ABSTRACT Parental division of offspring care in the post-fledging stage of passerines is scarcely studied, especially for neotropical species. We describe the division of parental care in the post-fledging stage of the pale-breasted thrush, Turdus leucomelas Vieillot, 1818, focusing on the food provisioning rate, its effects on fledgling vocalization and foraging, as well as the way parents divide their brood for care. We made direct observations on 13 fledglings from eight families (mean ± standard deviation: 1.88 ± 0.83 fledglings per family) for 70.2 hours. We found no differences in food provisioning rate between adult males and females, nor was it affected by brood age or size. Food provisioning rate was not associated with the frequency of foraging and vocalization by fledglings; foraging was the only behavior that varied with brood age, increasing in frequency. Although there was no difference between parents in food provisioning, pale-breasted thrushes presented four different arrangements of fledgling care: male-only care (while females incubated a new clutch), brood division between the two parents, female-only care (in the absence of a new nesting attempt), and biparental care (both adults take care of the same fledgling). The mode of parental care (uniparental or biparental) did not affect the rate of food provisioning to fledglings. The diversity in modes of brood division between parents was greater than expected, which calls for further studies to uncover the underlying reasons for such variation. postfledging post fledging studied species palebreasted pale breasted thrush Vieillot 1818 1 mean deviation 188 88 1.8 083 0 83 0.8 family 702 70 2 70. hours size maleonly male while clutch, clutch , clutch) femaleonly female attempt, attempt attempt) both fledgling. . fledgling) uniparental expected variation 181 18 8 1. 08 0. 7

ABSTRACT: In Brazil, the Atlantic Forest has been suffering from deforestation, which has had impacts on its flora, fauna, and microbiota. However, the fungal diversity present in these environments is little known and studied. In this study, a total of 90 samples of 45 wild birds (45 feathers and 45 feces) were collected in Ilha da Marambaia, southeastern Brazil. Filamentous fungi isolated from these samples were identified through macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. Some isolates were identified by molecular biology using the PCR technique. Acremonium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cunninghamella, Curvularia, Eurotium, Fusarium, Geotrichum, Neosartorya, Pestalotia, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Mucor and Syncephalastrum were identified. These results indicate the presence of saprophytic fungi species in the feathers and feces of wild birds of the capture site. Further studies should be conducted to elucidate if the mycobiota profile modifies with anthropization and if it interferes with bird health and environmental recovery. ABSTRACT Brazil deforestation flora fauna microbiota However studied study 9 4 (4 Marambaia characteristics technique Acremonium Alternaria Aspergillus Cunninghamella Curvularia Eurotium Fusarium Geotrichum Neosartorya Pestalotia Paecilomyces Penicillium Rhizopus site recovery (

RESUMO: No Brasil, a Mata Atlântica vem sofrendo com o desmatamento, que tem impactado sua flora, fauna e microbiota. No entanto, a diversidade fúngica presente nesses ambientes é pouco conhecida e estudada. Neste trabalho, um total de 90 amostras de 45 aves silvestres (45 penas e 45 fezes) foram coletadas na Ilha da Marambaia, Sudeste do Brasil. Fungos filamentosos isolados dessas amostras foram identificados por meio de características macroscópicas e microscópicas. Alguns isolados foram identificados por biologia molecular usando a técnica de PCR. Foram identificados Acremonium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cunninghamella, Curvularia, Eurotium, Fusarium, Geotrichum, Neosartorya, Pestalotia, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Mucor e Syncephalastrum. Esses resultados indicam a presença de espécies de fungos saprofíticos nas penas e fezes de aves silvestres do local de captura. Novos estudos devem ser realizados a fim de elucidar se o perfil da micobiota se modifica com a antropização e se interfere na saúde das aves e na recuperação ambiental. RESUMO Brasil desmatamento flora microbiota entanto estudada trabalho 9 4 (4 Marambaia microscópicas PCR Acremonium Alternaria Aspergillus Cunninghamella Curvularia Eurotium Fusarium Geotrichum Neosartorya Pestalotia Paecilomyces Penicillium Rhizopus Syncephalastrum captura ambiental (

