Abstract The biological control in sugarcane in Venezuela has been established as a unique measure, having optimal results of the use of parasitoids and entomopathogens for the control of borers of the genus Diatraea, and later of the candelilla Aeneolamia spp., both key pests of the crop. For borers it was achieved after systematic releases of the Amazonian fly Lydella minense from the middle of the last century and then with the establishment of the braconid wasp Cotesia flavipes from 1987. For the biological control of Aenolamia varia, pest that involved the frequent application of insecticides, after the introduction of the use of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae since 1977, has been established as an efficient measure for the control of its adults, however, the nymphs were less controlled. This aspect was resolved through the introduction of the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora in 2004, which has been widely used as a biological measure to avoid the application of insecticides. As an example, we have the Azucarera Río Turbio, although in the last harvests it has had a reduction in its areas due to different factors. During the last 58 years, Diatraea infestation shows a reduction of 15 to 3.18 %, which saves 170 552.62 metric tons with a value of US$ 49 196 045 and a cost of biological control of US$ 1 187 189 which translates into a benefit-cost of US$ 41.44. Before the establishment of biological control, Aeneolamia was controlled exclusively with chemical insecticides applied to foliage for adults and soil for nymphs. Simultaneously since then, the entomopathogenic fungus M. anisopliae produced by national companies has been used and this entomopathogen was used on 87 000 hectares between 1986 and 1990. Also since 2004, the methodology of using entomopathogenic nematodes to control Aeneolamia nymphs began.

Resumen El control biológico en caña de azúcar en Venezuela se ha logrado establecer como una medida única, con resultados óptimos del uso de parasitoides y entomopatógenos para el control de los taladradores del género Diatraea, y, posteriormente, de la candelilla Aeneolamia spp., ambas plagas claves del cultivo. Para los taladradores, se logró después de liberaciones sistemáticas de la mosca amazónica Lydella minense desde un inicio, a mediados del siglo XX y luego con el establecimiento de la avispa bracónida Cotesia flavipes, a partir de 1987. Para el control biológico de Aeneolamia varia, plaga que implicaba la aplicación frecuente de insecticidas, después de la introducción del uso del hongo entomopatógeno Metarhizium anisopliae desde 1977, se ha establecido como medida eficiente para el control de sus adultos, aunque las ninfas eran menos controladas. Este aspecto se resolvió mediante la introducción del nematodo entomopatógeno Heterorhabditis bacteriophora en 2004, el cual se viene utilizando en forma general, y prácticamente ya se tienen las medidas biológicas para evitar la aplicación de insecticidas. Como ejemplo se tiene a la Azucarera Río Turbio, aunque en las últimas zafras ha tenido una reducción en sus áreas, por diferentes factores. Durante los últimos 58 años, la infestación de Diatraea muestra una reducción de 15 a 3.18 %, con lo cual se salvan 170 552.62 toneladas métricas (TM), con un valor de US$ 49 196 045 y un costo del control biológico de US$ 1 187 189 lo que se traduce en un beneficio-costo de US$ 41.44. Antes del establecimiento del control biológico, Aeneolamia se controlaba exclusivamente con insecticidas químicos, aplicados al follaje para los adultos y al suelo para las ninfas. Simultáneamente desde entonces, se ha utilizado el hongo M. anisopliae producido por empresas nacionales, hasta cubrir 87 000 ha, entre 1986 y 1990. También, desde 2004 se inició la utilización de nematodos entomopatógenos para el control de ninfas de Aeneolamia.

Resumen Se informa sobre nuevas asociaciones entre el parasitoide Habrobracon hebetor (Say) y dos géneros de coleópteros plaga de postcosecha en frutos descascarados de Juglans regia L, Carpophilus Stephens (Nitidulidae) y Oryzaephilus Ganglbauer (Silvanidae) en la provincia de La Rioja. Además, se registró este parasitoide a partir de larvas de Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Se amplía la distribución de H. hebetor para la provincia de La Rioja. Se proporcionan datos sobre porcentajes de parasitoidismo.

Abstract New associations are reported between the parasitoid Habrobracon hebetor (Say) and two genera of postharvest pest coleopters on shelled fruits of Juglans regia L, Carpophilus Stephens (Nitidulidae) and Oryzaephilus Ganglbauer (Silvanidae) in the province of La Rioja. Furthermore, this parasitoid was recorded from larvae of Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). The distribution of H. hebetor is expanded to the province of La Rioja. Data on percentages of parasitoidism are provided.

