Abstract Background: The composition of the venom from solitary wasps is poorly known, although these animals are considered sources of bioactive substances. Until the present moment, there is only one proteomic characterization of the venom of wasps of the family Pompilidae and this is the first proteomic characterization for the genus Pepsis. Methods: To elucidate the components of Pepsis decorata venom, the present work sought to identify proteins using four different experimental conditions, namely: (A) crude venom; (B) reduced and alkylated venom; (C) trypsin-digested reduced and alkylated venom, and; (D) chymotrypsin-digested reduced and alkylated venom. Furthermore, three different mass spectrometers were used (Ion Trap-Time of Flight, Quadrupole-Time of Flight, and Linear Triple Quadruple). Results: Proteomics analysis revealed the existence of different enzymes related to the insect’s physiology in the venom composition. Besides toxins, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), hyaluronidase, and Kunitz-type inhibitors were also identified. Conclusion: The data showed that the venom of Pepsis decorata is mostly composed of proteins involved in the metabolism of arthropods, as occurs in parasitic wasps, although some classical toxins were recorded, and among them, for the first time, ACE was found in the venom of solitary wasps. This integrative approach expanded the range of compounds identified in protein analyses, proving to be efficient in the proteomic characterization of little-known species. It is our understanding that the current work will provide a solid base for future studies dealing with other Hymenoptera venoms. Background known substances moment Methods conditions namely A (A B (B C (C trypsindigested trypsin digested D (D chymotrypsindigested chymotrypsin Furthermore Ion TrapTime Trap Time Flight QuadrupoleTime Quadrupole Quadruple. Quadruple . Quadruple) Results insects insect s angiotensinconverting angiotensin converting ACE, , (ACE) hyaluronidase Kunitztype Kunitz type Conclusion arthropods recorded them time analyses littleknown little species venoms (ACE

Resumen Objetivo. Proporcionar información sobre el ciclo de vida del psílido de la concha (o del escudo), Glycaspis brimblecombei en Colombia, y sus enemigos naturales, principalmente la avispa parasitaria Psyllaephagus bliteus, en una plantación de eucalipto en Jericó (Antioquia). Alcance. A través de ensayos experimentales, se muestran los resultados del ciclo de vida y las principales características de la plaga, en una plantación de Eucalyptus camaldulensis. Metodología. Los estados de desarrollo del insecto en campo se evaluaron mediante la selección aleatoria de hojas aisladas mediante mangas entomológicas. La identificación de los enemigos naturales se realizó por observación directa y colecta manual durante julio y agosto de 2016. Principales resultados. Primer reporte para Colombia del tiempo de duración en campo del ciclo de vida de G. brimblecombei. El desarrollo completo tuvo una duración de 32.83 ± 4.2 días (promedio ± EE) bajo condiciones de campo (temperatura media: 27°C). Las ninfas alcanzaron una duración de 14.42 ± 1.15 días, entre la eclosión y el estado adulto. El tiempo reportado para cada etapa (I, II, III, IV y V) fue de 4.11 ± 1.17, 7.00 ± 1.13, 9.74 ± 1.51, 11.95 ± 1.64 y 13.42 ± 1.7 días, respectivamente. Los enemigos naturales encontrados incluyen insectos de las familias Coccinellidae, Formicidae, Encyrtidae y Crysopidae; se resalta la presencia e importancia del parasitoide P. bliteus, reportado como el principal controlador biológico asociado con la dispersión de la plaga desde su centro de origen (Australia). Conclusiones. El registro de P. bliteus destaca su papel ecológico, comúnmente descrito como agente efectivo de control biológico de este psílido. Estos resultados son fundamentales para establecer futuros programas de MIP en plantaciones forestales de eucalipto en el país.

