Resumo Horismenus camobiensis sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) é descrita com base em dados morfológicos, moleculares e ecológicos; esta nova espécie Chalcididae atua como hiperparasitoide de Opsiphanis invirae (Hübner, 1818) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) em pupas de seu parasitoide Cotesia invirae Salgado-Neto and Whitfield, 2019 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Caracteres diagnósticos morfológicos e moleculares e ilustrações de H. camobiensis são fornecidos.

Abstract Horismenus camobiensis sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), is described based on morphological, molecular and ecological data; this new species of chalcid wasp acts as hyperparasitoid of Opsiphanis invirae (Hübner, 1818) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in its parasitoid Cotesia invirae Salgado-Neto and Whitfield, 2019 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Diagnoses with morphological and molecular characters and illustrations are provided.

Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi (Anacardiaceae) (Brazilian pepper tree) is a tree native to subtropical South America that was introduced into South Africa as an ornamental plant. Globally, it is regarded as one of the world's worst invasive trees. In South Africa the tree has acquired a native seed-feeding wasp, Megastigmus transvaalensis (Hussey, 1956) (Hymenoptera: Torymidae). The wasp's native hosts are from the Searsia F.A. Barkley genus (Anacardiaceae), but it has expanded its host range to form a new association with both S. terebinthifolia and its close relative Schinus molle L. (Anacardiaceae). In order to quantify the seed predation by M. transvaalensis on S. terebinthifolia seeds, tree populations were surveyed across the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces. The wasp was present at 99% of the S. terebinthifolia populations with an average of 22% of the seeds being destroyed. In the Eastern Cape province, the highest seed damage occurred at the start of the winter months, when about 35% of seeds were damaged. This fell to less than 12% in spring and summer when the plants were flowering. Megastigmus transvaalensis was found at nearly all the S. terebinthifolia populations in South Africa, but due to the limited number of predated seeds it is unlikely to reduce population sizes or curb the spread of the invasive alien tree in South Africa.

ABSTRACT: Strawberry is one of the most socially and economically important small fruits in Brazil, with strong demand by the food industry driving high levels of production. However, phytosanitary problems, especially insect damage, can hamper strawberry cultivation. A pest of great concern is the strawberry sap beetle, Lobiopa insularis (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae), which damages the fruits. Chemical control has not been effective against L. insularis, as it makes harvesting and marketing the product unfeasible. Parasitoids have been effectively utilized to control various strawberry pests and support sustainable production. We report the occurrence of the wasp Cerchysiella insularis (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) as a parasite of L. insularis on strawberries in São José dos Pinhais, Paraná, Brazil. Samples of strawberries (San Andreas cultivar) attacked by L. insularis were collected from February to March, 2019. Lobiopa insularis larvae were individually placed in rearing pots, fed on San Andreas strawberries, and checked weekly for symptoms of parasitism or parasitoid emergence. Parasitism rates were 33.85% in March and 45.90% in February. The sex ratio varied between 0.88 and 0.86. All parasitized larvae were infested by C. insularis. The natural parasitism rate above 33% and high sex ratio of C. insularis in strawberry crops indicated that it may have the potential in the control of L. insularis.

RESUMO: O morango é uma das pequenas frutas de maior importância social e econômica no Brasil, com forte demanda pela indústria alimentícia, o que impulsiona altos níveis de produção. No entanto, problemas fitossanitários, principalmente danos causados por insetos, podem dificultar o cultivo do morango. Uma praga de grande preocupação é a broca do morangueiro, Lobiopainsularis (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae), que danifica os frutos. O controle químico não tem sido eficaz contra L. insularis, pois inviabiliza a colheita e comercialização do produto. Os parasitoides têm sido efetivamente utilizados para controlar várias pragas de morangueiro, em um sistema de produção sustentável. Relatamos a ocorrência da vespa Cerchysiella insularis (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) como parasita de L. insularis em morangos em São José dos Pinhais, Paraná, Brasil. Amostras de morangos (cultivar San Andreas), atacados por L. insularis, foram coletadas durante o período de fevereiro a março de 2019. As larvas de L. insularis foram colocadas individualmente em vasos de criação, alimentadas com morangos San Andreas e verificadas semanalmente quanto aos sintomas de parasitismo e à emergência de parasitoides de C. insularis. As taxas de parasitismo de C. insularis foram de 33,85%, em março, e 45,90%, em fevereiro. A razão sexual variou entre 0,88 e 0,86. Todas as larvas parasitadas estavam infestadas por C. insularis. A taxa de parasitismo natural acima de 33% e alta razão sexual de C. insularis em cultivos de morangueiro indicam que este parasitoide pode ter potencial no controle de L. insularis.