Resumen Los márgenes de las rutas que contienen vegetación natural brindan condiciones biológicas estables y promueven la biodiversidad. Estas áreas son importantes para mejorar los servicios ecosistémicos en los paisajes agrícolas. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron i) evaluar la diversidad de insectos como visitantes florales (excluyendo apiformes), y la riqueza de especies de plantas en los márgenes de las rutas, ii) determinar los Grupos Funcionales de insectos registrados como visitantes florales en los márgenes de rutas, y iii) analizar el rol ecológico de los insectos presentes en ocho márgenes de rutas ubicados en la región centro-este de la provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina. El estudio se realizó a lo largo de cuatro rutas provinciales (N°. 6, 10, 62 y 64) y la ruta nacional N°. 19; de noviembre de 2013 a septiembre de 2015. Se registraron un total de 1614 insectos, Oxysarcodexia varia (Walker) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), Allograpta exotica (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Syrphidae) y Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), fueron las especies más abundantes. Las familias Brassicaceae, Apiaceae y Asteraceae recibieron el mayor número de visitas de insectos. Se registraron un total de 225 interacciones planta-insecto. Se discute la importancia de los márgenes de ruta con vegetación natural para proporcionar alimento y refugio a insectos polinizadores, depredadores, parasitoides, herbívoros y descomponedores.

Abstract The roadside margins that contain natural vegetation provides biological stable conditions and promote biodiversity. These areas are important to enhance ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes. The aims of this study were i) to assess the diversity of insects as floral visitors (excluding apiformes), and plant species richness in roadside margins, ii) to determine the Functional Groups of insects recorded as floral visitors of roadside margins, and iii) to analyze the ecological role of insects presents in eight roadside margins located in the central-eastern region of the Santa Fe province. The study was conducted along four provincial roads (No. 6, 10, 62, and 64) and the national road No. 19, on November 2013 to September 2015. A total of 1614 insects were recorded. Oxysarcodexia varia (Walker) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), Allograpta exotica (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Syrphidae) and Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), were the most abundant species. The families Brassicaceae, Apiaceae, and Asteraceae received the highest number of insect visits. A total of 225 plant-insect interactions were recorded. The importance of roadside margin with natural vegetation to provide food and shelters for pollinators, predators, parasitoids, herbivores, and decomposers insects is discussed.

Resumo Insetos galhadores são abundantes na natureza, encontrados em muitos ecossistemas globalmente, com espécies atacando plantas de importância econômica. Os efeitos de herbívoros de alimentação livre na abundância de insetos galhadores em árvores de Caryocar brasiliense (Caryocaraceae) no Cerrado brasileiro (Savana) foram estudados. A porcentagem de desfolha e o número de ácaros fitófagos ou de Hemiptera fitófagos correlacionaram-se, negativamente, com a percentagem de folhas galhadas e de adultos do parasitoide Eurytoma sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), respectivamente. Porcentagem de folhas galhadas e o número de Eurytoma sp. adultos e ácaros fitófagos correlacionaram-se, positivamente, com o de aranhas. Os números de ácaros e fitófagos Hemiptera correlacionaram-se, positivamente, com os de joaninhas e Sycophila sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), respectivamente. O número de adultos de Ablerus magistretti Blanchard (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) correlacionou-se, negativamente, com Sycophila sp. O número de Agistemus sp. (Acari: Stigmaeidae) correlacionou-se, negativa e positivamente, com os de joaninhas e ácaros fitófagos, respectivamente. Herbívoros de alimentação livre afetaram a presença de insetos galhadores (Hymenoptera) em árvores de C. brasiliense, competindo por alimento e espaço. O mesmo foi observado entre dois parasitoides de Eurytoma sp., o que pode reduzir o controle biológico natural dessa praga.

Abstract Galling insects are abundant in nature, found in many ecosystems globally, with species attacking plants of economic importance. We studied the effects of free-feeding organisms on the abundance of galling insects on Caryocar brasiliense (Caryocaraceae) trees in the Brazilian Cerrado (Savanna). Percentage of defoliation and the number of phytophagous mites or number of phytophagous Hemiptera correlated negatively with percentage of galled leaves and the parasitoid Eurytoma sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) adults, respectively. Percentage of galled leaves and the numbers of Eurytoma sp. adults and phytophagous mites correlated positively with spiders. Numbers of mites and Hemiptera phytophagous correlated positively with those of lady beetles and Sycophila sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), respectively. The number of Ablerus magistretti Blanchard (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) adults correlated negatively with Sycophila sp. The number of Agistemus sp. (Acari: Stigmaeidae) correlated, negatively and positively, with those of lady beetles and phytophagous mites, respectively. Free-feeding herbivores affected the presence of galling insects (Hymenoptera) on C. brasiliense trees, competing for food and space. The same was observed between two parasitoids of Eurytoma sp. galling insect, which can reduce the natural biological control of this pest.