Abstract Objective. To provide information on the life cycle of the shell (or shield) psyllid, Glycaspis brimblecombei in Colombia, and its natural enemies, mainly the parasitic wasp Psyllaephagus bliteus, in a eucalyptus plantation in Jericó (Antioquia). Scope. Through experimental trials, the results of the life cycle and the main characteristics of the pest are shown in a Eucalyptus camaldulensis plantation. Methodology. The development stages of the insect in the field were identified by random selection of isolated leaves using entomological sleeves. The identification of natural enemies was carried out by direct observation and manual collection during July and August 2016. Main results. First report for Colombia of the duration in the field of the life cycle of G. brimblecombei. The complete development lasted 32.83 ± 4.2 days (mean ± SE) under field conditions (mean temperature: 27°C). The nymphs reached a duration of 14.42 ± 1.15 days between hatching and adult stage. The time reported for each stage (I, II, III, IV and V) was 4.11 ± 1.17, 7.00 ± 1.13, 9.74 ± 1.51, 11.95 ± 1.64 and 13.42 ± 1.7 days, respectively. The natural enemies found include insects of the families Coccinellidae, Formicidae, Encyrtidae and Crysopidae. The presence and importance of the parasitoid P. bliteus is highlighted, reported as the main biological controller associated with the spread of the pest from its center of origin (Australia). Conclusions. The record of P. bliteus highlights its ecological role, commonly described as an effective biological control agent for this psyllid. These results are essential to establish future IPM programs in eucalyptus forest plantations in the country.

ABSTRACT Filling gaps in species distributions is instrumental to increase our understanding of natural environments and underpin efficient conservation policies. For many hyperdiverse groups, this knowledge is hampered by insufficient taxonomic information. Herein we provide 415 new distribution records for the parasitic wasp subfamily Cryptinae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) in the Neotropical region, based on examination of material from 20 biological collections worldwide. Records span across 227 sites in 24 countries and territories, and represent 175 species from 53 genera. Of these, 102 represent new country records for 74 species. A distinct "road pattern" was detected in the records, at least within Brazil, where 50.2% of the records fall within 10 km of federal roads, an area that occupies only 11.9% of the surface of the country. The results help to identify priority areas that remain poorly sampled and should be targeted for future collecting efforts, and highlight the importance of biological collections in yielding new information about species distributions that is orders of magnitude above what is provided in most individual studies.

Abstract The partial mitochondrial genome sequence of Leptopilina boulardi (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) was characterized. Illumina sequencing was used yielding 35,999,679 reads, from which 102,482 were utilized in the assembly. The length of the sequenced region of this partial mitochondrial genome is 15,417 bp, consisting of 13 protein-coding, two rRNA, and 21tRNA genes (the trnaM failed to be sequenced) and a partial A+T-rich region. All protein-coding genes start with ATN codons. Eleven protein-coding genes presented TAA stop codons, whereas ND6 and COII that presented TA, and T nucleotides, respectively. The gene pattern revealed extensive rearrangements compared to the typical pattern generally observed in insects. These rearrangements involve two protein-coding and two ribosomal genes, along with the 16 tRNA genes. This gene order is different from the pattern described for Ibalia leucospoides (Ibaliidae, Cynipoidea), suggesting that this particular gene order can be variable among Cynipoidea superfamily members. A maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis of the main groups of Apocrita was performed using amino acid sequence of 13 protein-coding genes, showing monophyly for the Cynipoidea superfamily within the Hymenoptera phylogeny.

Resumen: Se describe un brote de dermatitis producido por la picadura de una pequeña avispa áptera Sclerodermus sp. (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae), en un grupo de estudiantes de un colegio de San José, capital de Costa Rica. Se encontró también al escarabajo xilófago Calymmaderus pupatus (Coleoptera, Ptinidae), que sirve de huésped a la avispita, la cual necesita depositar sus huevos, como parasitoide, en las larvas del coleóptero para su reproducción. Casos autóctonos de esta dermatitis se conocen en los cinco continentes y esto contrasta con la ausencia de reportes procedentes de América Central. Los lugares en donde se observaron las lesiones, a veces numerosas en la misma persona, fueron: brazos, cuello, piernas, espalda, abdomen, pecho, cara y codos. El tipo de lesión se caracteriza por dolor y ardor en el momento de la picadura, seguido de una pápula eritematosa de tamaño variable, hasta un centímetro de diámetro e intenso prurito, con una duración de una a dos semanas. Se observaron cuadros urticariformes y angioedematosos e inclusive infecciones secundarias como consecuencia del rascado. El problema se atacó con una fumigación dirigida al coleóptero, con un insecticida capaz de penetrar la madera llena de galerías del escarabajo y sus larvas. Pocos días después de la fumigación, se encontraron numerosos ptínidos adultos muertos, así como gran cantidad de betílidos, en los muebles dañados por el escarabajo.

