Parthenolide (PTN) is a secondary metabolite of the plant Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schulz Bip. and is considered the chemical marker of this species. This sesquiterpene lactone (germacrene skeleton) has been described as responsible for the biological activity of the leaf extract. In addition, several studies in the literature have demonstrated its antiparasitic and antineoplastic activity. However, there is a need for knowledge of other safety parameters, such as pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and toxicity evaluations. Therefore, in this investigation, the in vitro metabolism of parthenolide was performed with rat liver microsomes and biomimetic metabolism (such as cytochrome P-450 system) using organometallic catalysts. The biomimetic procedure was validated since the major compound of biomimetic oxidative reaction with meta-chloroperbenzoic acid catalyzed by metalloporphyrin 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)-porphyrin iron(III) chloride was also observed with rat liver microsomes. Previous chemoenzymatic synthesis studies of PTN afforded the same epoxide formation, this major oxidative compound was isolated and fully characterized as (1 R,10R)-epoxyparthenolide based on experimental and theoretical calculations of infrared (IR) and vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) data at the B3PW91/6-311G. Furthermore, for the first time, this metabolite was evaluated for trypanocidal and leishmanicidal activity. The mean inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were lower for PTN than its metabolite and showed significant cytotoxic effects for both parasites. This finding holds promise for addressing neglected diseases. (PTN L. L (L. Bip species germacrene skeleton extract addition However parameters pharmacokinetic evaluations Therefore investigation P450 P 450 P-45 system catalysts metachloroperbenzoic meta chloroperbenzoic 5,10,15,20tetrakispentafluorophenylporphyrin 5101520tetrakispentafluorophenylporphyrin tetrakispentafluorophenylporphyrin 5,10,15,20 tetrakis pentafluorophenyl porphyrin 5 10 15 20 ironIII iron III iron(III formation 1 ( R,10Repoxyparthenolide R10Repoxyparthenolide RRepoxyparthenolide R,10R epoxyparthenolide R 10R IR (IR VCD (VCD B3PW91/6311G. B3PW916311G BPWG B3PW91/6 311G. B3PW91 6 311G B PW G B3PW91/6-311G Furthermore time IC50 IC (IC50 parasites diseases (L P45 45 P-4 20tetrakispentafluorophenylporphyrin 5101520 5,10,15,2 2 10Repoxyparthenolide Repoxyparthenolide R10R RR 6311G B3PW91/6311G B3PW916 BPW B3PW91/ B3PW9 IC5 (IC5 P4 4 P- 510152 5,10,15, B3PW (IC 51015 5,10,15 5101 5,10,1 510 5,10, 51 5,10 5,1 5,

Abstract Tungiasis is a skin parasitosis caused by a flea. It is very prevalent in underdeveloped countries and rare in developed countries, particularly in Europe. The disease is acquired through direct contact with infected soil, mainly on the feet after the host has been barefoot. The disease is typically self-limited and its diagnosis is essentially clinical due to its typical clinical presentation. This report presents a case of imported tungiasis in Portugal, in a 21-year-old male patient after returning from a vacation in a country with a high prevalence of this parasite. The patient had three typical tungiasis lesions, with no associated complications. The parasites were surgically excised without complications. The aim of this report is to contribute to knowledge of this pathology, which is largely unknown to the majority of the medical community. Its identification is essential due to the increase in globalization, tourism, and the importation of this pathology.

Resumo A tungíase é uma parasitose cutânea causada por uma pulga, sendo prevalente em países subdesenvolvidos, sendo rara a sua apresentação em países desenvolvidos, nomeadamente na Europa. A doença é adquirida através contacto direto com o solo infetado, sendo adquirida principalmente nos pés após o hospedeiro ter andado descalço. A doença é tipicamente autolimitada e o seu diagnóstico é essencialmente clínico devido à sua apresentação clínica típica. Neste relato apresenta-se um caso de importação de tungíase em Portugal num utente masculino de 21 anos após regressar de férias num país com alta prevalência deste parasita. O utente apresentava tês lesões típicas de tungíase, sem complicações associadas. Foi realizada a excisão cirúrgica dos parasitas sem intercorências. Com este relato pretende-se contribuir para o conhecimento desta patologia muito desconhecida pela maioria da comunidade médica, sendo essencial a sua identificação devido ao aumento da globalização, do turismo e da importação desta patologia.

Abstract One of the elements of the mission programs on the frontiers of Spanish America was the creation of communities that conformed to norms established for urban planning by royal law, or, in other words, to the grid plan. Missionaries congregated thousands of indigenous peoples on the mission communities, and had them live in spatially compact living areas. Living in proximity to others helped spread highly contagious crowd diseases such as smallpox, and created hygiene problems. This article examines the urban plan and housing arrangements for indigenous peoples brought to live on the missions among the Guaraní and the California. It posits that the spatial organization of the mission communities and forms of housing were important factors in determining demographic patterns among the mission residents. It analyzes historic diagrams of the urban plan of selected mission communities in conjunction with a discussion of fertility and mortality patterns calculated from censuses and registers of baptisms and burials. The article confirms the hypothesis of the strong relationship between the urban plan, and demographic patterns. At the same time, it highlights differences between the two case studies presented. The Jesuits brought thousands of Guaraní to live on the mission communities created from whole cloth, and the large population densities facilitated the spread of contagion. Periodic epidemics killed thousands, but the populations recovered. On the California missions, chronic ailments such as syphilis and parasites from improper sanitation associated with living conditions were the major causes of mortality. The California mission populations did not recover.

