Fruits of Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi were investigated. A fast and efficient method for the simultaneous determination of 11 polyphenolic substances by high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) was applied. Limits of quantification ranged between 0.78 and 3.14 mg L-1. High concentrations of kaempferol were found. An exploratory evaluation was performed using principal component analysis (PCA) for fruit origin differentiation. Total phenolic content (TPC) ranged from 274 to 517 mg GAE 100 g-1; total flavonoid content (TFC) ranged from 101 to 283 mg QE 100 g-1. In vitro analyses showed that antioxidant capacity with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) ranged from 1.7 to 7 µM DPPH 100 g-1. The bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect were also evaluated against: Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella choleraesuis, Candida albicans and C. glabrata, using broth microdilution assay. It can be inferred that S. terebinthifolia Raddi fruit has the potential to act as an ally in the search for new alternatives in the action against pathogens, and it can be used as a potential natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agent. Metals (Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn and Zn) were also determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), with emphasis on high concentrations of Mg, Zn and Fe. investigated 1 chromatographydiode chromatography diode HPLCDAD HPLC DAD (HPLC-DAD applied 078 0 78 0.7 314 3 14 3.1 L1. L1 L 1. L-1 found PCA (PCA differentiation TPC (TPC 27 51 10 g1 g g-1 TFC (TFC 28 g1. 2,2diphenyl1picrylhydrazyl 22diphenyl1picrylhydrazyl diphenylpicrylhydrazyl 2,2 diphenyl picrylhydrazyl 2 (DPPH 17 subtilis B cereus aureus coli aeruginosa choleraesuis C glabrata assay S pathogens agent Cu, Cu (Cu Fe Mg FAAS, FAAS , (FAAS) 07 0. 31 3. L- 5 g- 2diphenyl1picrylhydrazyl 22 2, (FAAS

ABSTRACT: The state of Rio Grande do Sul has a great diversity of reptile species distributed throughout its territory. Due to human actions, such as habitat fragmentation, these animals have been frequently observed in urban and peri-urban environments. This facilitates the spread of pathogens between animals and humans, posing a unique health risk, as many diseases are considered zoonoses. Leptospirosis is among the most common zoonoses in the world and is caused by pathogenic species of bacteria of the genus Leptospira. The role of reptiles in the cycle of this disease is yet unknown. However, serological studies have demonstrated positivity for antibodies against Leptospira spp. in tortoises and snakes, which may indicate that these animals act in maintaining the pathogen in the environment. This observed the presence of anti-Leptospira antibodies in rescued reptiles taken to the Center for Rehabilitation of Wild Fauna and Screening Center for Wild Animals at the Universidade Federal de Pelotas (NURFS-CETAS/UFPEL). Samples were collected from 55 animals (39 Trachemys dorbigni; 3 Philodryas patagoniensis; 3 Caiman latirostris; 3 Salvator merianae; 2 Acanthochelys spixii; 2 Phrynops hilarii; 2 Hydromedusa tectifera; 1 Philodryas aestiva) from August 2022 to December 2023 and tested for 12 reference serovars. Two animals demonstrated positivity, one for the pathogenic serovar Pyrogenes and the other for the pathogenic serovar Canicola. This result reflected the importance of different species besides mammals as potential reservoirs and responsible for maintaining leptospirosis in the environment. ABSTRACT territory actions fragmentation periurban peri environments humans risk unknown However spp snakes environment antiLeptospira anti NURFSCETAS/UFPEL. NURFSCETASUFPEL NURFS CETAS/UFPEL . CETAS UFPEL (NURFS-CETAS/UFPEL) 5 39 (3 dorbigni patagoniensis latirostris merianae spixii hilarii tectifera aestiva 202 serovars Canicola NURFSCETAS NURFSCETAS/UFPEL CETASUFPEL (NURFS-CETAS/UFPEL ( 20