Abstract We announce the mitochondrial genomes of seven species of the genus Sporophila (S. bouvreuil, S. iberaensis, S. melanogaster, S. minuta, S. nigrorufa, S. pileata, and S. ruficollis) which were validated by comparative genomic and phylogenetic analysis with related species. The mitochondrial genomes of seven passerines of the genus Sporophila were assembled (three complete and four nearly complete genomes) and were validated by reconstructing phylogenetic relations within Thraupidae. The complete mitogenomes ranged from 16,781 bp in S. ruficollis to 16,791 bp in S. minuta. We identified a conserved genome composition within all mitogenomes with 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNAs and two rRNAs. We observed a bias in the nucleotide composition and six mutational hotspots in Sporophila mitogenomes. Our mitogenome-based phylogenetic tree has S. minuta, S. maximiliani and S. nigricollis as sister species of the remaining species in the genus. We present new mitogenome sequences for seven Sporophila species, providing new genomic resources that may be useful for research on the evolution, comparative genetics, and conservation of this threatened group. S (S bouvreuil iberaensis melanogaster minuta nigrorufa pileata three Thraupidae 16781 16 781 16,78 16791 791 16,79 1 proteincoding protein coding genes 2 rRNAs mitogenomebased based evolution genetics group 1678 78 16,7 1679 79 167 7 16,

Resumo O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar a ocorrência de enterobactérias em passeriformes do gênero Sporophila, provenientes do tráfico ilegal de animais, e analisar sua resistência antimicrobiana. Um total de 35 aves, aparentemente saudáveis e provenientes de criações ilegais, foram encaminhadas ao Laboratório de Estudos Ornitológicos da Universidade Estadual do Ceará (Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil) por órgãos ambientais. Amostras obtidas a partir de suabes cloacais foram coletadas de cada ave e submetidas a processamento microbiológico tradicional, utilizando técnicas padrão de cultivo e identificação bacteriana. O teste de sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos foi avaliado pelo método de disco de difusão. Das amostras examinadas, 23 (65,7%) apresentaram a presença de enterobactérias, sendo Escherichia coli (28,6%) e Serratia liquefaciens (25,7%) as mais frequentes. A resistência antimicrobiana referente aos isolados totais foi observada com mais frequência em relação à ciprofloxacina (28,1%), seguida por tetraciclina (25,0%) e enrofloxacina (18,8%). Especificamente em relação à Serratia liquefaciens, a taxa de resistência foi a mais altas, atingindo 66,6% dos isolados. Com base nos resultados obtidos, podemos concluir que as amostras cloacais das aves apresentaram isolamento de diversos membros da ordem Enterobacteriales, sendo E. coli e S. liquefaciens as mais frequentes. Também foi observada a ocorrência de resistência antimicrobiana a diversos fármacos utilizados, assim como casos de multiresistência, o que mostra que esse problema está presente em pássaros silvestres oriundo de manutenções ilegais. Isso ressalta a necessidade de considerar a presença de bactérias resistentes a antimicrobianos em programas de soltura, visando evitar a dispersão desses microrganismos no meio ambiente. Sporophila animais 3 ilegais Fortaleza, Fortaleza (Fortaleza Brasil ambientais tradicional bacteriana difusão examinadas 2 65,7% 657 65 7 (65,7% 28,6% 286 28 6 (28,6% 25,7% 257 25 (25,7% frequentes 28,1%, 281 28,1% , 1 (28,1%) 25,0% 250 0 (25,0% 18,8%. 188 18,8% . 18 8 (18,8%) altas 666 66 66,6 obtidos Enterobacteriales E S utilizados multiresistência soltura ambiente 65,7 (65,7 28,6 (28,6 25,7 (25,7 28,1 (28,1% 25,0 (25,0 18,8 (18,8% 66, 65, (65, 28, (28, 25, (25, (28,1 18, (18,8 (65 (28 (25 (18, (6 (2 (18 ( (1

Abstract We investigate the occurrence of enterobacteria and antimicrobial resistance in passerines of the genus Sporophila seized from illegal trafficking. A total of 35 birds, apparently healthy and from illegal breeding, were sent to the Laboratory of Ornithological Studies at the State University of Ceará (Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil) by environmental agencies. Cloacal swabs were collected from each bird and subjected to traditional microbiological processing, using standard cultivation and bacterialidentification techniques. We conducted antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the disc-diffusion method. Twenty-three birds (65.7%) exhibited enterobacteria, with Escherichia coli (28.6%) and Serratia liquefaciens (25.7%) being the most common. Antimicrobial resistance in total isolates was observed most frequently in relation to ciprofloxacin (28.1%), followed by tetracycline (25.0%) and enrofloxacin (18.8%). The rate of resistance to Serratia liquefaciens was the highest (i.e., 66.6% of isolates). The birds’ cloacal samples revealed several members of the Enterobacterales order, with E. coli and S. liquefaciens being the most prevalent. We also observed antimicrobial resistance to several drugs, as well as cases of multi-resistance. Antimicrobial resistance is clearly present in wild birds resulting from illegal keeping. These findings highlight the importance of considering antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in release programs to prevent these microorganisms from dispersing into the environment. trafficking 3 breeding Fortaleza, Fortaleza (Fortaleza Brazil agencies processing techniques discdiffusion disc diffusion method Twentythree Twenty three 65.7% 657 65 7 (65.7% 28.6% 286 28 6 (28.6% 25.7% 257 25 (25.7% common 28.1%, 281 28.1% , 1 (28.1%) 25.0% 250 0 (25.0% 18.8%. 188 18.8% . 18 8 (18.8%) i.e., ie i e (i.e. 666 66 66.6 isolates. isolates) order E S prevalent drugs multiresistance. multiresistance multi resistance. multi-resistance keeping antimicrobialresistant resistant environment 65.7 (65.7 28.6 2 (28.6 25.7 (25.7 28.1 (28.1% 25.0 (25.0 18.8 (18.8% i.e. (i.e 66. 65. (65. 28. (28. 25. (25. (28.1 18. (18.8 i.e (65 (28 (25 (18. (6 (2 (18 ( (1