Resumen Uno de los elementos de los programas misioneros en las fronteras de Hispanoamérica fue la creación de comunidades que se ajustaran a las normas establecidas para la planificación urbana por ley real, es decir, en el plano cuadriculado. Los misioneros congregaron a miles de indígenas en las comunidades de la misión y los hicieron vivir en áreas de vivienda espacialmente compactas. Vivir cerca de otros favoreció la propagación de enfermedades altamente contagiosas, como la viruela, y generó problemas de higiene. Este artículo examina el plan urbano y los arreglos de vivienda para los pueblos indígenas traídos a vivir en las misiones entre los guaraníes y los californianos. Postula que la organización espacial de las comunidades misioneras y las formas de vivienda fueron factores importantes en la determinación de los patrones demográficos entre los residentes de la misión. Analiza diagramas históricos del plan urbano de comunidades misioneras seleccionadas junto con una discusión de patrones de fertilidad y mortalidad calculados a partir de censos y registros de bautismos y entierros. Confirma la hipótesis de la fuerte relación entre el plan urbano y los patrones demográficos. Al mismo tiempo, destaca las diferencias entre sus dos estudios de caso: las misiones guaraníes donde las epidemias periódicas mataron a miles, pero las poblaciones se recuperaron; y las misiones californianas, donde las principales causas de mortalidad fueron las dolencias crónicas como la sífilis y los parásitos debidos a un saneamiento inadecuado asociado con las condiciones de vida, y cuyas poblaciones no se recuperaron.

Abstract Introduction: The endoparasite Dendrogaster argentinensis infects the intertidal brooder sea star Anasterias antarctica. This sea-star species is in the highest trophic level in the Beagle Channel. Objective: To study the effects of parasitism by D. argentinensis on the fitness and reproduction of A. antarctica. Methods: Adults from the brooder sea-star were collected from the rocky intertidal of Ensenada Zaratiegui bay (54°51’ S & 68°29’ W), Argentina. Eight seasonal samplings were performed (four seasons in two years) in the upper and low intertidal. During dissection, parasites were removed, and all organs were extracted and weighed separately. Results: Dendrogaster argentinensis prevalence was the highest for the region (20.4 %). Parasitized individuals were more frequent in the low intertidal in all seasons, with a higher difference in summer, where it is likely that the higher temperatures and strong winds could make the upper intertidal more challenging for a parasitized individual. Five parasitized individuals were castrated. Generally, the gonadal (GI) and somatic (pyloric caeca, PCI; stomach, SI; body wall, WI) indexes were lower in parasitized than non-parasitized individuals. Conclusions: Parasitism by D. argentinensis negatively affects A. antarctica condition. It affects reproduction because it reduces the GI, and can also produce castration. The parasite competes for the sea-stars’ energetic resources, also decreasing the individual’s capacity for feeding (reduced stomach) and growth (reduced body wall).

Resumen Introducción: El endoparásito Dendrogaster argentinensis infecta a la estrella de mar Anasterias antarctica, especie que se encuentra en el nivel trófico más alto del Canal Beagle. Objetivo: Estudiar los efectos del parasitismo de D. argentinensis en la condición fisiológica y reproducción de A. antarctica. Métodos: Adultos de la estrella de mar incubadora fueron recogidos del intermareal rocoso de la bahía Ensenada Zaratiegui (54°51’ S & 68°29’ W). Se realizaron ocho muestreos estacionales (cuatro temporadas en dos años) en el intermareal superior y bajo. Durante la disección, se removieron los parásitos, y todos los órganos, los cuales fueron pesados por separado. Resultados: La prevalencia de D. argentinensis fue la más alta de la región (20.4 %). Los individuos parasitados fueron más frecuentes en el intermareal bajo en todas las estaciones, siendo la mayor diferencia en verano, donde es probable que las temperaturas más altas y los fuertes vientos puedan hacer que el intermareal superior sea más desafiante para un individuo parasitado. Se observaron cinco individuos parasitados que estaban castrados. Generalmente, los índices gonadales (GI) y somáticos (ciego pilórico, estómago, y pared del cuerpo) fueron menores en los individuos parasitados que no parasitados. Conclusiones: El parasitismo de D. argentinensis afecta negativamente la condición fisiológica de A. antarctica. Afecta a la reproducción en términos de bajo GI y puede causar castración. El parásito compite por los recursos energéticos de las estrellas de mar, disminuyendo también la capacidad del individuo para alimentarse (reducción del estómago) y crecer (reducción de la pared del cuerpo).

Abstract Introduction: Sea urchin diseases have been documented in several locations worldwide, with reported occurrences of bacterial, protozoan, fungal, and algal infections. Objective: This study aimed to investigate pathogen agents in populations of Arbacia lixula and Paracentrotus lividus along the coast of Gran Canaria Island (Central-East Atlantic, Spain). Methods: Sampling was conducted at San Cristobal beach, on the Northeast side of the island, where sea urchins were manually collected from depths of 1-3 m during June, July, and October 2022. Swab samples were taken from the external and internal areas of the lesions and cultured on various media plates. Results: Eight different pathogen agents, including bacteria and fungi, were identified, with Vibrio alginolyticus being the most frequently observed bacteria in all diseased sea urchin samples. Additionally, ciliated protozoans were found within the tests, potentially acting as opportunistic parasites. Conclusions: This research provides a unique perspective on bald sea urchin disease by identifying a significant number of associated pathogens, including Candida, previously unreported in diseased organisms. Furthermore, the study highlights the presence of an inflammatory response in tissues with bacterial colonies, offering crucial insights into understanding this sea urchin disease.

