, y explorar gradualmente mecanismos de cooperación con instituciones de seguros comerciales.

RESUMEN Introducción: Las condiciones laborales anormales son circunstancias de trabajo existentes en actividades en cuyo desempeño, se presentan factores de riesgos con cierto grado de influencia que pueden afectar la salud de los trabajadores y provocar enfermedades profesionales o accidentes de trabajo y que no es posible minimizarlas con la aplicación de medidas técnicas y organizativas. Objetivos: Implementar un nuevo diagnóstico de condiciones laborales anormales, certificarlas en una selección de puestos de trabajo y legalizarlas para reconocer el pago económico adicional por ese concepto. Método: Los métodos y técnicas de investigación utilizados fueron las entrevistas, las encuestas, la observación y la consulta bibliográfica, dirigida a los factores de riesgos, enfermedades profesionales y accidentes de trabajo a los que se exponen los trabajadores, evaluando los resultados de las condiciones laborales anormales. Resultados: Se localizaron en las brigadas de trabajo factores de riesgos con cierto nivel de predominio. El 17 % de los operarios refieren primariamente el esfuerzo físico y la postura del trabajador, mientras el 83 % exponen la tensión nerviosa, inadecuados niveles de temperatura y humedad, así como la presencia de impureza y toxicidad del aire en el entorno laboral. Conclusiones: Los factores de riesgos de mayor relevancia encontrados son la postura del trabajador y la impureza y toxicidad del aire vinculado estrechamente al desarrollo de las enfermedades profesionales u ocupacionales como el síndrome del túnel carpiano causadas por las posturas extremas del cuerpo y la intoxicación provocada por la exposición a agentes biológicos y el trabajo con sustancias químicas.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Abnormal working conditions are working circumstances existing in activities whose performance, risk factors with a certain degree of influence are presented what can affect the health of workers and cause occupational diseases or work accidents and these cannot be minimized with the application of technical and organizational measures. Objectives: Certify abnormal working conditions in a selection of jobs and recognize additional financial payment for this concept. Method: The research methods and techniques used were interviews, surveys, observation and bibliography consultation aimed at factors for occupational diseases and work accidents to which workers are exposed when evaluating the results of abnormal working conditions. Results: Risk factors with a certain level of predominance were located in the work brigades. The 17% of the operators, they primarily refer to the physical effort and posture of the worker, while 83%expose nervous tension, temperature and humidity, impurity and toxicity of the air. Conclusions: The most relevant risk factors are the workers posture and the impurity and toxicity of the air closely linked to the development of occupational diseases how carpal tunnel syndrome caused by extreme body posture anger and intoxication caused by exposure to biological agents and work with chemicals.