Abstract: This article describes an outbreak of dermatitis caused by stings from a small apterous wasp, Sclerodermus sp. (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae), among a group of students attending a school in San José, of Costa Rica. Also present was the xylophagous beetle, Calymmaderus pupatus (Coleoptera: Ptinidae), which serves as a host for this parasitic wasp and on which the wasp depends for its reproduction. The female wasps lay their eggs on the beetle larvae in the wood and the wasp larvae develop as parasitoids. Autochthonous cases of dermatitis caused by bethylid wasps are known from all other five continents but, as far as we are aware, this is the first report from Latin America, and the first report of Sclerodermus from Central America. The sites in which the lesions were located, sometimes numerous in the same person, were: arms, neck, legs, back, abdomen, breast, face and elbows. The type of lesionwas characterized by being painful, with a burning sensation, at the moment of the sting, followed by an erythematous papule lesion of variable size, up to one centimeter in diameter and with intense pruritus, lasting from one to two weeks. Urticariform lesions and angioedema were observed, as well as secondary infections consequence of the scratching of the lesions. The problem was solved by a fumigation directed against the coleoptera beetle, with an insecticide capable of penetrating the wood that was filled with tunnels made by the adult beetles and larvae. A few days after the fumigation numerous dead beetles and bethylid wasps were found in the furniture damaged by the beetles.

Este estudo teve como objetivo realizar um levantamento das famílias de himenópteros parasitoides em área de mata atlântica da Reserva Municipal Serra do Japi (23°13' 52,24"S, 46°56'09,00" O), Jundiaí, São Paulo, Brasil. Foram coletados 1.300 himenópteros parasitoides de oito superfamílias e de 23 famílias. A coleta foi realizada durante cinco dias utilizando-se armadilha Malaise, armadilha Moericke e varredura na vegetação. As famílias de maior abundância relativa foram: Diapriidae (45,92%), Braconidae (15,00%), Ichneumonidae (12,92%) e Platygastridae (6,15%). Quatorze famílias tiveram abundância relativa inferior a 1%. Foram registrados na área estudada espécimes de Perilampidae (0,62%) e de Pelecinidae (0,15%). Este estudo é o segundo levantamento da fauna de himenópteros parasitoides na Serra do Japi.

This study aimed at surveying the families of parasitic Hymenoptera in the area of the Atlantic Forest in Reserva Municipal Serra do Japi (23°13' 52,24"S, 46°56'09,00" W), Jundiai, São Paulo, Brazil. There, 1,300 hymenoptera parasitoids of eight superfamilies and 23 families were collected. The collection was performed for five days using Malaise trap, Moericke trap and “Sweeping" in the Vegetation. Families with the highest relative abundance were: Diapriidae (45.92%), Braconidae (15,00%), Ichneumonidae (12,92%) and Platygastridae (6,15%). Fourteen families showed relative abundance below 1%. Te study area registered specimens of Perilampidae (0,62%) and Pelecinidae (0,15%). Tis work represents the second survey of the hymenoptera parasitoid fauna in Serra do Japi.

Neste estudo foi descrita a relação tritrófica envolvendo a planta Croton floribundus Spreng (Euphorbiaceae), um galhador não-identificado pertencente à Clinodiplosis Kieffer 1895 ouAlycaulus Rübsaamen 1916 (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), e uma nova espécie de vespa parasitoide pertencente à Omphale Haliday 1833 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). A galha e Omphale japii sp. nov., foram descritas e ilustradas. Este é o terceiro registro de Omphale no Brasil e a nova espécie foi comparada a outras espécies de Omphale da região Neotropical.

A tritrophic relationship involving the plant Croton floribundusSpreng (Euphorbiaceae), an unidentified gall-midge belonging to eitherClinodiplosis Kieffer 1895 or Alycaulus Rübsaamen 1916 (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), and a new species of parasitic wasp belonging toOmphale Haliday 1833 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is described. The gall andOmphale japii sp. nov., are described and illustrated. This is the third record ofOmphale from Brazil and the new species is compared to otherOmphale species from the Neotropical region.