ABSTRACT. Cotesia flavipes parasitizes Diatraea saccharalis, a pest that causes major losses to sugarcane production. The mass production of C. flavipes and its subsequent release onto sugarcane is one form of biological control of D. saccharalis. An essential factor for successfully fighting this pest is the development of host diets that can increase the efficiency of C. flavipes production. Palm oil contains saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated linoleic acid. However, little is known about the effects of palm oil on C. flavipes production in the laboratory. Different concentrations of palm oil were added to the D. saccharalis diet and its nutritional indices were analyzed. Subsequently, the production and sex ratio of C. flavipes were determined. Our results indicated that the addition of higher palm oil concentrations to an artificial diet generated a high relative consumption rate (RCR) in D. saccharalis, and consequently a high relative metabolic rate (RMR), which resulted in a lower production of the parasitoid. In contrast, the lowest palm oil concentration in the artificial diet generated a low RMR and resulted in high-efficiency conversion of ingested food (ECI), enabling D. saccharalis to yield more C. flavipes. This suggests that palm oil influences the quantity of D. saccharalis ingested, which determines the number of C. flavipes that will be generated. In this study, supplementation of a D. saccharalis diet with 0.25% palm oil increased the production of C. flavipes. Therefore, this level of palm oil supplementation can aid in the production of C. flavipes on a laboratory-scale. Further research, including increasing the number of parasitoids, must be performed to mass-produce the augmentative releases of C. flavipes to manage D. saccharalis. ABSTRACT C D acids acid However laboratory analyzed Subsequently determined RCR (RCR RMR, , (RMR) parasitoid contrast highefficiency ECI, ECI (ECI) study 025 0 25 0.25 Therefore laboratoryscale. laboratoryscale scale. scale laboratory-scale research parasitoids massproduce produce (RMR (ECI 02 2 0.2 0.

ABSTRACT The commercial cultivation of guava tree (Psidium guajava L.) occurs in all Brazilian regions, where fruit flies cause direct losses to production and affect fresh fruit exports due to quarantine restrictions. This study aimed to determine the incidence, diversity and population fluctuations of frugivorous fly species that infest guava trees, as well as to survey their associated parasitoids, in the Espírito santo state, Brazil. Fruits and flies captured in traps were sampled in three guava-producing regions. Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied.) was the main species associated with guava trees, particularly in the coastal region. Anastrepha chiclayae was recorded for the first time associated with guava trees in Brazil. Medfly was not considered an important species. Neosilba zadolicha was the most common Lonchaeidae species collected, but with low importance. Higher populations of frugivorous flies were found in hot and humid areas. Two population peaks of A. fraterculus were observed during October (spring) and from March to April (summer-autumn). Tephritid flies occurred in all surveyed regions, with higher infestations in the coastal area, followed by the northern and mountain regions, respectively. Doryctobracon areolatus and Aganaspis pelleranoi were the most common species of parasitoids; however, the natural biological control of frugivorous flies in guava trees was very low and had little impact on fruit fly populations. Psidium L. L regions restrictions incidence parasitoids state Brazil guavaproducing producing Wied. Wied (Wied. region collected importance areas A spring (spring summerautumn. summerautumn summer autumn . (summer-autumn) area respectively however (Wied (summer-autumn

