Abstract The biological control in sugarcane in Venezuela has been established as a unique measure, having optimal results of the use of parasitoids and entomopathogens for the control of borers of the genus Diatraea, and later of the candelilla Aeneolamia spp., both key pests of the crop. For borers it was achieved after systematic releases of the Amazonian fly Lydella minense from the middle of the last century and then with the establishment of the braconid wasp Cotesia flavipes from 1987. For the biological control of Aenolamia varia, pest that involved the frequent application of insecticides, after the introduction of the use of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae since 1977, has been established as an efficient measure for the control of its adults, however, the nymphs were less controlled. This aspect was resolved through the introduction of the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora in 2004, which has been widely used as a biological measure to avoid the application of insecticides. As an example, we have the Azucarera Río Turbio, although in the last harvests it has had a reduction in its areas due to different factors. During the last 58 years, Diatraea infestation shows a reduction of 15 to 3.18 %, which saves 170 552.62 metric tons with a value of US$ 49 196 045 and a cost of biological control of US$ 1 187 189 which translates into a benefit-cost of US$ 41.44. Before the establishment of biological control, Aeneolamia was controlled exclusively with chemical insecticides applied to foliage for adults and soil for nymphs. Simultaneously since then, the entomopathogenic fungus M. anisopliae produced by national companies has been used and this entomopathogen was used on 87 000 hectares between 1986 and 1990. Also since 2004, the methodology of using entomopathogenic nematodes to control Aeneolamia nymphs began.

Resumen El control biológico en caña de azúcar en Venezuela se ha logrado establecer como una medida única, con resultados óptimos del uso de parasitoides y entomopatógenos para el control de los taladradores del género Diatraea, y, posteriormente, de la candelilla Aeneolamia spp., ambas plagas claves del cultivo. Para los taladradores, se logró después de liberaciones sistemáticas de la mosca amazónica Lydella minense desde un inicio, a mediados del siglo XX y luego con el establecimiento de la avispa bracónida Cotesia flavipes, a partir de 1987. Para el control biológico de Aeneolamia varia, plaga que implicaba la aplicación frecuente de insecticidas, después de la introducción del uso del hongo entomopatógeno Metarhizium anisopliae desde 1977, se ha establecido como medida eficiente para el control de sus adultos, aunque las ninfas eran menos controladas. Este aspecto se resolvió mediante la introducción del nematodo entomopatógeno Heterorhabditis bacteriophora en 2004, el cual se viene utilizando en forma general, y prácticamente ya se tienen las medidas biológicas para evitar la aplicación de insecticidas. Como ejemplo se tiene a la Azucarera Río Turbio, aunque en las últimas zafras ha tenido una reducción en sus áreas, por diferentes factores. Durante los últimos 58 años, la infestación de Diatraea muestra una reducción de 15 a 3.18 %, con lo cual se salvan 170 552.62 toneladas métricas (TM), con un valor de US$ 49 196 045 y un costo del control biológico de US$ 1 187 189 lo que se traduce en un beneficio-costo de US$ 41.44. Antes del establecimiento del control biológico, Aeneolamia se controlaba exclusivamente con insecticidas químicos, aplicados al follaje para los adultos y al suelo para las ninfas. Simultáneamente desde entonces, se ha utilizado el hongo M. anisopliae producido por empresas nacionales, hasta cubrir 87 000 ha, entre 1986 y 1990. También, desde 2004 se inició la utilización de nematodos entomopatógenos para el control de ninfas de Aeneolamia.

Resumen Se informa sobre nuevas asociaciones entre el parasitoide Habrobracon hebetor (Say) y dos géneros de coleópteros plaga de postcosecha en frutos descascarados de Juglans regia L, Carpophilus Stephens (Nitidulidae) y Oryzaephilus Ganglbauer (Silvanidae) en la provincia de La Rioja. Además, se registró este parasitoide a partir de larvas de Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Se amplía la distribución de H. hebetor para la provincia de La Rioja. Se proporcionan datos sobre porcentajes de parasitoidismo.

Abstract New associations are reported between the parasitoid Habrobracon hebetor (Say) and two genera of postharvest pest coleopters on shelled fruits of Juglans regia L, Carpophilus Stephens (Nitidulidae) and Oryzaephilus Ganglbauer (Silvanidae) in the province of La Rioja. Furthermore, this parasitoid was recorded from larvae of Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). The distribution of H. hebetor is expanded to the province of La Rioja. Data on percentages of parasitoidism are provided.