RESUMO: O Rio Grande do Sul possui uma grande diversidade de espécies de répteis distribuídos por todo o Estado. Devido às ações antrópicas, como a fragmentação de habitats, estes animais vêm sendo observados com frequência no meio urbano e periurbano. Isso facilita a disseminação de patógenos entre animais e seres humanos, sendo um risco a saúde única, visto que muitas doenças são consideradas zoonoses. A leptospirose está entre as zoonoses mais comuns do mundo e é causada pelas espécies patogênicas da bactéria do gênero Leptospira. Ainda não se sabe o papel dos répteis no ciclo da doença, porém, estudos sorológicos demonstraram positividade para anticorpos contra Leptospira spp. em cágados e serpentes, o que pode indicar que estes animais atuam na manutenção do patógeno no ambiente. O objetivo deste estudo foi observar a presença de anticorpos anti-Leptospira em répteis oriundos de resgate e levados ao Núcleo de Reabilitação da Fauna Silvestre e Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (NURFS-CETAS/UFPEL). As amostras foram coletadas de 55 animais (39 Trachemys dorbigni; 3 Philodryas patagoniensis; 3 Caiman latirostris; 3 Salvator merianae; 2 Acanthochelys spixii; 2 Phrynops hilarii; 2 Hydromedusa tectifera; 1 Philodryas aestiva), durante o período de agosto de 2022 a dezembro de 2023, e testadas para 12 sorovares de referência. Dois animais demonstraram positividade, um deles para o sorovar patogênico Pyrogenes e outro para o sorovar patogênico Canicola. Este resultado demonstra a importância de outras espécies, além dos mamíferos, como potenciais reservatórios e responsáveis pela manutenção da leptospirose no ambiente. RESUMO Estado antrópicas habitats periurbano humanos única doença porém spp serpentes ambiente antiLeptospira anti NURFSCETAS/UFPEL. NURFSCETASUFPEL NURFS CETAS/UFPEL . CETAS UFPEL (NURFS-CETAS/UFPEL) 5 39 (3 dorbigni patagoniensis latirostris merianae spixii hilarii tectifera aestiva, aestiva , aestiva) 202 2023 referência Canicola mamíferos NURFSCETAS NURFSCETAS/UFPEL CETASUFPEL (NURFS-CETAS/UFPEL ( 20

Abstract Introduction. Supply chain issues have increased the costs of raw material and reduced the availability of materials for the production of biological control agents. This can result in greater disease pressure and lower yields on farms. Objective. To determine the effect of different amounts of starch and the use of local ingredients in small- and large-scale fermentation processes for Trichoderma harzianum. Materials and methods. The study was conducted in San José, Costa Rica, between 2016 and 2018. Flask experiments were performed to investigate the reduction or elimination of starch in commercial fermentation media. Fermentation vessel trials were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of an alternative local medium, which included three treatments: 1) commercial medium as a control, 2) 10 % molasses medium, and 3) 10 % molasses with 0.5% yeast extract. Viable spore counts were performed to determine colony-forming units (CFU/mL). Results. Reducing starch to 10 % of the original medium had no impact on CFU/mL. However, the absence of starch resulted in uneven growth during fermentation. Molasses produced approximately half the CFU/mL compared to the commercial medium but exceeded the threshold of 107 CFU/mL used in studies for the biological control of plant pathogens. Results obtained in a commercial-scale fermenter were similar to those of pilot-scale fermentation. Conclusion. Reducing starch content in the commercial medium did not affect growth, but the absence of starch led to solid mycelium clumps. The use of a local molasses-based medium on a commercial scale feasible as long as the required viable spore count for field use is maintained.

Resumen Introducción. Los problemas en la cadena de suministro aumentaron los costos de las materias primas y redujeron la disponibilidad de materiales para la producción de agentes de control biológico. Esto puede ejercer mayor presión de enfermedades y menores rendimientos en las granjas. Objetivo. Determinar el efecto de diferentes cantidades de almidón y el uso de ingredientes locales en procesos de fermentación a pequeña y gran escala para Trichoderma harzianum. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se ralizó en San José, Costa Rica, entre 2016 y 2018. Se realizaron ensayos en matraces para investigar la reducción o eliminación de almidón en medios de fermentación comerciales. Se llevaron a cabo ensayos en recipientes de fermentación para evaluar la efectividad de un medio local alternativo, que incluyó tres tratamientos: 1) medio comercial como control, 2) melaza al 10 % y 3) melaza al 10 % con 0,5 % de extracto de levadura. Se realizaron recuentos de esporas viables para determinar las unidades formadoras de colonias (UFC/mL). Resultados. La reducción de almidón al 10 % del medio original no tuvo impacto en las UFC/mL. Sin embargo, la ausencia de almidón resultó en un crecimiento desigual durante la fermentación. La melaza produjo aproximadamente la mitad de las UFC/mL en comparación con el medio comercial, pero superó el umbral de 107 UFC/mL utilizado en estudios para el control biológico de patógenos de plantas. Los resultados obtenidos en un fermentador a escala comercial fueron similares a los de la fermentación a escala piloto. Conclusión. La reducción del contenido de almidón en el medio comercial no afectó al crecimiento, pero la ausencia de almidón provocó acumulaciones sólidas de micelio. El uso de un medio de melaza de origen local a escala comercial parece factible mientras se mantenga un recuento de esporas viables requeridas para su uso en el campo.

