Abstract Bananas are the most widely consumed tropical fruit worldwide. Its production is an important source of economic income in Latin American and Caribbean countries. Recently, banana crops have been affected by the attack of overly aggressive pathogens such as Fusarium oxysporum and Mycosphaerella fijiensis. Chemical control is a widely used strategy, which has led to the excessive use of agrochemicals in banana production. There is great concern worldwide about the state of banana crops, which makes environmentally friendly alternatives necessary to cope with the actual threats. Ecuador is one of the main banana producers in the world, so it is essential to innovate production systems by implementing biologically sustainable alternatives to minimize environmental impacts and warranty productivity. This review aims to consolidate key information on banana-associated fungi, including isolation and introduction techniques of endophytic fungi. Finally, relevant research on biotechnological strategies based on endophytic and mycorrhizal fungi to improve banana production is included. We expect this review will provide insights into experimental investigations in the design of fungal inoculants.

Resumen El banano es la fruta tropical de mayor consumo mundial. Su producción es un importante ingreso económico en países de Latinoamérica y el Caribe. Recientemente, el cultivo de banano se ha visto afectado por el ataque de patógenos muy agresivos como Fusarium oxysporum y Mycosphaerella fijiensis. El control químico es una estrategia ampliamente utilizada, que ha llevado al uso excesivo de agroquímicos en la producción bananera. Existe una gran preocupación mundial por el estado de los cultivos de banano, siendo necesario encontrar alternativas amigables con el medio ambiente. Ecuador es uno de los principales productores de banano en el mundo, por lo que es fundamental innovar el sistema de producción mediante la implementación de alternativas biológicamente sostenibles para minimizar el impacto ambiental y garantizar la productividad. La presente revisión pretende consolidar información clave sobre los hongos asociados al banano, incluyendo técnicas de aislamiento e introducción de endófitos. Finalmente, se incluyen investigaciones relevantes sobre estrategias biotecnológicas basadas en hongos endofíticos y micorrízicos para mejorar la producción de banano. Nuestro objetivo es que esta revisión proporcione información para la investigación experimental en el diseño de inoculantes fúngicos.

Abstract (Introduction): The search for techniques and methods for managing sludge generated during wastewater treatment is necessary to ensure sustainable sanitation in the medium term in Latin America. An interesting approach involves converting sludge into a biosolid usable in agriculture through alkaline sanitization. (Objective): We evaluated this technique’s efficacy and economic and environmental viability for obtaining an agriculturally usable type A biosolid from municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) sludge. (Methodology): To this end, the efficacy in reducing microbiological parameters was experimentally tested at the laboratory scale using quicklime, for anaerobic and aerobic WWTP sludge. The experimental results fed a benefit/cost analysis model and a life cycle assessment. (Results): It was confirmed that applying a 40 % lime dose allowed the obtention of a type A biosolid with non-detectable concentrations of pathogenic microorganisms, which remained in that condition for more than 30 days. Additionally, the benefit/cost and life cycle analyses concluded that this option would be more attractive than sludge disposal in a landfill, due to the corresponding savings in chemical compounds (fertilizers, agricultural lime). (Conclusions): Therefore, alkaline sanitization can be considered suitable for WWTP sludge management. Its application on a larger scale should be further investigated in the country and the Latin-American region, considering the risk associated to the presence of heavy metals too.

Resumen (Introducción): La búsqueda de técnicas y modelos de gestión del lodo generado durante el tratamiento de las aguas residuales es necesaria para garantizar un saneamiento sostenible a mediano plazo en América Latina. Una vía interesante consiste en convertir el lodo en un biosólido aprovechable en la agricultura por medio de la higienización alcalina. (Objetivo): Se evaluó la eficacia y la viabilidad económica y ambiental de esta técnica para la obtención de un biosólido tipo A aprovechable en la agricultura a partir de lodo de planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales (PTAR) ordinaria. (Metodología): Para ello se probó experimentalmente en escala de laboratorio la eficacia en el decaimiento de parámetros microbiológicos higienizados con cal viva, usando lodo anaeróbico y aeróbico de PTAR. Los resultados experimentales alimentaron un modelo de análisis de beneficio/costo y de ciclo de vida. (Resultados): Pudo corroborarse que la aplicación de dosis de cal de 40 % permitió obtener un biosólido tipo A con concentraciones de microorganismos patógenos no detectables, lo cual se mantuvo en esa condición por más de 30 días. Además, el análisis de beneficio/costo y de ciclo de vida permitieron concluir que esta opción sería más atractiva que la disposición del lodo en un relleno sanitario, debido al ahorro correspondiente en compuestos químicos (fertilizantes o cal agrícola) derivado de su aprovechamiento. (Conclusiones): Por lo tanto, la técnica de higienización alcalina puede considerarse como adecuada para la gestión del lodo de PTAR y su aplicación a mayor escala debe investigarse en mayor detalle en el país y la región latinoamericana, considerando también el riesgo de presencia de metales pesados en este subproducto.

Resumo Introdução: A OMS aponta que infecções por enteroparasitos podem afetar ~3,5 bilhões de pessoas globalmente. Pacientes em hemodiálise (HD) podem ser mais suscetíveis a infecções por patógenos oportunistas devido à função imunológica prejudicada. Avaliamos a infecção por enteroparasitos em pacientes em HD de dois centros de diálise e um grupo controle Métodos: Amostras fecais foram processadas pelas técnicas de Hoffmann, Pons&Janner, Ritchie, Willis e Rugai. Incluímos pacientes com insuficiência renal, de dois centros de diálise, em HD por mais de três meses. O grupo controle consistiu em familiares dos pacientes sem DRC evidente. PCR TaqMan e PCR Multiplex em tempo real foram realizadas para detecção de Cryptosporidium spp. e C. parvum e para diferenciar o complexo Entamoeba (E.) histolytica/E. dispar, respectivamente Resultados: 97 pacientes em HD e 42 controles foram incluídos no estudo. Cinquenta (51,5%) amostras fecais do grupo HD foram positivas para enteroparasitos, assim como 26 (61,9%) do grupo controle (P = 0,260). S. stercoralis foi o único helminto detectado, presente apenas nos pacientes em HD. A coproscopia detectou sete amostras positivas para o complexo E. histolytica/E. dispar, três de pacientes em HD e quatro controles: através da PCR, todas as amostras foram positivas para E. dispar não patogênica. As lâminas de esfregaço fecal coradas com safranina foram todas negativas para Cryptosporidium spp. Entretanto, através da PCR, observou-se amplificação para Crypstosporidium spp. em seis amostras, todas de pacientes em HD. Duas das espécies foram classificadas como C. hominis por PCR-RFLP Conclusões: A infecção por enteroparasitos, detectada por técnicas tradicionais, não foi mais prevalente em pacientes em HD, mas o S. stercoralis foi encontrado exclusivamente entre eles. Vale ressaltar que a infecção por Cryptosporidium spp., que também afetou somente pacientes em HD, pôde ser detectada somente por técnicas de biologia molecular. Introdução 35 3 5 ~3, globalmente (HD prejudicada Métodos Hoffmann PonsJanner Pons Janner Pons&Janner Ritchie Rugai renal meses evidente spp C E (E. histolyticaE histolytica histolytica/E Resultados 9 4 estudo 51,5% 515 51 (51,5% 2 61,9% 619 61 (61,9% P 0,260. 0260 0,260 . 0 260 0,260) S detectado patogênica Entretanto observouse observou se PCRRFLP RFLP Conclusões tradicionais eles molecular ~3 (E 51,5 (51,5 61,9 6 (61,9 026 0,26 ~ 51, (51, 61, (61, 02 0,2 (51 (61 0, (5 (6 (