Abstract In this work, we report for the first time the occurrence of the parasitoid wasp Brachymeria amenocles (Walker, 1846) (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) associated with the larvae of the flesh fly, Peckia (Peckia) chrysostoma (Wiedemann, 1830) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), in Brazil. This parasitoid species was collected together with the species Brachymeria podagrica (Fabricius, 1787), in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, geographically located in the Southeast region of Brazil, in larvae of the same host species reared in the same attraction substrate, behaving as solitary parasitoids. A trap containing putrefying sardine was exposed for 48 h, in the upper part of a house, located in Vila Isabel, an urban area. The larvae collected were reared in the laboratory without control of environmental conditions. A total of three adult parasitoid wasps of the species B. podagrica, and nine adult parasitoid wasps of the species B. amenocles emerged from 12 host pupae, resulting in a prevalence of parasitoidism of 4.8% and 14.5%, respectively. Developing parasitoids at the pupal phase were observed in another 34 host pupae dissected.

Resumen Por primera vez se registra a la avispa Eupelmus puchriceps (Cameron) como parasitoide del picudo de la espina del nopal Cylindrocopturu sbiradiatus Champion. Además, se presentan nuevos registros de distribución y distribución altitudinal en México así como aspectos preliminares de su biología.

Abstract The wasp Eupelmus puchriceps (Cameron) is recorded for the first time as a parasitoid of the nopal spine weevil Cylindrocopturus biradiatus Champion. In addition, new distribution and altitudinal records from Mexico are presented, as well as preliminary aspects of its biology.

Abstract We record for the first time the Darwin wasp species Photocryptus nigrosignatus (Kriechbaumer, 1901) parasitizing nests of the solitary wasp Sceliphron fistularium (Dahlbom, 1843) in the Amazonas state, Brazil, and provide new distribution records for them and S. asiaticum (Linnaeus, 1758), the other species registered to Brazil. Additionally, we also report the emergence of solitary wasp Pachodynerus nasidens Latreille, 1817 (Vespidae), and parasitoid wasps Leucospis sp. (Leucospidae) and Photocryptus sp. in S. fistularium nests.

Resumen Registramos por primera vez a la avispa de Darwin Photocryptus nigrosignatus (Kriechbaumer, 1901) parasitando nidos de la avispa solitaria Sceliphron fistularium (Dahlbom, 1843) en el estado de Amazonas, Brasil, y proporcionamos nuevos registros de distribución para ellas y S. asiaticum (Linnaeus, 1758), la otra especie registrada en Brasil. Adicionalmente, también reportamos la emergencia de la avispa solitaria Pachodynerus nasidens Latreille, 1817 (Vespidae), y las avispas parasitoides Leucospis sp. (Leucospidae) y Photocryptus sp. en nidos de S. fistularium.

RESUMEN Durante un estudio realizado para determinar la prevalencia de cochinillas harinosas en huertos de piña (Ananas comosus) realizado en el departamento del Valle del Cauca, Colombia, la avispa parasitoide, Hambletonia pseudococcina Compere, 1936 (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) y la mosca depredadora Pseudiastata sp. (Diptera: Drosophilidae) se encontraron en asociación con la cochinilla harinosa de la piña, Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell, 1893) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Los dos enemigos naturales se diagnostican e ilustran brevemente. Este es el primer registro del género Pseudiastata en Colombia.

ABSTRACT During a study carried out to determine the prevalence of mealybugs in pineapple (Ananas comosus) orchards conducted in the department of Valle del Cauca, Colombia, the parasitoid wasp Hambletonia pseudococcina Compere, 1936 (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and the predatory fly Pseudiastata sp. (Diptera: Drosophilidae) were found in association with the pineapple mealybug Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell, 1893) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). These two natural enemies are briefly diagnosed and illustrated. This is the first record of the genus Pseudiastata in Colombia.

ABSTRACT: This work is the first record of Encarsia inaron (Walker, 1839) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) parasitizing Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius, 1889) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on soybeans in Brazil. Morphological and molecular characterizations are provided, in addition to verification of the presence of E. inaron in areas infested by whiteflies, indicating that the wasp can potentially be used in integrated management programs. Additionally to morphological verification, the molecular analysis allowed the identification of some degree of genetic variability in the genome of the parasitoid.

RESUMEN: Este es el primer registro de Encarsia inaron (Walker, 1839) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) parasitando Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius, 1889) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) en soja en Brasil. Se proporcionan caracterizaciones morfológicas y moleculares, además de la verificación de la presencia de E. inaron en áreas infestadas por mosca blanca, lo que indica que la avispa puede potencialmente ser utilizada en programas de manejo integrado. Además de la verificación morfológica, el análisis molecular permitió identificar algún grado de variabilidad genética en el genoma del parasitoide.