Resumen Introducción: Las enfermedades en los erizos de mar han sido descritas en muchas localidades alrededor del mundo, y se han asociado con la presencia de infecciones por bacterias, protozoarios, hongos y algas. Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como finalidad investigar sobre los agentes patógenos que afectan a las poblaciones de Arbacia lixula y Paracentrotus lividus a lo largo de la costa de la Isla de Gran Canaria (Atlántico Centro-Oriental, España). Métodos: El muestreo fue llevado a cabo en la playa de San Cristóbal, al noreste de la isla, dónde los organismos fueron capturados entre 1-3 metros de profundidad, durante junio, julio y octubre del año 2022. Se tomaron muestras en la zona interna y externa de la lesión en cada organismo, y se cultivaron en varios medios de cultivo. Resultados: Fueron identificados ocho agentes patógenos diferentes, incluyendo bacterias y hongos, y siendo Vibrio alginolyticus la bacteria más frecuentemente observada en todas las muestras de erizos enfermos. Además, se observaron protozoarios ciliados dentro de los caparazones, actuando potencialmente como parásitos oportunistas. Conclusiones: Esta investigación proporciona una perspectiva única sobre la enfermedad del erizo desnudo al identificar un número significativo de patógenos asociados, incluida Candida, que no se había reportado previamente en organismos enfermos. Además, el estudio destaca la presencia de una respuesta inflamatoria en tejidos con colonias bacterianas, lo que ofrece información crucial para comprender esta enfermedad de los erizos de mar.

Abstract Leishmaniosis is a disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania and, in the New World, is transmitted to mammals through the bite of blood-sucking dipteran insects of the genus Lutzomyia. Canines are susceptible to infection, developing the visceral form (VL) and the cutaneous form (CL) of the disease. Diagnostic methods include direct observation of the parasite by light microscopy, serology, or molecular biology techniques in samples from dogs with clinical signs and/or clinical suspicion. In this word, the usefulness of a nested PCR designed for the diagnosis of this pathology in dogs was evaluated. A total of 18 samples of EDTA pre-treated dog’s whole blood were analyzed. Dogs were from the city of Corrientes and presented clinical suspicion of suffering from leishmaniasis. From the samples, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted and two successive rounds of amplification of a sequence that codes for the small subunit of ribosomal RNA were carried out. The results obtained from the nested PCRs were compared with this obtained from the direct parasitological method (gold standard). The applied technique showed a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 75%, positive predictive value of 67% and negative predictive value of 100%, turning it into a valuable tool for diagnosing canine leishmaniosis.

Resumen La leishmaniosis es una enfermedad causada por parásitos protozoarios del género Leishmania y transmitida a mamíferos mediante la picadura de insectos dípteros hematófagos del género Lutzomyia en el nuevo mundo. Los caninos son susceptibles de adquirir la forma visceral y la forma cutánea de la enfermedad. Los métodos de diagnóstico incluyen observación directa del parásito por microscopía óptica, serología o técnicas de biología molecular en muestras de perros con signos clínicos evidentes y/o sospecha clínica. En este estudio se evaluó la utilidad de una reacción en cadena de la polimerasa anidada (PCRn) para el diagnóstico de dicha patología en perros. Se analizaron 18 muestras de sangre entera anticoagulada con EDTA de perros de la ciudad de Corrientes con sospecha clínica de padecer leishmaniosis. A partir de las mismas, se extrajo ácido desoxiribonucleico (ADN) y se realizaron dos rondas de amplificación sucesivas de una secuencia que codifica para la subunidad pequeña de ARN ribosomal. Los resultados obtenidos de las PCR anidadas fueron comparados con los resultados obtenidos a partir del método parasitológico directo considerado como gold standard. La técnica aplicada mostró sensibilidad del 100%, especificidad del 75%, valor predictivo positivo del 67% y valor predictivo negativo del 100% lo que la convierte en una herramienta útil para el diagnóstico de leishmaniosis canina.

Abstract 19. This study reports an episode of fish mortality occurred in the Garupá and Pindapoy Grande streams, near the confluence with the Paraná River (Garupá, Argentina). Dead and moribund fish of various species were observed floating on the water surface. Environmental parameters measured were temperature 5 °C, water temperature 15.1 (±0.6) °C, dissolved oxygen 8.7 (±1.2) ppm, pH 7.5 (±0.2), electrical conductivity 67.6 (± 8.8) mS cm-1 and mean depth of 1.7 (±1.0) m. Macroscopic examination of moribund fish revealed corneal opacity, whitish tegument, increased gill mucus, and whitish areas on gill filaments. Microscopic analysis of gills revealed severe generalized epithelial hyperplasia, lamellar fusion, congestion, and inflammatory infiltrate, particularly lymphocytes and eosinophilic granular cells. In addition, microscopic examination allowed the identification of the following ectoparasites found in gills and tegument: Chilodonella, Ichthyophthirius, Dactylogyridae and Trichodinidae, representing 98%, 1.2%, 0.6% and 0.2%, respectively. This study constitutes a novel record of wild fish mortality associated with extreme environmental conditions and parasitosis. Furthermore, our findings are significant as there are no prior reports in Argentina of epizootic cases linked to Chilodonella sp. infection in wild or farmed fish populations, being the first report of chilodonelliasis for this region.