Abstract Introduction. Endophytic fungi (EF) in grapevines (Vitis vinifera) have great potential for agricultural applications and may represent possible biological control agents for vineyards. Objective. To isolate and identify endophytic fungi (EF) from grapevine plants with antibiosis capacity against Botrytis cinerea. Materials and methods. Young and mature branches from forty healthy grapevine plants were collected from seven production lots in the Cañete province, Lima, Peru, during March to May 2022. EF isolation was performed on 702 sections of disinfected tissues using potato dextrose agar (PDA) culture medium, and identification was carried out at the genus level. Secondary metabolites were extracted from twenty-eight EF strains to determine the mycelial inhibition of the pathogen. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted on the evaluated parameters using the Minitab statistical program. Results. A total of 129 EF strains were isolated from leaves and stems of young and mature grapevine branches, encompassing seven genera (Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Nigrospora, and Stemphylium). The highest frequency was found in leaves and mature branches. Trichoderma and Alternaria were the most frecuent genera in grapevine plants, with 22.48 % and 21.71%, respectively. Metabolites obtained from the EFVH-01 strain of the genus Cladosporium, and EF-99 and EF-70 strains of the genus Alternaria, had the greatest effect on mycelial inhibition of the pathogen. Conclusions. Strains of endophytic fungi from the genera Cladosporium and Alternaria showed antibiosis capacity against Botrytis cinerea at the laboratory scale, which could potential biocontrol agents of pathogens in grapevine cultivation.

Resumen Introducción. Los hongos endófitos (HE) de la vid (Vitis vinifera) tienen un gran potencial de aplicación en la agricultura y pueden representar posibles agentes de control biológico de los viñedos. Objetivo. Aislar e identificar los hongos endófitos (HE) de plantas de vid con capacidad de antibiosis hacia Botrytis cinerea. Materiales y métodos. Se colectaron ramas jóvenes y maduras de cuarenta plantas sanas de vid de siete lotes de producción en la provincia de Cañete, Lima, Perú, durante los meses de marzo a mayo 2022. El aislamiento de HE se realizó de 702 secciones de tejidos desinfectados en medio de cultivo papa dextrosa agar (PDA) y la identificación fue a nivel de género. Se extrajeron metabolitos secundarios de veintiocho cepas de HE para determinar la inhibición micelial del patógeno. Se llevó a cabo un análisis de varianza (ANDEVA) de los parámetros evaluados con el programa estadístico Minitab. Resultados. Se aislaron un total de 129 cepas de HE de hojas y tallos de ramas jóvenes y maduras de vid, que correspondieron a siete géneros (Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Nigrospora y Stemphylium). La mayor frecuencia se presentó en las hojas y rama madura. Trichoderma y Alternaria fueron los géneros más frecuentes en las plantas de vid con 22,48 % y 21,71 %, respectivamente. Los metabolitos obtenidos de las cepas HEVH-01 del género Cladosporium, HEV-99 y HEV-70 del género Alternaria, tuvieron mayor efecto en la inhibición micelial del patógeno. Conclusiones. Cepas de hongos endofitos del género Cladosporium y Alternaria mostraron capacidad de antibiosis hacia Botrytis cinerea a escala de laboratorio, los cuales podrían ser potenciales biocontroladores de patógenos en el cultivo de vid.

Resumen En huertos comerciales de guanábana del estado de Nayarit, México, se observan árboles con síntomas aparentes por pudrición radicular, sin que se conozca el agente causal. Por lo que, el objetivo de la investigación fue, identificar a los hongos causantes de la pudrición de raíz de guanábana. De enero de 2020 a enero de 2021, en huertos de Compostela y San Blas, Nayarit, de árboles con síntomas por posible pudrición radicular, se recolectaron secciones de raíz con pudrición. Se aislaron e identificaron a los microorganismos asociados a la enfermedad para realizar las pruebas de patogenicidad en árboles de guanábana de un año de edad. Se identificó a Fusarium falciforme y a Lasiodiplodia theobromae como patógenos de raíz, ambos hongos son reportados por primera vez en este frutal y para México.

Abstract In commercial soursop orchards in the state of Nayarit, Mexico, trees with apparent symptoms of root rot are observed, without the causal agent being known. Therefore, the objective of the research was to identify the fungi that cause soursop root rot. From January 2020 to January 2021, in orchards of Compostela and San Blas, Nayarit, from two trees with symptoms of possible root rot, root sections with rot were collected. Microorganisms associated with the disease were isolated and identified to carry out pathogenicity tests in one-year-old soursop trees. Fusarium falciforme and Lasiodiplodia theobromae were identified as root pathogens, both fungi are reported for the first time in this fruit tree and for Mexico.