The alien invasive large cabbage white, Pieris brassicae (Linnaeus, 1758) (Pieridae), although introduced into South Africa more than 27 years ago, has not dramatically expanded its distribution, possibly because it is effectively attacked by two parasitoid wasp species. Even though there is a cohort of parasitoid species associated with P. brassicae in the Northern Hemisphere, these are the only two recorded parasitoids in South Africa. We determine these parasitoid wasps as Cotesia glomerata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Braconidae: Microgastrinae) and Pteromalus puparum (Linnaeus, 1758) (Pteromalidae), and provide high resolution images and DNA barcodes to facilitate their recognition. This is the first record of C. glomerata from the Afrotropical region.

Abstract The first record of the genus Deinodryinus Perkins and the description of a new species Deinodryinus noronhensis sp. nov. from oceanic archipelago of Fernando de Noronha (Brazil) are performed. Additionally, an illustration of the new species and a modified key are presented together with a discussion on the Deinodryinus records for the northeastern region of Brazil.

RESUMEN En este trabajo se reporta por primera vez a la avispa Brachymeria podagrica para Colombia y como parasitoide solitario de larvas de la mosca Peckia collusor. Los enemigos naturales fueron atraídos al exponer 200 larvas de P. collusor en tercer instar a condiciones ambientales naturales durante 6 horas el 16 de abril de 2015 en el jardín del Tecnológico de Antioquia (Medellín, Colombia). Como resultado, 29 adultos de B. Podagrica emergieron de las pupas. La prevalencia de parasitismo fue del 14,5 %.

ABSTRACT In this work, the wasp Brachymeria podagrica is recorded for the first time for Colombia, a solitary parasitoid of larvae of the Peckia collusor fly. Third instar larvae of P. collusor were exposed to outdoor ambient conditions for 6 hours in the garden of the Tecnológico de Antioquia (Medellín, Colombia). 29 B. podagrica adults were obtained from the host pupae. Prevalence of parasitism was 14.5 %.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el impacto de la temperatura en el desarrollo de dos líneas de Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), para determinar los requisitos térmicos de este parasitoide en huevos de Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). El experimento se llevó a cabo con dos líneas (“Ubajara” y “Guaraciaba”, Ceará) de T. pretiosum a partir de huevos parasitarios de N. elegantalis en frutos de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum). En este experimento, se usaron 40 huevos del huésped N. elegantalis y 4 hembras de los parasitoides, con exposición al parasitismo durante 24 horas (a 25 ± 1 °C, 70 ± 10 % de HR y fotofase de 12 h). Al final de este período, se retiraron las hembras y los tubos se transfirieron a incubadoras (HR = 70 ± 10 % y fotofase de 12 h, a 15, 20, 25, 30 o 35 °C, hasta la aparición de la generación siguiente de parasitoides. Los parámetros evaluados fueron el porcentaje de emergencia, la proporción de sexos, el número de parasitoides que surgieron por huevo y la duración del ciclo. Los experimentos se establecieron en un diseño experimental completamente al azar con cinco tratamientos (temperaturas) y 12 repeticiones. Se realizó ANOVA y se compararon las medias mediante la prueba de Tukey (P < 0.05). La temperatura base fue de 10,77 y 10,86 °C y el número de generaciones por año fue de 33,29 y 35,63 para “Ubajara” y “Guaraciaba”, respectivamente. La temperatura cambió los parámetros biológicos, y la duración del ciclo de las líneas “Ubajara” y “Guaraciaba” disminuyó a medida que aumentaba la temperatura.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the impact of temperature on the development of two lines of Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), to determine the thermal requirements of this parasitoid wasp on Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) eggs. The experiment was carried out with two lines (“Ubajara” and “Guaraciaba”, Ceará State) of T. pretiosum collected naturally parasitizing eggs of N. elegantalis in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruits. In this experiment, 40 eggs of the host N. elegantalis and 4 females of the parasitoids were used, with exposure to parasitism for 24 hours at 25 ± 1 °C, relative humidity of 70 ± 10 %, and 12-h photophase. At the end of this period, females were removed and the tubes were transferred to incubators (RH = 70 ± 10 %; 12-h photophase), exposed to 15, 20, 25, 30, or 35 °C, until emergence of the following generation of the parasitoids. The percentage of emergence, sex ratio, the number of parasitoids that emerged per egg, and cycle duration were assessed. The experiments were set up in a completely randomized experimental design with 5 treatments (temperatures) and 12 replicates. ANOVA was conducted and the means were compared by Tukey test (P < 0.05). The base temperatures were 10.77 °C and 10.86 °C and the number of generations per year were 33.29 and 35.63 for “Ubajara” and “Guaraciaba”, respectively. The study showed that temperature changed the biological parameters, and cycle duration of the “Ubajara” and “Guaraciaba” lines decreased as temperature increased.