RESUMO O cultivo comercial de goiabeira (Psidium guajava L.) ocorre em todas as regiões brasileiras, onde moscas-das-frutas causam perdas diretas na produção e afetam as exportações de frutas frescas devido a restrições quarentenárias. Objetivou-se determinar a incidência, diversidade e flutuações populacionais de espécies de moscas frugívoras que infestam goiabeira e levantar seus parasitoides associados, no estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil. Frutos e moscas capturadas por armadilhas foram amostrados em três regiões produtoras de goiaba. Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied.) foi a principal espécie associada a goiabeiras, principalmente na região litorânea. Anastrepha chiclayae foi registrada pela primeira vez associada a goiabeiras no Brasil. Medfly não foi uma espécie importante. Neosilba zadolicha foi a espécie de Lonchaeidae mais comum, mas com baixa importância. Maiores populações de moscas frugívoras foram encontradas em regiões quentes e úmidas. Dois picos populacionais de A. fraterculus foram observados em outubro (primavera) e de março a abril (verão-outono). Tefritídeos ocorreram em todas as regiões pesquisadas, com maiores infestações na área litorânea, seguida da norte e serrana, respectivamente. Doryctobracon areolatus e Aganaspis pelleranoi foram as espécies de parasitoides mais comuns; no entanto, o controle biológico natural de moscas frugívoras em goiabeira foi muito baixo e apresentou controle populacional de baixo impacto. Psidium L. L brasileiras moscasdasfrutas das quarentenárias Objetivouse Objetivou se incidência associados Santo Brasil goiaba Wied. Wied (Wied. litorânea importante comum importância úmidas A primavera (primavera verãooutono. verãooutono verão outono . (verão-outono) pesquisadas serrana respectivamente comuns entanto impacto (Wied (verão-outono

ABSTRACT Dryinidae is a family of parasitoids and predators; it is the third largest family in the superfamily Chrysidoidea, with 1,924 species worldwide. The diversity of this family may be even greater, but studies on its diversity and geographical distribution are scarce, especially in semiarid regions. The objective of this study was to describe the occurrence and diversity of Dryinidae genera in the Semiarid region of Bahia, Brazil. Five Malaise traps were distributed in two areas with native vegetation and in one with eucalyptus (Eucalyptus urophylla) plantation and monitored monthly for two years. Specimens were identified to genus and morphospecies levels. The collection consisted of 77 Dryinidae specimens from four subfamilies (Anteoninae, Aphelopinae, Dryininae, Gonatopodinae), seven genera (Anteon Jurine, 1807; Aphelopus Dalman, 1823; Crovettia Olmi, 1984; Deinodryinus, Perkins, 1907; Dryinus Latreille, 1804; Gonatopus Ljungh, 1810 and Thaumatodryinus Perkins, 1905), and 29 morphospecies. The genus Dryinus was the most frequent in the three study areas. Areas with native vegetation, mainly the forest area, showed greater diversity than the area with eucalyptus trees. This study contributes with data of identification and distribution of Dryinidae species in the Semiarid region of the state of Bahia, Brazil. predators Chrysidoidea 1924 1 924 1,92 worldwide scarce regions Bahia Brazil Eucalyptus urophylla years levels 7 Anteoninae, Anteoninae (Anteoninae Aphelopinae Dryininae Gonatopodinae, Gonatopodinae , Gonatopodinae) Anteon Jurine 1807 Dalman 1823 Olmi 1984 Deinodryinus Perkins 1907 Latreille 1804 Ljungh 181 1905, 1905 1905) 2 trees 192 92 1,9 180 182 198 190 18 19 9 1,

RESUMO Composta por parasitoides e predadores, a família Dryinidae é a terceira maior família de Chrysidoidea, com 1.924 espécies descritas no mundo. A diversidade da família pode ser ainda maior, entretanto, estudos sobre a diversidade e distribuição geográfica são escassos, especialmente em regiões semiáridas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a ocorrência e a diversidade de gêneros de Dryinidae no Semiárido da Bahia. Foram utilizadas cinco armadilhas do tipo Malaise distribuídas em duas áreas de vegetação nativa e uma constituída por eucalipto (Eucalyptus urophylla), com monitoramento mensal por dois anos consecutivos. Os indivíduos foram identificados a nível de gênero e morfoespécies. Foram coletados 77 indivíduos de Dryinidae, distribuídos em quatro subfamílias (Anteoninae, Aphelopinae, Dryininae, Gonatopodinae), contidas em sete gêneros (Anteon Jurine, 1807; Aphelopus Dalman, 1823; Crovettia Olmi, 1984; Deinodryinus, Perkins, 1907; Dryinus Latreille, 1804; Gonatopus Ljungh, 1810 e Thaumatodryinus Perkins, 1905), e 29 morfoespécies. O gênero Dryinus foi o mais frequente nas três áreas de estudo. As áreas nativas (principalmente na área florestal) apresentaram maior diversidade do que a área de eucalipto. O presente estudo contribui com dados sobre o conhecimento e distribuição de espécies Dryinidae em zonas do semiárido brasileiro e no estado da Bahia. predadores Chrysidoidea 1924 1 924 1.92 mundo entretanto escassos semiáridas Bahia Eucalyptus urophylla, urophylla , urophylla) consecutivos morfoespécies 7 Anteoninae, Anteoninae (Anteoninae Aphelopinae Dryininae Gonatopodinae, Gonatopodinae Gonatopodinae) Anteon Jurine 1807 Dalman 1823 Olmi 1984 Deinodryinus Perkins 1907 Latreille 1804 Ljungh 181 1905, 1905 1905) 2 principalmente florestal 192 92 1.9 180 182 198 190 18 19 9 1.