ABSTRACT: The Amazonian manatee (Trichechusinunguis) is an aquatic mammal threatened with extinction. However, few studies have investigated the pathogens in this species, which may affect both animal and human health. This study aimed to evaluate the frequency, distribution, and patterns of antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus spp. and Escherichiacoli colonizing the nasal and rectal cavities of Amazonian manatees kept in captivity at the National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA) in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. Rectal and nasal swabs from 44 manatees of different ages were used in this study. The genus Staphylococcus was isolated from the nasal swabs of 32 (72.7%) animals, with two individuals harboring more than one species of Staphylococcus. S. sciuri was the most commonly isolated species. Resistance to penicillin was observed in 13 (40.6%) isolates, more frequent than the other antimicrobials tested (P = 0.01). E. coli was isolated from the rectal swabs of all animals, with phylogroup B1 being the most frequent among the strains obtained (P = 0.0008). Four isolates (6.8%) were positive for virulence factors, three of which were classified as enterotoxigenicE. coli (ETEC) and one as enteropathogenicE. coli (EPEC). To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate Staphylococcus spp. and E. coli in Amazonian manatee samples. This study revealed nasal colonization by Staphylococcus spp., mainly S. sciuri, and diarrheagenicE. coli isolates, including antimicrobial-resistant strains. ABSTRACT Trichechusinunguis (Trichechusinunguis extinction However health frequency distribution spp INPA (INPA Amazonas Brazil 4 3 72.7% 727 72 7 (72.7% animals S 1 40.6% 406 40 6 (40.6% P 0.01. 001 0.01 . 0 01 0.01) E B 0.0008. 00008 0.0008 0008 0.0008) 6.8% 68 8 (6.8% factors enterotoxigenicE ETEC (ETEC enteropathogenicE EPEC. EPEC (EPEC) knowledge samples diarrheagenicE antimicrobialresistant resistant 72.7 (72.7 40.6 (40.6 00 0.0 0000 0.000 000 6.8 (6.8 (EPEC 72. (72. 40. (40. 0. 0.00 6. (6. (72 (40 (6 (7 (4 (

RESUMO: O peixe-boi amazônico (Trichechus inunguis) é um mamífero aquático ameaçado de extinção. Apesar disso, poucos estudos investigaram patógenos nessa espécie que podem impactar a saúde animal e humana. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a frequência, distribuição e padrões de suscetibilidade antimicrobiana de Staphylococcus sp. e Escherichia coli pertencentes à microbiota nasal e retal de peixes-bois da Amazônia mantidos em cativeiro no Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA) (Amazonas, Brasil). Foram utilizados suabes retais e nasais de 44 peixes-boi de diferentes idades. O gênero Staphylococcus foi isolado do swab nasal de 32 (72,7%) animais, sendo que dois indivíduos apresentaram mais de uma espécie de Staphylococcus. S. sciuri foi a espécie mais comumente isolada. A resistência à penicilina foi observada em 13 (40,6%) isolados, sendo mais frequente do que os outros antimicrobianos testados (P = 0,01). Escherichia coli foi isolada dos suabes retais de todos os animais, sendo o filogrupo B1 o mais frequente entre as cepas obtidas (P = 0,0008). Quatro isolados (6,8%) foram positivos para fatores de virulência, três dos quais foram classificados como E. coli enterotoxigênica (ETEC) e um isolado como E. coli enteropatogênica (EPEC). Este é o primeiro estudo a avaliar Staphylococcus spp. e E. coli de amostras de peixe-boi da Amazônia. O estudo revelou colonização nasal por Staphylococcus sp., principalmente S. sciuri, e por isolados diarreiogênicos de E. coli, incluindo cepas resistentes a antimicrobianos. RESUMO peixeboi peixe boi Trichechus inunguis extinção disso humana frequência sp peixesbois peixes bois INPA (INPA Amazonas, Amazonas (Amazonas Brasil. Brasil . Brasil) 4 peixesboi idades 3 72,7% 727 72 7 (72,7% animais S 1 40,6% 406 40 6 (40,6% P 0,01. 001 0,01 0 01 0,01) B 0,0008. 00008 0,0008 0008 0,0008) 6,8% 68 8 (6,8% virulência E ETEC (ETEC EPEC. EPEC (EPEC) spp 72,7 (72,7 40,6 (40,6 00 0,0 0000 0,000 000 6,8 (6,8 (EPEC 72, (72, 40, (40, 0, 0,00 6, (6, (72 (40 (6 (7 (4 (