Resumen. Las aves son entre los animales más explotados por sus cantos melodiosos y plumaje atractivo, pero pocos estudios exploran el comercio clandestino de aves en los mercados locales. Para evaluar el comercio de aves en la Ciudad de México, registramos el número de individuos de cada especie en venta en tres mercados durante dos períodos de 2012-2013 y 2015-2016. Registramos 74 especies de aves en venta, con un total de 20,388 individuos en 2012-2013, y 20,004 individuos en 2015-2016 de todas las especies en los tres mercados. Esto incluyó 11 especies de Psittaciformes nativos cuya venta está prohibida en México, además de ocho especies amenazadas o en peligro de extinción a nivel internacional y seis especies en el Apéndice I de CITES que prohíben su comercio. El número total de aves y el número de individuos de aves no nativas (̴15,000-8,000) para la venta se mantuvieron constantes entre los dos periodos. Sin embargo, encontramos un aumento significativo en la cantidad de individuos de especies de aves nativas para la venta, de 1,892 aves en 2012-2013 a 4,506 aves nativas en 2015-2016. Registramos 24 especies de aves canoras que también incrementó significativamente entre periodos ya que casi todas fueron especies nativas. Nuestros resultados demuestran que la venta de aves de compañía, ornamentales y canoras ha persistido en los mercados de la Ciudad de México, con especies no nativas siendo vendidas en cantidades consistentemente altas y un aumento significativo en la cantidad de aves nativas. Esto indica una alta demanda de aves canoras y ornamentales, con riesgos asociados de introducción de especies no exóticas y comercio ilegal de especies en riesgo que afecta a las poblaciones amenazadas.

Abstract. Birds are among the most exploited animals due to their melodious songs and attractive plumage, but few studies explore the clandestine bird trade at local markets. To assess the bird trade in Mexico City, we recorded the number of individuals of each species for sale in three markets during two periods of 2012-2013 and 2015-2016. We recorded 74 bird species for sale, with a total of 20,388 individuals in 2012-2013 and 20,004 individuals in 2015-2016 of all species in the three markets. This included 11 species of native Psittaciformes whose sale is prohibited in Mexico, as well as eight internationally endangered or threatened species, and six species in CITES Appendix I prohibiting their trade. The overall number of birds for sale, and the number of non-native (̴15,000 - 18,000) birds for sale, remained constant between the two periods. However, we found a significant increase in the number of individuals of native bird species for sale, from 1,892 birds in 2012-2013 to 4,506 native birds in 2015-2016. We recorded 24 species of songbirds that also increased significantly between periods as almost all songbirds were native species. Our results demonstrate that the sale of companion, ornamental and songbirds has persisted in Mexico City markets, with non-native species selling in consistently high numbers, and a significant increase in the number of native birds for sale. This indicates a high demand for singing and ornamental birds, with associated risks of introducing non-native species, and illegal trade of species at risk that affects threatened populations.

ABSTRACT: Traumatic injuries are a significant cause of death for birds worldwide, as they are at an increased risk of collisions and other injuries due to man-made environments. This study examined the frequency and morphological characteristics of fatal traumatic injuries in endemic and migratory Passeriformes and Psittaciformes from the Cerrado Biome, a biodiverse but threatened area in Brazil. Results showed that fatal traumatic injuries were found in 21.8% of birds (285/1305), mainly in spring and summer, during the birds’ reproductive period. The yellow-chevroned parakeet (Brotogeris chiriri) and Passeriformes from the Thraupidae family were the most affected. Nearly 70% of the fatal injuries observed were to the thoracic, pelvic limbs, and skull, and types of fractures and affected bones were thoroughly evaluated. Blunt traumas were one of the most frequent causes of injuries. Injuries affecting the appendicular skeleton and head represented significant causes of traumatic death for Passeriformes and Psittaciformes. The frequency of these fatal injuries has been increasing in recent years, which may be related to the remarkable environmental changes in the Cerrado Biome and jeopardize the survival of many bird species. ABSTRACT worldwide manmade man made environments Brazil 218 21 8 21.8 285/1305, 2851305 285/1305 , 285 1305 (285/1305) summer period yellowchevroned yellow chevroned Brotogeris chiriri 70 thoracic limbs skull evaluated years species 2 21. 285130 285/130 28 130 (285/1305 7 28513 285/13 13 (285/130 2851 285/1 1 (285/13 285/ (285/1 (285/ (285 (28 (2 (

