Abstract This article highlights one of the difficulties encountered in the reception of Humanae Vitae and Familiaris Consortio: the depth of the meaning of every conjugal act, its beauty and its explicit link with the Creator. This paradox provokes in the first place the faith of the baptized in the mystery of God, who is love and life, and in the second place the moral conscience. Would it not be too beautiful to be true? However, the union of spouses is first a religious act. The main doctrinal statement involves the union of the spouses and their parental responsibility. The true anthropological “cradle” of every human being is an act of interpersonal love. This act, rich and complex, has a double meaning: unitive and procreative. These meanings amalgamate with each other and translate the unity of persons who give themselves to each other. It is the great mystery that unites the spouses and God; and it is the place of a revelation.

Resumen El presente artículo pone en evidencia una de las dificultades que se encuentran en la recepción de la Humanae vitae y de la Familiaris consortio: la profundidad del sentido de todo acto conyugal, su belleza y su vínculo explicito con el Creador. Esta paradoja provoca en primer lugar la fe de los bautizados en el misterio de Dios, que es amor y vida, y en segundo término la conciencia moral. ¿No sería acaso demasiado hermoso para ser verdad? Sin embargo, la unión de los cónyuges es primero un acto religioso. El principal enunciado doctrinal envuelve la unión de los esposos y su responsabilidad parental. La verdadera “cuna” antropológica de todo ser humano es un acto de amor interpersonal. Este acto particular, rico y complejo, tiene un doble significado: unitivo y procreativo. Estos significados se amalgaman entre ellos, y traducen la unidad de las personas que se donan una a la otra. Es el gran misterio que une a los esposos y a Dios; y es el lugar de una revelación.

The COVID-19 pandemic severely disrupted schooling, not only in South Africa, but globally. In the study reported on here we investigated the perceived psychosocial effects of the pandemic on the teaching realities of Foundation Phase (FP) educators in rural quintiles 1 to 3 schools in the North West province, South Africa. A qualitative, case study design was adopted with 10 educators purposively selected from 3 schools to participate through telephonic interviews. The findings reveal that as educators contended with the new rotational method of school attendance, challenges of limited teaching time, curriculum coverage, learner absenteeism and the lack of parental support that negatively affected their overall state of psychosocial well-being. This state of well-being was characterised by high stress levels, feelings of hopelessness, anxiety and a lack of accomplishment for educators. Despite these experiences, some educators demonstrated agency and resilience in ensuring that they carried out their core responsibility of teaching, but perceived themselves as requiring psychosocial support. The conclusion reached is that the available support structures provided by the Department of Basic Education appeared to be under-utilised and there was a critical need to introduce and advocate for mental health interventions to support educators emotionally.

Abstract Parenthood represents a relationship with two dimensions: on the one hand, the bond with a child and, on the other, the sharing of that child with another member (of the parental couple), not necessarily in an active married life. Family life promotes increasing autonomy in parental relationships, coexisting with the marital relationship. Parenting usually implies coparenting, joint responsibility for someone, son or daughter. This text addresses male parenting, based on the answers given by men/fathers, within the scope of the “PARENT” project, which allowed us to understand the changes caused by crises, in family life and in the procreative project of men and women, who reside in the country, in this case, in four different social and regional contexts. Faced with a drastic reduction in the fertility rate, it was possible to verify how the decision to have another child cannot be reduced to a “financial” issue but represents a choice where the support network and the relationship with the market are considered. work, co-parenting, and the corresponding sharing of tasks. As a parity relationship, parenthood should not be confused with maternity or paternity and implies a decentralized view of women, who, in general, are attributed the main responsibility for changes in fertility indicators. Looking at male parenthood allows us to identify other dimensions of this phenomenon, the significant decline of which has worried European countries, particularly Portugal. With this reflection, perhaps, we can look at the transformation of gender roles in another way, from a perspective of cooperation and co-responsibility, from an approach to the conditions that allow shared parenting. Considering the father’s place in parenting could mean a new design of family policies, even now, centered on a traditional view of parental roles, which values ??the caring woman/mother and the provider man/father.