Abstract Introduction: The World Health Organization (WHO) points out that infection by enteroparasites can affect ~3.5 billion people around the world. Hemodialysis (HD) patients may be more susceptible to infections by opportunistic pathogens due to impaired immune function. We evaluated enteroparasite infection in a sample of HD-patients from two dialysis centers and in a control group. Methods: Fecal samples were processed using the Hoffmann-Pons-Janner, Ritchie, Willis, and Rugai techniques. Patients with kidney failure from two dialysis centers undergoing HD for more than 3 months were included. The control group consisted of relatives of the patients without overt CKD. The TaqMan PCR and multiplex real-time PCR were carried out for detection of Cryptosporidium spp. and C. parvum and to differentiate the Entamoeba (E.) histolytica/E. dispar complex, respectively Results: A total of 97 HD patients and 42 controls were enrolled in the study. Fifty (51.5%) fecal samples from the HD group were positive for enteroparasites, as were 26 (61.9%) from the control group (P = 0.260). S. stercoralis was the single helminth detected and was only present in HD-patients. Coproscopy detected seven positive samples for the E. histolytica/E. dispar complex, three from HD patients and four from controls: by PCR, all samples were positive for the non-pathogenic E. dispar. Safranin-stained fecal smear slides were all negative for Cryptosporidium spp. However, by PCR, amplification for Crypstosporidium spp. was seen in six samples, all from the HD patients. Two of the species were classified as C. hominis by PCR-RFLP Conclusions: Enteroparasite infection as detected by traditional techniques were not more prevalent in HD patients, but S. stercoralis was only found in these patients. It is noteworthy that Cryptosporidium spp. infection, also affecting only HD patients, could only be detected by molecular biology techniques. Introduction WHO (WHO 35 5 ~3. world (HD function HDpatients Methods HoffmannPonsJanner, HoffmannPonsJanner Hoffmann Pons Janner, Janner Hoffmann-Pons-Janner Ritchie Willis included CKD realtime real time spp C E (E. histolyticaE histolytica histolytica/E complex Results 9 4 study 51.5% 515 51 (51.5% 2 61.9% 619 61 (61.9% P 0.260. 0260 0.260 . 0 260 0.260) S HDpatients. nonpathogenic non pathogenic Safraninstained Safranin stained However PCRRFLP RFLP Conclusions ~3 (E 51.5 (51.5 61.9 6 (61.9 026 0.26 ~ 51. (51. 61. (61. 02 0.2 (51 (61 0. (5 (6 (

Resumo Este estudo objetivou investigar a infecção por Leishmania spp., Leptospira spp., Toxoplasma gondii e Trypanosoma cruzi em tatus-peba (Euphractus sexcinctus) de vida livre provenientes da região semiárida do nordeste brasileiro. Vinte espécimes de E. sexcinctus foram capturados vivos de seus habitats naturais por veterinários de animais silvestres em diferentes locais. Após anestesia, os animais foram eutanasiados e diferentes amostras biológicas foram coletadas. Os quatro patógenos foram avaliados da seguinte forma: a infecção por Leishmania foi investigada por meio da Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) de baço e fígado; a infecção por Leptospira spp. foi avaliada por meio da PCR de rim e sorologicamente através do teste de aglutinação microscópica; a infecção por T. gondii foi feita por meio de PCR de coração, pulmão e baço; e a infecção por T. cruzi foi investigada por meio da PCR de coração e sangue total e por hemocultura. Todos os testes realizados tiveram resultados negativos, exceto a PCR de sangue total para detectar T. cruzi, a qual foi positiva em apenas um animal e confirmado por meio de sequenciamento genético. É importante enfatizar que esse é o primeiro estudo com investigação molecular de diferentes patógenos zoonóticos em tatus-peba, e os achados aqui reportados trazem novo e importante conhecimento a respeito de doenças zoonóticas nessa espécie.

Abstract This study investigated infection by Leishmania spp., Leptospira spp., Toxoplasma gondii, and Trypanosoma cruzi in six-banded armadillos (Euphractus sexcinctus) from the semiarid region of northeastern Brazil. Twenty specimens of E. sexcinctus were captured alive by wildlife veterinarians from their natural habitats in different locations. The animals were euthanized following induction of anesthesia, and different biological samples were collected. Infection with four pathogens was subsequently evaluated: Leishmania infection was investigated by spleen and liver Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR); Leptospira spp. infection was evaluated by kidney PCR and serologically by microscopic agglutination test; T. gondii infection was assessed by PCR of the heart, lung, and spleen; and T. cruzi infection was investigated by heart and whole blood PCR and hemoculture. All tests presented negative results apart from whole blood PCR to detect T. cruzi, which was positive in one of the 20 animals tested and confirmed by genetic sequencing. It is important to highlight that this is the first study comprising a molecular investigation of different zoonotic pathogens in six-banded armadillos, and the findings reported here bring new and important knowledge regarding zoonotic diseases in this species.