RESUMO: As lesões traumáticas são uma causa significativa de morte nas aves em todo o mundo, pois apresentam um risco maior de colisões e outras lesões devido aos ambientes degradados e criados pelo homem. Este estudo examinou a frequência e as características morfológicas das lesões traumáticas fatais em Passeriformes e Psittaciformes endêmicos e migratórios do Bioma Cerrado, uma área com rica biodiversidade, mas ameaçada no Brasil. Os resultados demostraram que as lesões traumáticas fatais foram observadas em 21,8% das aves (285/1305), principalmente na primavera e verão, durante a época reprodutiva das aves. O periquito-do-encontro-amarelo (Brotogeris chiriri) e Passeriformes da família Thraupidae foram as aves mais frequentemente acometidas. Por volta de 70% das lesões fatais observadas foram nos membros torácicos e pélvicos, e crânio, e os tipos de fraturas e ossos afetados foram minuciosamente avaliados. Os traumas contudentes foram as principais causas das lesões. As injúrias que afetaram o esqueleto apendicular e a cabeça representaram as mais importantes causas de morte traumática para Passeriformes e Psittaciformes. A frequência dessas lesões fatais vem aumentando nos últimos anos, o que pode estar relacionado às mudanças ambientais marcantes no Bioma Cerrado e colocar em risco a sobrevivência de muitas espécies de aves. RESUMO mundo homem biodiversidade Brasil 218 21 8 21,8 285/1305, 2851305 285/1305 , 285 1305 (285/1305) verão periquitodoencontroamarelo periquito encontro amarelo Brotogeris chiriri acometidas 70 pélvicos crânio avaliados anos 2 21, 285130 285/130 28 130 (285/1305 7 28513 285/13 13 (285/130 2851 285/1 1 (285/13 285/ (285/1 (285/ (285 (28 (2 (

ABSTRACT We studied aggressive behaviors of birds influenced by artificial feeders with seeds in a semi-arid region of Chile. In eight experimental feeders we recorded 1,118 social interaction events, which included 366 aggressive behaviors (32.74 %). This resource caused social instability in some species, suggesting comparative differences in the expression of agonistic behaviors. In addition, the 34.78 % of the granivorous birds described for the study area used the feeders, which indicate that they are not suitable to assessing species richness.

RESUMEN Se estudió la expresión de conductas agresivas de aves frente a comederos artificiales con semillas en una región semiárida de Chile. En ocho comederos experimentales cuantificamos 1.118 eventos de interacción social, registrándose 366 conductas agresivas (32,74 %). Este recurso provocó inestabilidad social sólo en algunas especies, sugiriendo diferencias comparativas en la expresión de conductas agonísticas. Además, el 34,78 % de las aves granívoras conocidas para la zona estudiada utilizaron los comederos por lo que se descarta su utilidad para evaluar riqueza.

ABSTRACT Respiratory mites are blood-sucking parasites affecting nasal passages, paranasal sinuses, bronchial tree, lungs, and air sacs of ornamental and wild birds. The present study was aimed at determining the presence and level of infestation of the respiratory mite Sternostoma tracheacolum in ornamental birds, as well as those organs most affected by it. All ornamental birds, referred to the Parasitology Department of the Avian Research and Diagnostic Laboratory in the period 2002-2020, were examined in the study, resulting in a total of 1254 birds of 18 different species that were submitted for acarological diagnosis. The presence of S. tracheacolum was diagnosed and the comparison of proportions test was carried out to determine if there were significant differences between bird species and affected organs. The bird species positive for S. tracheacolum were Serinus canaria (24 %), Chloebia gouldiae (23 %), Padda oryzivora (11 %), Melopsittacus undulatus (10 %) and Agapornis ro- seicollis (0.5 %). The highest invasion rates appeared in S. canaria, C. gouldiae and P. oryzivora. The parasitized organs were: nasal passages, paranasal sinuses, trachea, lungs and air sacs. The highest number of mites was found in the trachea. As preliminary findings, a respiratory mite species was observed whose morphological characteristics did not correspond to those described for S. tracheacolum.