Resumen 23. Este estudio reporta un episodio de mortandad de peces ocurrido en los arroyos Garupá y Pindapoy Grande, cerca de la confluencia con el río Paraná (Garupá, Argentina). En este tramo se encontraron flotando en la superficie del agua, peces moribundos y muertos de diferentes especies. Los parámetros medidos fueron: temperatura ambiental 5 °C, temperatura del agua 15,1 (±0,6) °C, oxígeno disuelto 8,7 (±1,2) ppm, 24. pH 7,5 (±0,2), conductividad 67,6 (± 8,8) mS cm-1 y profundidad media de 1,7 (±1,0) m. En el examen macroscópico de peces moribundos se observó opacidad corneal, tegumento blanquecino, aumento de moco branquial y áreas blanquecinas en los filamentos branquiales. El análisis microscópico de las branquias reveló hiperplasia epitelial generalizada grave, fusión laminar, congestión e infiltrado inflamatorio, particularmente linfocitos y células granulares eosinófilas. Además, el examen microscópico permitió identificar los siguientes ectoparásitos encontrados en piel y branquias: Chilodonella, Ichthyophthirius, Dactylogyridae y Trichodinidae, que representó el 98%; 1,2%; 0,6% y 0,2%, respectivamente. El presente estudio es un nuevo registro de mortandad de peces silvestres relacionada con condiciones ambientales extremas y parasitosis. Además, nuestro hallazgo aporta información valiosa, ya que en Argentina no existen registros de casos epizoóticos asociados a infección por Chilodonella sp. en poblaciones de peces silvestres o de criaderos, siendo el primer reporte de quilodonelliasis para esta región.

Resumo Abundam os relatórios sobre Lernaea parasitando o estoque de cria, alevinos e espécies de peixes de água doce cultiváveis de tamanho comercial em várias partes do mundo. Investigamos sete fazendas de aquicultura de pequena escala e de que maneira a Lernaea predominante está impactando-as. Aleatoriamente, sete fazendas de peixes foram selecionadas para determinar a porcentagem de prevalência de ectoparasitas de Lernaea. Foram recolhidas informações relevantes sobre os viveiros de peixes para estimar os vários aspectos, tais como efeitos da fonte e qualidade da água, alimentação, densidade de povoamento, tratamento utilizado e peso e comprimento dos peixes, relacionados com a infestação e prevalência de Lernaea. Os resultados indicaram que Catla catla (F. Hamilton, 1822) apresentou maior prevalência (41,7%) entre as sete espécies de peixes, enquanto Oreochromis niloticus apresentou zero. Outras cinco espécies de peixes Ctenopharyngodon idella, Cirrhinus cirrhosis, Cyprinus carpio, Labeo rohita e Hypophthalmichthys molitrix apresentaram 13,2%, 8,1%, 7,7%, 7,4%, 0,9% de prevalência, respectivamente. Em Royal Fish Farm, 84,3% de infestação de Lernaea foi observada, enquanto não se observou nenhum parasita na fazenda de peixes Chunnian de Vicent. A fonte de água, qualidade, ração, fertilizantes, densidade de estocagem, temperatura da água e opções de tratamento potenciais exibiram tendências variadas entre as fazendas de peixes e prevalência. Dependendo do peso e comprimento, a maior prevalência (56,7% e 66,7%) foi observada nos grupos de 3501-4000 g e 81-90 cm. A taxa de infestação variou em várias partes do corpo dos peixes, sendo a nadadeira dorsal o órgão mais vulnerável e apresentou 2,3% de prevalência geral (enquanto 18,4% de contribuição dentro do total de 12,6% de infestação). Das 147 amostras de peixes infectados, 45 estavam amplamente contaminadas pela propagação de Lernaea. Em conclusão, nossos resultados confirmam que Lernaea pode representar uma ameaça considerável para peixes comercializáveis, e várias opções de tratamento devem ser educadas para os agricultores para ajudar a mitigar a propagação e as perdas potenciais. Além disso, Catla catla é mais vulnerável à infestação por Lernaea (41,7%), assim como as espécies de peixes sendo cultivadas em densidades de estocagem mais altas.

Abstract Reports abound on Lernaea parasitizing the brood stock, fingerlings, and marketable-sized culturable freshwater fish species in various parts of the world. We investigated seven small-scale aquaculture farms and how the prevailing Lernaea is impacting them. Randomly seven fish farms were selected to determine the prevalence percentage of lernaeid ectoparasites. Relevant information of the fishponds to estimate the various aspects such as effects of water source and quality, feed, stocking density, treatment used, and weight and length of fish, concerned with Lernaea infestation and prevalence was gathered. The results indicated that Catla catla (F. Hamilton, 1822) showed highest prevalence (41.7%) among the seven fish species, whereas Oreochromis niloticus showed zero. Other five fish species Ctenopharyngodon idella, Cirrhinus cirrhosis, Cyprinus carpio, Labeo rohita and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix showed 13.2%, 8.1%, 7.7%, 7.4%, 0.9% prevalence, respectively. In Royal Fish Farm 84.3% lernaeid infestation was observed, while no parasite was observed in the Vicent’s Chunnian fish farm. The water source, quality, feed, fertilizers, stocking density, water temperature, and potential treatment options displayed varying tendencies among fish farms and prevalence. Depending on the weight and length, the highest prevalence (56.7%, and 66.7%) was observed in 3501-4000 g and 81-90 cm groups. The infestation rate varied in various fish body parts with the dorsal fin the most vulnerable organ and showed 2.3% overall prevalence (while 18.4% contribution within total 12.6% infestation). Out of 147 infected fish samples, 45 were extensively contaminated by Lernaea spread. In conclusion, our findings confirm that Lernaea could pose a considerable threat to marketable fish, and various treatment options should be educated to the farmers to help mitigate the spread and potential losses. Furthermore, Catla catla is more vulnerable to Lernaea infestation (41.7%), so are the fish species being cultured at higher stocking densities.