ABSTRACT Penaeus vannamei, or white shrimp, is an economically significant species that dominates shrimp production and represents a rapidly growing industry. However, the culture faces challenges due to high mortality rates due to bacterial and viral diseases. Unlike vertebrates, shrimp rely solely on their innate immunity for defense against pathogens. Introducing probiotics into shrimp culture can enhance growth, survival rates, and immune responses against disease outbreaks caused by pathogenic bacteria or viruses. Common diseases affecting shrimp farms include vibriosis, white spot disease, acute hepatopancreatic necrosis and black gill disease. These diseases can cause severe infections, which lead to high mortality rates. The application of probiotics, such as Bacillus cereus, B. licheniformis, B. subtilis, Lactobacillus sp., Paenibacillus, Pseudomonas sp., Pseudoaltermonas, and yeast, either through diet or direct administration, has demonstrated positive impacts on shrimp health, including enhanced growth, increased immunostimulation, improved gut microbiota, and better water quality parameters. In recent decades, aquafeed has explored effective solutions, such as microdiets, co-feeding (combining commercial feed and probiotics), and various microdiets types, to address aquaculture disease problems. Combining microdiets containing essential nutrients with probiotics has proven to be safer than antibiotics, which can adversely affect animals and the environment. However, further studies are needed to optimize the efficiency of feeding techniques by incorporating probiotics and commercial feed for disease resistance in penaeid shrimp culture. This review discusses commercial feeds and microdiets incorporated with probiotics for P. vannamei culture for growth and disease resistance to enhancement.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Meningitis, encephalitis and meningoencephalitis are caused by several pathogens, but viral etiology is the most common. Diagnosis consists of clinical history, observation of the patient and isolation of the agent. The virus is often not identified and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The long-term prognosis is not yet widely discussed, but the most common sequelae include difficulty concentrating, behavioral and/or speech disorders and memory loss. Many of these patients do not return to work and a good number of those who do that require some readjustment in their tasks. Case Report: This is a case of a 47-year-old nurse working in an Internal Medicine service, in which two weeks after providing care to a patient with meningoencephalitis, a condition compatible with the same diagnosis began. Because it is considered to be related to the health care provided, it is reported as a suspected Occupational Disease, but it is not recognized. After four years of initial participation, she started complaining of difficulty with attention and memory, with progressive evolution, being evaluated by Neurology, without conclusive results. Over this time it was necessary to restrict some nursing tasks, essentially due to memory difficulties. Due to worsening of complaints, five years after the first neurology evaluation, the patient is evaluated one more time. It is again reported as a suspected Occupational Disease, being recognized with a permanent partial disability of 82.5%. Discussion/ Conclusion: As infections are transmitted in the provision of healthcare, it is important to take into account measures that reduce transmissibility and protect Healthcare Professionals, for which the Occupational Health Service is fundamental, participating in diagnosis and referral, but essentially contributing to adaptation initial position of the job, keeping the worker active for as long as possible. The delay in recognizing the Occupational Disease results from the fact that the consequences only appear several years later and are progressive in nature. This case emphasizes the heavy burden of the sequelae of meningoencephalitis, resulting in a high degree of disability, incompatible with the continuous exercise of the profession. It was possible to establish the association with professional activity, which reinforces the risk to which Healthcare Professionals are exposed.

RESUMO Introdução: As meningites, encefalites e meningoencefalites são causadas por vários agentes patogénicos, mas a etiologia vírica é a mais comum. O diagnóstico consiste na história clínica, observação do doente e no isolamento do agente (mas muitas das vezes o vírus não é identificado), encontrando-se associado a morbilidade e mortalidade significativas. O prognóstico a longo prazo ainda não é muito discutido, mas as sequelas mais frequentes incluem dificuldade de concentração, distúrbios do comportamento e/ou da fala e perda de memória. Muitos destes doentes não regressam ao trabalho e uma boa parte dos que o fazem necessitam de algum reajuste nas tarefas. Descrição do Caso: Trata-se de um caso de uma enfermeira de 47 anos a laborar num internamento de Medicina Interna, em que duas semanas após prestar cuidados a doente com meningoencefalite, inicia quadro compatível com o mesmo diagnóstico. Por se considerar relação com os cuidados de saúde prestados, é participado como suspeita de Doença Profissional, mas não sendo reconhecida. Após quatro anos da participação inicial, inicia queixas de dificuldade de atenção e memória, com evolução progressiva, sendo avaliada por Neurologia, sem resultados conclusivos. Ao longo deste tempo foi necessário restringir algumas tarefas de enfermagem, essencialmente por dificuldades de memória. Por agravamento das queixas, cindo anos após a primeira avaliação de neurologia, é avaliada novamente por agravamento significativo da semiologia. É novamente participada como suspeita de Doença Profissional, sendo reconhecida com uma incapacidade permanente parcial de 82.5%. Discussão/ Conclusão: Enquanto infeções transmitidas na prestação de cuidados de saúde, é importante ter em conta medidas que diminuem a transmissibilidade e protegem os Profissionais de Saúde, para o qual o Serviço de Saúde Ocupacional é fundamental, participando no diagnóstico e encaminhamento, mas essencialmente contribuindo para a adaptação inicial do posto de trabalho, mantendo o trabalhador no ativo o máximo de tempo possível. O atraso no reconhecimento da Doença Profissional resulta do facto de as sequelas só se manifestarem vários anos após e serem de caráter progressivo. Este caso enfatiza o pesado fardo das sequelas da meningoencefalite, resultando num elevado grau de incapacidade, incompatível com o exercício contínuo da profissão. Foi possível estabelecer a associação com a atividade profissional, o que reforça o risco a que os Profissionais de Saúde estão expostos.