Resumo O pagamento por serviços ecossistêmicos (PES) é um mecanismo no qual um consumidor é capaz e está pronto para pagar pela proteção do serviço ecossistêmico preciso e deve haver um provedor, como sociedades locais, que recebe um recurso econômico, que, em troca, deve ter capacidade para manter esse serviço ecossistêmico. A avaliação econômica fornece a base para o pagamento de serviços ecossistêmicos. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os serviços de turismo e estoque de carbono do território da capital de Islamabad (ICT), Paquistão. Duas zonas florestais (Chirpine e Scrub) do território da capital de Islamabad (ICT) foram selecionadas para estimativa do estoque de carbono e seus créditos de carbono e valor de carbono. Uma pesquisa baseada em questionário foi realizada para turismo como pagamento por serviços ecossistêmicos. O método para avaliação do estoque de carbono foi a amostragem sistemática para a floresta de Chirpine, enquanto a amostragem aleatória foi feita para a floresta de cerrado. O tamanho da parcela de amostragem foi de 17,84 m de raio, e um total de 93 parcelas (49 zona Scrub e 44 zona Chirpine) foi considerado na área de estudo. O estoque de carbono de ambas as zonas (zona Chirpine e Scrub) é de 22.556,75 ton/ha (Chirpine 20.105,79, Scrub 2.450,96), e o dióxido de carbono total sequestrado por ambas as zonas é de 82.557,72 ton/ha (Chirpine 73.587,2, Scrub 8.970,52); créditos totais de carbono de ambas as zonas são 302.160,87 (Chirpine 269.328,97, Scrub 32.831,9), e o valor de carbono tanto do Chirpine quanto da zona de scrub é 4.532.418,92 $ (Chirpine 4.039.937,09 $, Scrub 492481,83 $). Da mesma forma, do ponto de vista do turismo, em Shakar Parian 94% dos turistas concordaram com o PES, enquanto 6% discordaram do PES (6% dos turistas não concordaram em contribuir para o PES, 40% concordaram com a contribuição de R$ 5 e 54% para R$ 10). além disso, no Lake View Park, 97% dos turistas concordaram e 3% discordaram (no Lake View Park, 5% dos turistas discordaram da contribuição do PES, enquanto 32% concordaram em R$ 5 e 63% foram em R$ 10). Em Damen e Koh, cerca de 87% dos turistas concordaram e 13% discordaram (24% concordaram com a contribuição de R$ 5 e 63% dos turistas concordaram com a contribuição de R$ 10). No Jardim Zoológico de Marghazar, 93% dos turistas concordaram (22% aceitaram a contribuição de R$ 5 e 71% dos turistas aceitaram contribuir com R$ 10) e 7% discordaram para PES. enquanto 7% turistas não foram acordados para contribuição. O PSA pode ser implementado para compensar o gestor florestal e de parques para garantir uma melhor gestão de florestas e parques. Devido à localização privilegiada e beleza cênica do ICT, possui enorme potencial para implementação de mecanismo de PSA para manejo e conservação florestal sustentável. Portanto, recomenda-se que a autoridade de desenvolvimento da capital (CDA) de Islamabad elabore um plano para implementação de PES em florestas e parques de ICT para sua gestão sustentável de recursos recreativos e florestais.

Abstract Payment for ecosystem services (PES) is a mechanism where a consumer is able and ready to pay for the protection of the precise ecosystem service and there must be a provider such as local societies receiving an economic resource, who in return, must have the ability to maintain that ecosystem service. Economic valuation provides basis for payment for ecosystem services. Therefore, objective of this study was to evaluate tourism and carbon stock services of the Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT), Pakistan. Two forest zones (Chirpine and Scrub) of Islamabad capital territory (ICT) were selected for estimation of carbon stock and their carbon credits and carbon worth, a questionnaire-based survey was conducted for tourism as a payment for ecosystem services. The method for carbon stock assessment was systematic sampling for Chirpine forest whereas random sampling was done for scrub forest. The size of sampling plot was 17.84 m radius, and a total of 93 plots (49 Scrub zone and 44 Chirpine zone) was taken in the study area. The carbon stock of both zones (Chirpine and Scrub zone) is 22556.75 ton/ha (Chirpine 20105.79, Scrub 2450.96) and total carbon dioxide sequestered by both zone is 82557.72 ton/ha (Chirpine 73587.2, Scrub 8970.52), total carbon credits of both zone is 302160.87 (Chirpine 269328.97, Scrub 32831.9) and the carbon worth of both Chirpine and scrub zone is 4532418.92 $ (Chirpine 4039937.09$, Scrub 492481.83$). Similarly, from tourism point of view, in Shakar Parian, 94% tourists were agreed for PES whereas 6% were disagreed for the PES (the 6% tourist were disagreed to contribute for PES, 40% were agreed for Rs.5 contribution and 54% for Rs.10.). moreover, in Lake view Park, 97% tourists were agreed and 3% are disagreed (In Lake View Park 5% tourists were disagreed for the PES contribution whereas 32% were agreed for Rs.5 and 63% were for Rs.10). In Damen e Koh, around 87% tourist were agreed and 13% were disagreed, (24% were agreed for the contribution of Rs.5 and 63% tourists were agreed for the contribution of Rs.10). In Marghazar Zoo, 93% tourists were agreed (22% were agreed for contribution of Rs.5 and 71% tourist were agreed for contribution of Rs.10) and 7% are disagreed for PES whereas 7% tourists were not agreed for contribution. PES may implement to compensate forest and parks manager to ensure better management of the forests and parks. Due to prime location and scenic beauty of the ICT, it has huge potential for implementation of PES mechanism for sustainable forest management and conservation. Therefore, it is recommended that Capital Development Authority (CDA) Islamabad should devise a plan for implementation of PES in forests and parks of ICT for its sustainable management of recreational and forest resources.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Descrever e analisar a saudabilidade dos estabelecimentos com venda formal e informal de alimentos em terminais rodoviários da região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro. MÉTODOS Realizou-se auditoria em 156 estabelecimentos formais e 127 pontos informais de venda de alimentos localizados em 14 terminais rodoviários das cinco cidades mais populosas da região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro. Foram calculadas proporções de tipos de estabelecimentos e médias (IC95%) de indicadores de disponibilidade de alimentos nos ambientes formal e informal. Para o ambiente formal, foram descritos preços, proporções das formas de pagamento aceitas, dias e horários de funcionamento e categorias de alimentos com propaganda exposta. RESULTADOS A saudabilidade dos pontos de venda de alimentos nos terminais rodoviários era baixa (inferior a 36%). Em média, estavam disponíveis para compra 250% mais subgrupos de alimentos ultraprocessados do que in natura ou minimamente processados. Adquirir comida nesses locais era conveniente porque diversas formas de pagamento estavam disponíveis e os horários de funcionamento dos estabelecimentos acompanhavam os picos de movimentação. Além disso, 73,3% das propagandas se referiam a bebidas ultraprocessadas e o custo-benefício da compra de alimentos ultraprocessados era melhor que o de alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados. CONCLUSÃO O ambiente alimentar dos terminais rodoviários da região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro promove uma alimentação não saudável. Políticas públicas de regulação devem se concentrar em iniciativas que limitem a ampla disponibilidade e publicidade de alimentos ultraprocessados nesses espaços de grande circulação de pessoas.