Galls are abnormal morphological structures in tree leaves created by the parasitic activity of the arthropod group of animals. Currently only a few works focus on the description of leaf-shaped galls as a protection chamber against environmental changes for larva. This study describes the oaks' leaf-shaped gall structure at three levels: foliage, individuals and population, in order to identify the ecological patterns that restrict their abundance and distribution. It was found that these leaves' galls are specific of Quercus resinosa Liemb., and they are produced by a wasp of the family Cynipidae. A gall starts growing once the insect oviposit on young leaves of the tree. The principal ovi-position season is spring, with an adult wasp emerging in autumn. The number of galls per tree varies from one to more than ten, (4.88±2.4). Gall abundance was significantly different among the three local oak populations (χ2=14.78; P<0.001). While there was a low survival rate of wasps (<35%) there was a positive relationship between gall size and wasp survival. Our findings suggest that climate and physiography can directly restrict the abundance and distribution of leaf-shaped galls.

Las agallas son estructuras de crecimiento anormal en los tejidos de las plantas debido a la actividad parasítica de otro organismo. El estudio de este tipo de estructuras como microhábitat de avispas es escaso en la literatura y no se presenta una descripción detallada de su conformación. En este trabajo se describe la anatomía y morfología de las agallas foliosas, y se evalúan los factores que restringen su abundancia y distribución a nivel foliar, individual y poblacional en los encinos Quercus resinosa. Se encontró que la agalla es generada por una avispa de la familia Cynipidae, específica de Quercus resinosa Liemb. A nivel foliar, las agallas presentan características anatómicas y morfológicas similares a las del hospedero. A nivel del individuo, el 72.52% de las agallas están ubicadas en el envés de la hoja, mientras que sólo el 27.48% de estas estructuras se forman en el haz. A nivel de la población, el número de agallas varía de una a diez agallas por árbol. En promedio, cada árbol puede tener 4.88 ± 2.34 agallas. Los árboles mayormente infectados son los de categorías intermedias (χ²=9.67; P<0.022). Entre las cuatro poblaciones estudiadas existen diferencias significativas en los niveles de infestación (χ²=14.78; P<0.001). La supervivencia de las avispas presentes en las agallas fue menor a 35% y se observó una relación significativa entre el tamaño de la agalla y la supervivencia de su hospedero. Finalmente, se piensa que factores climáticos y fisiográficos regulan la abundancia y distribución de la agalla foliosa en el estado de Aguascalientes.

Ninhos de Hylaeus aff. guaraniticus (Schrottky, 1906)foram parasitados por fêmeas de Gasteruption brachychaetum Schrottky, 1906 em ninhos-armadilha em São Paulo (Brasil). Este é o primeiro registro de hospedeiro de um Gasteruptiidae na região Neotropical. O comportamento de uma fêmea entrando no ninho do hospedeiro é descrito: a fêmea inquilina pairou sobre o ninho do hospedeiro, pousou e detectou que a fêmea de H. aff. guaraniticus estava dentro do ninho, esperou a fêmea hospedeira voar para fora do ninho, entrou de costas no ninho, permanecendo no local por quase seis minutos, em seguida, partiu voando. O tempo de desenvolvimento dos imaturos de G.brachychaetum variou entre 16 e 229 dias.

Nests of Hylaeus aff. guaraniticus (Schrottky, 1906) were parasited by females of Gasteruption brachychaetum Schrottky, 1906 in trap nests in São Paulo (Brazil). This is thefirst host record of a Gasteruptiidae in the Neotropical Region. The behavior of a G.brachychaetum female entering a host's nest is described as follows: an inquiline female hovered near the host's nest, landed and detected that a female of H. aff. guaraniticus was inside the nest, waited for the host female to fly out, entered backwards into the nest, remained there for almost six minutes, and then went out the nest. The development time of immature stages of G.brachychaetum varied between 16 and 299 days.