Resumo A parentalidade representa uma relação com duas dimensões: por um lado o vínculo com um/a filho/a e, por outro, a partilha desse/a filho/a com outro elemento (do casal parental), não forçosamente numa vida conjugal ativa, uma vez que a vida familiar atual promove uma crescente autonomia das relações de parentalidade, coexistindo com o relacionamento conjugal. A parentalidade implica habitualmente coparentalidade, responsabilidade conjunta por alguém, filho ou filha. O presente texto aborda a parentalidade no masculino, partindo das respostas dadas por homens/pais, no âmbito da realização do projeto “PARENT”, o qual permitiu conhecer as mudanças provocadas pelas crises, na vida familiar e no projeto procriativo dos homens e mulheres, que residem no país, neste caso, em quatro contextos sociais e regionais diferentes no país. Face a uma redução drástica da taxa de fecundidade, foi possível verificar como a decisão de ter mais um filho, não pode ser reduzida a uma questão “financeira”, mas representa uma escolha onde se pondera a rede de suporte, a relação com o mercado de trabalho, a coparentalidade e a correspondente partilha de tarefas. Enquanto relação paritária, a parentalidade, não deve ser confundida com maternidade ou paternidade e implica um olhar descentrado da mulher, a quem, em geral, se atribui a principal responsabilidade pelas alterações dos indicadores de fecundidade. Olhar a parentalidade no masculino permite identificar outras dimensões nesse fenómeno, cuja baixa significativa tem preocupado os países europeus, particularmente Portugal. Com esta reflexão, porventura, podemos encarar a transformação dos papéis de género de outra forma, numa ótica de cooperação e corresponsabilização, ou seja, numa abordagem às condições que permitem uma parentalidade partilhada. Considerar o lugar do pai na parentalidade poderá significar um novo desenho das políticas de família, ainda agora centradas numa visão tradicional dos papéis parentais, que valoriza a mulher/mãe cuidadora e o homem/pai provedor.

RESUMEN Introducción: La caries es una de las enfermedades crónicas que más afecta a la humanidad, los niños son un grupo de alto riesgo de presentarla. La Calidad de Vida Relacionada con Salud Oral (CVRSO) se refiere a la percepción de las condiciones bucales de uno mismo y la manera en que los factores afectados impactan el bienestar y desempeño en las actividades diarias, el desarrollo de indicadores de esta se ve limitado por el nivel cognitivo de los niños, lo que genera el P-CPQ para determinar la percepción parental. Objetivo: determinar la percepción parental de la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud bucal de los niños de 6 a 10 años. Materiales y Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo con componente analítico. Se llevó a cabo una encuesta a 98 padres, el P-CPQ modificado que consta de 23 preguntas que abarcan las subescalas de síntomas orales, limitaciones funcionales, bienestar emocional y bienestar social. Resultados: Relacionando los resultados del cuestionario con la presencia de caries en dientes permanentes se reportó el aumento de caries con la edad; el sexo femenino predominó entre los participantes con caries siendo el 63,8%. La puntuación media fue de 13,6 (DE=13,1). Se presentó una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre la percepción parental de CVRSO de los niños y la presencia de caries dental en dientes permanentes (p=0,004). Conclusiones: Se concluyó que la presencia de caries en dientes permanentes en niños de 6 a 10 años puede disminuir significativamente la CVRSO en las dimensiones de síntomas orales, limitaciones funcionales y bienestar social.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Caries is one of the chronic diseases that most affects humanity; children are a high-risk group for developing it. Oral Health Related Quality of Life (OHRQL) refers to the perception of one's own oral conditions and the way in which the affected factors impact well-being and performance in daily activities. The development of indicators of this is limited by the cognitive level of the children, which led to the P-CPQ to determine parental perception. Objective: to determine the parental perception of the quality of life related to the oral health of children from 6 to 10 years old. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive and observational study with an analytical component. A survey of 98 parents was conducted, using the modified P-CPQ which consists of 23 questions covering the subscales of oral symptoms, functional limitations, emotional well-being, and social well-being. Results: Relating the results of the questionnaire with the presence of cavities in permanent teeth, an increase in cavities with age was reported; the female sex predominated among the participants with cavities, being 63.8%. The mean score was 13.6 (SD=13.1). There was a statistically significant association between parental perception of children's OHRQL and the presence of dental caries in permanent teeth (p=0.004). Conclusions: The presence of caries in permanent teeth in children aged 6 to 10 years can significantly reduce OHRQLin the dimensions of oral symptoms, functional limitations and social well-being.