Resumen Objetivo. Proporcionar información sobre el ciclo de vida del psílido de la concha (o del escudo), Glycaspis brimblecombei en Colombia, y sus enemigos naturales, principalmente la avispa parasitaria Psyllaephagus bliteus, en una plantación de eucalipto en Jericó (Antioquia). Alcance. A través de ensayos experimentales, se muestran los resultados del ciclo de vida y las principales características de la plaga, en una plantación de Eucalyptus camaldulensis. Metodología. Los estados de desarrollo del insecto en campo se evaluaron mediante la selección aleatoria de hojas aisladas mediante mangas entomológicas. La identificación de los enemigos naturales se realizó por observación directa y colecta manual durante julio y agosto de 2016. Principales resultados. Primer reporte para Colombia del tiempo de duración en campo del ciclo de vida de G. brimblecombei. El desarrollo completo tuvo una duración de 32.83 ± 4.2 días (promedio ± EE) bajo condiciones de campo (temperatura media: 27°C). Las ninfas alcanzaron una duración de 14.42 ± 1.15 días, entre la eclosión y el estado adulto. El tiempo reportado para cada etapa (I, II, III, IV y V) fue de 4.11 ± 1.17, 7.00 ± 1.13, 9.74 ± 1.51, 11.95 ± 1.64 y 13.42 ± 1.7 días, respectivamente. Los enemigos naturales encontrados incluyen insectos de las familias Coccinellidae, Formicidae, Encyrtidae y Crysopidae; se resalta la presencia e importancia del parasitoide P. bliteus, reportado como el principal controlador biológico asociado con la dispersión de la plaga desde su centro de origen (Australia). Conclusiones. El registro de P. bliteus destaca su papel ecológico, comúnmente descrito como agente efectivo de control biológico de este psílido. Estos resultados son fundamentales para establecer futuros programas de MIP en plantaciones forestales de eucalipto en el país.

Abstract Objective. To provide information on the life cycle of the shell (or shield) psyllid, Glycaspis brimblecombei in Colombia, and its natural enemies, mainly the parasitic wasp Psyllaephagus bliteus, in a eucalyptus plantation in Jericó (Antioquia). Scope. Through experimental trials, the results of the life cycle and the main characteristics of the pest are shown in a Eucalyptus camaldulensis plantation. Methodology. The development stages of the insect in the field were identified by random selection of isolated leaves using entomological sleeves. The identification of natural enemies was carried out by direct observation and manual collection during July and August 2016. Main results. First report for Colombia of the duration in the field of the life cycle of G. brimblecombei. The complete development lasted 32.83 ± 4.2 days (mean ± SE) under field conditions (mean temperature: 27°C). The nymphs reached a duration of 14.42 ± 1.15 days between hatching and adult stage. The time reported for each stage (I, II, III, IV and V) was 4.11 ± 1.17, 7.00 ± 1.13, 9.74 ± 1.51, 11.95 ± 1.64 and 13.42 ± 1.7 days, respectively. The natural enemies found include insects of the families Coccinellidae, Formicidae, Encyrtidae and Crysopidae. The presence and importance of the parasitoid P. bliteus is highlighted, reported as the main biological controller associated with the spread of the pest from its center of origin (Australia). Conclusions. The record of P. bliteus highlights its ecological role, commonly described as an effective biological control agent for this psyllid. These results are essential to establish future IPM programs in eucalyptus forest plantations in the country.

RESUMO A biologia, morfologia e comportamento dos estágios imaturos de Nisoniades macarius (Herrich-Schäffer, 1870) são aqui descritos a partir de espécimes coletados em uma área antropizada do bioma Caatinga. A larva de N. macarius passa por seis ínstares larvais com tempo de desenvolvimento variando entre 31 e 35 dias. Exceto o primeiro, que é facilmente reconhecido pela presença de cerdas primárias evidentes na cabeça, há pouca variação morfológica entre os instares larvais. A medida da cápsula cefálica mostrou-se mais eficaz na diferenciação dos ínstares. Dois tipos de abrigo são construídos pelas larvas: abrigo de corte central (tipo 3) construído pelas larvas de primeiro a terceiro ínstares e abrigo de dois cortes (tipo 5) pelas larvas de quarto a sexto ínstares. Ipomoea asarifolia (Desr.) Roem. & Schult. (Convolvulaceae) é registrada como planta hospedeira da larva de N. macarius pela primeira vez. Uma vespa Eulophidae foi encontrada como parasitoide dos primeiros ínstares larvais de N. macarius, sendo este o segundo registro da família como parasitoide no gênero Nisoniades.