The doryctine wasp genus Hecabolus Curtis and its type species, H. sulcatus Curtis, are redescribed. A new species from Mexico, H. mexicanus sp. nov., is described and illustrated. The new species is distinguished from H. sulcatus and the other known species of the genus, H. costaricensis Marsh, in having a narrower pterostigma, longer discoidal (discal) cell, basal (1M) and recurrent (m-cu) veins diverging posteriorly, first abscissa of mediocubital (M+CU) vein of hind wing as long as the second abscissa (1M), and first metasomal tergite with a very small dorsope. A key for identification of the 3 known species of Hecabolus is provided.

Se redescriben el género de avispas doryctinas Hecabolus Curtis y su especie tipo, H. sulcatus Curtis. Se describe e ilustra una especie nueva procedente de México, H. mexicanus sp. nov. La nueva especie se distingue de H. sulcatus y de la otra especie conocida del género, H. costaricensis Marsh, por presentar un pterostigma más angosto, una celda discoidal más larga, las venas basal y recurrente divergiendo posteriormente, la primer abscisa de la vena mediocubital del ala posterior tan larga como la segunda abscisa, y el primer tergo metasomal con un dorsopo muy pequeño. Se presenta una clave para identificar las 3 especies conocidas de Hecabolus.

Apanteles gelechiidivoris es un parasitoide de larvas de Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), una plaga importante de cultivos como el tomate y la papa. El uso de este insecto para el control biológico no se ha implementado eficientemente debido a la falta de conocimiento de la biología, específicamente del ciclo de vida y el efecto de factores externos, como la temperatura, en su capacidad parasítica. Se evaluó el desarrollo y la capacidad reproductiva de A. gelechiidivoris en cuatro condiciones térmicas: 14, 20, 26 y 32 °C. En la evaluación del desarrollo se realizó una descripción del ciclo, se determinó la duración total de este, se estimaron los umbrales térmicos para cada estadio utilizando el modelo de Lactin y se hallaron los grados día. En la evaluación de la capacidad reproductiva se variaron las densidades del hospedero ofrecidas a una pareja recién emergida de la avispa de 5 hasta 160 y se contó el número de adultos emergidos con los cuales se evaluó longevidad y fecundidad. Adicionalmente se ajustó un modelo de respuesta funcional. La duración del ciclo de vida para las temperaturas evaluadas fue de 39 días en 14 °C, 34 en 20 °C, 19 en 26 °C y 17 en 32 °C. La longevidad fue de 7,5 (14 °C), 7 (20 °C), 5 (26 °C) y 2,4 (32 °C) días. La temperatura a la cual se pueden optimizar los parámetros reproductivos de esta avispa se encuentra entre 20 y 26 °C.

Apanteles gelechiidivoris is a larvae parasitoid of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), an important pest for crops such as tomatoes and potatoes. The use of this insect as a controller has not been implemented efficiently due to the lack of knowledge of their biology, specifically their life cycle and the effect of external factors, such as the temperature in its parasitic capacity. The development and reproductive capacity of A. gelechiidivoris was evaluated in four thermal conditions: 14, 20, 26 and 32 °C. For the development assessment a cycle description was performed to determine the total cycle duration. Thermal thresholds for each state were estimated using the Lactin model and day degrees were found. To assess the reproductive capacity, different densities of the host were offered to a pair of recently emerged wasp of 5 until 160. The number of emerged adults was counted, and longevity and fertility of the emerged was evaluted. Additionally, an adjustment of a functional response model was made. Duration of the life cycle for temperatures was evaluated: from 39 days at 14 °C, 34 to 20 °C, 19 to 26 °C and 17 to 32 °C. The longevity was 7.5 (14 °C), 7 (20 °C), 5 (26 °C) and 2.4 (32 °C) days. The temperature at which you can optimize reproductive parameters of this wasp is between 20 and 26 °C.