RESUMO Amostras de sangue e fezes de perdiz chukar (Alectoris chukar), faisão-albino (Phasianus colchicus), faisão-prateado (Lophura nycthemera), periquito-de-rosa (Psittacula krameri) e perus (Meleagris gallopavo) foram analisadas para verificar a prevalência de parasitas. Para registrar os parasitas, essas cinco espécies de aves foram colocadas em gaiolas separadas no Centro de Conservação e Pesquisa de Aves, Departamento de Vida Selvagem e Ecologia, Universidade de Veterinária e Ciências Animais, Lahore, Paquistão. Cem amostras fecais e 100 amostras de sangue para cada espécie de ave foram inspecionadas para analisar os parasitas internos. Durante o presente estudo, foram examinadas 17 espécies de endoparasitas, 14 de amostras fecais e 3 de sangue. Foram estudadas duas espécies de ectoparasitas, ou seja, o ácaro Dermanyssus gallinae 42% e o carrapato aviário Args persicus 41%. Os parasitas sanguíneos incluíram Plasmodium juxtanucleare 50%, Leucoctoyzoon simond com prevalência parasitária de 40% e Aegyptinella pullorum com prevalência parasitária de 40%. As espécies parasitas registradas em amostras fecais incluíram 6 espécies de nematoides viz. Allodpa suctoria 2%, Syngamus traqueia com prevalência parasitária de 60%, Capillaria annulata 37,5%, Ascardia galli 24%, Capillaria anatis 40% e Heterakis gallinarum 28,3%. Da mesma forma, duas espécies de trematódeos viz. Prosthogonimus ovatus com prevalência parasitária de 50% e Prosthogonimus macrorchis 21% também foram documentados em amostras fecais de aves. Espécies de cestoide único Raillietina echinobothrida com prevalência parasitária de 72% e 3 espécies de protozoários, isto é, Eimeria maxima com prevalência parasitária de 21%, Giardia lamblia 41% e Histomonas meleagridis 18% foram documentadas durante a análise corpológica. Em nossa recomendação, o saneamento adequado, medicação e vacinação de invólucros de pássaros são sugeridos para evitar parasitas.

Abstract Blood and fecal samples of chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar), albino pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), silver pheasant (Lophura nycthemera), rose-ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri) and turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) were analyzed to check parasitic prevalence. To record parasites these five avian species were placed kept in separate cages at Avian Conservation and Research Center, Department of Wildlife an Ecology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan. 100 fecal and 100 blood samples for each bird species were inspected to analyze internal parasites. During present study, 17 species of endoparasites 14 from fecal samples and three from blood were examined. Two species of ectoparasites i.e. mite Dermanyssus gallinae 42% and fowl ticks Args persicus 41%were studied. Blood parasites included Plasmodium juxtanucleare 50%, Leucoctoyzoon simond having parasitic prevalence 40%, and Aegyptinella pullorum having parasitic prevalence of 40%. Parasitic species recorded from fecal samples included 6 species of nematodes viz. Allodpa suctoria 2%. Syngamus trachea with parasitic prevalence of 60%, Capillaria annulata 37.5%, Ascardia galli 24%, Capillaria anatis 40% and Heterakis gallinarum 28.3%. Similarly, two species of trematodes viz. Prosthogonimus ovatus having parasitic prevalence of 50% and Prosthogonimus macrorchis 21% were also documented from fecal avian samples . Single cestode species Raillietina echinobothrida having parasitic prevalence of 72% and 3 protozoan species i.e. Eimeria maxima having parasitic prevalence of 21%, Giardia lamblia 41% and Histomonas meleagridis 18% were documented during corpological analysis. In our recommendation, proper sanitation, medication and vaccination of bird’s enclousres are suggested to avoid parasites.

Abstract Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) are endemic worldwide and more prevalent in countries with unhygienic conditions. The objective of the research was to identify the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in rural and urban areas of Quetta, Balochistan and to check their associated risk factors including; age, gender, educational status, sanitary system and any other immunodeficiency. For this instance 204 stool samples were collected from the urban and rural population of Quetta, Balochistan. The participants with positive results for Intestinal Parasitic Infections were interviewed using close-ended questionnaire. From the findings of this study, it has been revealed that prevalence of Intestinal parasitic infections in rural and urban areas was 21%. Males were found more prevalent (66%) as compared to females (34%) due to higher risk of contacting to outer environment. The prevalence was higher in rural areas (23%). The most prevalent intestinal parasite was Entamoeba histolytica (48%). Other prevailing parasites were Hymenolepis nana (26%), Giardia Intestinalis (17%), Trichomonas hominis (5%) and Trichuris trichiura (5%). The majority of patients were having lower socio-economic (52%) and educational status (48%). Educational status of 48% patients was primary or below primary. Most of the participants with positive results did not have hand washing habit (62%) and didn’t have the closed sanitary system (71%). The intestinal parasitic infections were more prevalent among children aged from 1-10 (33%). This may be a result of poor hygiene in children. The study will contribute to lower down the prevalence in the studied areas by the application of different preventive measures in future. IPIs (IPIs conditions Quetta including age gender immunodeficiency 20 closeended close ended questionnaire 21 21% 66% 66 (66% 34% 34 (34% environment 23%. 23 23% . (23%) 48%. 48 (48%) 26%, 26 26% , (26%) 17%, 17 17% (17%) 5% 5 (5% 5%. socioeconomic socio economic 52% 52 (52% 62% 62 (62% didnt didn t 71%. 71 71% (71%) 110 1 10 1-1 33%. 33 33% (33%) future 2 6 (66 3 (34 (23% 4 (48% (26% (17% (5 (52 (62 7 (71% 11 1- (33% (6 (3 (23 (48 (26 (17 ( (71 (33 (2 (4 (1 (7