ABSTRACT PURPOSE To describe and analyze the healthiness of formal and informal food establishments in bus terminals of the metropolitan region of the state of Rio de Janeiro. METHOD An audit was conducted in 156 formal and 127 informal food establishments located in 14 bus terminals of the five most populous cities of the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro. Proportions of types of establishments and means (95%CI) of food availability indicators in formal and informal settings were calculated. For the formal setting, prices, proportions of accepted payment methods, days and hours of operation, and food categories with displayed advertising were described. RESULTS The healthiness of food establishments in bus terminals was low (less than 36%). On average, ultra-processed food subgroups were 250% more available for purchase than fresh or minimally processed food. Purchasing food at these places was convenient because several forms of payment were available, and the opening hours of the establishments followed the peaks of movement. In addition, 73.3% of the advertising referred to ultra-processed drinks, and the cost-benefit of buying ultra-processed food was better than fresh or minimally processed food. CONCLUSION The food environment of bus terminals in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro promotes unhealthy eating. Regulatory public policies should focus on initiatives to limit the wide availability and advertising of ultra-processed food in spaces of great circulation of people.

ABSTRACT PURPOSE To describe and analyze the healthiness of formal and informal food establishments in bus terminals of the metropolitan region of the state of Rio de Janeiro. METHOD An audit was conducted in 156 formal and 127 informal food establishments located in 14 bus terminals of the five most populous cities of the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro. Proportions of types of establishments and means (95%CI) of food availability indicators in formal and informal settings were calculated. For the formal setting, prices, proportions of accepted payment methods, days and hours of operation, and food categories with displayed advertising were described. RESULTS The healthiness of food establishments in bus terminals was low (less than 36%). On average, ultra-processed food subgroups were 250% more available for purchase than fresh or minimally processed food. Purchasing food at these places was convenient because several forms of payment were available, and the opening hours of the establishments followed the peaks of movement. In addition, 73.3% of the advertising referred to ultra-processed drinks, and the cost-benefit of buying ultra-processed food was better than fresh or minimally processed food. CONCLUSION The food environment of bus terminals in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro promotes unhealthy eating. Regulatory public policies should focus on initiatives to limit the wide availability and advertising of ultra-processed food in spaces of great circulation of people. 15 12 1 95%CI 95CI CI 95 (95%CI calculated setting prices methods operation described less 36%. 36 36% . 36%) average ultraprocessed ultra 250 movement addition 733 73 3 73.3 drinks costbenefit cost benefit eating people 9 25 7 73. 2