RESUMEN El estilo de crianza se refiere a la manera en la cual los padres ejercen su influencia en la formación y el crecimiento del niño. Del estilo aplicado que fundamentalmente puede ser democrático, autoritario o permisivo, depende en gran medida la salud emocional de ese individuo en crecimiento. En Paraguay, tradicionalmente la figura de los padres se visualiza como el autoritario. El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar la percepción social sobre estilos de crianzas de los hijos en Paraguay, en el año 2023. El diseño fue cuantitativo, descriptivo, de corte transversal, aplicado a una población de 313 personas, mediante un muestreo no probabilísticos por conveniencia, con el método de la encuesta, a través de un cuestionario difundido por las redes sociales. Entre los principales resultados se evidenció: 69% fueron mujeres; 48.2% con procedencia de Asunción y de 41.9% Central; 84% son de formación universitaria; 60.4% no tienen bajo su responsabilidad a un niño; el estilo predominante en Paraguay según los participantes fue el autoritario con 39%, seguido del permisivo con 29.1%, el democrático con 17.2% y el negligente con 14.7%. El 44.7% sufrió alguna forma de violencia como método de educación; 19.5% ha aplicado alguna forma de violencia en la crianza; 91.7% no está de acuerdo con dichas prácticas; 68.1% considera que la crianza autoritaria puede generar traumas y 83.7% que genera más miedo que respeto. Si la persona pudiese elegir el modelo predominante en Paraguay, el 77.6% optaría por un estilo democrático. Se concluye que el estilo de crianza predominante es el autoritario y que las prácticas de violencia hacia las personas son frecuentes.

ABSTRACT Parenting style refers to the way in which parents exert their influence on the formation and growth of the child. The emotional health of the growing individual depends to a great extent on the style applied, which can be democratic, authoritarian or permissive. In Paraguay, traditionally the parental figure is visualized as authoritarian. The objective of this research was to identify the social perception of parenting styles in Paraguay in the year 2023. The design was quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional, applied to a population of 313 people, through a non-probabilistic sampling by convenience, with the survey method, through a questionnaire disseminated through social networks. Among the main results were: 69% were women; 48.2% were from Asunción and 41.9% from Central Paraguay; 84% had university education; 60.4% did not have a child under their responsibility; the predominant style in Paraguay according to the participants was authoritarian with 39%, followed by permissive with 29.1%, democratic with 17.2% and negligent with 14.7%. A total 44.7% suffered some form of violence as a method of education; 19.5% have applied some form of violence in upbringing; 91.7% do not agree with such practices; 68.1% consider that authoritarian upbringing can generate traumas and 83.7% that it generates more fear than respect. If a person could choose the predominant model in Paraguay, 77.6% would opt for a democratic style. It is concluded that the predominant parenting style is authoritarian and that violent practices towards people are frequent.

Abstract The purpose of this article is to analyze the information that is had on the figure of joint custody, how its existence and application within our Mexican regulatory system is a guarantor of the protection of the best interests of the minor, a principle that should govern over all decisions involving minors. We will analyze its concept, its objective, its characteristics, advantages and disadvantages, its importance and impact because its implementation within family law will mean achieving the weighting of the best interests of the minor and the defense of the rights of children and adolescents. Nothing influences the learning and development of a minor as much as the models and references that they have around them, which is why the very end of joint custody means a continuous growth and development of the child at the hands of their two parents.

Resumen El propósito de este artículo es analizar la información que se tiene sobre la figura de la guarda y custodia compartida, el cómo su existencia y aplicación dentro de nuestro sistema normativo mexicano resulta garante de la protección del interés superior del menor, principio que debe regir por sobre todas las decisiones que involucren a los menores de edad. Analizaremos su concepto, su objetivo, sus características, ventajas y desventajas, su importancia e impacto debido a que su implementación dentro del derecho de familia significará lograr la ponderación del interés superior del menor y la defensa de los derechos de los NNA; nada influye tanto en el aprendizaje y desarrollo de un menor como los modelos y las referencias que tiene a su alrededor, es por ello que el fin mismo de la custodia compartida significa un continuo crecimiento y desarrollo del NNA de la mano de sus dos progenitores.