Resumo: A aquicultura é uma indústria global importante na prática do cultivo de organismos aquáticos para fornecer alimentos à população e impulsionar a economia dos países produtores. O Brasil se destaca na produção global de rãs-touro, mas essa atividade tem gerado problemas ecológicos e econômicos. A falta de regulamentação e controle pode ameaçar a biodiversidade, já que essas rãs atuam como vetores de patógenos como o fungo quitrídio Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) e o vírus Ranavirus (Rv). Tanto o Bd, quanto o Rv, estão associados a declínios e extinções em massa de anfíbios em todo o mundo. Estudos no Brasil identificaram alta prevalência desses patógenos em ranários, representando ameaças à indústria e ao ambiente. A ausência de regulamentação eficaz na ranicultura é um desafio, já que a quitridiomicose e a ranavirose são doenças de notificação obrigatória à Organização Mundial de Saúde Animal, exigindo gestão dos impactos na produção de rã-touro. Portanto, nosso objetivo foi promover a articulação entre pesquisadores, órgãos públicos e líderes do setor, visando revisar as legislações existentes e propor medidas eficazes de biosseguridade. Realizamos extensivas revisões sobre a ranicultura no Brasil, participamos e promovemos reuniões com representantes governamentais e produtivos e nos engajamos ativamente nos Planos de Ação para a conservação de espécies. Nesse contexto, esforços foram feitos para mapear ranários e desenvolver propostas de biosseguridade visando o controle de patógenos. Concluímos que a colaboração entre setores é crucial para a elaboração e implementação de políticas eficazes. Além disso, apresentamos uma revisão detalhada da legislação vigente diretamente relacionada ao tema, visando facilitar a compreensão da situação atual no Brasil. A implementação e manutenção de regulamentações mais abrangentes, assim como a adoção de práticas sustentáveis na ranicultura, são essenciais para garantir a sustentabilidade da indústria e a conservação da biodiversidade.

Abstract: Aquaculture is a globally significant industry involved in the cultivation of aquatic organisms to provide food for the population and boost the economies of producing countries. Brazil stands out in the global production of bullfrogs, but this activity has generated ecological and economic problems. The lack of regulation and control can threaten biodiversity, as these bullfrog’s act as vectors for pathogens such as chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and the virus Ranavirus (Rv). Both Bd and Rv are associated with declines and mass extinctions of amphibians worldwide. Studies in Brazil have identified a high prevalence of these pathogens in bullfrog farms, posing threats to both the industry and the environment. The absence of effective regulation in bullfrog farming is a challenge, as chytridiomycosis and ranaviruses are diseases that must be reported to the World Organisation for Animal Health, requiring management of impacts on bullfrog production. Therefore, our goal was to promote collaboration among researchers, public entities, and industry leaders, aiming to review existing legislation and propose effective biosecurity measures. We conducted extensive reviews on bullfrog farming in Brazil, participated in and organized meetings with government and industry representatives, and actively engaged in Species Conservation Action Plans. Within this context, efforts have been made to map frog farms and develop biosecurity proposals aimed at pathogen control. We conclude that intersectoral collaboration is crucial for the development and implementation of effective policies. Furthermore, we present a detailed review of the current legislation directly related to the topic to facilitate understanding of the current situation in Brazil. The implementation and maintenance of more comprehensive regulations, along with the adoption of sustainable practices in frog farming, are essential to ensure the industry’s sustainability and biodiversity conservation.

RESUMEN Introducción: la diseminación de bacterias gramnegativas resistentes a carbapenémicos representa una causa importante de morbi-mortalidad, siendo una amenaza creciente para la salud pública y de gran preocupación en el mundo. Aunque la resistencia a carbapenémicos puede ser debida a varios mecanismos, el más relevante, clínica y epidemiológicamente, es por producción de enzimas. Objetivos: caracterizar fenotípica y genotípicamente carbapenemasas producidas por bacilos gramnegativos de importancia clínica aislados en hospitales de Paraguay en el año 2022 y evaluar la susceptibilidad a colistina. Metodología: estudio multicéntrico, retrospectivo, realizado en 1226 cepas remitidas al Laboratorio Central durante el año 2022 para su caracterización fenotípica y genotípica. Fueron realizados estudios de identificación (métodos convencionales), susceptibilidad a colistina (microdilución en caldo), y de confirmación de genes de resistencia (moleculares). Resultados: de las 1226 cepas estudiadas, 629 (51 %) correspondieron a no fermentadores (89 % Acinetobacter spp.) y 597 (49 %) a fermentadores (74 % Klebsiella pneumoniae). Las carbapenemasas confirmadas en A. baumannii fueron: OXA-23(94,9 %), NDM (3,1 %), OXA-23 + NDM (1,8 %) y OXA-23+NDM+OXA-58 (0,2 %); en K. pneumoniae: NDM (84,5 %), KPC (11,7 %), KPC+NDM (3,7 %) y NDM+OXA-48like (0,2 %); y en P. aeruginosa la prevalente fue NDM (50,9 %). La resistencia asociada a colistina, fue encontrada principalmente en K. pneumoniae (24 %). Conclusión: en nuestro país es endémica la circulación de bacterias productoras de carbapenemasa. La coproducción de estas enzimas está confirmada. NDM es la prevalente en Enterobacterales y P. aeruginosa y OXA-23 en A. baumannii. La alta resistencia asociada a colistina en K. pneumoniae hace imperiosa la necesidad de contar con nuevos antimicrobianos más efectivos para el tratamiento de las infecciones.

ABSTRACT Introduction: the dissemination of Gram-negative bacteria resistant to carbapenems represents an important cause of morbidity and mortality, being a growing threat to public health and of great concern worldwide. Although resistance to carbapenems can be due to several mechanisms, the most relevant, clinically and epidemiologically, is enzyme production. The goals of this study were to phenotypically and genotypically characterize carbapenemases produced by clinically important Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) isolated in hospitals in Paraguay in 2022 and evaluate the susceptibility to colistin. Methodology: retrospective study, carried out on 1226 GNB strains sent to the Central Laboratory during 2022 for phenotypic and genotypic characterization. Identification studies were performed out by conventional methods, susceptibility to colistin by microdilution in broth, and molecular studies for the confirmation of resistance genes. Results: in total, of 1226 GNB isolates, 629 (51 %) were confirmed as non-carbohydrate-fermenting GNB (89 % Acinetobacter spp.) and 597 (49 %) as carbohydrate-fermenting GNB (74 % Klebsiella pneumoniae). Carbapenemases OXA-23 (94.9 %), NDM (3.1 %), OXA-23+NDM (1.8 %) and OXA-23+NDM+OXA-58 (0.2 %) were confirmed in Acinetobacter baumannii; in K. pneumoniae: NDM (84.5 %), KPC (11.7 %), KPC+NDM (3.7 %) and NDM+OXA-48like (0.2 %); and in P. aeruginosa the prevalent was NDM (50.9 %). Colistin-associated resistance was found mainly in K. pneumoniae (24%). Conclusions: in our country the circulation of carbapenemase-producing bacteria is endemic. The co-production of these enzymes is confirmed. NDM is prevalent in Enterobacterales and P. aeruginosa, and OXA-23 in A. baumannii. The high resistance associated with colistin in K. pneumoniae makes it imperative to have new, more effective antimicrobials for the treatment of infections.