RESUMO OBJETIVO Descrever e analisar a saudabilidade dos estabelecimentos com venda formal e informal de alimentos em terminais rodoviários da região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro. MÉTODOS Realizou-se auditoria em 156 estabelecimentos formais e 127 pontos informais de venda de alimentos localizados em 14 terminais rodoviários das cinco cidades mais populosas da região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro. Foram calculadas proporções de tipos de estabelecimentos e médias (IC95%) de indicadores de disponibilidade de alimentos nos ambientes formal e informal. Para o ambiente formal, foram descritos preços, proporções das formas de pagamento aceitas, dias e horários de funcionamento e categorias de alimentos com propaganda exposta. RESULTADOS A saudabilidade dos pontos de venda de alimentos nos terminais rodoviários era baixa (inferior a 36%). Em média, estavam disponíveis para compra 250% mais subgrupos de alimentos ultraprocessados do que in natura ou minimamente processados. Adquirir comida nesses locais era conveniente porque diversas formas de pagamento estavam disponíveis e os horários de funcionamento dos estabelecimentos acompanhavam os picos de movimentação. Além disso, 73,3% das propagandas se referiam a bebidas ultraprocessadas e o custo-benefício da compra de alimentos ultraprocessados era melhor que o de alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados. CONCLUSÃO O ambiente alimentar dos terminais rodoviários da região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro promove uma alimentação não saudável. Políticas públicas de regulação devem se concentrar em iniciativas que limitem a ampla disponibilidade e publicidade de alimentos ultraprocessados nesses espaços de grande circulação de pessoas. Realizouse Realizou 15 12 1 IC95% IC95 IC (IC95% preços aceitas exposta inferior 36%. 36 36% . 36%) média 250 processados movimentação disso 733 73 3 73,3 custobenefício custo benefício saudável pessoas IC9 (IC95 25 7 73, (IC9 2 (IC

Abstract Challenges are observed worldwide in the cost of urban drainage through fees compromising the sustainability of its management. Strategies are needed for greater involvement of users of the drainage system, assuming their responsibility for the cost of this system and collaborating with the system on their properties through the containment and delay of the surface runoff of rainwater to the public network from sustainable technologies. Incentives for these users to implement technologies that minimize the outflow of their properties can be an essential strategy for implementing fees. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate, through a systematic review (SR), the values and methods of drainage fees and incentives for urban environmental services provided by users of drainage systems. The SR was developed from a search on the Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus platforms, whose data were analyzed using the StArt system. Among the 199 articles studied and published between 2010 and 2021, it was possible to relate fees and incentives practiced. Concerning fee models, the ERU method (Equivalent Residential Unit) was predominant. Regarding the incentive models, the most used was tax reduction. management Therefore evaluate SR, , (SR) systems WoS (WoS platforms 19 201 2021 practiced models Equivalent Unit predominant reduction (SR 1 20 202 2