RESUMEN Los ácaros respiratorios son parásitos hematófagos que afectan las fosas nasales, senos paranasales, árbol bronquial, pulmones y sacos aéreos de aves ornamentales y silvestres. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivos: determinar la presencia y el nivel de infestación del ácaro respiratorio Sternostoma tracheacolum en aves ornamentales; así como los órganos más afectados por el mismo. En el estudio se examinaron todas las aves ornamentales remitidas al departamento de Parasitología del Laboratorio de Investigación y Diagnóstico Aviar en el período 2002-2020, para un total de 1254 aves de 18 especies diferentes a las que se le realizó el diagnóstico acarológico. Se diagnosticó la presencia de S. tracheacolum y se realizó la prueba de comparación de proporciones para determinar si existieron diferencias significativas entre las especies de aves y órganos afectados. Las especies de aves positivas a S. tracheacolum fueron Serinus canaria (24 %), Chloebia gouldiae (23 %), Padda oryzivora (11 %), Melopsittacus undulatus (10 %) y Agapornis ro- seicollis (0,5 %). Las mayores extensidades de invasión se presentaron en S. canaria, C.gouldiae y P. oryzivora. Los órganos parasitados fueron: fosas nasales, senos paranasales, tráquea, pulmones y sacos aéreos. El mayor número de ácaros se presentó en tráquea. Como hallazgos preliminares se observó una especie de ácaro respiratorio cuyas características morfológicas no se corresponden con las descritas para S. tracheacolum.

RESUMO: Os vírus da gripe aviária (VGA), vírus da doença de Newcastle (VDN), vírus do Nilo Ocidental (VNO), adenovírus (AV) e herpesvírus (HV) desempenham um papel importante na saúde das populações humana e animal. No entanto, o conhecimento da prevalência desses vírus em aves selvagens é restrito a alguns grupos (por exemplo, aves limícolas) ou regiões em todo o mundo. As informações sobre as aves campestres da América do Sul, essenciais para a sua conservação, são escassas. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram avaliar a ocorrência de VGA, VDN, VNO, AV e HV pela primeira vez em uma comunidade de aves de uma área única protegida no Sul do Brasil, que abriga o cardeal-amarelo (Gubernatrix cristata) criticamente ameaçado de extinção e em cardeais-amarelos de cativeiro dos mantenedores de fauna do Programa Brasileiro de Cativeiro do Cardeal-amarelo. Espécies de passeriformes silvestres foram capturadas, identificadas e amostras (swabs) foram coletadas da orofaringe e cloaca de 64 passeriformes de 26 espécies (incluindo 3 cardeais-amarelos) e 30 cardeais-amarelos de cativeiro, para diagnóstico molecular. As amostras foram submetidas à extração de RNA e DNA e à reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real (RT-PCR) para VGA, VDN e VNO e nested PCR para AV e HV. Um cardeal-amarelo de cativeiro apresentou resultado positivo para AV, este resultado é importante para o planejamento, manejo dos atributos naturais e tomada de decisões em relação à conservação integrada de espécies ameaçadas. Este é o primeiro relato de AV em cardeal-amarelo e de investigação epidemiológica de vírus em passeriformes silvestres do bioma Pampa, no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.

ABSTRACT: Avian influenza viruses (AIVs), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), West Nile virus (WNV), adenovirus (AV) and herpesvirus (HV) play an important role in the health of human and animal populations. However, knowledge of the prevalence of these viruses in wild birds is restricted to some groups (e.g. shorebirds) or regions worldwide. Information on grassland birds of South America, which is essential for their conservation, is scarce. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate occurrences of AIV, NDV, WNV, AV and HV for the first time in a bird community of a unique protected area in southern Brazil, which is home for the critically endangered yellow cardinal (Gubernatrix cristata), and captive yellow cardinals from fauna maintainers of the Brazilian Captive Program of the Yellow Cardinal. Passerine species of wild life were caught, identified and samples (swabs) were collected from the oropharynx and cloaca of 64 passerines of 26 species (including 3 yellow cardinals) and 30 yellow cardinals of captive, for molecular diagnosis. The samples were subjected to RNA and DNA extraction and the real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for AIV, NDV and WNV and nested PCR for AV and HV. One yellow cardinal of captive presented a positive result for AV, this result is important for planning, managing natural attributes and making decisions in relation to integrated conservation of threatened species. This is the first report of AV in yellow cardinal and epidemiological investigation of viruses in wild passerines of the Pampa biome, in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