RESUMO: A mastite bovina é a doença mais impactante na indústria de laticínios e é caracterizada por uma complexidade de agentes causais, os quais têm revelado uma variação geográfica entre regiões e países. Os patógenos relacionados à mastite têm sido tradicionalmente classificados como contagiosos ou ambientais, com base na fonte de infecção ou origem e nas vias de transmissão. Além disso, a gravidade das infecções mamárias tem sido associada à virulência dos patógenos, e ao estado imunológico e nutricional dos animais. Considerando esse cenário, investigamos os agentes etiológicos, os escores de gravidade clínica e os dados de dias em lactação (DEL) em 4.273 casos clínicos de mastite bovina em dez fazendas de grande porte, quatro localizadas no sudoeste do estado de São Paulo e seis no sul do Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Streptococcus dysgalactiae (283/4.273 = 6,6%), Escherichia coli (190/4.273 = 4,4%), Prototheca spp. (112/4.273 = 2,6%) e Streptococcus uberis (95/4.273 = 2,2%) foram os patógenos predominantes isolados. Entre os 4.273 casos clínicos, a pontuação de gravidade clínica estava disponível em 43,8% (1.871/4.273) dos animais. Desses, 69,8% (1.306/1.871), 27,3% (510/1.871) e 2,9% (55/1.871) foram classificados como leves, moderados e graves, respectivamente. Os patógenos foram observados principalmente em amostras obtidas durante os primeiros 100 dias em lactação, e a gravidade clínica foi principalmente classificada como leve. Nossos resultados contribuem para a identificação etiológica, a pontuação de gravidade clínica e os aspectos de ordenha de vacas com mastite em fazendas leiteiras com histórico de infecções mamárias clínicas. RESUMO causais países ambientais transmissão disso animais cenário etiológicos DEL (DEL 4273 4 273 4.27 porte Gerais Brasil 283/4.273 2834273 283 (283/4.27 6,6%, 66 6,6% , 6 6,6%) 190/4.273 1904273 190 (190/4.27 4,4%, 44 4,4% 4,4%) spp 112/4.273 1124273 112 (112/4.27 2,6% 26 2 95/4.273 954273 95 (95/4.27 2,2% 22 isolados 438 43 8 43,8 1.871/4.273 18714273 1 871 (1.871/4.273 Desses 698 69 69,8 1.306/1.871, 13061871 1.306/1.871 306 (1.306/1.871) 27 3 27,3 510/1.871 5101871 510 (510/1.871 29 9 2,9 55/1.871 551871 55 (55/1.871 leves graves respectivamente 10 leve etiológica clínicas 427 4.2 283/4.27 283427 28 (283/4.2 6,6 190/4.27 190427 19 (190/4.2 4,4 112/4.27 112427 11 (112/4.2 2,6 95/4.27 95427 (95/4.2 2,2 43, 1.871/4.27 1871427 87 (1.871/4.27 69, 1306187 1.306/1.87 30 (1.306/1.871 27, 510/1.87 510187 51 (510/1.87 2, 55/1.87 55187 5 (55/1.87 42 4. 283/4.2 28342 (283/4. 6, 190/4.2 19042 (190/4. 4, 112/4.2 11242 (112/4. 95/4.2 9542 (95/4. 1.871/4.2 187142 (1.871/4.2 130618 1.306/1.8 (1.306/1.87 510/1.8 51018 (510/1.8 55/1.8 5518 (55/1.8 283/4. 2834 (283/4 190/4. 1904 (190/4 112/4. 1124 (112/4 95/4. 954 (95/4 1.871/4. 18714 (1.871/4. 13061 1.306/1. (1.306/1.8 510/1. 5101 (510/1. 55/1. 551 (55/1. 283/4 (283/ 190/4 (190/ 112/4 (112/ 95/4 (95/ 1.871/4 1871 (1.871/4 1306 1.306/1 (1.306/1. 510/1 (510/1 55/1 (55/1 283/ (283 190/ (190 112/ (112 95/ (95 1.871/ 187 (1.871/ 130 1.306/ (1.306/1 510/ (510/ 55/ (55/ (28 (19 (11 (9 1.871 18 (1.871 13 1.306 (1.306/ (510 (55 (2 (1 ( 1.87 (1.87 1.30 (1.306 (51 (5 1.8 (1.8 1.3 (1.30 1. (1. (1.3

ABSTRACT: Bovine mastitis is the most impacting disease of dairy industry, and it is characterized by a complexity of causal agents, which have revealed a geographical variation among regions and countries. The mastitis-related pathogens have been traditionally classified as contagious or environmental, based on habits of the microorganisms and transmission routes. Besides, the severity of mammary infections has been associated with the virulence of the pathogens, and immune and nutritional status of the hosts. Considering this scenario, we investigated the etiological pattern, clinical severity scores, and days in milk (DIM) data in 4,273 clinical cases of bovine mastitis among ten large-dairy farms located in Brazil. Streptococcus dysgalactiae (283/4,273 = 6.6%), Escherichia coli (190/4,273 = 4.4%), Prototheca spp. (112/4,273 = 2.6%), and Streptococcus uberis (95/4,273 = 2.2%) were the predominant pathogens isolated. Among 4,273 clinical cases, clinical severity score was available in 43.8% (1,871/4,273) animals. From these, 69.8% (1,306/1,871), 27.3% (510/1,871), and 2.9% (55/1,871) were scored as mild, moderate, and severe, respectively. Pathogens were observed mainly in samples obtained during the first 100 days in milk, and clinical severity scored mainly as mild. Our results contributed to the etiological identification, clinical severity scoring, and milking aspects of mastitic cows in dairy farms with a history of clinical mammary infections. ABSTRACT industry agents countries mastitisrelated related environmental routes Besides hosts scenario pattern scores DIM (DIM 4273 4 273 4,27 largedairy large Brazil 283/4,273 2834273 283 (283/4,27 6.6%, 66 6.6% , 6 6.6%) 190/4,273 1904273 190 (190/4,27 4.4%, 44 4.4% 4.4%) spp 112/4,273 1124273 112 (112/4,27 2.6%, 26 2.6% 2 2.6%) 95/4,273 954273 95 (95/4,27 2.2% 22 isolated 438 43 8 43.8 1,871/4,273 18714273 1 871 (1,871/4,273 animals these 698 69 69.8 1,306/1,871, 13061871 1,306/1,871 306 (1,306/1,871) 27 3 27.3 510/1,871, 5101871 510/1,871 510 (510/1,871) 29 9 2.9 55/1,871 551871 55 (55/1,871 mild moderate severe respectively 10 identification scoring 427 4,2 283/4,27 283427 28 (283/4,2 6.6 190/4,27 190427 19 (190/4,2 4.4 112/4,27 112427 11 (112/4,2 2.6 95/4,27 95427 (95/4,2 2.2 43. 1,871/4,27 1871427 87 (1,871/4,27 69. 1306187 1,306/1,87 30 (1,306/1,871 27. 510187 510/1,87 51 (510/1,871 2. 55/1,87 55187 5 (55/1,87 42 4, 283/4,2 28342 (283/4, 6. 190/4,2 19042 (190/4, 4. 112/4,2 11242 (112/4, 95/4,2 9542 (95/4, 1,871/4,2 187142 (1,871/4,2 130618 1,306/1,8 (1,306/1,87 51018 510/1,8 (510/1,87 55/1,8 5518 (55/1,8 283/4, 2834 (283/4 190/4, 1904 (190/4 112/4, 1124 (112/4 95/4, 954 (95/4 1,871/4, 18714 (1,871/4, 13061 1,306/1, (1,306/1,8 5101 510/1, (510/1,8 55/1, 551 (55/1, 283/4 (283/ 190/4 (190/ 112/4 (112/ 95/4 (95/ 1,871/4 1871 (1,871/4 1306 1,306/1 (1,306/1, 510/1 (510/1, 55/1 (55/1 283/ (283 190/ (190 112/ (112 95/ (95 1,871/ 187 (1,871/ 130 1,306/ (1,306/1 510/ (510/1 55/ (55/ (28 (19 (11 (9 1,871 18 (1,871 13 1,306 (1,306/ (510/ (55 (2 (1 ( 1,87 (1,87 1,30 (1,306 (510 (5 1,8 (1,8 1,3 (1,30 (51 1, (1, (1,3