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar o comportamento da distribuição de dividendos das empresas brasileiras de capital aberto de acordo com os efeitos dos ciclos econômicos, comparando as fases de recuperação, expansão, recessão e contração (Schumpeter, 1935) com as fases de expansão e recessão conforme o National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER). Originalidade/valor: O método de classificação das fases dos ciclos econômicos de acordo com Schumpeter (1935) apresenta maiores detalhes em relação ao método NBER. As quatro fases apresentam características diferentes e não são observadas quando usadas apenas as duas fases do modelo do NBER. Design/metodologia/abordagem: Para atingir o objetivo da pesquisa, foram coletadas informações de 243 empresas de capital aberto listadas na Bolsa de Valores Brasileira entre os anos 1997 e 2021. Os dados foram obtidos na base de dados da Refinitiv, e utilizaram-se os modelos de regressão de dados em painel com efeitos aleatórios para analisar duas hipóteses definidas neste estudo. As hipóteses afirmam que o comportamento da relação entre o pagamento de dividendos e as fases dos ciclos econômicos de baixa (alta) do NBER é diferente em relação às fases de recessão e contração (recuperação e expansão) conforme Schumpeter. Resultados: Os resultados indicaram não rejeição das hipóteses, reforçando a importância da análise das quatro fases dos ciclos econômicos e de forma complementar por investidores, analistas, gestores e demais usuários ao analisar o pagamento de dividendos por companhias abertas nos diferentes níveis de atividade econômica do país. Objetivo recuperação Schumpeter, (Schumpeter 1935 . (NBER) Originalidade/valor Originalidadevalor Originalidade valor (1935 Design/metodologia/abordagem Designmetodologiaabordagem Design metodologia abordagem pesquisa 24 199 2021 Refinitiv utilizaramse utilizaram se estudo alta (alta Resultados investidores analistas país 193 (NBER (193 2 19 202 (19 1 20 (1 (

ABSTRACT Purpose: To analyze the behavior of the dividend distribution of publicly traded Brazilian companies according to the effects of the business cycles, comparing the stages of recovery, expansion, recession, and contraction (Schumpeter, 1935) with the stages of expansion and recession according to the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER). Originality/value: According to Schumpeter (1935), classifying the stages of the business cycle presents greater details to the NBER method because the four stages show different characteristics that are not observed when only the two stages of the NBER model are used. Design/methodology/approach: Information was collected from 243 publicly traded companies listed on the Brazilian Stock Exchange between 1997 and 2021 to achieve the research objective. Data were obtained from the Refinitiv database, using panel data regression models with random effects to analyze two hypotheses defined in this study. The hypotheses state that the behavior of the relationship between the payment of dividends and the stages of the NBER’s bearish (high) business cycles is different from the recession and contraction stages (recovery and expansion), according to Schumpeter. Findings: The results indicated the non-rejection of the hypotheses, reinforcing the importance of the analysis of the four stages of the business cycles and complementary form by investors, analysts, managers, and other users when analyzing the payment of dividends by publicly held companies at the different levels of economic activity in the country. Purpose recovery Schumpeter, (Schumpeter 1935 NBER. . (NBER) Originality/value Originalityvalue Originality value 1935, , (1935) used Design/methodology/approach Designmethodologyapproach Design methodology approach 24 199 202 objective database study NBERs s high (high expansion) Findings nonrejection non rejection investors analysts managers country 193 (NBER (1935 2 19 20 (193 1 (19 (1 (

ABSTRACT Objective: this study aimed at understanding the impact of payment for environmental services (PES) programs in relation to environmental indicators in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest biome. Theoretical approach: the literary framework included three topics of discussion: payment for environmental services, program evaluation, and theory of change. In a broader way, the theme of evaluating programs in the agricultural area was articulated, considering the precepts of the theory of change. Method: geospatial data on land use, between 2016 and 2021, and amounts paid under the PES program with rural producers were collected to evaluate the impact on the increase or decrease in degraded and recovered areas. Data analysis included multivariate statistics, more specifically the comparison between groups and the relationship between variables through multiple linear regression. Results: the empirical results highlight that there is a significant difference in the increase in areas under recovery between producers who received PES values and producers not participating in this program. As for the types of PES, the one that pays for improvements in land use contributed most to the increase in the area under recovery. Conclusions: the study shows that evaluation methods for PES must be increasingly complex and measurable, as there are several possibilities for impacts depending on the objective of the program. The results are relevant to the theoretical, practical, and social spheres, in addition to helping to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Objective (PES biome approach discussion change way articulated Method 201 2021 statistics regression Results Conclusions measurable theoretical practical spheres SDGs. SDGs . (SDGs) 20 202 (SDGs 2