Resumo As infecções parasitárias intestinais (IPIs) são endêmicas em todo o mundo e mais prevalentes em países com condições anti-higiênicas. O objetivo da pesquisa foi identificar a prevalência de infecções parasitárias intestinais em áreas rurais e urbanas de Quetta, Baluchistão e verificar seus fatores de risco associados, incluindo; idade, sexo, escolaridade, sistema sanitário e qualquer outra imunodeficiência. Nesses casos, 204 amostras de fezes foram coletadas da população urbana e rural da região de Quetta. Os participantes com resultados positivos para Infecções Parasitárias Intestinais foram entrevistados por meio de questionário fechado. A partir dos resultados deste estudo, foi revelado que a prevalência de infecções parasitárias intestinais em áreas rurais e urbanas foi de 21%. O sexo masculino foi mais prevalente (66%) em relação ao feminino (34%). A prevalência foi maior na zona rural (23%). O parasita intestinal mais prevalente foi Entamoeba histolytica (48%). Os outros parasitas predominantes foram Hymenolepis nana (26%), Giardia Intestinalis (17%), Trichomonas hominis (5%) e Trichuris trichiura (5%). A maioria dos pacientes tinha menor nível socioeconômico (52%) e escolaridade (48%). A maioria dos participantes com resultados positivos não tinha o hábito de lavar as mãos (62%) e não possuía o sistema sanitário fechado (71%). As parasitoses intestinais foram mais prevalentes entre as crianças de 1 a 10 anos (33%). Este estudo contribuirá para diminuir a prevalência nas áreas estudadas através da aplicação de diferentes medidas preventivas no futuro. IPIs (IPIs antihigiênicas. antihigiênicas anti higiênicas. higiênicas anti-higiênicas Quetta associados incluindo idade imunodeficiência casos 20 21 21% 66% 66 (66% 34%. 34 34% . (34%) 23%. 23 23% (23%) 48%. 48 48% (48%) 26%, 26 26% , (26%) 17%, 17 17% (17%) 5% 5 (5% 5%. 52% 52 (52% 62% 62 (62% 71%. 71 71% (71%) 33%. 33 33% (33%) futuro 2 6 (66 3 (34% (23% 4 (48% (26% (17% (5 (52 (62 7 (71% (33% (6 (34 (23 (48 (26 (17 ( (71 (33 (3 (2 (4 (1 (7

ABSTRACT: Rats and mice are the most used experimental models in research. Globally, animal houses are subjected to parasite outbreaks. In Brazil, the parasitological profile is used to reflect the sanitary condition of laboratory animals and must be monitored frequently. The present study developed an integrative review of scientific studies on the parasitological profile of rats and mice in animal facilities in Brazil. It identified the most prevalent parasite species reported in animal facilities from different geographic regions of the country, as well as factors contributing to the perpetuation of these parasites, and proposed measures to help prevent such infections. Based on the guiding question “which endoparasites and ectoparasites have already been identified in rat and mouse colonies in animal facilities in Brazil?” and considering inclusion and exclusion criteria, 28 studies published between 1974 and 2021 were selected in four scientific bases. These studies covered facilities in 12 Brazilian States, describing 16 genera of parasites in mice and 18 in rats. Most of the facilities in the selected studies were of the conventional type and with few sanitary barriers, and these conditions may favor the recurrence of parasites. Efforts are, therefore, necessary for institutions to have animal facilities in accordance with the legislation and practice optimal methodologies. The measures proposed in this article can contribute to change the panorama of parasites in the national animal facilities, aiming to safeguard the quality of scientific data and animal welfare. ABSTRACT research Globally outbreaks Brazil frequently country infections which Brazil? criteria 2 197 202 bases 1 States barriers therefore methodologies welfare 19 20

RESUMO: Ratos e camundongos são os modelos experimentais mais utilizados em pesquisa. Globalmente, as instalações de animais estão sujeitas a surtos de parasitas. No Brasil, o perfil parasitológico é utilizado para refletir a condição sanitária dos animais de laboratório e deve ser monitorado frequentemente. O presente estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver uma revisão integrativa de estudos científicos sobre o perfil parasitológico de ratos e camundongos em biotérios no Brasil. A revisão identifica as espécies parasitárias mais prevalentes relatadas em biotérios de diferentes regiões geográficas do país, bem como os fatores que contribuem para a perpetuação desses parasitas, e propõe medidas para ajudar a prevenir tais infecções. Com base na questão norteadora “quais endoparasitas e ectoparasitas já foram identificados em colônias de ratos e camundongos em biotérios no Brasil?” e considerando os critérios de inclusão e exclusão, foram selecionados 28 estudos publicados entre 1974 e 2021 em quatro bases científicas. Esses estudos abrangeram instalações em 12 estados brasileiros, descrevendo 16 gêneros de parasitas em camundongos e 18 em ratos. A maioria das instalações dos estudos selecionados era do tipo convencional e com poucas barreiras sanitárias, e essas condições podem favorecer a recorrência de parasitas. Portanto, esforços são necessários para que as instituições tenham biotérios de acordo com a legislação e pratiquem metodologias otimizadas. As medidas propostas neste artigo podem contribuir para mudar o panorama das parasitoses nos biotérios nacionais, visando salvaguardar a qualidade dos dados científicos e o bem-estar animal. RESUMO pesquisa Globalmente Brasil frequentemente país infecções quais Brasil? exclusão 2 197 202 científicas 1 brasileiros sanitárias Portanto otimizadas nacionais bemestar estar animal 19 20