RESUMO: O Rio Grande do Sul possui uma grande diversidade de espécies de répteis distribuídos por todo o Estado. Devido às ações antrópicas, como a fragmentação de habitats, estes animais vêm sendo observados com frequência no meio urbano e periurbano. Isso facilita a disseminação de patógenos entre animais e seres humanos, sendo um risco a saúde única, visto que muitas doenças são consideradas zoonoses. A leptospirose está entre as zoonoses mais comuns do mundo e é causada pelas espécies patogênicas da bactéria do gênero Leptospira. Ainda não se sabe o papel dos répteis no ciclo da doença, porém, estudos sorológicos demonstraram positividade para anticorpos contra Leptospira spp. em cágados e serpentes, o que pode indicar que estes animais atuam na manutenção do patógeno no ambiente. O objetivo deste estudo foi observar a presença de anticorpos anti-Leptospira em répteis oriundos de resgate e levados ao Núcleo de Reabilitação da Fauna Silvestre e Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (NURFS-CETAS/UFPEL). As amostras foram coletadas de 55 animais (39 Trachemys dorbigni; 3 Philodryas patagoniensis; 3 Caiman latirostris; 3 Salvator merianae; 2 Acanthochelys spixii; 2 Phrynops hilarii; 2 Hydromedusa tectifera; 1 Philodryas aestiva), durante o período de agosto de 2022 a dezembro de 2023, e testadas para 12 sorovares de referência. Dois animais demonstraram positividade, um deles para o sorovar patogênico Pyrogenes e outro para o sorovar patogênico Canicola. Este resultado demonstra a importância de outras espécies, além dos mamíferos, como potenciais reservatórios e responsáveis pela manutenção da leptospirose no ambiente. RESUMO Estado antrópicas habitats periurbano humanos única doença porém spp serpentes ambiente antiLeptospira anti NURFSCETAS/UFPEL. NURFSCETASUFPEL NURFS CETAS/UFPEL . CETAS UFPEL (NURFS-CETAS/UFPEL) 5 39 (3 dorbigni patagoniensis latirostris merianae spixii hilarii tectifera aestiva, aestiva , aestiva) 202 2023 referência Canicola mamíferos NURFSCETAS NURFSCETAS/UFPEL CETASUFPEL (NURFS-CETAS/UFPEL ( 20

ABSTRACT: The state of Rio Grande do Sul has a great diversity of reptile species distributed throughout its territory. Due to human actions, such as habitat fragmentation, these animals have been frequently observed in urban and peri-urban environments. This facilitates the spread of pathogens between animals and humans, posing a unique health risk, as many diseases are considered zoonoses. Leptospirosis is among the most common zoonoses in the world and is caused by pathogenic species of bacteria of the genus Leptospira. The role of reptiles in the cycle of this disease is yet unknown. However, serological studies have demonstrated positivity for antibodies against Leptospira spp. in tortoises and snakes, which may indicate that these animals act in maintaining the pathogen in the environment. This observed the presence of anti-Leptospira antibodies in rescued reptiles taken to the Center for Rehabilitation of Wild Fauna and Screening Center for Wild Animals at the Universidade Federal de Pelotas (NURFS-CETAS/UFPEL). Samples were collected from 55 animals (39 Trachemys dorbigni; 3 Philodryas patagoniensis; 3 Caiman latirostris; 3 Salvator merianae; 2 Acanthochelys spixii; 2 Phrynops hilarii; 2 Hydromedusa tectifera; 1 Philodryas aestiva) from August 2022 to December 2023 and tested for 12 reference serovars. Two animals demonstrated positivity, one for the pathogenic serovar Pyrogenes and the other for the pathogenic serovar Canicola. This result reflected the importance of different species besides mammals as potential reservoirs and responsible for maintaining leptospirosis in the environment. ABSTRACT territory actions fragmentation periurban peri environments humans risk unknown However spp snakes environment antiLeptospira anti NURFSCETAS/UFPEL. NURFSCETASUFPEL NURFS CETAS/UFPEL . CETAS UFPEL (NURFS-CETAS/UFPEL) 5 39 (3 dorbigni patagoniensis latirostris merianae spixii hilarii tectifera aestiva 202 serovars Canicola NURFSCETAS NURFSCETAS/UFPEL CETASUFPEL (NURFS-CETAS/UFPEL ( 20

Resumen Uno de los principales objetivos del tratamiento de conductos es la adecuada desinfección del sistema de conductos radiculares mediante la instrumentación mecánica en combinación con soluciones desinfectantes para eliminar las bacterias y prevenir la reinfección. La solución irrigante/ desinfectante endodóntica más utilizada es el hipoclorito de sodio, del cual se han reportado efectos adversos biológicos importantes y riesgos relacionados, por lo que es necesario proponer y evaluar alternativas para ser utilizadas como soluciones irrigantes/desinfectantes. La solución hiperosmótica a base de cloruro de sodio y sorbato de potasio ha demostrado tener un efecto antimicrobiano adecuado contra los microorganismos patógenos endodónticos, tanto en forma planctónica y en biopelícula. El presente estudio evaluó la genotoxicidad de una solución hiperosmótica empleada como solución de desinfección endodóntica. Se cultivaron células de fibroblastos humanos en placas de cultivo y se expusieron a la solución hiperosmótica (30% / 100%) y se compararon con NaClO (1%); después de la exposición a las soluciones se realizó una evaluación mediante ensayo Micronucleo, Tunel y Mitotracker. De acuerdo a los resultados, la solución hiperosmótica es una solución de irrigación endodóntica segura o un adyuvante para la desinfección del sistema de conductos radiculares.