RESUMO Objetivo: este estudo buscou compreender o impacto dos programas de pagamento por serviços ambientais (PSA) em relação aos indicadores ambientais no bioma da Mata Atlântica brasileira. Marco téorico: o arcabouço literário contemplou três tópicos de discussão: pagamento por serviços ambientais, avaliação de programas e teoria da mudança. De maneira geral, articulou-se a temática da avaliação de programas na área agrícola, considerando os preceitos da teoria da mudança. Método: dados geoespaciais de uso de solo, entre 2016 e 2021, e de valores pagos em programa de PSA junto a produtores rurais, foram coletados para avaliar o impacto no aumento ou diminuição de áreas degradadas e recuperadas. A análise de dados contemplou a estatística multivariada, mais especificamente da comparação entre grupos e da relação entre variáveis através da regressão linear múltipla. Resultados: os resultados empíricos destacam que existe diferença significativa no aumento de áreas em recuperação entre os produtores que receberam valores em PSA e os produtores não participantes deste programa. Quanto aos tipos de PSA, aquele que paga por melhoria no uso do solo foi o que mais contribuiu com aumento da área em recuperação. Conclusões: o estudo evidencia que os métodos de avaliação para PSA devem ser cada vez mais complexos e mensuráveis, pois existem várias possibilidades de impactos conforme o objetivo do programa. Os resultados são pertinentes para as esferas teórica, prática e social, além de ajudarem no alcance dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS). Objetivo (PSA brasileira téorico discussão mudança geral articulouse articulou se agrícola Método 201 2021 rurais recuperadas multivariada múltipla Resultados Conclusões mensuráveis teórica social ODS. ODS . (ODS) 20 202 (ODS 2

Abstract: The objective of this writing was to understand the capture of financial capital on the Continuous Payment Benefit (BPC) through payroll loans. This is a qualitative bibliographic and documentary study using historical-dialectical materialism as a method of analyzing reality. It is concluded that payroll loans are used as instruments for expanding financial capital and have caused the indebtedness of elderly people who would benefit from the BPC, aggravating extreme poverty. Abstract BPC (BPC historicaldialectical historical dialectical reality poverty

Resumo: O objetivo deste escrito foi compreender a captura do capital financeiro sobre o Benefício de Prestação Continuada (BPC) por meio dos empréstimos consignados. Trata-se de estudo bibliográfico e documental qualitativo com uso do materialismo histórico-dialético como método de análise da realidade. Conclui-se que os empréstimos consignados são utilizados como instrumentos de expansão do capital financeiro e têm causado o endividamento da pessoa idosa beneficiária do BPC, agravando a extrema pobreza. Resumo BPC (BPC Tratase Trata se históricodialético histórico dialético realidade Concluise Conclui pobreza

ORIENTATION: Findings on the relationship between organisational commitment, job satisfaction, and employee retention have been inconsistent RESEARCH PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between organisational commitment, job satisfaction, and employee retention among detectives in the South African Police Service (SAPS MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY: There has been little, if any, research on the relationship between organisational commitment, job satisfaction, and employee retention among SAPS's detectives and on job satisfaction as a mediating variable in this context RESEARCH APPROACH/DESIGN AND METHOD: A survey research design, as well as a cross-sectional research design within Positivism, was used in this study. The study followed a quantitative research method. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to analyse the data MAIN FINDINGS: There was no significant evidence for job satisfaction as a mediator between organisational commitment and employee retention. The results indicated some positive relationships between job satisfaction and organisational commitment as well as between job satisfaction and employee retention. There was no positive relationship between organisational commitment and employee retention PRACTICAL/MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS: Should the SAPS management not take note of the relationship that organisational commitment has with job satisfaction, it could harm the way detectives perceive their payment, supervision, co-workers, workload, and communication CONTRIBUTION/VALUE-ADD: New nuances of the relationship between organisational commitment, job satisfaction, and employee retention were discovered