Abstract Silver nanoparticles are opted to have various applications in different fields ranging from traditional medicines to culinary items. It is toxic and most effective against bacteria, fungi viruses, parasites, parasite carrying vectors such as mosquitoes and their larvae and other eukaryotic microorganisms at low concentration without any side effects and toxicity to humans. In view of these data, the present research has been investigated by synthesizing silver nanoparticles using 1mM silver nitrate and aqueous extract of Passiflora foetida. The variation of nanoparticles in size and shape concerning the concentration of extract prepared were analysed. The formation of silver nanoparticles was confirmed by colour changing from yellowish green to reddish-brown implicating the surface plasmon resonance. Further, it was concluded by obtaining an absorbance peak at 420 nm using UV-Visible spectrophotometer analysis. FTIR analysis was used to identify the capping ligands, which included alkanes, aromatic groups and nitro compounds. The average grain size of ~12 nm to 14 nm with crystalline phase was revealed by X-ray Diffraction studies. The SEM images depicted the surface morphology with agglomeration; TEM studies showed the shape of nanoparticles as spherical and hexagonal with sizes ranging from 40 nm to 100 nm and EDAX analysis confirmed the presence of elemental silver as the principal constituent. The characterized silver nanoparticles were then tested for synergistic antibacterial effects with tetracycline, and the results show that they are more active against E. coli and S. aureus, but moderately effective against B. cereus and K. pneumoniae . It also had a strong larval and pupal toxic effects on the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti with the highest mortality. As a result, silver nanoparticles could be a viable alternative for a variety of applications. items bacteria viruses parasites humans data mM foetida analysed reddishbrown reddish brown resonance Further 42 UVVisible UV Visible ligands alkanes compounds 12 ~1 1 Xray X ray agglomeration 4 10 constituent tetracycline E S aureus B K vector mortality result ~

Resumo Os nanopartículos de prata são optados por ter várias aplicações em diferentes áreas que variam de medicamentos tradicionais a itens culinários. É tóxico e mais eficaz contra bactérias, vírus de fungos, parasitas, parasitas que transportam vetores como mosquitos e suas larvas e outros microorganismos eucarióticos em baixa concentração, sem efeitos colaterais e toxicidade para os seres humanos. Em vista desses dados, a presente pesquisa foi investigada sintetizando nanopartículas de prata usando nitrato de prata de 1 mm e extrato aquoso de Passiflora foetida. Foi analisada a variação de nanopartículas em tamanho e forma relativa à concentração de extrato preparado. A formação de nanopartículas de prata foi confirmada pela mudança de cor de verde amarelado para marrom-avermelhado, implicando a ressonância plasmônica da superfície. Além disso, foi concluído pela obtenção de um pico de absorvância a 420 nm usando análise do espectrofotômetro visível por UV. A análise do FTIR foi usada para identificar os ligantes de captura, que incluíam alcanes, grupos aromáticos e compostos nitro. O tamanho médio dos grãos de ~ 12 nm a 14 nm com fase cristalina foi revelado por estudos de difração de raios-X. As imagens SEM retratavam a morfologia da superfície com aglomeração; Os estudos de TEM mostraram a forma das nanopartículas como esféricas e hexagonais, com tamanhos variando de 40 nm a 100 nm e a análise EDAX confirmou a presença de prata elementar como constituinte principal. As nanopartículas de prata caracterizadas foram então testadas quanto a efeitos antibacterianos sinérgicos com tetraciclina, e os resultados mostram que são mais ativos contra E. coli e S. aureus, mas moderadamente eficazes contra B. cereus e K. pneumoniae. Ele também teve um forte efeito tóxico larval e pupal no vetor de dengue, Aedes aegypti com a maior mortalidade. Como resultado, as nanopartículas de prata podem ser uma alternativa viável para uma variedade de aplicações. culinários bactérias fungos humanos dados foetida preparado marromavermelhado, marromavermelhado marrom avermelhado, avermelhado marrom-avermelhado disso 42 UV captura alcanes nitro raiosX. raiosX raios X. X raios-X aglomeração hexagonais 4 10 principal tetraciclina E S aureus B K pneumoniae dengue mortalidade resultado