RESUMO Composta por parasitoides e predadores, a família Dryinidae é a terceira maior família de Chrysidoidea, com 1.924 espécies descritas no mundo. A diversidade da família pode ser ainda maior, entretanto, estudos sobre a diversidade e distribuição geográfica são escassos, especialmente em regiões semiáridas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a ocorrência e a diversidade de gêneros de Dryinidae no Semiárido da Bahia. Foram utilizadas cinco armadilhas do tipo Malaise distribuídas em duas áreas de vegetação nativa e uma constituída por eucalipto (Eucalyptus urophylla), com monitoramento mensal por dois anos consecutivos. Os indivíduos foram identificados a nível de gênero e morfoespécies. Foram coletados 77 indivíduos de Dryinidae, distribuídos em quatro subfamílias (Anteoninae, Aphelopinae, Dryininae, Gonatopodinae), contidas em sete gêneros (Anteon Jurine, 1807; Aphelopus Dalman, 1823; Crovettia Olmi, 1984; Deinodryinus, Perkins, 1907; Dryinus Latreille, 1804; Gonatopus Ljungh, 1810 e Thaumatodryinus Perkins, 1905), e 29 morfoespécies. O gênero Dryinus foi o mais frequente nas três áreas de estudo. As áreas nativas (principalmente na área florestal) apresentaram maior diversidade do que a área de eucalipto. O presente estudo contribui com dados sobre o conhecimento e distribuição de espécies Dryinidae em zonas do semiárido brasileiro e no estado da Bahia. predadores Chrysidoidea 1924 1 924 1.92 mundo entretanto escassos semiáridas Bahia Eucalyptus urophylla, urophylla , urophylla) consecutivos morfoespécies 7 Anteoninae, Anteoninae (Anteoninae Aphelopinae Dryininae Gonatopodinae, Gonatopodinae Gonatopodinae) Anteon Jurine 1807 Dalman 1823 Olmi 1984 Deinodryinus Perkins 1907 Latreille 1804 Ljungh 181 1905, 1905 1905) 2 principalmente florestal 192 92 1.9 180 182 198 190 18 19 9 1.

ABSTRACT Dryinidae is a family of parasitoids and predators; it is the third largest family in the superfamily Chrysidoidea, with 1,924 species worldwide. The diversity of this family may be even greater, but studies on its diversity and geographical distribution are scarce, especially in semiarid regions. The objective of this study was to describe the occurrence and diversity of Dryinidae genera in the Semiarid region of Bahia, Brazil. Five Malaise traps were distributed in two areas with native vegetation and in one with eucalyptus (Eucalyptus urophylla) plantation and monitored monthly for two years. Specimens were identified to genus and morphospecies levels. The collection consisted of 77 Dryinidae specimens from four subfamilies (Anteoninae, Aphelopinae, Dryininae, Gonatopodinae), seven genera (Anteon Jurine, 1807; Aphelopus Dalman, 1823; Crovettia Olmi, 1984; Deinodryinus, Perkins, 1907; Dryinus Latreille, 1804; Gonatopus Ljungh, 1810 and Thaumatodryinus Perkins, 1905), and 29 morphospecies. The genus Dryinus was the most frequent in the three study areas. Areas with native vegetation, mainly the forest area, showed greater diversity than the area with eucalyptus trees. This study contributes with data of identification and distribution of Dryinidae species in the Semiarid region of the state of Bahia, Brazil. predators Chrysidoidea 1924 1 924 1,92 worldwide scarce regions Bahia Brazil Eucalyptus urophylla years levels 7 Anteoninae, Anteoninae (Anteoninae Aphelopinae Dryininae Gonatopodinae, Gonatopodinae , Gonatopodinae) Anteon Jurine 1807 Dalman 1823 Olmi 1984 Deinodryinus Perkins 1907 Latreille 1804 Ljungh 181 1905, 1905 1905) 2 trees 192 92 1,9 180 182 198 190 18 19 9 1,

RESUMO O cultivo comercial de goiabeira (Psidium guajava L.) ocorre em todas as regiões brasileiras, onde moscas-das-frutas causam perdas diretas na produção e afetam as exportações de frutas frescas devido a restrições quarentenárias. Objetivou-se determinar a incidência, diversidade e flutuações populacionais de espécies de moscas frugívoras que infestam goiabeira e levantar seus parasitoides associados, no estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil. Frutos e moscas capturadas por armadilhas foram amostrados em três regiões produtoras de goiaba. Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied.) foi a principal espécie associada a goiabeiras, principalmente na região litorânea. Anastrepha chiclayae foi registrada pela primeira vez associada a goiabeiras no Brasil. Medfly não foi uma espécie importante. Neosilba zadolicha foi a espécie de Lonchaeidae mais comum, mas com baixa importância. Maiores populações de moscas frugívoras foram encontradas em regiões quentes e úmidas. Dois picos populacionais de A. fraterculus foram observados em outubro (primavera) e de março a abril (verão-outono). Tefritídeos ocorreram em todas as regiões pesquisadas, com maiores infestações na área litorânea, seguida da norte e serrana, respectivamente. Doryctobracon areolatus e Aganaspis pelleranoi foram as espécies de parasitoides mais comuns; no entanto, o controle biológico natural de moscas frugívoras em goiabeira foi muito baixo e apresentou controle populacional de baixo impacto. Psidium L. L brasileiras moscasdasfrutas das quarentenárias Objetivouse Objetivou se incidência associados Santo Brasil goiaba Wied. Wied (Wied. litorânea importante comum importância úmidas A primavera (primavera verãooutono. verãooutono verão outono . (verão-outono) pesquisadas serrana respectivamente comuns entanto impacto (Wied (verão-outono