ABSTRACT We report for the first time a tritrophic relationship (host-parasitoid-hyperparasitoid) among Conocephalus saltator (Sausurre, 1859) (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae), Ormia cfr. crespoi Tavares, 1965 (Diptera, Tachinidae), and Perilampus sp. (Hymenoptera, Perilampidae). Specimens of C. saltator were collected at the Parque Nacional do Iguaçu (Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná, Brazil) and reared in the laboratory, in order to detect eventual parasitoids. We collected and reared 904 katydids, with 113 of them parasitized, producing 123 fly puparia, and 18 puparia that developed to adults of Ormia cfr. crespoi. We also recorded the emergence of four hyperparasitoid wasps, Perilampus sp., from the fly puparia. hostparasitoidhyperparasitoid host parasitoid (host-parasitoid-hyperparasitoid Sausurre, Sausurre (Sausurre 1859 Orthoptera, Orthoptera (Orthoptera Tettigoniidae, Tettigoniidae , Tettigoniidae) cfr Tavares 196 Diptera, Diptera (Diptera Tachinidae, Tachinidae Tachinidae) sp Hymenoptera, Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera Perilampidae. Perilampidae . Perilampidae) C Foz Paraná Brazil laboratory parasitoids 90 katydids 11 parasitized 12 1 wasps 185 19 9

ABSTRACT Nasonia vitripennis (Walker, 1836) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) is a parasitoid involved in the biological control of several insects, including blow flies (Diptera, Calliphoridae) of economic importance. The aim of this study was to describe the morphological aspects of the immature stages of N. vitripennis and to record the postembryonic development time, using pupae of Chrysomya putoria (Wiedeman, 1830) as host. The experiment was conducted in a climatic chamber at 27°C/ day and 25°C/ night, with 60 ± 10% relative humidity and 14h photophase. Three experiment were conducted, each one with different host-parasitoid exposure times, of 12 hours, 16 hours and 24 hours respectively. In each experiment, the host:parasitoid relation applied was three host pupae of C. putoria to one parasitoid female. The experiment lasted 17 days, and it was used nine pupae per day totalizing 153 host pupae. The parasitoidism rate was 16.3% (12h), 40.5% (16h) and 94.1% (24h), respectively. The immature development duration of N. vitripennis with 16 and 24 hours of exposure, was as follows: egg stage (1st day), larvae (2nd to 6th day), prepupae (7th day), pupae (from 8th to 13th day) and pharate adult (14th day). The emergence of the adult parasitoids occurred on the 16th and 15th day with the exposure times of 16 and 24 hours, respectively. The exposure period of 24 hours was the ideal to observe the development time and to characterize the immature of N. vitripennis when compared to the 16 and 12 hours. Walker, Walker (Walker 1836 Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera Pteromalidae insects Diptera, Diptera (Diptera Calliphoridae importance N Wiedeman, Wiedeman (Wiedeman 1830 27C C 27 27°C 25C 25 25°C night 6 10 h photophase hostparasitoid 1 2 respectively female days 15 163 3 16.3 12h, 12h , (12h) 405 40 5 40.5 16h (16h 941 94 94.1 24h, 24h (24h) follows 1st st day, 2nd nd th 7th from 14th day. . 183 16. (12h 4 40. 9 94. (24h 18