ABSTRACT The biology, morphology and behavior of the immature stages of Nisoniades macarius (Herrich-Schäffer, 1870) are herein described from specimens collected in an anthropized area of Caatinga biome. The larva of N. macarius passes through six larval instars with the development time from egg to adult lasted between 31 and 35 days. Except for the first instar larva, which is easily recognized by the presence of evident primary setae on the head, there are few distinctive morphological characters among the larvae of different instars. The head capsule width proved to be the most effective character to differentiate them. Two different types of shelters are built by larvae: center-cut shelters (type 3) built by larvae from the first to the third instars and two-cut shelters (type 5) built by larvae from the fourth to the sixth instars. Ipomoea asarifolia (Desr.) Roem. & Schult. (Convolvulaceae) is recorded as larval host plant of N. macarius for the first time. A Eulophidae wasp was found as parasitoid of the earlier larval instars of N. macarius, this being the second record of the family as parasitoid in the genus Nisoniades.

Abstract: Urban trees are a source of food resources, habitat and refuge for the biodiversity that occurs in cities. However, the taxonomic identity and status of each plant species as native and / or exotic of in an ecosystem influences its interactions with biodiversity. Wasps are one of the main insects present in terrestrial ecosystems, including urban ecosystems, as components of their biodiversity, playing an important role as biocontrol agents (predators and parasitoids) of populations of other insects associated with urban flora or as phytophagous. Seeking to deepen into the knowledge of the diversity of wasps in the city of Bogotá and their ecological interactions, in this study the diversity of wasps associated with three native and three exotic species frequently in urban parks of the city was evaluated. In total, 22 wasp families and 227 morphospecies were identified. The families Bethylidae, Chalcididae and Crabronidae are recorded for the first time in Bogotá. On the other part, the families Eulophidae, Ichneumonidae and Braconidae were the ones that contributed with the most richness and abundance in this study. Regarding their association with the evaluated plant species, a greater diversity of morphospecies associated with native tree species was found, however, there is an effect of the taxonomic identity and the factor park on the results that are discussed. It highlighting the importance of conserving the native urban flora in green spaces of Bogota’s city, in order to maintain and preserve the diversity of wasps principally with parasitoid and predator habits and thus enhance their role as natural biocontrol agents of insects that affect the health of urban trees, at the same time that ecological processes and functionality of this urban ecosystem would be stimulated.

Resumen: El arbolado urbano es fuente de recursos alimenticios, hábitat y refugio para la biodiversidad que ocurre en las ciudades. No obstante, la identidad taxonómica y el estatus de cada especie de planta como nativa y/o exótica de un ecosistema influencia sus interacciones con la biodiversidad. Las avispas son uno de los principales insectos presentes en los ecosistemas terrestres, incluyendo el urbano, como componentes de su biodiversidad, ejerciendo un rol importante como controladores biológicos (parasitoides y depredadores) de las poblaciones de otros insectos asociados a la flora urbana o como fitófagos. Buscando profundizar en el conocimiento de la diversidad de avispas en la ciudad de Bogotá y sus interacciones ecológicas, en este estudio se evaluó la diversidad de avispas asociadas a tres especies arbóreas nativas y tres exóticas frecuentes en los parques urbanos de la ciudad. En total se identificaron 22 familias de avispas y 227 morfoespecies. Las familias Bethylidae, Chalcididae y Crabronidae se registran por primera vez en Bogotá. Por su parte, las familias Eulophidae, Ichneumonidae y Braconidae fueron las que aportaron la mayor riqueza y abundancia en este estudio. Con respecto a su asociación con las especies vegetales evaluadas, se encontró una mayor diversidad de morfoespecies asociadas a las especies arbóreas nativas, sin embargo, hay un efecto de la identidad taxonómica de la especie y la variable parque sobre los resultados encontrados que se discuten. Se resalta la importancia de conservar la flora nativa en los espacios verdes de la ciudad de Bogotá, con el fin de mantener y conservar la diversidad de avispas principalmente de hábitos parasitoides y depredadores y así potencializar su rol como biocontroladores naturales de los insectos que afectan la salud del arbolado urbano, al mismo tiempo que se dinamizarían los procesos ecológicos y funcionalidad de este ecosistema urbano.