ABSTRACT The commercial cultivation of guava tree (Psidium guajava L.) occurs in all Brazilian regions, where fruit flies cause direct losses to production and affect fresh fruit exports due to quarantine restrictions. This study aimed to determine the incidence, diversity and population fluctuations of frugivorous fly species that infest guava trees, as well as to survey their associated parasitoids, in the Espírito santo state, Brazil. Fruits and flies captured in traps were sampled in three guava-producing regions. Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied.) was the main species associated with guava trees, particularly in the coastal region. Anastrepha chiclayae was recorded for the first time associated with guava trees in Brazil. Medfly was not considered an important species. Neosilba zadolicha was the most common Lonchaeidae species collected, but with low importance. Higher populations of frugivorous flies were found in hot and humid areas. Two population peaks of A. fraterculus were observed during October (spring) and from March to April (summer-autumn). Tephritid flies occurred in all surveyed regions, with higher infestations in the coastal area, followed by the northern and mountain regions, respectively. Doryctobracon areolatus and Aganaspis pelleranoi were the most common species of parasitoids; however, the natural biological control of frugivorous flies in guava trees was very low and had little impact on fruit fly populations. Psidium L. L regions restrictions incidence parasitoids state Brazil guavaproducing producing Wied. Wied (Wied. region collected importance areas A spring (spring summerautumn. summerautumn summer autumn . (summer-autumn) area respectively however (Wied (summer-autumn

RESUMO Populações de percevejos Piezodorus guildinii e Dichelops furcatus são naturalmente reguladas por predadores e parasitoides de ovos. No entanto, esses inimigos naturais podem ser afetados pela aplicação de inseticidas não seletivos comumente utilizados no controle químico dos percevejos. Objetivou-se avaliar a toxicidade de dinotefurano em predadores e parasitoides de ovos associados a populações de P. guildinii e D. furcatus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) em condições de campo. Predadores e parasitoides de ovos foram registrados semanalmente de V2 a R7, em parcelas de soja tratadas e não tratadas com dinotefurano. Telenomus podisi (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) estava presente em 100 % das massas de ovos parasitados em ambas as espécies de percevejos e tratamentos. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas na proporção de parasitismo e na razão sexual entre os tratamentos para nenhuma das espécies. A proporção de emergência da massa de ovos mostrou diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos para P. guildinii, mas não para D. furcatus. A aplicação de dinotefurano não afetou a presença de predadores generalistas como Araneae, Syrphidae e Chrysopidae. Dinotefurano pode ser considerado seletivo para esses predadores, mas não para P. guildinii. entanto Objetivouse Objetivou se P D Hemiptera (Hemiptera Pentatomidae campo V R7 R Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera Scelionidae 10 Araneae Chrysopidae 1

ABSTRACT Piezodorus guildinii and Dichelops furcatus stink bug populations are naturally regulated by predators and egg parasitoids. However, these natural enemies can be affected by the application of non-selective insecticides commonly employed for stink bug chemical control. This study aimed to evaluate the dinotefuran toxicity on predators and egg parasitoids associated with P. guildinii and D. furcatus (Hemimpera: Pentatomidae) populations under field conditions. Predators and egg parasitoids were recorded weekly from V2 to R7, in dinotefuran-treated and untreated soybean plots. Telenomus podisi (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) was present on 100 % of the egg masses parasitized on both stink bugs species and treatments. No significant differences were found in parasitism proportion and sex ratio between treatments for either species. The egg mass emergence proportion showed significant differences among the treatments for P. guildinii, but not for D. furcatus. The dinotefuran application did not affect the presence of generalist predators as Araneae, Syrphidae and Chrysopidae. Dinotefuran can be considered selective for these predators, but not for P. guildinii. However nonselective non control P D Hemimpera (Hemimpera Pentatomidae conditions V R7 R dinotefurantreated treated plots Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera Scelionidae 10 Araneae Chrysopidae 1

Resumo Palpita forficifera Munroe, 1959 (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) é a principal praga da oliveira (Olea europaea L., Oleaceae) no Brasil e seu manejo é dificil, pois há poucos produtos recomendados para seu controle. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a flutuação populacional de P. forficifera e avaliar os parasitoides de ovos e lagartas associados à praga em três olivais conduzidos sob diferentes sistemas de cultivo no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. O estudo foi realizado entre outubro e maio, nas safras de 2017/18 e 2018/19, em pomares de oliveira de diferentes cultivares nos municípios de Pelotas e Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A dinâmica populacional de P. forficifera variou em função da safra agrícola, dos meses amostrados e dos pomares (locais) avaliados. A maior infestação alcançou cerca de 60% das brotações em alguns meses, dependendo do pomar avaliado. Durante o período de infestação da praga, foi observada a ocorrência do parasitoide de ovos Trichogramma foersteri Takahashi, 2021 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) juntamente com três parasitoides larvais pertencentes aos gêneros Dolichogenidea Viereck, 1911 e Hymenochaonia Dalla Torre, 1898 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) e Temelucha Förster, 1869 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Temelucha hilux Gauld, 2000 é registrado pela primeira vez em associação a um hospedeiro e sua distribuição no país é estendida para a região Sul do Brasil. Devido à escassez de informações sobre o manejo da praga, a ocorrência natural de inimigos naturais nos cultivos agrícolas é de suma importância para auxiliar no manejo da P. forficifera a campo. A dinâmica populacional de P. forficifera é influenciada também, pela comunidade de parasitoides, formada por no mínimo quatro espécies de himenópteros parasitoides. Assim, estratégias direcionadas para o manejo da P. forficifera devem ser bem elaboradas para manter e aumentar o controle biológico natural a campo. Munroe 195 Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera Crambidae Olea L L. Oleaceae dificil P maio 201718 2017 18 2017/1 201819 2018 19 2018/19 agrícola locais (locais avaliados 60 avaliado Takahashi 202 Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera Trichogrammatidae Viereck 191 Torre 189 Braconidae Förster 186 Ichneumonidae. Ichneumonidae . Ichneumonidae) Gauld 200 campo também Assim 20171 201 1 2017/ 20181 2018/1 6 20 2018/ 2