Abstract Parasitic resistance imposes alternative control methods, like nematophagous fungi. In this study, two experiments were conducted supplying Duddingtonia flagrans aiming to evaluate the biological control of parasites in sheep. In the first, 24 sheep naturally infected by gastrointestinal nematodes were allocated, in randomized blocks, following the treatments: control or treated group, 0.5g/animal product containing D. flagrans, chlamydospores. Weight, body score, Famacha©, egg count per gram of feces (EPG), and larval percentage were evaluated. In the second experiment, D. flagrans (0.25 and 0.5g product) was infested with manure, plus or not protein concentrate, in a completely randomized design. In both experiments the dose was intentionally lower than recommended. Recovery and larval identification were performed. The SAS analyzed the variables by the MIXED procedure, repeated measures in time. Weight, body score, hematocrit, and Famacha© did not show differences between treatments (p>0.05); however, EPG (p<0.001) and the percentage of larvae identified in coproculture were different. In the second experiment, the inclusion of the fungus did not influence the recovery of larvae (p>0.05). In both experiments, colonization and advancement of the fungus were visualized. Under the experimental conditions, the fungus D. flagrans was not effective in the biological control of parasitic infection in sheep. methods fungi study first 2 allocated blocks group 05ganimal ganimal 0 5g animal g D chlamydospores Weight score Famacha EPG, , (EPG) evaluated experiment 0.25 025 25 (0.2 05g manure concentrate design recommended performed procedure time hematocrit p>0.05 p005 p 05 (p>0.05) however p<0.001 p0001 001 (p<0.001 different p>0.05. . visualized conditions (EPG 0.2 02 (0. p>0.0 p00 (p>0.05 p<0.00 p000 00 (p<0.00 0. (0 p>0. p0 (p>0.0 p<0.0 (p<0.0 ( p>0 (p>0. p<0. (p<0. p> (p>0 p<0 (p<0 (p> p< (p< (p

Abstract: Aim We investigated the ichthyofauna parasite component community across a gradient of anthropogenic pressures of the Guaraguaçu River, south Brazil, a Neotropical river of central importance for biodiversity conservation. Methods After fish sampling, all fish were identified, measured, weighed and eviscerated. The viscera and gills were inspected for parasite screening and subsequent identification. Parasite diversity estimators were calculated for the most abundant host species. Results A total of 159 host specimens from 12 species were examined, being 140 (88.05%) found to be infected with at least one parasite, including 14 new parasite occurrences. The most widely distributed parasite was the nematode Contracaecum sp., found in 8 host species. The highest mean infection intensity and mean abundance was observed for the monogenean Aphanoblastella mastigatus, infecting the Silver catfish Rhamdia quelen. The Shannon-Wiener, Jost and Simpson indexes were higher for the more abundant fishes, except for the Trahira Hoplias malabaricus. Most host species harbored parasites in poorly aggregated distribution, according to the discrepancy index. The Berger-Parker index showed monogenean dominance in all hosts except for H. malabaricus. We found little evidence for parasite infracommunity changes across the gradient of the river. Conclusions We described the infection patterns in an important Neotropical river. The new parasite occurrences highlight the contribution of our study. Fish-parasite interactions changed throughout the river stretches, and we argue that it does not necessarily means changes in diversity and abundance of parasite within species, but the rearrange of interactions. Moreover, it seems that parasites are more abundant in most impacted sites, another reason to continue the monitoring. Abstract River Brazil conservation sampling identified measured eviscerated identification 15 1 examined 88.05% 8805 88 05 (88.05% sp sp. mastigatus quelen ShannonWiener, ShannonWiener Shannon Wiener, Wiener Shannon-Wiener fishes malabaricus distribution BergerParker Berger Parker H study Fishparasite Fish stretches Moreover sites monitoring 88.05 880 0 (88.05 88.0 (88.0 88. (88. (88 (8 (

Resumo: Objetivo A comunidade componente de parasitas da ictiofauna foi investigada ao longo de um gradiente de pressões antropogênicas no Rio Guaraguaçu, sul do Brasil, um rio Neotropical com grande importância para a conservação da biodiversidade. Métodos Após a coleta, todos os peixes foram identificados, medidos, pesados e eviscerados. As vísceras e brânquias foram inspecionadas para coleta e subsequente identificação de parasitas. Estimadores de diversidade de parasitas foram calculados para as espécies de hospedeiros mais abundantes. Resultados Um total de 159 espécimes de hospedeiros de 12 espécies foram examinados, sendo 140 (88,05%) infectados com pelo menos um parasita, incluindo 14 novas ocorrências de parasitas. O parasita mais amplamente distribuído foi o nematoide Contracaecum sp., encontrado em 8 espécies de hospedeiros. As maiores intensidades de infecção e abundância foram observadas para o monogenético Aphanoblastella mastigatus, infectando o Jundiá Rhamdia quelen. Os índices de Shannon-Wiener, Jost e Simpson foram maiores para os peixes mais abundantes, exceto para a Traíra Hoplias malabaricus. A maioria das espécies de hospedeiros abrigava parasitas com distribuição pouco agregada, de acordo com o índice de discrepância. O índice de Berger-Parker mostrou a dominância de monogenéticos em todos os hospedeiros, exceto H. malabaricus. Encontramos poucas evidências de mudanças nas infracomunidades de parasitas ao longo do gradiente do rio. Conclusões Descrevemos os padrões de infecção em um importante rio Neotropical. As novas ocorrências de parasitas destacam a importância de nosso estudo. Interações entre parasitos e peixes mudaram ao longo dos setores do rio, e isso não necessariamente resulta em mudanças na diversidade e abundância de parasitos dentro de cada espécie, mas um rearranjo das interações. Além disso, parece que os parasitas são mais abundantes na maioria dos locais impactados, o que é mais uma razão para continuar o monitoramento. Resumo Guaraguaçu Brasil biodiversidade identificados medidos eviscerados 15 1 examinados 88,05% 8805 88 05 (88,05% sp sp. mastigatus quelen ShannonWiener, ShannonWiener Shannon Wiener, Wiener Shannon-Wiener malabaricus agregada discrepância BergerParker Berger Parker H estudo espécie interações disso impactados monitoramento 88,05 880 0 (88,05 88,0 (88,0 88, (88, (88 (8 (