Egeria densa is a submerged aquatic weed that can grow into dense monocultures in rivers and dams in South Africa, which negatively affects ecosystem functioning and services. The biological control agent Hydrellia egeriae Rodrigues-Júnior (Diptera: Ephydridae) was first released against Egeria densa Planchon (Hydrocharitaceae) in South Africa in 2018. Biotic resistance in an introduced range can have negative impacts on the ability of a biological control agent to establish and exert top-down pressure. Dipteran and lepidopteran species that are used as biological control agents are often susceptible to higher levels of parasitism in their introduced range than biological control agents from other insect orders. In addition, ecological analogues that are present in South Africa, make H. egeriae particularly vulnerable to biotic resistance. Considering this, post-release surveys were conducted to investigate if native parasitoids will extend their host range to include H. egeriae. Chaenusa seminervata van Achterberg, C. anervata van Achterberg (Braconidae: Alysiinae: Dacnusini) and Ademon lagarosiphonae van Achterberg (Braconidae: Opiinae) were reared from field-collected H. egeriae pupae, within a year of its release. These braconid parasitoids were previously recorded from a native herbivore, Hydrellia lagarosiphon Deeming (Diptera: Ephydridae). Parasitism levels of H. egeriae ranged from 50 to 74% in cold months and 0 to 60% in warmer months, with higher levels of parasitism at a site where H. lagarosiphon naturally occurs. This study also found that cumulative release events of the biological control agent increase the probability of parasitism of field populations, by directly increasing the host pool. However, biological control efficacy can potentially be increased by limiting release efforts to a maximum of two release events per site per season, with particular focus on releasing in warm (i.e. spring/summer) months. Continued post-release surveys are necessary to not only monitor H. egeriae's impact on E. densa, but also to obtain a better understanding of seasonal parasitism levels across E. densa-invaded sites in South Africa.

Abstract Palpita forficifera Munroe, 1959 (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is the main pest of the olive tree (Olea europaea L., Oleaceae) in Brazil and its management has been difficult, as there are few products recommended for its control. This study aimed to evaluate the population dynamics of P. forficifera and the entomofauna of parasitoid eggs and larvae in three olive orchards under different cultivation systems, in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. The study was carried out from October to May, in the 2017/18 and 2018/19 harvests, in olive orchards of different cultivars in the municipalities of Pelotas and Rio Grande, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Population dynamics of P. forficifera varied according to the agricultural season, the months sampled, and the orchards (sites) evaluated. The highest infestation reached around 60% of the shoots in some months, depending on the orchard evaluated. During the pest infestation period, the occurrence of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma foersteri Takahashi, 2021 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) was observed along with three larval parasitoids belonging to the genera Dolichogenidea Viereck, 1911, Hymenochaonia Dalla Torre, 1898 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Temelucha Förster, 1869 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Temelucha hilux Gauld, 2000 is recorded for the first time in association with a host, and its distribution in the country is extended to the southern region, from Brazil. Due to the scarcity of information on pest management, the natural occurrence of natural enemies in crops is of paramount importance in helping to manage P. forficifera in the field. The population dynamics of P. forficifera is also influenced by the parasitoid community, made up of at least four species of parasitic Hymenoptera. Therefore, strategies aimed at managing P. forficifera must be well developed in order to maintain and increase natural biological control in the field. Munroe 195 Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera Crambidae Olea L L. Oleaceae difficult P systems May 201718 2017 18 2017/1 201819 2018 19 2018/1 harvests season sampled sites (sites evaluated 60 period Takahashi 202 Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera Trichogrammatidae Viereck 1911 Torre 189 Braconidae Förster 186 Ichneumonidae. Ichneumonidae . Ichneumonidae) Gauld 200 host region field community Therefore 20171 201 1 2017/ 20181 2018/ 6 20 191 2

Resumo Palpita forficifera Munroe, 1959 (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) é a principal praga da oliveira (Olea europaea L., Oleaceae) no Brasil e seu manejo é dificil, pois há poucos produtos recomendados para seu controle. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a flutuação populacional de P. forficifera e avaliar os parasitoides de ovos e lagartas associados à praga em três olivais conduzidos sob diferentes sistemas de cultivo no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. O estudo foi realizado entre outubro e maio, nas safras de 2017/18 e 2018/19, em pomares de oliveira de diferentes cultivares nos municípios de Pelotas e Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A dinâmica populacional de P. forficifera variou em função da safra agrícola, dos meses amostrados e dos pomares (locais) avaliados. A maior infestação alcançou cerca de 60% das brotações em alguns meses, dependendo do pomar avaliado. Durante o período de infestação da praga, foi observada a ocorrência do parasitoide de ovos Trichogramma foersteri Takahashi, 2021 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) juntamente com três parasitoides larvais pertencentes aos gêneros Dolichogenidea Viereck, 1911 e Hymenochaonia Dalla Torre, 1898 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) e Temelucha Förster, 1869 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Temelucha hilux Gauld, 2000 é registrado pela primeira vez em associação a um hospedeiro e sua distribuição no país é estendida para a região Sul do Brasil. Devido à escassez de informações sobre o manejo da praga, a ocorrência natural de inimigos naturais nos cultivos agrícolas é de suma importância para auxiliar no manejo da P. forficifera a campo. A dinâmica populacional de P. forficifera é influenciada também, pela comunidade de parasitoides, formada por no mínimo quatro espécies de himenópteros parasitoides. Assim, estratégias direcionadas para o manejo da P. forficifera devem ser bem elaboradas para manter e aumentar o controle biológico natural a campo. Munroe 195 Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera Crambidae Olea L L. Oleaceae dificil P maio 201718 2017 18 2017/1 201819 2018 19 2018/19 agrícola locais (locais avaliados 60 avaliado Takahashi 202 Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera Trichogrammatidae Viereck 191 Torre 189 Braconidae Förster 186 Ichneumonidae. Ichneumonidae . Ichneumonidae) Gauld 200 campo também Assim 20171 201 1 2017/ 20181 2018/1 6 20 2018/ 2