RESUMEN Trichoderma, un género de hongos filamentosos es ampliamente utilizado en la agricultura debido a sus propiedades y usos diversos, destacando su habilidad para funcionar como un agente biocontrolador contra diversos fitopatógenos. El éxito de Trichoderma se basa en múltiples mecanismos de acción, que incluyen antibiosis, micoparasitismo, competencia por espacio y nutrientes, producción de enzimas y metabolitos secundarios con actividad antimicrobiana y la estimulación de la respuesta de defensa de las plantas ante los patógenos. Esta mini revisión se centra en los mecanismos de acción de Trichoderma como biocontrolador y sus potencialidades para el uso en la agricultura. Este género de hongos filamentosos con capacidad para inhibir el crecimiento de patógenos, estimular el crecimiento de las plantas y mejorar la calidad del suelo lo convierten en un recurso valioso para los agricultores. El conocimiento de estos mecanismos puede ayudar a mejorar aún más su uso en la agricultura y promover prácticas agrícolas sostenibles.

ABSTRACT Trichoderma, a genus of filamentous fungi, is widely used in agriculture due to its various properties and uses, particularly its ability to function as a biocontrol agent against various phytopathogens. The success of Trichoderma is based on multiple mechanisms of action, including antibiosis, mycoparasitism, competition for space and nutrients, production of enzymes and secondary metabolites with antimicrobial activity, and stimulation of the plant defense response against pathogens. This mini review focuses on the mechanisms of action of Trichoderma as a biocontrol agent and its potential for use in agriculture. Its ability to inhibit the growth of pathogens, stimulate plant growth, and improve soil quality makes it a valuable resource for farmers. Understanding these mechanisms can further improve its use in agriculture and promote sustainable agricultural practices.

Abstract The presence of Eristalis tenax in a dairy farm in the province of Salta is described. Larvae of E. tenax, known as "rat-tailed maggots", were found in large quantities on the premises, specifically in the feeding trough and waste pit. Taxonomic identification revealed distinctive morphological characteristics of the species. This finding expands the known geographical distribution of E. tenax in Argentina. Although the medical significance of these syrphids is relative, their ability to act as mechanical vectors of certain pathogens, such as mycobacteria, suggests the need to control their populations in anthropized environments. The importance of hygiene measures to prevent accidental ingestion of larvae is stressed, and monitoring of water tanks and pits is suggested. In conclusion, the relevance of recognizing the facultative nature of infestations is highlighted, along with the potential contribution of E. tenax control in sanitation measures of affected herds.

Resumen Este trabajo documenta la presencia de Eristalis tenax en un establecimiento lechero de la provincia de Salta. Las larvas de E. tenax, conocidas como "gusanos de cola de rata", se encontraron específicamente en el comedero y la fosa de desechos. La observación de las características morfológicas de la especie permitió su identificación taxonómica. Este hallazgo amplía la distribución geográfica conocida de E. tenax en Argentina. Aunque la importancia médica de estos sírfidos es relativa, se destaca su capacidad de actuar como vectores mecánicos de micobacterias, lo que sugiere la necesidad de controlar sus poblaciones en entornos antropizados. Se enfatiza la importancia de medidas de higiene para prevenir la ingestión accidental de larvas y se sugiere incorporar supervisión en depósitos de agua y piletones de decantación. En conclusión, se subraya la relevancia de reconocer la naturaleza facultativa de esta especie como posible vector y la contribución de su control en las medidas de saneamiento en rodeos afectados.