Abstract One of the main aims of a root-canal treatment is to disinfect the root-canal system through mechanical instrumentation and cleaning by endodontic disinfection solutions. The most common endodontic disinfection solution used has been the sodium hypochlorite. However, it has been reported some important biological adverse effects and risks related to it, so it is necessary to propose and evaluate alternatives to be used as an endodontic disinfection solution. Hyperosmotic solution based on sodium chloride and potassium sorbate previously has been shown an adequate antimicrobial effect against endodontic microorganisms in planktonic and biofilm forms. This study evaluated the genotoxicity of a hyperosmotic solution proposed as an endodontic disinfection solution. Human fibroblast cells were seeded and incubated into well-culture plates and exposed to the hyperosmotic solution (30% and 100%) and compared to NaClO 1%, after cells were cultured, an evaluation was performed by Micronucleus, Tunel and Mitotracker assays. Based on results, the hyperosmotic solution is a safe potential endodontic disinfection solution or adjuvant for root canal system disinfection.

Resumen Introducción. Los hongos endófitos (HE) de la vid (Vitis vinifera) tienen un gran potencial de aplicación en la agricultura y pueden representar posibles agentes de control biológico de los viñedos. Objetivo. Aislar e identificar los hongos endófitos (HE) de plantas de vid con capacidad de antibiosis hacia Botrytis cinerea. Materiales y métodos. Se colectaron ramas jóvenes y maduras de cuarenta plantas sanas de vid de siete lotes de producción en la provincia de Cañete, Lima, Perú, durante los meses de marzo a mayo 2022. El aislamiento de HE se realizó de 702 secciones de tejidos desinfectados en medio de cultivo papa dextrosa agar (PDA) y la identificación fue a nivel de género. Se extrajeron metabolitos secundarios de veintiocho cepas de HE para determinar la inhibición micelial del patógeno. Se llevó a cabo un análisis de varianza (ANDEVA) de los parámetros evaluados con el programa estadístico Minitab. Resultados. Se aislaron un total de 129 cepas de HE de hojas y tallos de ramas jóvenes y maduras de vid, que correspondieron a siete géneros (Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Nigrospora y Stemphylium). La mayor frecuencia se presentó en las hojas y rama madura. Trichoderma y Alternaria fueron los géneros más frecuentes en las plantas de vid con 22,48 % y 21,71 %, respectivamente. Los metabolitos obtenidos de las cepas HEVH-01 del género Cladosporium, HEV-99 y HEV-70 del género Alternaria, tuvieron mayor efecto en la inhibición micelial del patógeno. Conclusiones. Cepas de hongos endofitos del género Cladosporium y Alternaria mostraron capacidad de antibiosis hacia Botrytis cinerea a escala de laboratorio, los cuales podrían ser potenciales biocontroladores de patógenos en el cultivo de vid.

Abstract Introduction. Endophytic fungi (EF) in grapevines (Vitis vinifera) have great potential for agricultural applications and may represent possible biological control agents for vineyards. Objective. To isolate and identify endophytic fungi (EF) from grapevine plants with antibiosis capacity against Botrytis cinerea. Materials and methods. Young and mature branches from forty healthy grapevine plants were collected from seven production lots in the Cañete province, Lima, Peru, during March to May 2022. EF isolation was performed on 702 sections of disinfected tissues using potato dextrose agar (PDA) culture medium, and identification was carried out at the genus level. Secondary metabolites were extracted from twenty-eight EF strains to determine the mycelial inhibition of the pathogen. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted on the evaluated parameters using the Minitab statistical program. Results. A total of 129 EF strains were isolated from leaves and stems of young and mature grapevine branches, encompassing seven genera (Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Nigrospora, and Stemphylium). The highest frequency was found in leaves and mature branches. Trichoderma and Alternaria were the most frecuent genera in grapevine plants, with 22.48 % and 21.71%, respectively. Metabolites obtained from the EFVH-01 strain of the genus Cladosporium, and EF-99 and EF-70 strains of the genus Alternaria, had the greatest effect on mycelial inhibition of the pathogen. Conclusions. Strains of endophytic fungi from the genera Cladosporium and Alternaria showed antibiosis capacity against Botrytis cinerea at the laboratory scale, which could potential biocontrol agents of pathogens in grapevine cultivation.

Resumen Introducción. El empleo de bioformulados de rizobacterias promotoras del crecimiento vegetal es una alternativa para reducir la dependencia de pesticidas en la agricultura, por su acción biocontroladora de patógenos y solubilizadora de nutrientes. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de los bioformulados sobre la viabilidad celular de las rizobacterias y su influencia en Theobroma cacao L. Materiales y métodos. La investigación se desarrolló de enero a diciembre del año 2020 en los laboratorios de Microbiología y Biología Molecular de la Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo y en la finca Ignolia, La Maná, Ecuador. Se evaluaron: las características potenciales de las bacterias para ser consideradas como rizobacterias; la identificación del gen chiA por reacción de la cadena de la polimerasa; el efecto de los bioformulados sobre la viabilidad celular de rizobacterias y su aplicación a campo para evaluar productividad y estado fitosanitario de T. cacao. Resultados. Las rizobacterias tuvieron la capacidad de solubilizar nutrientes, producir enzimas hidrolíticas y generadoras de biopelículas. El 80 % de las cepas presentaron el gen chiA, con actividad antifúngica contra hongos patógenos. El bioformulado BIO-QPGPRs, con A. calcoaceticus, E. asburiae, S. marcescens, P. protegens y P. veronii, mostró mayor persistencia celular (1,83E+5, 1,80E+5, 1,63E+5 y 1,63E+5) durante los 26 días. Su aplicación edáfica e inyección en temporada lluviosa incrementó las emisiones foliares con 100 y 108; además, redujo la incidencia de Phytophthora spp. y mejoró el rendimiento del grano seco (1270,6 kg/ha). Conclusiones. BIO-QPGPRs conservó las rizobacterias con viabilidad celular durante 26 días. Su aplicación en campo incrementó el número de emisiones foliares, redujo la incidencia de Phytophthora spp. en mazorcas y aumentó el rendimiento del cultivo.