ABSTRACT A paradigm in ornithology argues that in suboscine Passerines (suborder Tyranni) songs are genetically inherited and usually do not show evidence of vocal learning and individual or geographic variation. In this work, we evaluated the individual and geographic variation in the territorial songs of five populations of Scelorchilus rubecula, a suboscine bird endemic of the temperate forests of southern Argentina and Chile. Three complementary methods were used (1) sonograms cross-correlation, (2) coefficient of variation and (3) non-metric multi-dimensional scaling (MDS). The results suggest individually consistency in songs and vocal variation among individuals of S. rubecula. This high consistency of individual songs (66 - 91 %) in comparison with songs of other individuals of the same population (17 - 50 %) indicate that some variables (i.e., duration of phrase 1, FMA start phrase 1 and FMA end phrase 2) of S. rubecula territorial song can be used for individual identification. At geographical/population-level the MDS analysis did not show a clear structured pattern, distant geographic areas were grouped in the MDS arrangements.

RESUMEN Un paradigma en ornitología sostiene que en los Passeriformes subóscinos (suborden Tyranni) los cantos son heredados genéticamente y, generalmente, no muestran ninguna evidencia de aprendizaje vocal y variación individual o geográfica. En este trabajo se evalúa la variación individual y geográfica en las vocalizaciones territoriales de cinco poblaciones de Scelorchilus rubecula, un ave suboscina endémica de los bosques templados del sur de Argentina y Chile. Se utilizaron tres métodos complementarios (1) correlación cruzada de sonogramas, (2) coeficiente de variación y (3) ordenamiento multidimensional (MDS). Los resultados sugieren consistencia en las vocalizaciones a nivel individual y variación vocal entre individuos de S. rubecula. Esta alta consistencia de las vocalizaciones individuales (66 - 91 %) en relación con las vocalizaciones de otros individuos de la misma población (17 - 50 %), indican que algunas variables (i.e., duración frase 1, FMA inicio frase 1, FMA final frase 2) de la vocalización territorial de S. rubecula pueden ser utilizadas para la identificación individual, mientras que a nivel geográfico/poblacional no se obtuvo una clara estructuración, áreas geográficas distantes se agruparon en los arreglos MDS.

Solar radiation, winds and cover vegetation can affect nest construction decisions in birds; for example, the orientation of their entrance. In this study, the nest entrance orientation of rufous hornero (Furnarius rufus) in a subtropical desert site from Northern Argentina was examined. It was evaluated whether solar radiation and winds influence the mean orientation of nests with abundant upper vegetation cover and of those with little or no upper vegetation cover. Nests with abundant upper vegetation cover showed a randomly defined nest entrance orientation, suggesting that solar radiation and winds are not relevant in nest construction. Nests with little or no upper vegetation cover showed a non-random entrance, southeastern oriented, which would avoid direct solar radiation. Thus, nest with little or no upper vegetation cover were oriented towards prevailing southern humid winds as to increase cooling inside the nest. This work emphasizes the importance of including nest vegetation cover as a variable that may affect nest orientation.

La radiación solar, los vientos y la cobertura vegetal sobre los nidos pueden influir en las decisiones de las aves acerca de cómo construirlos; por ejemplo, en la orientación de la entrada. En este estudio se examinó la orientación de la entrada en nidos de hornero (Furnarius rufus) en un sitio desértico subtropical del norte de la Argentina. Se evaluó si la radiación solar y los vientos influyen en la orientación media de los nidos con abundante cobertura vegetal superior y en los que tienen escasa o nula cobertura vegetal superior. Los nidos con abundante cobertura vegetal superior mostraron una orientación aleatoria de la boca de entrada, lo que sugiere que la radiación solar y los vientos no influyen al momento de la construcción del nido. Los nidos con poca o nula cobertura vegetal superior presentaron una orientación de entrada no aleatoria hacia el sureste, con lo cual reducen la radiación solar directa. Además, estos nidos con escasa cobertura vegetal se orientan hacia los vientos húmedos predominantes del sur, lo que facilitaría la refrigeración dentro del nido. Este trabajo resalta la importancia de incluir la cobertura vegetal de los nidos como variable que puede influir en la orientación de los nidos.