Abstract: This study assessed the influence of sociodemographic conditions, oral hygiene habits, and the socio-psychological need for orthodontic treatment on the emotions of caregivers of children with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We conducted a comparative cross-sectional study with families of individuals aged 6 to 14 years at a reference center for neurodevelopmental disorders and two dental school clinics in northeastern Brazil. Caregiver emotions were assessed using the ‘Parental Emotions’ domain of the Family Impact Scale (FIS). We analyzed sociodemographic variables, oral hygiene habits, and sociopsychological need for orthodontic treatment using the esthetic component of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN). We used descriptive and hierarchical Poisson regression analyses with robust variance (α = 5%). The study included 144 families evenly distributed across the groups. The caregiver group with ASD demonstrated a higher total score for parental emotions (p < 0.001). Factors associated with this factor included caregiver responsible for brushing (PR = 1.34; 95%CI: 1.12–1.59), mandatory need for orthodontic treatment (PR = 1.25; 95%CI: 1.07–1.46), and caregivers’ education up to 8 years (PR = 1.45; 95%CI: 1.02–2.07). Caregivers with lower income showed a lower prevalence of parental emotions (PR = 0.57; 95%CI: 0.35–0.93). Caregivers of children with ASD exhibited a higher emotional burden. Factors associated with parental emotions included responsibility for tooth brushing attributed to caregivers, sociopsychological need for orthodontic treatment, and family income. Abstract conditions habits socio psychological ASD. . (ASD) crosssectional cross sectional 1 Brazil Parental Emotions FIS. FIS (FIS) variables IOTN. IOTN (IOTN) α 5%. 5 5% 5%) groups p 0.001. 0001 0.001 0 001 0.001) PR 1.34 134 34 95%CI 95CI CI 95 1.12–1.59, 112159 1.12–1.59 , 12 59 1.12–1.59) 1.25 125 25 1.07–1.46, 107146 1.07–1.46 07 46 1.07–1.46) 1.45 145 45 1.02–2.07. 102207 1.02–2.07 02 2 1.02–2.07) 0.57 057 57 0.35–0.93. 035093 0.35–0.93 35 93 0.35–0.93) burden (ASD (FIS (IOTN 000 0.00 00 1.3 13 3 9 11215 1.12–1.5 1.2 10714 1.07–1.4 4 1.4 10220 1.02–2.0 0.5 05 03509 0.35–0.9 0.0 1. 1121 1.12–1. 1071 1.07–1. 1022 1.02–2. 0. 0350 0.35–0. 112 1.12–1 107 1.07–1 102 1.02–2 035 0.35–0 11 1.12– 10 1.07– 1.02– 03 0.35– 1.12 1.07 1.02 0.35 1.1 1.0 0.3

BACKGROUND: Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a rare, incurable genodermatosis that presents with blistering and skin fragility. Complications can be localised or generalised, limited to the skin or have systemic effects resulting in death. Caring for a child with this painful condition can have a profound effect on the quality of life of parents and the family. There is currently no published research on the lived experience of parents caring for a child with EB in a resource-limited environment in Africa. METHOD: This qualitative research used interpretative phenomenological analysis with the aim of understanding the lived experiences of parents caring for children with EB. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 13 participants between May 2022 and October 2023. Guba's framework of trustworthiness was used to ensure rigour. RESULTS: Seven experiential themes with associated sub-themes were identified. The themes were (1) grappling with understanding EB, (2) the psychological experience, (3) living with the responsibility, (4) barriers to feeling supported, (5) changing relational dynamics, (6) experience of healthcare professionals and (7) parental needs. CONCLUSION: Parents caring for children with EB face emotional, physical, psychosocial and financial challenges. Addressing parents' needs and concerns will go a long way in decreasing this burden. A biopsychosocial approach with an awareness of cultural context is essential for family-centred holistic EB care. CONTRIBUTION: This is the first study in Africa that focussed on the lived experiences of parents caring for a child with EB.