Abstract Palpita forficifera Munroe, 1959 (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is the main pest of the olive tree (Olea europaea L., Oleaceae) in Brazil and its management has been difficult, as there are few products recommended for its control. This study aimed to evaluate the population dynamics of P. forficifera and the entomofauna of parasitoid eggs and larvae in three olive orchards under different cultivation systems, in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. The study was carried out from October to May, in the 2017/18 and 2018/19 harvests, in olive orchards of different cultivars in the municipalities of Pelotas and Rio Grande, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Population dynamics of P. forficifera varied according to the agricultural season, the months sampled, and the orchards (sites) evaluated. The highest infestation reached around 60% of the shoots in some months, depending on the orchard evaluated. During the pest infestation period, the occurrence of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma foersteri Takahashi, 2021 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) was observed along with three larval parasitoids belonging to the genera Dolichogenidea Viereck, 1911, Hymenochaonia Dalla Torre, 1898 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Temelucha Förster, 1869 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Temelucha hilux Gauld, 2000 is recorded for the first time in association with a host, and its distribution in the country is extended to the southern region, from Brazil. Due to the scarcity of information on pest management, the natural occurrence of natural enemies in crops is of paramount importance in helping to manage P. forficifera in the field. The population dynamics of P. forficifera is also influenced by the parasitoid community, made up of at least four species of parasitic Hymenoptera. Therefore, strategies aimed at managing P. forficifera must be well developed in order to maintain and increase natural biological control in the field. Munroe 195 Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera Crambidae Olea L L. Oleaceae difficult P systems May 201718 2017 18 2017/1 201819 2018 19 2018/1 harvests season sampled sites (sites evaluated 60 period Takahashi 202 Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera Trichogrammatidae Viereck 1911 Torre 189 Braconidae Förster 186 Ichneumonidae. Ichneumonidae . Ichneumonidae) Gauld 200 host region field community Therefore 20171 201 1 2017/ 20181 2018/ 6 20 191 2

RESUMO Parasitoides himenópteros intimamente associados à broca da cana-de-açúcar [Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidóptera: Crambidae)] podem ser encontrados tanto no cultivo orgânico quanto no convencional. Objetivou-se amostrar parasitoides associados à broca da cana-de-açúcar sob cultivo orgânico, orgânico próximo a um fragmento florestal e convencional. Armadilhas Moericke de duas cores (amarela e branca) foram usadas para amostrar os insetos, e análises faunísticas foram conduzidas para determinar a composição de parasitoides em cada tipo de manejo. No total, foram coletados 287 insetos, dos quais as famílias mais abundantes coletadas foram Diapriidae (44,44 %), Eulophidae (37,5 %) e Braconidae (18,06 %). O gênero mais abundante no cultivo orgânico foi Omphale (Eulophidae), Omphale (Eulophidae) no fragmento orgânico próximo à floresta e Omopria e Coptera (Diapriidae) no convencional. Os parasitoides foram mais abundantes no sistema orgânico (43,06 %), seguidos por orgânico + floresta (36,81 %) e convencional (20,14 %). A armadilha amarela foi mais atraente para os parasitoides, os quais foram, em geral, mais abundantes em sistemas orgânicos, independentemente da presença de fragmentos florestais. canadeaçúcar cana açúcar Diatraea Lepidóptera (Lepidóptera Crambidae Crambidae) Objetivouse Objetivou se branca insetos manejo total 28 44,44 4444 44 (44,4 %, % , 37,5 375 37 5 (37, 18,06 1806 18 06 (18,0 %. . Eulophidae, (Eulophidae (Diapriidae 43,06 4306 43 (43,0 36,81 3681 36 81 (36,8 20,14 2014 20 14 (20,1 geral orgânicos florestais 2 44,4 444 4 (44, 37, 3 (37 18,0 180 1 0 (18, 43,0 430 (43, 36,8 368 8 (36, 20,1 201 (20, 44, (44 (3 18, (18 43, (43 36, (36 20, (20 (4 ( (1 (2