Resumen Se evaluó el impacto de varios plaguicidas sobre la diversidad de la artropofauna asociada al cultivo de papa comercial, en Mollepata, provincia de Anta en Cusco-Perú, para determinar que gremios tróficos (GT) de la artropofauna son afectados. Los tratamientos fueron fipronil, propineb y convencional (rotación de varios plaguicidas). Se dispusieron 35 trampas de caída en cada tratamiento con la finalidad de recolectar la artropofauna presente en el cultivo de papa. Fueron realizadas cinco aplicaciones del tratamiento correspondiente y se efectuó un total de cinco revisiones con una frecuencia de catorce días entre ellas. Las familias más abundantes fueron Hemiptera: Cicadellidae (19,82 %), Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae (16,33 %) y Diptera: Sciaridae (11,92 %). El propineb fue el tratamiento que presentó, a nivel de familia, el mayor número total de individuos. Para todo el estudio, a nivel de GT la secuencia decreciente del total de familias fue: fitófago con 30 familias (32,97 %); depredadores 23 familias (26,37 %); detritívoros 20 familias (21,98 %); parasitoides 10 familias (9,89 %); polinizadores seis familias (6,59 %) y omnívoro dos familias (2,20 %). El propineb presentó los valores del número total de individuos más altos en los fitófagos y los parasitoides. Por otro lado, los índices de diversidad alfa no presentaron diferencias entre tratamientos para los gremios omnívoros, detritívoros, polinizadores y depredadores. Los índices de diversidad beta fueron variables, obteniendo en general una mayor similaridad entre el tratamiento de fipronil y el convencional. Los GT fitófagos y parasitoides fueron los que presentaron los valores más diferenciados al evaluar el efecto de los plaguicidas en la artropofauna del suelo con base a los índices de diversidad alfa.

Abstract The impact of several pesticides on the diversity of arthropofauna associated with commercial potato cultivation was evaluated in Mollepata, province of Anta in Cusco-Peru, to determine which trophic guilds (TG) are affected. The treatments were fipronil, propineb and conventional (rotation of several pesticides). Thirty-five pitfall traps were placed in each treatment with the purpose of collecting the arthropofauna in potatoes. Five applications of the corresponding treatment were carried out and a total of five check-ups were carried out with a frequency of fourteen days. The most abundant families were Hemiptera: Cicadellidae (19.82%), Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae (16.33%) and Diptera: Sciaridae (11.92%). Propineb was the treatment that presented, at the family level, the largest total number of individuals. For the entire study, at the level of TG, the decreasing sequence of the total number of families was: phytophagous with 30 families (32.97%); predators 23 families (26.37%); detritivores 20 families (21.98%); parasitoids 10 families (9.89%); pollinators six families (6.59%) and finally omnivorous with two families (2.20%). Propineb presented the highest values of the total number of individuals in phytophages and parasitoids. On the other hand, alpha diversity indices did not present differences between treatments for omnivores, detritivores, pollinators and predators. The beta diversity indices were variable, generally obtaining greater similarity between the fipronil and conventional treatment. The phytophagous and parasitoid TGs were those that presented the most differentiated values when evaluating the effect of pesticides on soil arthropofauna based on alpha diversity indices.