ABSTRACT Normal passerines (n=216) were evaluated for oocysts of Isospora in feces at the Triage Center for Wild Animals (CETAS, IBAMA, Belo Horizonte; August 21 to September 21, 2012). The positive samples with oocysts represented 13.0% of Cardinalidae (n=23), 11.2% of Emberizidae (n=107), 50% of Icteridae (n=10) and 60.3% of Thraupidae (n=68). The probability of fecal oocysts attributable to the host in Thraupidae is higher than in Cardinalidae, Emberizidae, Fringillidae and Turdidae, but similar to Icteridae. No oocysts were found in Fringillidae and Turdidae. Within Thraupidae, Isospora was for the first time described in Paroaria dominicana and Schistochlamys ruficapillus and within Icteridae, in Gnorimopsar chopi. Saltator similis presented a higher risk, 66.9% greater than Lanio pileatus and Sporophila caerulescens and with a 27.9% greater probability than Sporophila nigricolis. The new coccidian species described were Isospora dominicana [ellipsoid oocysts, 25 (30-20) x 25 (28-20) µm] in Paroaria dominicana; Isospora beagai [ovoid oocysts, 28 (32-17) x 25 (29-16) µm] and Isospora ferri [ellipsoid oocysts, 20 (22-16) x 18 (22-15) µm] in Saltator similis; Isospora ruficapillus [spheric to subspherical oocysts, 25 (26-23) x 24 (25-21) µm] in Schistochlamys ruficapillus; and Isospora chopi [spherical to sub-spherical oocysts, 24.5 x 22 (30-20 x 25-20) µm] and Isospora gnorimopsar [sub-spherical to ovoid oocysts, 27 x 23 (32-22 x 28-20) µm] in Gnorimopsar chopi. The morphometry and features were compared with previously described Isospora in passerines. New coccidian species and new passerine hosts are described for Isospora and recommends for constant monitoring during rehabilitation, especially for the hosts of Thraupidae and Icteridae.

Resumen Cada año, a nivel global, mueren miles de millones de aves al colisionar contra ventanas. A pesar de ello, pocos registros documentan colisiones aves-ventanas en zonas altamente diversas en el Neotrópico. En este estudio, nosotros documentamos especies que colisionaron en ventanas en Monteverde, Costa Rica y describimos su estatus ecológico y de conservación. Nosotros obtuvimos información de distintas fuentes, incluyendo datos de registros de museos y de observaciones de residentes de Monteverde que participaron como “científicos ciudadanos” entre mayo 2014 y diciembre 2017. Nosotros realizamos búsquedas de cuerpos de aves entre marzo del 2015 y febrero 2016. Clasificamos especies que hubieran golpeado de acuerdo a su estatus de migración, dependencia del bosque, gremio alimentario, peso, abundancia, endemismo y de conservación. Nosotros registramos 103 especies que habían golpeado ventanas en Monteverde (98 de 267 especies documentadas en tres zonas de vida y cinco no registradas en el área). Muchas especies víctima de colisiones se caracterizan por ser residentes, pequeños, insectívoros, considerados comunes o bastante comunes, con poblaciones decrecientes. Las familias más representadas son Parulidae (14 spp.), Trochilidae (13 spp.), Turdidae (10 spp.) y Tyrannidae (9 spp.). La mayoría de las especies son paseriformes (Orden Passeriformes) (71 spp.). Ni gavilanes ni zopilotes golpearon en edificios durante nuestro estudio. Las tres especies más comúnmente muertas por ventanas fueron el Zorzal de Swainson (Catharus ustulatus), el tucancillo verde (Aulacorhynchu sprasinus) y el jilguero (Myadestes melanops). Entre las especies afectadas cinco especies tienen estatus de Casi Amenazadas y una Vulnerable según la Lista Roja de la UICN, incluyendo el Quetzal (Pharomachrus mocinno) y los pájaros campana (Procnias tricarunculatus). Cinco especies están en lista de peligro de extinción y cuatro con poblaciones reducidas según la lista del Sistema Nacional de Áreas de conservación de Costa Rica (SINAC). 12 especies endémicas fueron víctimas de colisiones. El bosque premontano húmedo es la zona de vida donde más especies fueron encontradas (n = 64 spp.), seguidos por el bosque premontano muy húmedo y el bosque muy húmedo montano bajo (n = 31 spp.). Estos hallazgos demuestran la urgente necesidad de implementar medidas de conservación para mitigar la mortalidad de las aves originada por colisión contra ventanas. El aplicar métodos para proteger a las aves de las ventanas debe ser una importante meta para esta AICA así como para el resto de Costa Rica. Recomendamos desarrollar acciones educativas, legales y continuar recolectando información, tanto en Monteverde como en otras áreas de Costa Rica para aumentar el conocimiento acerca de la colisión de aves con ventanas.