Abstract The National Forest Financing Fund (FONAFIFO) contemplates a payment method for environmental services (PES) that seeks to recover forest cover. Within this modality are agroforestry systems (AFS) which objective is to combine trees with agricultural production systems. However, the composition and status of these systems is currently unknown. In order to characterize the SAFs subjected to the PSA in Costa Rica, an analysis of the projects formalized by FONAFIFO between 2011 and 2018 was carried out in the regional offices San Carlos, San José Oriental and San José Occidental. Technical studies of 527 projects and the respective certified reports were reviewed. Project identification, type of regency, planted area, tree species and number of trees per species, associated agricultural component, agroforestry technology, and reported management were recorded. The information was tabulated and analyzed using descriptive statistics. A predominance of agroforestry systems in coffee (43 %) associated mainly with the tree species Erythrina sp. as a multi-use tree concentrated in the Los Santos and Pérez Zeledón area. Block systems were found in second place (32 %), predominating teak (Tectona grandis), cedar (Cedrela odorata) and melina (Gmelina arborea) located in the North Zone and Central Pacific. A few reports of silvicultural practices and phytosanitary status were found. Weed control was the most reported practice. It is necessary to improve the monitoring and recording of information on the projects in order to have evidence of silvicultural management.

Resumen El Fondo Nacional de Financiamiento Forestal (FONAFIFO) contempla una modalidad de pago por servicios ambientales (PSA) que busca la recuperación de la cobertura forestal. Dentro de esta modalidad se encuentran los sistemas agroforestales (SAF) cuyo objetivo es combinar árboles con sistemas de producción agrícolas. Sin embargo, actualmente se desconoce la composición y estado de estos sistemas. Con el objetivo de caracterizar los SAF sometidos al PSA en Costa Rica, se realizó un análisis de los proyectos formalizados por FONAFIFO entre 2011 y 2018 en las oficinas regionales San Carlos, San José Oriental y San José Occidental. Se revisaron los estudios técnicos de 527 proyectos y los respectivos informes certificados. Se registró la identificación del proyecto, tipo de regencia, área sembrada, especies forestales y número de árboles por especie, componente agrícola asociado, tecnología agroforestal, y manejo reportado. La información fue tabulada y sometida a análisis estadístico descriptivo. Se encontró un predominio de sistemas agroforestales en café (43 %) asociados principalmente a Erythrina sp. como árbol de uso múltiple concentrados en la Zona de Los Santos y Pérez Zeledón. Los sistemas en bloque se encontraron en segundo lugar (32 %), predominando teca (Tectona grandis), cedro (Cedrela odorata) y melina (Gmelina arborea) ubicados en la Zona Norte y Pacífico Central. Se encontraron pocos reportes de prácticas silviculturales y de estado fitosanitario. El control de arvenses fue la práctica más reportada. Es necesario mejorar el monitoreo y registro de información de los proyectos que permita tener evidencia del manejo silvicultural dado.

Abstract Many of the sectors in the economy were negatively affected, particularly insurance sector with the appearance of COVID-19. With the support of governments or reinsurers through the payment of a premium, insurance companies could receive a contingent resource in the face of excess infections caused by the pandemic. This paper calculates the premium to cover the excess affected population with a financial options model with a diffusion process without and with Poisson jumps and the Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) epidemiological model (this estimation is original). The obtained system is approximated with the Monte Carlo simulation method. The results show that there are important differences in the option premiums when Poisson jumps are included. Lastly, it is highlighted that the premium depends on the behavior trajectory of contagions and strike contagion value (K). This work has a limitation when applied to very particular cases, but a calibration of the parameters with more real information could be done in future research.

Resumen Con la aparición del COVID-19 muchos de los sectores de la economía resultaron afectados negativamente, particularmente el de seguros. Con el apoyo de los gobiernos o de las reaseguradoras mediante el pago de una prima las compañías aseguradoras podrían recibir un recurso contingente ante el exceso de contagios provocados por la pandemia. El presente trabajo calcula la prima para cubrir el exceso de población afectada con un modelo de opciones financieras con un proceso de difusión sin y con saltos de Poisson y el modelo epidemiológico Susceptibles-Infectados-Recuperados (SIR), esta propuesta no cuenta con muchos precedentes. El sistema obtenido se aproxima con el método de simulación Monte Carlo. Al final se presentan los resultados donde hay diferencias importantes en las primas de las opciones al incluir saltos de Poisson. Por último, dentro de las principales conclusiones se destaca que el valor de la prima depende de la trayectoria de comportamiento de los contagios y del valor de ejercicio del contagio (K). El trabajo tiene limitaciones al aplicarse a casos muy particulares, pero que podrían extenderse a casos más reales en investigaciones futuras.