Resumen El confinamiento por COVID-19 ocasionó que las familias se enfrentaran al proceso del estudio en el hogar, mediante la enseñanza remota. El rol que juega la familia en el proceso de aprendizaje, sin embargo, históricamente ha depositado en la escuela la mayor responsabilidad. Este estudio analizó cómo las familias se dispusieron para fomentar el aprendizaje autorregulado en el hogar de los niños, niñas y adolescentes en tiempos de COVID-19. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo correlacional, donde participaron 65 familias de niños, niñas y adolescentes de las Regiones del Biobío y Ñuble, las cuales respondieron un cuestionario parental sobre promoción del aprendizaje autorregulado y preguntas sociodemográficas. Los hallazgos permitieron inferir que cuando las familias se sienten capaces de fomentar el estudio, se disponen a ello, emplean estrategias cognitivas, buscan ayuda cuando lo necesitan y evalúan la planificación del estudio y aprendizaje de manera media y/o alta. Este tipo de estudios aporta al vacío teórico evidenciado en la literatura acerca del rol educativo de la familia durante la pandemia; asimismo, contribuye a reflexionar sobre las estrategias que emplean las familias para colaborar con el aprendizaje de sus niñas, niños y adolescentes.

Abstract The COVID-19 confinement caused families to face the study process at home through emergency remote teaching. The role of the family in the learning process is well known; however, historically, the greatest responsibility has been placed on the school. This study analyzed how families arranged themselves to foster self-regulated learning at home for children and adolescents in times of COVID-19. It was a descriptive correlational study, with the participation of 65 families of children and adolescents from the Biobío and Ñuble Regions, who answered a parental questionnaire on the promotion of self-regulated learning and sociodemographic questions. The findings allow inferring that when families feel capable of promoting study, they are willing to do it, use cognitive strategies, seek help when needed and that most of them evaluate their study and learning planning in a medium and/or high way. Significant differences were also found by gender, with men establishing more cognitive strategies and asking for more help than women when performing academic activities with their children and adolescents. This type of study contributes to the theoretical void evidenced in the literature on the educational role of the family during the pandemic and contributes to reflect on the strategies used by families to collaborate with the study of their children and adolescents.

Recently, the Supreme Court of Nigeria in Tega Esabunor v Faweya & Ors (2019) LPELR 46961 (SC) dismissed an appeal seeking to quash the order of a magistrate court for the transfusion of blood to a baby. The appellants contended that the court had no jurisdiction to make the order. The crux of the case was whether the parents' right to consent to the child's treatment based on religious beliefs supersedes the child's right to live, thus reflecting the tension between a parent's right to give consent to the choice of treatment for their child, and the court's power to override such rights through the inherent parens patriae jurisdiction of the state. The case also reflects the tension between the freedom of a parent to practise their religion and the right of a child to live, in the medical context. This article examines the findings of the Supreme Court in Tega Esabunor's case, considering whether the court's decision is in line with the generally accepted practice on when the state can intervene if persons with parental responsibility refuse medical treatment for an incompetent child because of religious beliefs. Cases from other jurisdictions are analysed to ascertain the position of foreign courts. It is submitted that the Supreme Court's judgment reflects accepted international practice regarding parental refusal of consent for medical treatment of a child.

RESUMEN El objetivo fue investigar las estrategias de afrontamiento reportadas por una muestra de madres brasileñas de niños con discapacidades intelectuales severas o profundas. Los pocos estudios brasileños sobre este objeto justificaron la exploración cualitativa del tema. Quince madres participaron, reclutadas por conveniencia en los servicios de salud de un municipio del estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas individuales y un análisis de contenido temático. Los resultados comprenden quince temas, inducidos directamente del corpus; fueron asignados en tres categorías previas teóricamente basadas. Las menciones predominantes de estrategias de afrontamiento se referían a aquellos centrados en problemas y relaciones interpersonales, que se mezclaron con estrategias centradas en la emoción. Nuestras entrevistadas no parecían considerarse objetivos de políticas inductoras de una atención integral para las personas con deficiencia en el Sistema Único de Salud de Brasil, en vigor durante aproximadamente dos décadas, y cuya implementación efectiva podría ayudar a extrapolar la atención basada principalmente sobre responsabilidad parental, en sus opiniones. Expresaron demandas de una mayor efectividad de los sectores de servicio social, educación y transporte. Señalaron la necesidad de una mayor interacción social y apoyo sociocomunitario, y parecían expresar las expectativas de un rediseño cultural progresivo de una ética de la atención que fomente acciones en el ámbito extrafamiliar, reduciendo sus sobrecargas. Estos aspectos de las declaraciones de los entrevistados pueden abordarse en el manejo clínico de sus hijos. Un afrontamiento más saludable de la condición que están experimentando también beneficiaría a las personas con discapacidades. profundas tema participaron Paulo Brasil temático temas corpus basadas interpersonales emoción décadas parental opiniones transporte sociocomunitario extrafamiliar sobrecargas hijos