Abstract Introduction. The use of bioformulated plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria is an alternative to reduce the dependence on pesticides in agriculture, due to their pathogen biocontrol and nutrient solubilizing action. Objective. To evaluate the effect of bioformulates on the cell viability of rhizobacteria and their effect on Theobroma cacao L. Materials and methods. The research was conducted from January to December 2020 in the Microbiology and Molecular Biology laboratories of the Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo and at the Ignolia farm, located in La Maná, Ecuador. The following were evaluated: the potential characteristics of bacteria to be considered as rhizobacteria; the identification of the chiA gene through polymerase chain reaction; the effect of bioformulations on the cell viability of rhizobacteria; and their field application to assess the productivity and phytosanitary status of Theobroma cacao. Results. Rhizobacteria had the capacity to solubilize of nutrients, producers of hydrolytic and biofilm-generating enzymes. Eighty percent of the strains presented the chiA gene, with antifungal activity against pathogenic fungi. The BIOQPGPRs bioformulated with A. calcoaceticus, E. asburiae, S. marcescens, P. protegens and P. veronii showed greater cell persistence (1.83E+5, 1.80E+5, 1.63E+5 and 1.63E+5) during the 26 days. Its edaphic application and injection in the rainy season increased leaf emissions with 100 and 108, and reduce the incidence of Phytophthora spp. and its edaphic application of the bacterial consortium improve dry grain yield (1270.6 kg/ha). Conclusions. BIOQPGPRs preserved rhizobacteria with cell viability for 26 days. Its field application increased the number of foliar emissions, reduced the incidence of Phytophthora spp. on pods, and improved crop yield.

Resumen Introducción. Los problemas en la cadena de suministro aumentaron los costos de las materias primas y redujeron la disponibilidad de materiales para la producción de agentes de control biológico. Esto puede ejercer mayor presión de enfermedades y menores rendimientos en las granjas. Objetivo. Determinar el efecto de diferentes cantidades de almidón y el uso de ingredientes locales en procesos de fermentación a pequeña y gran escala para Trichoderma harzianum. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se ralizó en San José, Costa Rica, entre 2016 y 2018. Se realizaron ensayos en matraces para investigar la reducción o eliminación de almidón en medios de fermentación comerciales. Se llevaron a cabo ensayos en recipientes de fermentación para evaluar la efectividad de un medio local alternativo, que incluyó tres tratamientos: 1) medio comercial como control, 2) melaza al 10 % y 3) melaza al 10 % con 0,5 % de extracto de levadura. Se realizaron recuentos de esporas viables para determinar las unidades formadoras de colonias (UFC/mL). Resultados. La reducción de almidón al 10 % del medio original no tuvo impacto en las UFC/mL. Sin embargo, la ausencia de almidón resultó en un crecimiento desigual durante la fermentación. La melaza produjo aproximadamente la mitad de las UFC/mL en comparación con el medio comercial, pero superó el umbral de 107 UFC/mL utilizado en estudios para el control biológico de patógenos de plantas. Los resultados obtenidos en un fermentador a escala comercial fueron similares a los de la fermentación a escala piloto. Conclusión. La reducción del contenido de almidón en el medio comercial no afectó al crecimiento, pero la ausencia de almidón provocó acumulaciones sólidas de micelio. El uso de un medio de melaza de origen local a escala comercial parece factible mientras se mantenga un recuento de esporas viables requeridas para su uso en el campo.

Abstract Introduction. Supply chain issues have increased the costs of raw material and reduced the availability of materials for the production of biological control agents. This can result in greater disease pressure and lower yields on farms. Objective. To determine the effect of different amounts of starch and the use of local ingredients in small- and large-scale fermentation processes for Trichoderma harzianum. Materials and methods. The study was conducted in San José, Costa Rica, between 2016 and 2018. Flask experiments were performed to investigate the reduction or elimination of starch in commercial fermentation media. Fermentation vessel trials were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of an alternative local medium, which included three treatments: 1) commercial medium as a control, 2) 10 % molasses medium, and 3) 10 % molasses with 0.5% yeast extract. Viable spore counts were performed to determine colony-forming units (CFU/mL). Results. Reducing starch to 10 % of the original medium had no impact on CFU/mL. However, the absence of starch resulted in uneven growth during fermentation. Molasses produced approximately half the CFU/mL compared to the commercial medium but exceeded the threshold of 107 CFU/mL used in studies for the biological control of plant pathogens. Results obtained in a commercial-scale fermenter were similar to those of pilot-scale fermentation. Conclusion. Reducing starch content in the commercial medium did not affect growth, but the absence of starch led to solid mycelium clumps. The use of a local molasses-based medium on a commercial scale feasible as long as the required viable spore count for field use is maintained.

Abstract Dry rot represents the most destructive disease of cocoyam (Xanthosoma violaceum). The isolation of Pythium myriotylum requires the use of fresh root samples, so specific isolation techniques and selective growth media must be developed. The objective of this study was to evaluate techniques for the isolation of Pythium myriotylum and to determine the pathogenicity of microorganisms associated with dry rot in cocoyam. The efficacy of three isolation methods was assessed: a) soil dilutions, b) roots exhibiting symptoms of dry rot, and c) cocoyam leaves as baits [HQC]. The isolates were placed in different culture media, namely a) potato dextrose agar, b) water agar + streptomycin sulfate, c) V8 + Pimaricin, Ampicillin, Rifampicin and Benomyl [PARB]; and d) tetrazolium chloride medium, for bacteria. The isolated microorganisms were identified using taxonomic keys. The pathogenicity of the isolates was evaluated in a greenhouse setting using with vitroplants of cocoyam Lila. This was done by inoculating the isolates obtained, alone and in combination, to a sterile substrate and a control treatment without inoculation. The Pythium spp. demonstrated mycelial growth with an abundance of fruiting structures when the HQC method and V8-PARB culture media were employed. The pathogenicity test revealed that the combined treatments with P. myriotylum resulted in the manifestation of symptoms indicative of root damage. The combination of soil isolation with cocoyam leaves, and the V8-PARB culture media was the most effective method for the isolation of Pythium myriotylum. This approach resulted in the growth of abundant mycelium that facilitated morphometric identification. P. myriotylum was observed to indice symptoms consistent with dry rot in vitroplants of cocoyam. Inoculation of plants with F. solani and R. solanacearum, either individually or in combination, did not result in the manifestation of symptoms characteristic of dry rot.