Abstract Introduction: Severe infestations by a sawfly species of the genus Zadiprion (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae), previously considered as Zadiprion howdeni, were detected in the forests of the Sierra Juárez of Oaxaca from 2018 to 2021. Objective: The objective was to corroborate the identity and generate information on biological and ecological aspects of the defoliator Zadiprion sp. affecting Pinus trees in the Sierra Norte of Oaxaca. Materials and methods: The biological development of the defoliator Zadiprion sp. was studied by field sampling in forests of Santa Catarina Ixtepeji. The species was identified by observing the external and internal morphological characteristics of the adult stage, based on taxonomic keys of diprionids. The number of instars was estimated by measuring the width of the larval head using digitized images and fitting a mathematical model. Results and discussion: The species infesting the study area is not Z. howdeni but a new species named Zadiprion llanderalae nov. sp. The larvae fed on needles of Pinus oaxacana Mirov., Pinus patula Schiede ex Schltdl. & Cham. and Pinus leiophylla Schiede ex Schltdl. & Cham., with the first being the main host. The species has one generation per year. In the field, an average density of 39.2 ± 9.69 sawfly cocoons∙m-2 was reported; 50.1 % of these were attacked by parasitoids, including wasps of the genus Exenterus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Conclusions: We describe the species Z. llanderalae nov. sp. and provide data on its life cycle. This information is important for the planning of its management.

Resumen Introducción: En los bosques de la Sierra Juárez de Oaxaca, de 2018 a 2021, se detectaron infestaciones severas por una especie de mosca sierra del género Zadiprion (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae), considerada previamente como Zadiprion howdeni. Objetivo: Corroborar la identidad y generar información sobre aspectos biológicos y ecológicos del defoliador Zadiprion sp. que afecta el arbolado de Pinus en la Sierra Norte de Oaxaca. Materiales y métodos: El desarrollo biológico del defoliador Zadiprion sp. se estudió mediante muestreos de campo en bosques de Santa Catarina Ixtepeji. La especie se identificó mediante observación de las características morfológicas externas e internas del estadio adulto, con base en claves taxonómicas de dipriónidos. El número de instares se estimó a través de la medición del ancho de la cabeza de las larvas en imágenes digitalizadas y del ajuste a un modelo matemático. Resultados y discusión: La especie que ha causado las infestaciones en el área de estudio no es Z. howdeni sino una especie nueva denominada Zadiprion llanderalae nov. sp. Las larvas se alimentaron de acículas de Pinus oaxacana Mirov., Pinus patula Schiede ex Schltdl. & Cham. y Pinus leiophylla Schiede ex Schltdl. & Cham., siendo la primera el hospedante principal. La especie tiene una generación por año. En campo se obtuvo una densidad promedio de 39.2 ± 9.69 capullos∙m-2; 50.1 % de estos fueron atacados por parasitoides, entre ellos avispas del género Exenterus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Conclusiones: Se describe la especie Z. llanderalae nov. sp. y se aportan datos sobre su ciclo biológico. Esta información es importante para la planificación de su manejo.

Resumen En este trabajo se determina la entomofauna benéfica asociada a especies arbóreas en escenarios de la agricultura urbana de Pinar del Río, Cuba. Entre septiembre de 2019 y marzo de 2020, se realizó un inventario florístico de la biodiversidad arbórea y se recolectaron muestras de los biorreguladores. Se inventariaron 23 especies arbóreas y 65% de ellas estuvo representado por frutales. La mayor riqueza de especies se detectó en los órdenes Diptera, Mesostigmata, Hymenoptera y Araneae. Los biorreguladores con mayor frecuencia fueron Condylostylus sp., Ocyptamus costatus y Phytoseiulus sp.; mientras que, las especies arbóreas con mayor proporción de artrópodos asociados fueron Persea americana, Citrus limon, Morinda citrifolia y Psidium guajava. Los resultados corroboran la necesidad de fomentar estratos arbóreos como reservorio de biorreguladores y profundizar en la actividad de estos organismos benéficos como alternativa para el manejo de plagas.

Abstract This work determines the beneficial entomofauna associated with tree species in urban agriculture scenarios of Pinar del Río, Cuba. Between September 2019 and March 2020, a floristic inventory of tree biodiversity was conducted and samples of bioregulators were collected. Twenty-three tree species were inventoried and 65% of them were represented by fruit trees. The greatest species richness was detected in the orders Diptera, Mesostigmata, Hymenoptera and Araneae. The most frequent bioregulators were Condylostylus sp., Ocyptamus costatus and Phytoseiulus sp.; while the tree species with the highest proportion of associated arthropods were Persea americana, Citrus limon, Morinda citrifolia and Psidium guajava. The results corroborate the need to promote tree strata as a reservoir of bioregulators and deepen the activity of these beneficial organisms as an alternative for pest management.