ABSTRACT. The objective was to investigate coping strategies reported by a sample of Brazilian mothers of children with severe or profound intellectual disabilities. The few Brazilian studies on this object justified the present qualitative exploration of the theme. Fifteen mothers participated, recruited by convenience in health services from a municipality in the interior of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Individual semi-structured interviews and a thematic content analysis were carried out. The results comprise fifteen themes, induced directly from the corpus; they were allocated into three pre-categories based on theoretical studies on coping. Predominant mentions of coping strategies concerned those centered on problem and interpersonal relationships, which were mixed with strategies focused on emotion. Our interviewees did not seem to consider themselves targets of policies that induce a comprehensive care for people with disability in the Brazilian Unified Health System, in force for about two decades, and whose effective implementation could help extrapolate care based predominantly, on parental responsibility in the views of the participants. They expressed demands for a greater effectiveness also from the sectors of social service, education and transport. They pointed out the need for greater social interaction and socio-community support, seeming to express expectations of a progressive cultural redesign of an ethics of care that fosters actions in the extra-family sphere, reducing their overloads. These aspects of the interviewees’ statements can be addressed in the clinical management of their children. A progressively healthier coping with the condition they are experiencing would also benefit individuals with disabilities. ABSTRACT disabilities theme participated Paulo Brazil semistructured semi structured themes corpus precategories pre categories relationships emotion System decades predominantly participants service transport sociocommunity socio community support extrafamily extra family sphere overloads

RESUMO Objetivou-se investigar estratégias de enfrentamento relatadas por uma amostra de mães brasileiras de filhos com deficiência intelectual grave ou profunda. Os poucos estudos brasileiros sobre este objeto justificaram a exploração qualitativa do tema. Participaram quinze mães recrutadas por conveniência em serviços de saúde de um município do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Foram feitas entrevistas semiestruturadas individuais e uma análise temática de conteúdo. Os resultados compreendem quinze temas, induzidos diretamente do corpus e alocados em três pré-categorias baseadas em estudos teóricos sobre coping. Houve um predomínio de menções a estratégias de enfrentamento centradas no problema e nas relações interpessoais, mescladas com estratégias centradas na emoção. Nossas entrevistadas não pareceram considerar-se alvos das políticas indutoras da atenção integral às pessoas com deficiência do Sistema Único de Saúde brasileiro, vigentes há cerca de duas décadas, e cuja efetiva implementação poderia ajudar a extrapolar o cuidado baseado preponderantemente na responsabilidade parental, em suas visões. Em suas falas, há demandas de maior efetividade também dos setores de serviço social, educação e transporte. Apontaram necessidades de maior interação e apoio sociocomunitário, expressando expectativas de um progressivo redesenho cultural da ética do cuidado que fomente ações no âmbito extrafamiliar, diminuindo suas sobrecargas. Esses aspectos das falas das entrevistadas podem ser abordados no manejo clínico dos filhos. Um enfrentamento progressivamente mais saudável da condição por que passam traria benefícios diretos também aos indivíduos com deficiência. Objetivouse Objetivou se profunda tema Paulo Brasil conteúdo temas précategorias pré categorias coping interpessoais emoção considerarse considerar brasileiro décadas parental visões social transporte sociocomunitário extrafamiliar sobrecargas