ABSTRACT Hymenopteran parasitoids strongly associated with the sugarcane borer [Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)] may be found both in organic and conventional sugarcane farming systems. This study aimed to sample parasitoids associated with sugarcane borer in organic, organic near a forest fragment and conventional systems. Two colors of Moericke traps were used (yellow and white) to collect insect samples, and faunistic analyses were performed to determine the composition of parasitoids in each management type. A total of 287 insects were collected, with the most abundant families being Diapriidae (44.44 %), Eulophidae (37.5 %) and Braconidae (18.06 %). The most abundant genus in the organic system was Omphale (Eulophidae), Omphale (Eulophidae) in the organic system near the forest fragment, and Omopria and Coptera (Diapriidae) in the conventional system. The parasitoids were more abundant in the organic system (43.06 %), followed by the organic system near the forest fragment (36.81 %) and the conventional system (20.14 %). The yellow trap was the most effective in attracting parasitoids, which were generally more abundant in organic systems, regardless of proximity to forest fragments. Diatraea Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera Crambidae Crambidae) systems white samples type 28 collected 44.44 4444 44 (44.4 %, % , 37.5 375 37 5 (37. 18.06 1806 18 06 (18.0 %. . Eulophidae, (Eulophidae (Diapriidae 43.06 4306 43 (43.0 36.81 3681 36 81 (36.8 20.14 2014 20 14 (20.1 fragments 2 44.4 444 4 (44. 37. 3 (37 18.0 180 1 0 (18. 43.0 430 (43. 36.8 368 8 (36. 20.1 201 (20. 44. (44 (3 18. (18 43. (43 36. (36 20. (20 (4 ( (1 (2

Resumen Euschistus heros (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) es la principal chinche plaga de la soja en Amambay, Paraguay; la intensidad de sus daños a las legumbres resulta en disminución de la producción y perjuicios económicos para el sojicultor. Los parasitoides que controlan naturalmente sus poblaciones son agentes importantes para incluir dentro del manejo integrado de plagas. En esta investigación se determinó la ocurrencia del parasitismo natural de huevos de E. heros por Telenomus sp. aff. podisi (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) en soja. Se evaluaron los siguientes parámetros: número de huevos parasitados, índice de parasitismo y porcentaje de parasitoides emergidos. La investigación se realizó en seis municipios del departamento de Amambay, Paraguay donde se recolectaron aleatoriamente posturas de E. heros de 50 plantas de soja, que fueron transferidas al laboratorio y acondicionadas en cámara climatizada. Luego de la emergencia de los parasitoides se introdujeron en congelador para producir la muerte y en alcohol 70 % para su preservación. Para la identificación de los especímenes, las muestras de parasitoides fueron enviados al laboratorio del Instituto Biológico de Campinas-São Paulo, Brasil. Adicionalmente se elaboraron imágenes fotográficas de los parasitoides adultos recuperados para describir sus principales características morfológicas. Se identificó únicamente al parasitoide T. sp. aff. podisi. El número de huevos parasitados fue de 683, el índice de parasitismo 92,67 % y el porcentaje de parasitoides emergidos, 22,55 %. Este es el primer reporte de la ocurrencia natural de T. sp. aff. podisi en huevos de E. heros en cultivo de soja del Paraguay, un importante agente de control biológico de plagas.

Abstract Euschistus heros (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is the main pest of soybean in Amambay, Paraguay; the intense damage to the pods results in decreased production and economic losses for farmers. Parasitoids that naturally control their populations are important agents to include in integrated pest management. In this investigation, the occurrence of natural parasitism of E. heros eggs by Telenomus sp. aff. podisi (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) in soybean was determined. The parameters evaluated were: The number of parasitized eggs, parasitism index, and percentage of emerged parasitoids. Photographic images of the parasitoids were also produced to describe their main morphological characteristics. The research was carried out in six districts of the department of Amambay, Paraguay. E. heros eggs were randomly collected from 50 soybean plants, transferred to the laboratory, and conditioned in a climate chamber. After the emergence of the parasitoids, they were placed in a freezer to produce death and in 70 % alcohol for preservation. For the identification of specimens, the parasitoid samples were sent to the laboratory of the Biological Institute of Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Additionally, photographic images of the recovered adult parasitoids were prepared to describe their main morphological characteristics. Only the parasitoid T. sp. aff. podisi was identified. The number of parasitized eggs was 683, the parasitism index was 92.67 %, and the percentage of emerged parasitoids, was 22.55 %. This is the first report of the natural occurrence of T. sp. aff. Podisi in E. heros eggs in Paraguayan soybean crops, an important biological pest control agent.