Abstract Worldwide, billions of birds die annually due to window collisions. Nevertheless, few accounts document bird-window collisions in the Neotropics. In this study, we document species that collided with windows in Monteverde, Costa Rica, and describe their ecological and conservation status. We gathered information from different sources, including data from museum records and accounts by Monteverde residents who participated as “citizen scientists” between May 2014 and December 2017. We conducted carcass searches between March 2015 and February 2016. We classified window-strike species by migratory, forest dependence, trophic guild, weight, abundance, conservation, and endemism status. We registered 103 species striking windows in Monteverde, which includes 98 of 267 species known to occur in three life zones in Monteverde and five not registered in the area. Window strike casualties’ frequencies differed by species, trophic guild and migratory status. Most window victims were residents, small, insectivorous, considered common or fairly common, with declining population trends. The families with the most species represented were Parulidae (14 spp.), Trochilidae (13 spp.), Turdidae (10 spp.), and Tyrannidae (9 spp.). Most species were passerines (Order Passeriformes) (71 spp.). No hawks or vultures were found colliding with buildings. The three species most commonly killed by windows were frugivores: Swainson’s Thrush (Catharus ustulatus), Northern Emerald-Toucanet (Aulacorhynchus prasinus), and Black-faced Solitaire (Myadestes melanops). Among window-kills were five species whose status on the IUCN Red List are Near Threatened and one Vulnerable, including the Resplendent Quetzal (Pharomachrus mocinno) and the Three-wattled Bellbird (Procnias tricarunculatus). Six species are listed as in danger of extinction and four are listed as species with reduced populations by the National System of Conservation Areas for Costa Rica (SINAC). 12 endemic species are strike casualties. The premontane wet forest is the life zone where more species were found (n=64 spp.), followed by the premontane moist forest (n = 49 spp.) and the lower montane wet forest (n = 31 spp.). These findings demonstrate the urgent need for conservation measures to mitigate bird mortality due to window collisions. Promoting use of methods to protect birds from windows should be an important goal for this IBA and the rest of Costa Rica. We also recommend collecting data in order to increase understanding about bird window collisions.

Abstract Small birds constitute a significant portion of the Boa constrictor diet. There are few reports on the consumption of larger birds, even fewer of intraguild predation (among top predators). We report the unusual finding of a barn owl, Tyto furcata, depredated by an approximately 220 cm Boa constrictor on January 25, 2017. The discovery was made on the grounds of the Comisión Panamá - Estados Unidos para la Erradicación y Prevención del Gusano Barrenador del Ganado (COPEG) (coordinates 09°05’16.7” N, 79°17’10.8” W), in the community of Pacora, Panama. This report contributes to the understanding of ecological relationships between two rarely documented predators.

Resumen Las aves pequeñas constituyen una porción significativa en la dieta de Boa constrictor, sin embargo, pocos son los reportes sobre el consumo de aves de mayor tamaño, y mucho menos de una depredación de tipo intragremial (entre depredadores tope). Reportamos el inusual hallazgo de depredación de una lechuza de campanario, Tyto furcata, por una Boa constrictor de aproximadamente 220 cm, el 25 de enero de 2017, en los predios de la Comisión Panamá - Estados Unidos para la Erradicación y Prevención del Gusano Barrenador del Ganado (COPEG) con coordenadas (09°05’16.7” N, 79°17’10.8” O), en la comunidad de Pacora, Panamá. Este reporte contribuye al entendimiento de las relaciones ecológicas entre dos depredadores, pocas veces documentada.

Abstract Tyrant flycatchers (i.e., Tyrannidae) are primarily insectivores, but they can supplement their diet with spiders, fruits, or small vertebrates. Kingbirds are among the most specialized predators in this family, since they prey almost exclusively on flying insects. We document a Tropical Kingbird (Tyrannus melancholicus) capturing and eating a small fish (Poeciliopsis gracilis) in one of the bodies of water of the main campus of the Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, in Puebla, Mexico. Although it is known that the Grey Kingbird (T. dominicensis) and the Eastern Kingbird (T. tyrannus) can prey opportunistically on fish, this is the first time fish-eating has been reported for the Tropical Kingbird.

Resumen Los mosqueros, papamoscas y tiranos (i.e., Tyrannidae) son principalmente insectívoros, pero pueden complementar su dieta con arañas, frutos o pequeños vertebrados. Los tiranos están entre los depredadores más especializados de esta familia, ya que forrajean casi exclusivamente insectos voladores. Documentamos cómo un tirano tropical (Tyrannus melancholicus) se alimentó de un pez pequeño (Poeciliopsis gracilis) que capturó en uno de los cuerpos de agua del campus principal de la Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México. Aunque el tirano gris (T. dominicensis) y el tirano dorso negro (T. tyrannus) pueden capturar peces de modo oportunista, ésta es la primera vez que se documenta un comportamiento piscívoro en el tirano tropical.