BACKGROUND: Diabetic foot syndrome is defined as the presence of a diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) associated with neuropathy, peripheral artery disease and infection. While the use of antimicrobials in the treatment of DFU infection remains a mainstay, the choice of antimicrobial remains problematic owing to the presence of multidrug-resistant polymicrobial infections. In the South African public healthcare sector, the treatment of DFUs is based on the Standard Treatment Guidelines (STGs) and the Essential Drug List. These guidelines are developed using evidence-based medicine and are based on global susceptibility patterns rather than local susceptibility data, and may not provide the most appropriate treatment options OBJECTIVES: To determine the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of DFUs isolated from patients visiting selected Gauteng provincial public hospitals in order to determine a clinically effective treatment protocol for the management of these infections METHODS: Sample swabs were taken from 51 DFUs using the Levine method. Each sample swab was spread onto blood agar plates and thereafter, individual pathogens were isolated. The antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of all isolated pathogens were determined using zone of inhibition measurements. Pathogens were grouped according to macromorphological characteristics as well as susceptibility patterns, and a representative isolate from each group was then identified RESULTS: A total of 51 DFU ulcer swabs from 45 patients were included in the study. From the sample swabs, a total of 445 pathogens were isolated. The most effective antimicrobial was found to be gentamicin, followed by ciprofloxacin. Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, the first line treatment according to the STGs, was found to be ineffective for many of the isolated pathogens. The most commonly isolated pathogens were Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate the urgent need to reassess the STGs and base treatment plans on local epidemiological data. This study provides valuable data on common causative pathogens in DFU infections, as well as the resistance patterns of these pathogens, forming a baseline with which to base future DFU treatment plans

Abstract Trichoderma is a cosmopolitan fungus widely distributed around the world. The different uses of this beneficial fungus are varied in several industries, like agriculture, textile, and paper, including the pharmaceutical industry. The genus Trichoderma has other mechanisms of action, including the production of different enzymes and secreted secondary metabolites used in various industries. The genomes of different Trichoderma species have been sequenced to identify the mechanisms for producing several compounds. The advancement of multiple technologies has allowed the development of transformation tools for the genetic improvement of Trichoderma, thus increasing biomass, primary and secondary metabolites, and enzymes. Therefore, genetic modification aims to increase compound production in several Trichoderma strains. Characterization of Trichoderma through gene expression analysis is essential for biotechnology applications. It helps counteract one of the most challenging problems for agriculture today, including climate change and the appearance of pathogens that attack crops with high commercial and food demand. In conclusion, this review analyzes various strategies to improve Trichoderma strains genetically and their multiple applications in the agricultural, textile, paper, and pharmaceutical industries. As a recommendation for future studies with potential impact, the optimization of specific genetic modifications in Trichoderma strains is recommended to improve their adaptability and effectiveness in combating emerging challenges in agriculture, especially those linked to climate change. Investigating possible synergies between genetically modified Trichoderma strains and environmentally sustainable agricultural practices could contribute to developing solutions for crop protection and yield improvement.

Abstract Introduction: Sea urchin diseases have been documented in several locations worldwide, with reported occurrences of bacterial, protozoan, fungal, and algal infections. Objective: This study aimed to investigate pathogen agents in populations of Arbacia lixula and Paracentrotus lividus along the coast of Gran Canaria Island (Central-East Atlantic, Spain). Methods: Sampling was conducted at San Cristobal beach, on the Northeast side of the island, where sea urchins were manually collected from depths of 1-3 m during June, July, and October 2022. Swab samples were taken from the external and internal areas of the lesions and cultured on various media plates. Results: Eight different pathogen agents, including bacteria and fungi, were identified, with Vibrio alginolyticus being the most frequently observed bacteria in all diseased sea urchin samples. Additionally, ciliated protozoans were found within the tests, potentially acting as opportunistic parasites. Conclusions: This research provides a unique perspective on bald sea urchin disease by identifying a significant number of associated pathogens, including Candida, previously unreported in diseased organisms. Furthermore, the study highlights the presence of an inflammatory response in tissues with bacterial colonies, offering crucial insights into understanding this sea urchin disease.

Resumen Introducción: Las enfermedades en los erizos de mar han sido descritas en muchas localidades alrededor del mundo, y se han asociado con la presencia de infecciones por bacterias, protozoarios, hongos y algas. Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como finalidad investigar sobre los agentes patógenos que afectan a las poblaciones de Arbacia lixula y Paracentrotus lividus a lo largo de la costa de la Isla de Gran Canaria (Atlántico Centro-Oriental, España). Métodos: El muestreo fue llevado a cabo en la playa de San Cristóbal, al noreste de la isla, dónde los organismos fueron capturados entre 1-3 metros de profundidad, durante junio, julio y octubre del año 2022. Se tomaron muestras en la zona interna y externa de la lesión en cada organismo, y se cultivaron en varios medios de cultivo. Resultados: Fueron identificados ocho agentes patógenos diferentes, incluyendo bacterias y hongos, y siendo Vibrio alginolyticus la bacteria más frecuentemente observada en todas las muestras de erizos enfermos. Además, se observaron protozoarios ciliados dentro de los caparazones, actuando potencialmente como parásitos oportunistas. Conclusiones: Esta investigación proporciona una perspectiva única sobre la enfermedad del erizo desnudo al identificar un número significativo de patógenos asociados, incluida Candida, que no se había reportado previamente en organismos enfermos. Además, el estudio destaca la presencia de una respuesta inflamatoria en tejidos con colonias bacterianas, lo que ofrece información crucial para comprender esta enfermedad de los erizos de mar.