Resumen Antecedentes: la terapia nutricional tiene un papel importante en el desarrollo de los servicios de atención médica, y las evaluaciones cuantitativas y cualitativas del estado de la nutrición clínica en los hospitales son cruciales. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo explorar el estado actual de la nutrición clínica en los hospitales de la provincia de Guilan, Irán. Métodos: este estudio cuantitativo-cualitativo (método mixto) se realizó en hospitales públicos de la provincia de Guilan, Irán (n = 26). La información requerida se recopiló visitando los hospitales y entrevistando a los dietistas de los hospitales. La herramienta de recolección de datos tenía dos subescalas, cuantitativa y cualitativa. La subescala cuantitativa incluía una lista de verificación de 21 ítems que contenía información sobre el sistema de derivación, la cooperación del personal del hospital en nutrición clínica, el estado del personal de nutrición clínica, la nutrición enteral y la nutrición parenteral. Resultados: en más del 40 % de los hospitales, los pacientes no fueron derivados adecuadamente a un dietista. En el 35 % de los hospitales, la cooperación de otros departamentos en el campo de la nutrición clínica fue insuficiente. En el 55 % de los hospitales con unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI), la nutrición enteral no se brindó adecuadamente. Ninguno de los hospitales proporcionó nutrición parenteral adecuada para los pacientes. Los problemas más importantes mencionados por los dietistas hospitalarios incluyeron el incumplimiento de los programas de alimentos por parte del empleador del sector alimentario, un número insuficiente de dietistas hospitalarios y la falta de pago de honorarios de consulta a los dietistas. La cobertura de los servicios de dietética por parte del seguro de salud fue la sugerencia más común de los dietistas para promover la dietoterapia en los hospitales. Conclusión: la situación de la prestación de servicios nutricionales a pacientes en hospitales públicos no es favorable en términos de cantidad y calidad en la provincia de Guilan, Irán. Se justifica diseñar las políticas necesarias para reorientar el sistema de nutrición clínica en los hospitales y, en definitiva, promover la salud y acelerar la recuperación de los pacientes.

Abstract Background: nutritional therapy has an important role in the development of medical care services, and quantitative and qualitative assessments of the status of clinical nutrition in hospitals is crucial. This study aimed to explore the current status of clinical nutrition in hospitals of Guilan province, Iran. Methods: this quantitative-qualitative (mixed method) study was performed on public hospitals in Guilan province, Iran (n = 26). The required information was collected by visiting the hospitals and interviewing with hospital dietitians. The data collection tool had two quantitative and qualitative subscales. The quantitative subscale included a 21-item checklist containing information about the referral system, cooperation of hospital staff in clinical nutrition, clinical nutrition staff status, enteral nutrition, and parenteral nutrition. Results: in more than 55 % of hospitals the patients were not adequately referred to a dietitian. In about 31.2 % of hospitals, cooperation of other departments in the field of clinical nutrition was insufficient. In 37 % of hospitals with intensive care unit (ICU), enteral nutrition was not provided properly. Only 27 % of the hospital properly provided parenteral nutrition for their patients. The most important problems mentioned by hospital dietitians included noncompliance of the food services employers with recommended diets, insufficient number of hospital dietitians, and lack of per case payment method for dietitians. Coverage of diet services by health insurance was the most common suggestion of dietitians to promote diet therapy in public hospitals. Conclusion: the situation of providing nutritional services to patients in public hospitals is not favorable in terms of quantity and quality in Guilan province, Iran. Designing the necessary policies and reorient the clinical nutrition system in hospitals to promote patients' health and accelerate patient recovery is warranted.