A biologia do Monochamus galloprovincialis em pinheiro bravo Pinus pinaster foi estudada na região da península de Setúbal, Portugal, onde este insecto é o vector do nemátodo da madeira do pinheiro Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. O desenvolvimento larvar durou cerca de dez-treze meses, com uma única geração anual. Entre 2001 e 2004 o período de emergência ocorreu entre Maio e Setembro com um pico em Julho, sendo consistente com o padrão de capturas de insectos em voo por armadilhas iscadas com atractivos (curva de voo). Os machos emergiram ligeiramente mais cedo que as fêmeas, verificando-se um sex ratio global de 0.48. No terreno, foram encontradas posturas entre Maio a Agosto, tendo-se constatado que as larvas recém-eclodidas tiveram um desenvolvimento muito rápido durante os meses de Verão, permanecendo em galerias na madeira durante o Inverno. Não foi possível discriminar o número de estádios larvares desta espécie através da distribuição de frequência das medidas da cápsula cefálica. A taxa de sobrevivência e as dimensões dos adultos diferiram consoante as zonas de desenvolvimento na árvore, tendo sido maiores para os insectos provenientes do tronco. No geral, a mortalidade foi baixa para todos os estádios de desenvolvimento estudados, com taxa de sobrevivência generacional (do ovo ao adulto) de cerca de 53%. Os factores de mortalidade mais importantes foram o fungo Beauveria bassiana e o parasitóide larvar Cyanopterus flavator. Os resultados obtidos são analisados face às estratégias de controlo do insecto actualmente implementadas e à possibilidade de existir uma fase de dormência larvar associada às larvas de M. galloprovincialis.

La biologie de l'insecte Monochamus galloprovincialis sur le pin maritime Pinus pinaster a été étudiée dans la région de la péninsule de Setúbal, au Portugal, où cet insecte est le vecteur du nématode du pin Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Le développement larvaire a duré environ dix-treize mois, avec une seule génération annuelle. Entre 2001 et 2004 la période d'émergence se faisait entre mai et septembre avec un pic en juillet, en cohérence avec les captures d'insectes en vol par des pièges avec attrayants (courbe de vol). Les mâles ont émergé légèrement plus tôt que les femelles, avec un sex-ratio de 0.48. Sur le terrain, ont été trouvées des pontes de mai à août et les jeunes larves ont eu un développement très rapide pendant les mois d'Été, effectuant plus tard des galeries dans le bois où elles sont abritées en Hiver. Il n'a pas été possible de déterminer le nombre de stades larvaires de cette espèce à travers la distribution de fréquence des mesures de la capsule céphalique. Le taux de survie et les dimensions des adultes ont différé selon les zones de développement dans l'arbre, ayant été plus grand pour les insectes provenant du tronc. En général, la mortalité a été basse pour tous les stades de développement étudiés, avec un taux de survie de l'œuf à l'adulte de 53%. Les facteurs de mortalité les plus importants ont été le champignon Beauveria bassiana et le parasitoïde larvaire Cyanopterus flavator. Les résultats obtenus sont analysés face aux stratégies de contrôle de l'insecte actuellement mis en œuvre et à la possibilité d'une phase de dormance larvaire associée aux larves de M. galloprovincialis.

The biology of Monochamus galloprovincialis, which is the vector of the pathogenic nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, was studied in the pine wilt disease-affected zone south of the Tejo River, Portugal. Insects required ten to thirteen months to develop and had a single generation per year. The emergence pattern during 2001 to 2004 occurred from May to September with a peak in July, being consistent with the captures of attractive traps (flight curve). Emergencies occurred slightly earlier for males than for females, with a global sex ratio of 0.48. Females laid eggs on trap-trees from May to August and the young larvae had an extremely fast development before tunnelling into the xylem, where they passed the winter. The number of larval instars could not be defined by the frequency distribution of head-capsule width measurements. Developmental success and adult dimensions differed between tree sections, being higher for the trunk. Mortality was generally low for all developmental instars and the within log generation survivorship from egg to adult was 53%. The most important identified mortality agents were the fungi Beauveria bassiana and the parasitic wasp Cyanopterus flavator. Results are discussed in view of the current strategies to control the insect and the possible existence of a winter dormancy affecting the insect's larvae.

O psilídeo-de-concha, Glycaspis brimblecombei, é uma praga exótica específica de Eucalyptus, que causa desfolha, secamento de ponteiros e ramos, podendo levar as árvores à morte. O parasitóide Psyllaephagus bliteus é indicado como principal agente no controle biológico desta praga. Portanto, o monitoramento adequado de as ambas espécies por um método eficiente de amostragem facilitaria o manejo para uma futura tomada de decisão. Devido à falta de informações referentes ao seu comportamento em plantações extensivas de eucalipto no Brasil, este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar as populações de G. brimblecombei e de P. bliteus em florestas de Eucalyptus camaldulensis, utilizando armadilhas amarelas para determinação de sua flutuação populacional e correlacionado-as com variáveis meteorológicas (temperatura e precipitação). A determinação da flutuação populacional (53 pontos amostrais) foi realizada em talhão de 19ha com E. camaldulensis em Luíz Antônio, SP, em 10avaliações quinzenais, entre janeiro e junho de 2005. As populações de ambas as espécies apresentaram correlação inversamente proporcional em função da temperatura e não há correlação com a precipitação no período avaliado.