Abstract Poultry production is one of the most important agricultural sectors worldwide due to the high nutritional value of its products, such as meat and eggs, for human consumption. In this regard, veterinary antibiotics are used to treat or prevent disease-causing pathogens in order to ensure and maintain production. The objective of the study was to design and validate two questionnaires for assessing the risk of veterinary antibiotics used in egg-laying hens and their perceived impact in relation to food safety. Its logic and the validity of its content were determined by expert evaluation. Its construct validity was assessed by exploratory factor analysis, and its reliability, with Cronbach's Alpha coefficient. The survey was applied to 44 establishments or egg producers in the Espaillat province and to 385 consumers in the Santo Domingo province. A Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.799 was obtained for egg producers and veterinarians, and of 0.771, for consumers. The principal component analysis identified a KMO sample size adequacy measure of 0.558 for egg producers and veterinarians, and 0.797 for consumers. The questionnaire for egg producers and veterinarians consists of 8 factors and 22 items, and the questionnaire for consumers, of 3 factors and 8 items. The results confirm that the scale found is reliable and valid for the construct the risks associated with the potential consumption of food containing veterinary antibiotic residues.

Resumen La producción avícola es uno de los sectores agropecuarios de mayor importancia a nivel mundial por sus grandes aportes nutricionales en productos como la carne y el huevo para fines de la alimentación humana. En este sentido, para asegurar y mantener la producción se utilizan antibióticos veterinarios para tratar o prevenir agentes patógenos que causan enfermedades. El objetivo del estudio fue diseñar y validar dos cuestionarios para evaluar el riesgo de los antibióticos veterinarios de uso en gallinas ponedoras de huevos y su percepción de impacto con relación con la seguridad alimentaria. Se determinaron su lógica y validez de contenido mediante la evaluación por expertos. La validez de constructo se realizó mediante el análisis factorial exploratorio y la confiabilidad con el coeficiente de Alpha de Cronbach. Se aplicó a 44 establecimientos o productores de huevos en la provincia Espaillat y 385 consumidores de la provincia Santo Domingo. Se obtuvo un coeficiente de alfa de Cronbach de 0.799 para productores de huevos y veterinarias y 0.771 para los consumidores. El análisis de componente principales permitió identificar la medida de adecuación del tamaño de muestra KMO de 0.558 para los productores de huevos y veterinarias y 0.797 para los consumidores. El cuestionario está conformado por 8 factores y 22 ítems para los productores de huevos y veterinarias y 3 factores y 8 ítems para los consumidores. Los resultados confirman que la escala encontrada es confiable y válida para la construcción de los riesgos asociados al posible consumo de los alimentos con residuos de antibióticos veterinarios.

Abstract The evolutionary conserved link between coagulation and innate immunity is a biological process characterized by the thrombosis formation stimulus of immune cells and specific thrombosis-related molecules. In physiological settings, the relationship between the immune system and thrombosis facilitates the recognition of pathogens and damaged cells and inhibits pathogen proliferation. However, when deregulated, the interplay between hemostasis and innate immunity becomes a pathological process named immunothrombosis, which is at the basis of several infectious and inflammation-related thrombotic disorders, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In advanced stages, alterations in both coagulation and immune cell function due to extreme inflammation lead to an increase in blood coagulability, with high rates of thrombosis and mortality. Therefore, understanding underlying mechanisms in immunothrombosis has become decisive for the development of more efficient therapies to treat and prevent thrombosis in COVID-19 and in other thrombotic disorders. In this review, we outline the existing knowledge on the molecular and cellular processes involved in immunothrombosis, focusing on the role of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), platelets and the coagulation pathway. We also describe how the deregulation of hemostasis is associated with pathological conditions and can significantly aggravate a patient's condition, using COVID-19 as a clinical model. thrombosisrelated related molecules settings proliferation However deregulated inflammationrelated disorders 201 COVID19. COVID19 COVID 19 . (COVID-19) stages coagulability mortality Therefore COVID-1 review NETs, NETs , (NETs) pathway patients patient s condition model 20 COVID1 1 (COVID-19 COVID- (NETs 2 (COVID-1 (COVID- (COVID