Resumen Introducción. Las arvenses del cultivo de caña de azúcar pueden servir como reservorios de una gran cantidad de insectos benéficos útiles para el control biológico de plagas. Objetivo. Estudiar la asociación entre insectos benéficos y arvenses presentes en bordes de cañales. Materiales y métodos. Se realizaron visitas mensuales desde abril hasta diciembre del 2018, a dos sitios, El Palmar y Turrialba, dos regiones cañeras de Costa Rica. Se seleccionaron veinte puntos de muestreo al azar en donde se aspiraron todos los insectos contenidos en una estructura cuboide de 0,25 m3. Se identificaron las especies de plantas, así como las familias y morfoespecies de insectos presentes; estos últimos se clasificaron de acuerdo con su hábito alimenticio. Luego, se realizó un análisis de co-ocurrencia entre arvenses e insectos. Resultados. Se identificaron 140 especies de arvenses pertenecientes a 41 familias, 83 especies en El Palmar y 120 en Turrialba. La diversidad y riqueza de arvenses fue mayor en Turrialba. Se identificaron 13 689 artrópodos distribuidos en 137 familias; la diversidad, riqueza y abundancia en ambos sitios fue similar. Las familias Poaceae y Cicadellidae fueron identificadas con mayor frecuencia en ambas zonas. En el análisis de co-ocurrencia la arvense Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb., presentó una asociación positiva (p<0,05) con las familias de insectos depredadores Coccinellidae, Syrphidae y Dolichopodidae. La familia de insectos parasitoides Eulophidae se asoció con ocho especies de arvenses. Conclusiones. Se determinó asociación entre especies de arvenses e insectos benéficos en el cultivo de caña de azúcar, por lo que se puede asociar su papel al mantenimiento de las poblaciones de enemigos naturales para el control de plagas.

Abstract Introduction. Weeds in sugarcane crops can serve as reservoirs of a wide variety of beneficial insects that are useful for biological pest control. Objective. To study the association between beneficial insects and weeds present in sugarcane field edges. Materials and methods. Monthly visits were conducted from April to December 2018 in two sites, El Palmar and Turrialba, two sugarcane regions in Costa Rica. Twenty random sampling points were selected where all insects within a cubic structure of 0,25 m3 were aspirated. Plant species were identified, as well as the families and morphospecies of insects present; the latter were classified based on their feeding habits. Subsequently, a co-occurrence analysis between weeds and insects was performed. Results. A total of 140 species belonging to 41 families were identified, with 83 species in El Palmar and 120 in Turrialba. Weed diversity and richness was higher in Turrialba. A total of 13 689 arthropods distributed across 137 families were identified; the diversity, richness, and abundance showed similarity between both sites. The families Poaceae and Cicadellidae were the most frequently identified in both areas. In the co-occurrence analysis, the weed Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb. exhibited a positive association (p<0.05) with predator insect families such as Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, and Dolichopodidae. Additionally, the parasitoid insect family Eulophidae was associated with eight weed species. Conclusions. The study revealed an association between weed species and beneficial insects in sugarcane cultivars, suggesting their role in maintaining populations of natural enemies for pest control.

Resumen Se evaluó el impacto de varios plaguicidas sobre la diversidad de la artropofauna asociada al cultivo de papa comercial, en Mollepata, provincia de Anta en Cusco-Perú, para determinar que gremios tróficos (GT) de la artropofauna son afectados. Los tratamientos fueron fipronil, propineb y convencional (rotación de varios plaguicidas). Se dispusieron 35 trampas de caída en cada tratamiento con la finalidad de recolectar la artropofauna presente en el cultivo de papa. Fueron realizadas cinco aplicaciones del tratamiento correspondiente y se efectuó un total de cinco revisiones con una frecuencia de catorce días entre ellas. Las familias más abundantes fueron Hemiptera: Cicadellidae (19,82 %), Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae (16,33 %) y Diptera: Sciaridae (11,92 %). El propineb fue el tratamiento que presentó, a nivel de familia, el mayor número total de individuos. Para todo el estudio, a nivel de GT la secuencia decreciente del total de familias fue: fitófago con 30 familias (32,97 %); depredadores 23 familias (26,37 %); detritívoros 20 familias (21,98 %); parasitoides 10 familias (9,89 %); polinizadores seis familias (6,59 %) y omnívoro dos familias (2,20 %). El propineb presentó los valores del número total de individuos más altos en los fitófagos y los parasitoides. Por otro lado, los índices de diversidad alfa no presentaron diferencias entre tratamientos para los gremios omnívoros, detritívoros, polinizadores y depredadores. Los índices de diversidad beta fueron variables, obteniendo en general una mayor similaridad entre el tratamiento de fipronil y el convencional. Los GT fitófagos y parasitoides fueron los que presentaron los valores más diferenciados al evaluar el efecto de los plaguicidas en la artropofauna del suelo con base a los índices de diversidad alfa.

Abstract The impact of several pesticides on the diversity of arthropofauna associated with commercial potato cultivation was evaluated in Mollepata, province of Anta in Cusco-Peru, to determine which trophic guilds (TG) are affected. The treatments were fipronil, propineb and conventional (rotation of several pesticides). Thirty-five pitfall traps were placed in each treatment with the purpose of collecting the arthropofauna in potatoes. Five applications of the corresponding treatment were carried out and a total of five check-ups were carried out with a frequency of fourteen days. The most abundant families were Hemiptera: Cicadellidae (19.82%), Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae (16.33%) and Diptera: Sciaridae (11.92%). Propineb was the treatment that presented, at the family level, the largest total number of individuals. For the entire study, at the level of TG, the decreasing sequence of the total number of families was: phytophagous with 30 families (32.97%); predators 23 families (26.37%); detritivores 20 families (21.98%); parasitoids 10 families (9.89%); pollinators six families (6.59%) and finally omnivorous with two families (2.20%). Propineb presented the highest values of the total number of individuals in phytophages and parasitoids. On the other hand, alpha diversity indices did not present differences between treatments for omnivores, detritivores, pollinators and predators. The beta diversity indices were variable, generally obtaining greater similarity between the fipronil and conventional treatment. The phytophagous and parasitoid TGs were those that presented the most differentiated values when evaluating the effect of pesticides on soil arthropofauna based on alpha diversity indices.