Abstract The objectives of this study are focused on investigating the constitutional dimension of shared custody in Spanish Law through jurisprudential development and the use of comparative law; the discriminatory effects in the assumption of family obligations; the interpretation of the interest of the child from the perspective of the right to equality; the scope of co-responsibility as a fundamental right. The methodology is based on the application of the "gender perspective" to stereotypes in child care and the contribution of ordinary jurisprudence to parity in family responsibilities. Among the results, the constitutionalization of the interest of the child stands out, the convenience of approximated the institutions of parental authority and joint custody to avoid unequal treatment of children, adolescents and parents; the risk of discrimination against parents due to family and personal circumstances based on the judicial criteria of joint custody and the configuration of co-parental responsibility as a right. As limitations, the excessive judicialization of shared custody, the supremacy of the interest of children over the fundamental right to equality, and the non-binding nature of co-responsibility in equality legislation. The originality lies in the application of an inclusive and non-exclusive gender perspective in the interest of the child; the unconstitutionality of exclusive custody as a general regime; the evolution towards co-responsibility as a fundamental right; in addition to the special constitutional importance of shared custody due to the lack of doctrine of the spanish Constitutional Court.

Resumen Los objetivos de este estudio se centran en investigar la dimensión constitucional de la custodia compartida en el derecho español a través del desarrollo jurisprudencial y el recurso al derecho comparado; los efectos discriminatorios en la asunción de obligaciones familiares; la interpretación del interés de los niños desde la perspectiva del derecho de igualdad; el alcance de la corresponsabilidad como derecho fundamental. La metodología se basa en la aplicación de la “perspectiva de géneros” a los estereotipos en el cuidado de los hijos y la contribución de la jurisprudencia ordinaria a la paridad en las responsabilidades familiares. Entre los resultados destacan la constitucionalización del interés del menor, la conveniencia de aproximar las instituciones de patria potestad y custodia compartida para evitar un trato desigual de niños, niñas, adolescentes y progenitores; el riesgo de discriminación de los padres por circunstancias familiares y personales con base en los criterios judiciales de custodia compartida y la configuración de la corresponsabilidad parental como derecho. Como limitaciones se señalan la excesiva judicialización de la custodia compartida, la supremacía del interés de los niños sobre el derecho fundamental de igualdad, y el carácter no vinculante de la corresponsabilidad en la legislación de igualdad. La originalidad radica en la aplicación de una perspectiva de géneros inclusiva y no excluyente en interés del niño; la inconstitucionalidad de la custodia exclusiva como régimen general; la evolución hacia la corresponsabilidad como derecho fundamental; además de la especial transcendencia constitucional de la custodia compartida por falta de doctrina del Tribunal Constitucional español.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Prenatal care is essential to provide obstetric care that allows a safe delivery, seeking to minimize risks for the mother and her child. Objective: To analyze the experiences of adolescent mothers regarding the importance of prenatal care in the safe motherhood program of Canapote Hospital, Cartagena. Methods: A qualitative and phenomenological study was carried out at Canapote Hospital in Cartagena, Colombia, during the period from December 2019 to December 2020, based on focus groups of fourteen adolescent mothers. Sociodemographic aspects and experiences regarding prenatal checkups were included in the interview, from which concepts emerged that were organized into categories and subcategories of analysis. Results: The adolescents were 16-17 years old on average, single, from nuclear families, senior high school graduates, under subsidized regime. The experiences were favorable, especially in relation to the doctor's care and the nurses’ kind treatment, which has turned negative feelings into positive ones. Conclusions: The experience of adolescent mothers was characterized by positive perception, which brought a feeling of fear until reaching joy and tranquility at the end of the checkups during pregnancy.

RESUMEN Introducción: La atención prenatal es esencial para proveer cuidado obstétrico que permita un parto seguro, buscando minimizar riesgos para madre e hijo. Objetivo: Analizar las experiencias de madres adolescentes en relación con la importancia de control prenatal en el Programa de Maternidad Segura del Hospital Canapote, Cartagena, haciendo énfasis en la primera etapa del embarazo. Métodos: Estudio cualitativo, fenomenológico en el Hospital Canapote en Cartagena, Colombia, durante el período comprendido entre diciembre del 2019 y diciembre del 2020, basado en grupos focales de 14 madres adolescentes. La entrevista contó con aspectos sociodemográficos y experiencias en los controles prenatales, de las que emergieron los conceptos que se organizaron en categorías y subcategorías de análisis. Resultados: Las adolescentes tenían como promedio entre 16 y 17 años, solteras, de familias nucleares, bachilleres, del régimen subsidiado. Las experiencias fueron favorables, sobre todo en relación a la atención del médico y el trato empático de las enfermeras, esto ha transfigurado sentimientos negativos a positivos. Conclusiones: La experiencia de las madres adolescentes se caracterizó por la percepción positiva, lo que aportó un sentimiento de temor hasta llegar a la alegría y tranquilidad al final de los controles durante el embarazo.