Resumen El mal seco es la enfermedad más destructiva del quequisque (Xanthosoma violaceum). El aislamiento de Pythium myriotylum requiere de muestras de raíces frescas; por lo que se deben desarrollar técnicas de aislamiento específicas y medios selectivos. En este estudio, se evaluaron técnicas para el aislamiento de Pythium myriotylum y se determinó la patogenicidad de microorganismos asociados a mal seco en quequisque. Se evaluaron tres métodos de aislamiento: a) diluciones de suelo, b) raíces con síntomas de mal seco, y c) hojas de quequisque como cebos [HQC]. Se colocaron los aislados en diferentes medios de cultivo a) papa dextrosa agar, b) agar agua + sulfato de estreptomicina, c) V8 + Pimaricina, Ampicilina, Rifampicina y Benomil [PARB]; y d) el medio cloruro de tetrazolio, para bacterias. Se utilizaron claves taxonómicas para la identificación de los microorganismos aislados. La patogenicidad se evaluó en invernadero con vitroplantas de quequisque Lila al inocular los aislados obtenidos, solos y su combinación, al sustrato estéril y un tratamiento testigo sin inoculación. Agentes patógenos como P. myriotylum, F. solani y R. solanacearum, fueron aislados. Pythium spp. tuvo un crecimiento micelial con estructuras fructíferas abundantes con el método HQC en V8-PARB. En la prueba de patogenicidad, los tratamientos combinados con P. myriotylum mostraron síntomas de afectación en las raíces. El método de aislamiento de Pythium myriotylum a partir de suelo, con hojas de quequisque y combinado con el medio de cultivo V8-PARB fue el más efectivo, obteniéndose aislados con micelio abundante que facilitaron su identificación morfométrica. P. myriotylum provocó síntomas característicos de mal seco en las vitroplantas de quequisque lila. Las plantas inoculadas con F. solani y R. solanacearum, solos o combinados, no presentaron síntomas de mal seco.

Abstract This case report describes a skin and soft tissue infection in a healthy 5-year-old girl caused by Vibrio vulnificus, concurrent with Staphylococcus aureus, after an ankle injury and exposure to brackish water from the Río de la Plata. Empirical treatment with firstgeneration cephalosporins was administered, with satisfactory clinical evolution. Vibrio vulnificus, a halophilic gram-negative bacillus, is known to cause severe infections following exposure to contaminated brackish water, particularly in individuals with risk factors. However, this case highlights its presentation in a child without prior comorbidities, emphasizing the importance of epidemiological history to consider less common pathogens in pediatric skin infections.

Resumen Se presenta el caso clínico de una infección de piel y tejidos blandos por Vibrio vulnificus, concurrente con Staphylococcus aureus, en una niña sana de cinco años, tras un traumatismo en el tobillo y exposición a aguas del Río de la Plata. Se administró tratamiento empírico con cefalosporinas de primera generación, con una evolución clínica satisfactoria. Vibrio vulnificus, un bacilo gramnegativo halófilo, es conocido por causar infecciones graves tras la exposición a agua salobre contaminada, especialmente en individuos con factores de riesgo. Sin embargo, este caso resalta su presentación en una niña sana, sin co-morbilidades previas, subrayando la importancia de los antecedentes epidemiológicos para considerar patógenos menos comunes en infecciones cutáneas pediátricas.

SUMMARY: The role of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and monocyte extracellular traps (METs) is well established in fertilization disorders by adverse effects on sperm motility, acrosome integrity, membrane lipoperoxidation, and disturbing oocyte sperm binding. Moreover, NETs/METs remove efficiently excessive spermatozoa within the female reproductive tract (FRT) after natural coitus or artificial insemination (AI). Depending on their location in reproductive organs, NETs/METs may be beneficial to the host by their capability of either limiting the dissemination of infective pathogens, promoting wound healing, and exerting anti-inflammatory properties through the degradation of pro-inflammatory components. Conversely, excessive or imbalanced NETs/METs release within FRT or urogenital tract (UGT) might be associated with worse fertility due to deleterious effects on sperm functions, oocyte fertilization, endometrium microenvironment, and embryo implantation. In the UGT, patients with epididymitis or urogenital bacterial infections and with leukocytospermia spontaneous release of NETs/METs in seminal fluids. Moreover, in infertile male/female patients without infectious etiologies but with autoimmune (i. e. systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis)-, metabolic (diabetes mellitus, obesity)- and vascular (vasculitis, hypertension, and preeclampsia)- diseases uncontrolled NETs/METs might negatively influence their fertility. Thus, this review aims to provide novel insights into the beneficial as well as adverse effects of NETs/METs on male gametes, oocyte fertilization, and endometrium by highlighting broad implications on early diagnosis of extracellular traps (ETs) in seminal fluid samples of infertility patients with inflammatory etiologies. As well as, for early diagnosis of spontaneous formation of NETs/METs in infertile couples with one or both being affected with chronic inflammatory-, metabolic-, vascular- and/or autoimmune diseases to increase the chance of conception.

RESUMEN: El papel de las trampas extracelulares de neutrófilos (NETs) y las trampas extracelulares de monocitos (METs) está bien establecido en los trastornos de la fertilización por efectos adversos sobre la motilidad de los espermatozoides, la integridad del acrosoma, la lipoperoxidación de la membrana y la alteración de la unión de los espermatozoides al ovocito. Además, las NETs/METs eliminan de manera eficiente el exceso de espermatozoides dentro del tracto reproductivo femenino (FRT) después del coito natural o la inseminación artificial (IA). Dependiendo de su ubicación en los órganos reproductivos, las NET/MET pueden ser beneficiosas para el huésped por su capacidad de limitar la diseminación de patógenos infecciosos, promover la cicatrización de heridas y ejercer propiedades antiinflamatorias a través de la degradación de componentes proinflamatorios. Por el contrario, la liberación excesiva o desequilibrada de NETs/METs dentro del FRT o el tracto urogenital masculino (UGT) podría estar asociada con una baja fertilidad debido a efectos nocivos sobre las funciones de los espermatozoides, la fertilización de los ovocitos, el microambiente del endometrio y la implantación del embrión. En UGT, los pacientes con epididimitis o infecciones bacterianas urogenitales y con leucocitospermia presentan liberación espontánea de NETs/ METs en los fluidos seminales. Además, en pacientes masculinos/ femeninos infértiles sin etiologías infecciosas pero con enfermedades autoinmunes (es decir, lupus eritematoso sistémico, artritis reumatoide), metabólicas (diabetes mellitus, obesidad) y vasculares (vasculitis, hipertensión y preeclampsia), los NETs/ METs no controlados pueden influir negativamente en su fertilidad. Por lo tanto, esta revisión tiene como objetivo proporcionar nuevos conocimientos sobre los efectos beneficiosos y adversos de los NETs/METs en los gametos masculinos, la fertilización de ovocitos y el endometrio, destacando las amplias implicaciones en el diagnóstico temprano de trampas extracelulares (TE) en muestras de fluido seminal de pacientes infértiles con etiologías inflamatorias. Así como para el diagnóstico precoz de la formación espontánea de NETs/METs en parejas infértiles en las que uno o ambos padecen enfermedades inflamatorias, metabólicas, vasculares y/o autoinmunes crónicas, con el fin de aumentar las posibilidades de concepción.