Resumen La disminución global de la biodiversidad y la contaminación, junto con el cambio climático, amenazan directamente la seguridad alimentaria y la soberanía. Las prácticas insostenibles en la agricultura industrial, incluida la introducción de insectos no nativos, agravan esta crisis ambiental. Estos pueden invadir hábitats nativos y causar pérdida de biodiversidad. Creamos una base de datos de especies de avispas parasitarias utilizadas para el control biológico en Chile, examinando el porcentaje de especies introducidas y nativas, los plazos de introducción y las interacciones con los huéspedes. Un total del 73 % de los himenópteros corresponden a especies exóticas. También identificamos casos en los que especies parasitarias nativas e introducidas comparten los mismos huéspedes, lo que podría provocar un efecto de desbordamiento. Dado el alto endemismo de Chile en su entomofauna, la introducción de especies exóticas podría tener consecuencias perjudiciales para la biodiversidad local y los ecosistemas agrícolas. La excesiva dependencia de controladores de plagas no nativos obstaculiza la utilización de especies nativas, aumentando la vulnerabilidad a las plagas adaptadas a agentes de control biológico ampliamente utilizados. Abogamos por priorizar avispas controladoras nativas para garantizar la producción agrícola sostenible en Chile, al tiempo que mitigamos los impactos negativos de las especies exóticas.

Resumen La utilización de insecticidas en soja (Glycine max, L.) puede provocar efectos letales y subletales en la fauna benéfica asociada al cultivo. En Argentina, el empleo de plaguicidas para controlar malezas e insectos en cultivos extensivos e intensivos se incrementó en más de 400% en los últimos 20 años. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto del insecticida clorantraniliprol sobre depredadores y parasitoides asociados a Rachiplusia nu en condiciones de campo. Se realizaron seguimientos durante 2014/2015 en parcelas del cultivo con y sin aplicación de clorantraniliprol y se registraron los organismos fitófagos y predadores. Las larvas de R. nu se recolectaron, se acondicionaron individualmente en cajas de Petri y se mantuvieron en cámara de cría climatizada hasta la aparición de lepidópteros adultos o de parasitoides. Los resultados se analizaron mediante MLGM. En parcelas sin aplicación de insecticida, el parasitoidismo por Copidosoma sp. redujo la curva de incremento poblacional de R. nu a niveles inferiores al Nivel de Daño Económico. En parcelas con aplicación de clorantraniliprol, hubo diferencias significativas (. > 0,05) para predadores (Araneidae, Syrphidae, Hemiptera) y parasitoides (Himenoptera) antes y después de la aplicación. Por otra parte, el Índice de Berger Parker evidenció que los parasitoides son más sensibles al clorantraniliprol que los predadores. Por lo tanto, es necesario realizar estudios sobre insecticidas selectivos de otros modos de acción para evaluar los efectos subletales sobre enemigos naturales.

Abstract Using insecticides on soybean (Glycine max, L.) may induce lethal and sublethal effects on beneficial fauna associated with soybean cultivation. In Argentina, the application of pesticides in extensive and intensive crops for weed and insect control has increased by more than 400% over the last 20 years. This study aimed to determine the effect of chlorantraniliprole applied under field conditions on predators and parasitoids associated with Rachiplusia nu (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Phytophagous and predatory organisms were recorded in chlorantraniliprole-treated and untreated field plots during the 2014-2015 crop season. R. nu larvae were collected, individually placed in Petri dishes, and reared in a conditioned growth chamber until adult Lepidoptera or parasitoids appeared. Data were analyzed with the generalized linear mixed model. In untreated plots, the parasitoid Copidosoma sp. reduced the R. nu population growth curve below the economic injury level. In chlorantraniliprole-treated fields, differences before and after application were significant (. > 0.05), indicating that the insecticide affected predators (Araneidae, Syrphidae, Hemiptera) and parasitoids (Hymenoptera). Additionally, the Berger-Parker dominance index showed parasitoids were more sensitive to chlorantraniliprole than predators. Future research on selective insecticides with other action modes would be needed to evaluate sublethal effects on natural enemies.

Resumen Introducción: Loxaulus hyalinus es un cinípido (Hymenoptera) que ataca encinares (Quercus laeta Liebm.) de la Ciudad de México. La biología y el potencial de daño del insecto se desconoce. Objetivos: Describir la biología de la fase sexual de L. hyalinus y sus efectos en Q. laeta, así como enlistar los inquilinos y parasitoides asociados. Materiales y métodos: Para determinar el periodo de cada estado de L. hyalinus se recolectaron agallas de ramillas infestadas que se disecaron periódicamente, para describir su desarrollo y la presencia de inquilinos y parasitoides en el periodo 2019- 2022. Resultados y discusión: La generación sexual inició a partir de octubre cuando se observaron los primeros síntomas del desarrollo de las agallas en ramillas, y concluyó en mayo del siguiente año, cuando los adultos emergieron. La presencia de una gran cantidad de agallas altera el patrón de crecimiento de la copa de los árboles. Se encontraron dos especies de Synergus como inquilinos y nueve géneros de parasitoides calcidoideos asociados a L. hyalinus. Conclusiones: La generación sexual de L. hyalinus se desarrolla en las agallas de ramilla y su único hospedante confirmado es Q. laeta. Dicha plaga no ocasiona la muerte de su hospedante, pero sí afecta severamente la forma de la copa.