Abstract The article debates the notion of responsibility regarding the Judeo-Christian ideas of confession and repentance used by professionals of the Uruguayan juvenile justice system. The study follows a critical model of qualitative studies through an empirical and contextualized research process, based on discourse analysis of a sample of case files and interviews. Results show the coexistence of different theoretical-methodological conceptions among the technicians, in which parental blame for the adolescent offense prevails, search for responsibility for the act committed associated with confession and repentance, opposed to an attitude of patient listening of a person going through adolescence, promoting reflexivity without adult impositions. The conclusion is that, in an early secularized country like Uruguay, the conception of responsibility is used as a synonym of the religious idea of guilt, with its correlates of confession and repentance with consequences on the judicially imposed forms of punishment, perceived as expiatory of the adolescent infraction to penal law.

Resumen Este artículo propone debatir la noción de responsabilidad respecto a las ideas judeocristianas de confesión y arrepentimiento utilizadas por los profesionales del sistema penal juvenil uruguayo. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo mediante un proceso de investigación empírico y contextualizado, sustentado en el análisis de discurso de una muestra de expedientes judiciales y de entrevistas. Los resultados muestran la coexistencia de distintas concepciones teórico-metodológicas entre los técnicos, en los que prima la culpabilización parental por la infracción adolescente, la búsqueda de la responsabilización por el acto cometido que se asocia a la confesión tanto como al arrepentimiento, en contraposición a un modelo que promueve la reflexividad sin imposiciones adultas y actitud de escucha paciente de los tiempos adolescentes. Se concluye que, en un país tempranamente secularizado como Uruguay, la concepción de responsabilidad es empleada como sinónimo de la idea religiosa de culpa, con sus correlatos de confesión y arrepentimiento con consecuencias sobre las formas de castigo judicialmente impuestas, percibidas como expiatorias de la infracción adolescente a la ley penal.

Resumen Este artículo propone debatir la noción de responsabilidad respecto a las ideas judeocristianas de confesión y arrepentimiento utilizadas por los profesionales del sistema penal juvenil uruguayo. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo mediante un proceso de investigación empírico y contextualizado, sustentado en el análisis de discurso de una muestra de expedientes judiciales y de entrevistas. Los resultados muestran la coexistencia de distintas concepciones teórico-metodológicas entre los técnicos, en los que prima la culpabilización parental por la infracción adolescente, la búsqueda de la responsabilización por el acto cometido que se asocia a la confesión tanto como al arrepentimiento, en contraposición a un modelo que promueve la reflexividad sin imposiciones adultas y actitud de escucha paciente de los tiempos adolescentes. Se concluye que, en un país tempranamente secularizado como Uruguay, la concepción de responsabilidad es empleada como sinónimo de la idea religiosa de culpa, con sus correlatos de confesión y arrepentimiento con consecuencias sobre las formas de castigo judicialmente impuestas, percibidas como expiatorias de la infracción adolescente a la ley penal.

Abstract The article debates the notion of responsibility regarding the Judeo-Christian ideas of confession and repentance used by professionals of the Uruguayan juvenile justice system. The study follows a critical model of qualitative studies through an empirical and contextualized research process, based on discourse analysis of a sample of case files and interviews. Results show the coexistence of different theoretical-methodological conceptions among the technicians, in which parental blame for the adolescent offense prevails, search for responsibility for the act committed associated with confession and repentance, opposed to an attitude of patient listening of a person going through adolescence, promoting reflexivity without adult impositions. The conclusion is that, in an early secularized country like Uruguay, the conception of responsibility is used as a synonym of the religious idea of guilt, with its correlates of confession and repentance with consequences on the judicially imposed forms of punishment, perceived as expiatory of the adolescent infraction to penal law.