Psyllids are one most widespread group of pests, causing severe damage on agricultural and forestry systems. The recently discover about occurrence of red gum lerp psyllid Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), in Brazil is, nowadays a serious problem in Eucalyptus forests, mainly in E. camaldulensis. The psyllid specific parasitic wasp Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is the main biological control agent of this pest. Thus, the adequate monitoring of both species by efficient sampling method would facilitate a future decision making. Due to economic importance, this study aimed to evaluate G. brimblecombei and P. bliteus populations in Eucalyptus camaldulensis plantation, using yellow traps to determinate population fluctuation with weather interactions (temperature and rainfall). The study of the pest and parasitoid population (53 sampling dates) was carried out on E. camaldulensis plantations in 19ha area in Luíz Antônio municipality (SP, Brazil), with quarterly samplings, between January and June, 2005 (ten sampling dates). This research indicated that populations had an inversely proportional correlation subject according to the temperature. However, there is no correlation between both species with the rainfall in the evaluated period.

Para la toma adecuada de decisiones en el manejo de la mosca blanca de los invernaderos, se han propuesto diferentes criterios que buscan reducir el impacto producido por el uso indiscriminado de insecticidas. Sin embargo, estos criterios de decisión son aplicables principalmente al control químico de plagas y no se conoce su uso en programas de control biológico. Por lo tanto, con este trabajo se propuso generar unos criterios de decisión para el control biológico de la mosca blanca de los invernaderos T. vaporariorum con el parasitoide Encarsia formosa, teniendo en cuenta su respuesta funcional y porcentaje de control. En un diseño completamente al azar se ubicaron 18 plantas de tomate de 8 semanas de edad infestadas con 500 ninfas de mosca blanca y 3 plantas como control absoluto. En cada planta se liberaron 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 y 50 adultos de E. formosa, con tres repeticiones por densidad. Se registró el número de ninfas melanizadas por efectos del parasitismo de E. formosa a los 12; 19 y 26 días después de la primera liberación y, al finalizar la cosecha, se realizó un conteo de las ninfas de mosca blanca totales. Los resultados de este trabajo sugieren que para obtener un control cercano a 80% se debe liberar un parasitoide por cada 17 ninfas de mosca blanca de tercer instar, evaluando el control después de 35 días. Se pueden realizar nuevas liberaciones de E. formosa dirigidas al control de las nuevas ninfas encontradas en los muestreos periódicos del cultivo.

In order to take right decisions for the management of greenhouse whitefly, different strategies has been purposed, which pretend to reduce the impact generated by the indiscriminate use of pesticides. Nevertheless, those decision criteria are mainly useful for chemical control and their use is unknown in biological control programs. The goal of this work was to develop decision criteria for the biological control of greenhouse whitefly T. vaporariorum with the parasitoid Encarsia formosa considering its functional response and percentage of parasitism. In a completely randomized design, eight weeks old tomato plants were infested with 500 whiteflies scales and three plants were used as an absolute control. On each tomato plant, 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 adults of E. formosa were released, with three repetitions per density. The number of black pupae was registered after 12, 19 and 26 days after the first wasp liberation. At the end of the crop, the total number of white and black scales was counted. The results of this work suggest that in order to obtain a control near the 80%, one parasitoid for each 17 whiteflies scales of third instar must be released evaluating the control 35 days after. New releases of E. formosa should be made for the control of new scales found in the periodic sampling of the crop.

Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare & LaSalle, 1993 (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) é registrado como parasitóide de Dione juno juno (Cramer, 1779) (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae), no estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.

Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare & LaSalle, 1993 (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) is recorded as parasitoid of Dione juno juno (Cramer, 1779) (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.