Abstract Introduction: Loxaulus hyalinus is a cynipid (Hymenoptera) that attacks oak groves (Quercus laeta Liebm.) in Mexico City. The insect's biology and damage potential are unknown. Objectives: Describe the biology of the sexual phase of L. hyalinus and its effects on Q. laeta, and list the associated inquilines and parasitoids. Materials and methods: To determine the period of each stage of L. hyalinus, galls were collected from infested twigs and periodically dissected to describe their development and the presence of inquilines and parasitoids in the period 2019- 2022. Results and discussion: Sexual generation began in October when the first symptoms of galls development were observed on twigs, and concluded in May of the following year, when adults emerged. The presence of many galls alters the growth pattern of the tree crown. Two Synergus species were found as inquilines and nine genera of chalcidoid parasitoids were associated with L. hyalinus. Conclusions: Sexual generation of L. hyalinus develops in twig galls and its only host confirmed is Q. laeta. This pest causes no death of its host but severely affects the shape of the crown.

Resumen En este trabajo se determina la entomofauna benéfica asociada a especies arbóreas en escenarios de la agricultura urbana de Pinar del Río, Cuba. Entre septiembre de 2019 y marzo de 2020, se realizó un inventario florístico de la biodiversidad arbórea y se recolectaron muestras de los biorreguladores. Se inventariaron 23 especies arbóreas y 65% de ellas estuvo representado por frutales. La mayor riqueza de especies se detectó en los órdenes Diptera, Mesostigmata, Hymenoptera y Araneae. Los biorreguladores con mayor frecuencia fueron Condylostylus sp., Ocyptamus costatus y Phytoseiulus sp.; mientras que, las especies arbóreas con mayor proporción de artrópodos asociados fueron Persea americana, Citrus limon, Morinda citrifolia y Psidium guajava. Los resultados corroboran la necesidad de fomentar estratos arbóreos como reservorio de biorreguladores y profundizar en la actividad de estos organismos benéficos como alternativa para el manejo de plagas.

Abstract This work determines the beneficial entomofauna associated with tree species in urban agriculture scenarios of Pinar del Río, Cuba. Between September 2019 and March 2020, a floristic inventory of tree biodiversity was conducted and samples of bioregulators were collected. Twenty-three tree species were inventoried and 65% of them were represented by fruit trees. The greatest species richness was detected in the orders Diptera, Mesostigmata, Hymenoptera and Araneae. The most frequent bioregulators were Condylostylus sp., Ocyptamus costatus and Phytoseiulus sp.; while the tree species with the highest proportion of associated arthropods were Persea americana, Citrus limon, Morinda citrifolia and Psidium guajava. The results corroborate the need to promote tree strata as a reservoir of bioregulators and deepen the activity of these beneficial organisms as an alternative for pest management.

Resumen El Laboratorio Ecología de Artrópodos (LEA) es un laboratorio de investigación que desarrolla proyectos sobre artrópodos continentales con el fin de hacer ciencia aplicada en Ecología que proporcione información acertada sobre el funcionamiento de los ecosistemas. Las líneas de investigación básica se han establecido sobre el control biológico con insectos parasitoides y la diversidad de artrópodos en general. La presente nota tiene como objetivos mostrar los resultados de trabajos ejecutados en el LEA sobre la biología de dos parasitoides y la diversidad de artrópodos de diferentes puntos de vista. La información se analizó mediante la revisión de publicaciones como artículos científicos y tesis realizadas por los miembros que pertenecen o han pertenecido al LEA. Como resultados en esta nota tenemos dos trabajos de biologías de parasitoides en los que se estudiaron los ciclos de vida. Sobre la diversidad de artrópodos tenemos patrones de variación espacio temporal, equivalencias entre áreas temporales de diversidad, respuesta de las arañas epígeas al Fenómeno El Niño 97-98, diversidad de “cigarritas”, plagas de la piña, entre otros.

Abstract The Arthropod Ecology Laboratory (LEA) is a research laboratory that develops projects on continental arthropods in order to do applied science in Ecology, which provides accurate information on the functioning of ecosystems. The basic lines of research have been established on biological control with parasitoid insects and the diversity of arthropods in general. The objective of this note is to show the results of works carried out in the LEA, on the biology of two parasitoids and the diversity of arthropods from different points of view. The information was analyzed by reviewing publications such as scientific articles and theses executed by members who belong or have belonged to the LEA. As results in this note we have two biology of parasitoids in which life cycles were studied. Regarding arthropod diversity, we have patterns of spatio-temporal variation, equivalences between temporal areas of diversity, response of epigean spiders to the El Niño 97-98 phenomenon, diversity of "cigarritas", pineapple pests, among others.